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The Effects of Varying Phosphorus Doses on Yield and Some Yield Components of Black Cumin (Nigella Sativa L.)

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Advances in Environmental Biology, 5(2): 371-374, 2011

ISSN 1995-0756

371

Corresponding Author

R. Tuncturk, Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Yuzuncu Yil, 65080, Van-TURKEY

Tel: + 90 432 2251056; fax: +90 432 2251104 E-mail address: ruveyde02@hotmail.com

The Effects of Varying Phosphorus Doses on Yield and Some Yield Components of

Black Cumin (Nigella Sativa L.)

M. Tuncturk, R. Tuncturk, B. Yıldırım

1Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Yuzuncu Yil, 65080, Van-TURKEY

Tel: + 90 432 2251056; fax: +90 432 2251104

M. Tuncturk, R. Tuncturk, B. Yıldırım: The Effects of Varying Phosphorus Doses on Yield and Some Yield Components of Black Cumin (Nigella Sativa L.)

ABSTRACT

This study was carried out to determine the effects of different phosphorus doses (0, 20 and 40 kg/ha) on yield and some yield components of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) in Van ecological conditions in 2006 and 2007. Field trials were designed by Completely Randomized Block Design with three replications at the experimental fields of Agricultural Faculty of Yuzuncu Yıl University. In the study, plant height (cm), the number of branch (branch/plant), the number of capsule (capsule/plant), the number of seeds in the capsule (seed/capsule), thousand-seed weight (g) and seed yield (kg/ha) were determined. According to statistical analysis, significant differences were determined among the phosphorus doses applications for the number of capsule, thousand-seed weight and seed yield. Seed yield increased by increasing phosphorus doses. According to the results, the highest seed yield (597 kg/ha) and thousand-seed weight (2.48 g) were obtained from 40 kg P/ha fertilizer application. The highest mean values for the number of capsule (5.68 capsule/plant) resulted in 20 kg P/ha application.

Key words: Black cumin, medicinal plants, phosphorus, seed yield

Introduction

Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) is a small annual herb. The height of black cumin plant ranges from 30 to 60 cm and its seed is black color [18]. Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) belongs to the family Ranunculaceae. It is naturally grown in Trachea, North Anatolia, Mediterranean region of Turkey and Cyprus [5]. The main used parts of black cumin in Turkey are seeds and seed fatty oil. The seeds are important condiment for Turkish cousins. Another use of N. sativa seeds is as seasoning for foodstuffs like bread and pickles, especially widespread among Turkish people [6]. They have been used in traditional medicine for a number of purposes i.e. strengthening immune system, curing for asthma and cough. It has been reported that black cumin has a

wide range of pharmaceutical effects such as immune stimulator (tonic), antispasmodic, diuretic, digestive, and antiseptic [1,2,16,2319].

Agricultural practices are of the main factors for obtaining high yield and quality in crop production. Faulty or untimely cultural practices in plant production may result in lower yield and quality. A few medicinal species used mainly as a spice have been cultivated in small fields in Turkey. Of these plants, blackcumin is of the most cultivated one and it has currently been grown with traditional methods. It is well accepted that adequate use of chemical fertilizer improve yield and quality of aromatic plants. Phosphorus in the soil has developmental activity in the plant’s root growth. Depending on phosphorus applications, the contact area of the root expands with the growth of root which, in turn, gives

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Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(2): 371-374, 2011

rise to a flourishing in productivity, also making it easier for the plant to benefit from the other nutritional elements in higher proportions [8]. The objective of the present study was to determine optimum phosphorus levels for obtaining high yield and quality in black cumin.

Material and Methods

Black cumin seed material used in field trials was obtained from Ankara University, Agricultural Faculty, Field Crops Department, Ankara, Turkey. Field studies were conducted in experimental fields of Yüzüncü Yıl University, Agricultural Faculty, Field Crops Department in 2006 and 2007. Soil characteristics of the experimental fields were clay-loam, high in clay (17,2 %), low in salt (0,068 %), and light alkaline (pH 7,8). In all layers of the soil had low concentrations of organic material (1,39 %) and nitrogen (0,071 %). Available phosphorus content of the soil was highly low (563,2 ppm) and useful potassium content was sufficient (560,1 ppm). Climatic values for experimental area in the research years were 424,1 - 349,4 mm rainfall and 10,0 – 9,5 ºC mean temperature, respectively. Seed sowings, in the ratio of 15 kg/ha, by hand were realized in both experimental years.

Field trials were designed according to Completely Randomized Block Design with three replications. As factorial, three different phosphorus doses [Control (0 kg/ha), 20 kg/ha and 40 kg/ha) in Triple super phosphate (46 % P)form were applied to plots. Each plot were also applied a 60 kg Ammonium sulphate (21 % N) as top fertiliser. Seeds were sown by hand in April 15, 2006 and April 20, 2007 in the experimental years. Each plot sizes were 3 x 2 = 6 m2 and row spacing was 25 cm

in 8 rows. Area harvested was 2.4 m2 and plants

were harvested by hand when seeds were ripened. All the necessary cultural practices were applied the plots during vegetation period.

In the study, some agricultural traits such as plant height (cm), the number of branches (branches/plant), the number of capsule (capsule/plant), the number of seeds in the capsule (seed/capsule), thousand-seed weight (g) and seed yield (kg/ha) were investigated.

The data obtained from agricultural traits were subjected to variance analyses and the average values were compared by Duncan Multiple Range Test [9]. Results and discussion

Plant height values of blackcumin obtained from varying phosphorus doses are presented in Table 1. It can be seen from the table, varying phosphorus doses had no significant effect on plant height in the experimental years. In the present study, plant height

values were found in the range of 30.7 cm and 35.3 cm. Plant height of blackcumin in different studies varied in a wide range from 27.9 cm to 95.1 cm [4,3,10,16].

As shown in the Table 1, there were significant differences between the number of branches values of black cumin in the experimental years. But, there were not significant differences in the number of branches by varying phosphorus doses in both years. According to two-year averages the highest the number of branches (4.10 branch/plant) was obtained from 40 kg P/ha doses. In the study, the numbers of branches per plant results are in accordance with İpek et al. [12], while it lower than that of Ertuğrul and Özgüven [7], Telci [21] and Geren et al. [10].

There were significant differences between the number of capsules values of black cumin in the experimental years. Average number of capsules values varied in the intervals of 3.93-4.33 and 5.43-7.43 in 2006 and 2007, respectively (Table 1). Higher the number of capsules values were measured in the second year. These differences in the average the number of capsules values could be explained by the different rainfall regimes in the years. In the present study, the number of capsules increased by increasing phosphorus doses and they produced more capsules. There were no statistical differences between the 20 and 40 kg/ha phosphorus doses. According to two year average values, the highest number of capsules (5.68-5.61 capsule/plant) was determined in 20 and 40 kg/ha phosphorus doses, and the lowest number of capsules (4.68 capsule/plant) was obtained from control plots. In different studies, researchers found that the number of capsules for black cumin were in the ranges of 5.75-6.00 [15] 4.80 [3] and 3.60-6.10 [10]. Our findings are in harmony with the researchers’ results. The number of branches directly affects the number of capsules. In optimum growing conditions plants can produce more fruitful branches. Besides optimum growing conditions, additional nutrient applications promote both branch number and the number of capsules per plant. Özgüven and Şekeroğlu [17] reported that increasing phosphorus levels increased the number of capsules in black cumin.

There were not significant differences in the number of seeds in the capsule by varying phosphorus doses in both years. According to two-year averages the number of seeds in the capsule varied from 52.2 to 56.2 seeds/capsule. Our results are in company with Özel and Demirlek [14] findings, while it lower than Tonçer and Kızıl [22]. There were significant differences on thousand seed weight of black cumin by varying phosphorus doses in both years (Table 1). Thousand seed weight increased with increasing phosphorus levels from the control to the highest level (40 kg/ha). The highest thousand seed weight was recorded in 40 kg/ha

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phosphorus application, while the lowest value was found in the control. According to two-year averages the highest thousand seed weight (2.48 g) was obtained from 40 kg/ha phosphorus doses (Table 1). In different studies, thousand seed weight of black cumin was reported as 3.50 g [4] and 2.15 g [3]. Thousand seed weight is affected by a wide range of factors such as variety, growing conditions, climatic factors and soil properties. Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for plants, which enhances dry matter accumulation in the seeds [13]. Plant growth and yield is restricted by phosphorus deficiency in unfertilized soils with high calcium carbonate content [11]. Available phosphorus in the soil for crops could be resulted in higher seed dry matter and thousand seed weight, as well.

There were significant differences between the seed yields values of black cumin in the experimental years. Average seed yield values varied in the intervals of 507-568 kg/ha and 549-626 kg/ha in 2006 and 2007, respectively (Table 1). Higher the seed yield values were determined in the second year. These differences in the average seed yields could be explained by the different rainfall regimes and temperature variation in the years. Seed yield increased by increasing phosphorus doses, and the highest seed yield (597 kg/ha) was obtained from 40 kg/ha fertilizer application. Yield components such as the number of branches and capsules affects directly seed yield in the field crops [10,17].

Table 1: Average values of some yield components in black cumin.

Phosphorus doses kg ha-1 Plant height (cm) The number of branch (branch/plant)

--- ---2006 2007 Mean 2006 2007 Mean 0 33.4 30.9 32.1 3.46 4.06 3.76 20 34.3 32.2 33.3 3.56 4.20 3.88 40 35.3 30.7 32.9 3.76 4.43 4.10 Phosphorus mean 34.3 31.3 3.60 B 4.23 A LSD (%5) Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns

Phosphorus doses kg ha-1 The number of capsule (capsule/plant) The number of seeds in the capsule

(seed/capsule) --- ---2006 2007 Mean 2006 2007 Mean 0 4.33 a 5.03 b 4.68 b 52.4 51.9 52.2 20 3.93 b 7.43 a 5.68 a 52.3 60.0 56.2 40 4.16 ab 7.06 a 5.61 a 52.5 52.6 52.6 Phosphorus mean 4.14 B 6.51 A 52.4 54.8 LSD (%5) 0.35 0.59 0.26 Ns Ns Ns

Phosphorus doses kg ha-1 Thousand-seed weight (g) Seed yield (kg/ha)

--- ---2006 2007 Mean 2006 2007 Mean 0 2.30 b 2.26 b 2.28 b 507 c 549 b 528 b 20 2.40 ab 2.43 a 2.41 a 536 b 580 b 558 b 40 2.50a 2.46 a 2.48 a 568 a 626 a 597 a Phosphorus mean 2.40 2.38 537 B 585 A LSD (%5) 0.13 0.15 0.08 1.43 3.46 2.27

*There were no significant differences between the mean values shown the same letters in 5 % probability level. Phosphorus fertilization had significant effects on

the seed yield in both years. The more fertilizer gave the higher seed yields. Seed yields increased with increasing fertilizer levels and the highest values were obtained from 40 kg P2O5/ha. It is well

accepted that adequate use of chemical fertilizer improve yield and quality of plants. Phosphorus plays an important role in the plant’s root development. Phosphorus deficiency in the soil not only decreases productivity but also causes a reduction in the protein contents of the grains [19].

Conclusions:

In the present study, the effects of varying phosphorus doses on yield and yield components of black cumin in Van ecological conditions located in Eastern Anatolia of Turkey in 2006 and 2007 were

studied. Varying phosphorus doses including control were applied to plots. In conclusion, increasing phosphorus doses positively affected the number of capsule, thousand-seed weight and seed yield in blackkumin. According to the data obtained from the two-year study, varying phosphorus levels increased the yield of blackcumin. The highest seed yield was obtained from 40 kg P2O5/ha fertilizer applications.

The effect of increasing fertilizer levels on plant height, the number of branches and the number of seeds in the capsule were not significant. As a result, phosphorus fertilization considerably affects yield of blackcumin. Further agricultural and technological studies should be developed for obtaining black cumin with high yield and quality.

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Şekil

Table 1: Average values of some yield components in black cumin.

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