The effect of press temperature on some mechanical properties of wood based compsite panels

Tam metin

(1)INNOVATION IN WOODWORKING INDUSTRY AND ENGINEERING DESIGN, 2/2017 (12): 57–62. THE EFFECT OF PRESS TEMPERATURE ON SOME MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD BASED COMPOSITE PANELS Mustafa Kucuktuvek Antalya Bilim Üniversitesi, School of Fine Arts and Architecture, Antalya, Turkey ABSTRACT This research investigated the effect of press temperature on some mechanical properties of wood based composite panels. For this purpose, three layers wood based composite panels were produced from a mixture of scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and black pine wood (Pinus nigra V.) particles at certain ratios utilizing urea formaldehyde (UF) adhesive. All panels were tested for mechanical properties; modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, internal bond strength. The results have shown that press temperature were affected on the mechanical properties of the manufactured wood based composite panels. When the press temperature was increased the mechanical properties were also increased. However high press temperature may destroy the natural color of composite panel and increase manufacture cost. The manufactured composite panels may use as industrial design engineering material such as furniture, sliding doors, pool tables, floor underlayment, cupboards, home constructions, wall linings, cabinets and stair treads. Key words: interior architecture, industrial materials, composite panel, press temperature.. 1. INTRODUCTION Wood based composite panels are very popular engineering product manufactured from wood particles, synthetic resins or other proper adhesives and hardener. Most of wood based composite panels have three layers. The outer layer has small wood particles and more adhesive ratio than core layer and core layer has bigger wood particle dimension and less adhesive ratio. Most of composite panel manufacturer are using about 34% wood particles for outer layer and 66% for core layer (Keskin et al. 2015). Composite panels are widely used in the manufacture of interior decoration, furniture, sliding doors, pool tables, toys, floor underlayment, cupboards, home constructions, wall linings, cabinets, stair treads, shelving, joinery and many other civil and industrial engineering applications (Amazio et al. 2011). The demand for wood based composite panels such as particleboard and. plywood has recently increased throughout the world. Particleboard is 57% of total consumption of wood based composite panels consumed and it is continuously growing at 2–5% annually (Ashori et al. 2009). Some research has been done on the determination of some factors on the quality properties of wood based composite panels (Baharoglu et al. 2013). Among these factors studied are moisture content of wood (Baharoglu et al. 2012), particle geometry (Juliana et al. 2012), adhesive ratio (Ghalehno et al. 2011), loading cycles (Del Menezzi et al. 2011), hardener type (Atar et al. 2014), density profile and hot press diagram (Bardak et al. 2011), formaldehyde/urea mole ratio (Sari et al. 2010), using poppy husk (Keskin et al. 2015), using needle litter (Nemli and Aydin), press type (Nemli and Demirel 2007), press time (Kalaycioglu and Nemli 2006), using bark extractives (Nemli et al. 2006), residue type and tannin content (Neml et al. 2004) and.

(2) 57. IVA AN PALIGOR ROV, EMIL GALEV. laminatiion techniqque (Nemli and Colaooglu 2005). Thiis study aiimed the effect e of prress temperaature on som me mechan nical properrties of woodd based com mposite paneels in laboraatory condition. 2. EXPERIM MENTAL METHODS M S 2.11. Wood particles Scoots pine (P Pinus sylveestris L.) and black ppine wood (Pinus ( nigra V.) particcles are classified andd obtained from ORM MA Stock C Corporationn particlebo oard factoryy in Turkey as dried upp to 3% moiisture gradi ent. The thicckness of wood w particcles, which are used inn the core layer, l are 0.25–0.40 0 m mm, their wiidths are 2––6 mm and d their lenggths 10–25 m mm. Diam meter of wood w particcles which aare used inn outer layeer, are 0.5––1.5 mm, andd also their lengths aree 1.5–3 mm.. 2.22. Adhesive In this study urea formaaldehyde (U UF) adhesivve were used, and it haas a densityy of m3, a visco osity of 1400 to 1.237 ± 0.020 g/cm 200 cpss at 20 ± 2 °C ° and an ap pproximate pH value off 7.5 to 8.77, with a gell time of 155 to 25s at 1100 °C. Thhe maximum m free form maldehyde ratio of UF U is 0.8%, the adhessive were produced by a local plant.. 2.3. Prep paration tesst specimen nts Three layers woodd based co omposite pan nels were produced ffrom a mix xture of sco ots pine (P Pinus sylvesstris L.) an nd black pin ne wood (Piinus nigra V V.) particlees at certain n ratios utillizing urea formaldehy yde (UF) adh hesive. Woo od particless were dried d in oven o at 100±3 C to get the taarget moistu ure conten nt 3%. Morreover, 8% % of UF reesin was useed for the co ore layer, annd 10% forr the outer layer l which h respectiveely depends on oven dry y weight of the core annd outer lay yers. The targ get density of the paneels was 0.66 g/cm3. The compositee panel mattrix was dessigned to maake up to 34 4% wood pparticles at the t outer lay yer, and 66% % at the corre layer. In order to harrden the ad dhesive, 2% % ammoniu um chloride (NH4Cl) was also addded to resiin. Compossite panels were manuufactured by b using standardized steps s whichh simulated industrial production p at the laborratory of Gazi G Univerrsity Techno ology Facuulty. So as to t obtain hom mogenized mixture, thhe hardenerr and the adh hesive weree weighted and mixed d. Afterwaards, the particles p w were weigh hed and sprrayed with the t prepareed UF adhessive in a dru um mixer fo or 5 minutees Fig 1. The compossite panels were w presseed under 2.5 5 N/mm2 preessure, at 14 40, 160, 1800 oC, for 6 minutes. m. Figu ure 1: Drum mixer m.

(3) THE EF FFECT OF P PRESS TEMP PERATURE ON SOME M MECHANIC CAL … 58. Thee glued parrticles weree placed on the three layyers, after cold c press the glued paarticles weere pressedd by using g a laborattory scale hhydraulic hot h press. Thickness of. com mposite panels was ccontrolled via v stop barrs. Four pan nels were m made for eacch group. The dimension of the panels was 500 0x500x18 mm m (Fig. 2) .. Figure 2: Trrimming com mposite panelss. Thee productioon parameteers of com mposite pannels are dissplayed in Table 1. T The panels cconditionedd at 65% rellative humiddity and 20oC to reachh the moisture contentt of about 12% before trimming to t final dim mension of 4460x460x18mm. T Table 1: Prod duction param meters of comp posite panels Parametter Press tem mperature (oC) C Pressingg time (min) Adhesivve ratio outer (%) Adhesivve ratio core (% %) Peak preessure (N/mm m2) Thickneess (mm) Dimensions (mm) 33% NH H4Cl content (%) ( Outer laayer (%) Core layyer (%) Numberr of panels. Value 140 – 160 – 180 6 10 8 2.5 18 500 5 x 500 1–2–3 34 66 12. 2.44. Testing method m Alll panels weere tested for f mechannical propertiies; moduluus of rupturre, moduluss of elasticitty, internal bond b streng gth. Alll test samplees were prepared Table from22.the drafts, aaccording too European test standar ards.. Ten n samples were w tested ffor each gro oup. The mo odulus of ru upture (MO OR) and mo odulus of elaasticity (MO OE) valuess were dettermined acccording to European Norm (E EN 310, 199 93). The in nternal bondd strength (IB) ( was evaaluated acco ording to Eu European No orm (EN 319 9, 1993). 3. RESU ULTS AND D DISCUSS SION According to Europeean Norm (EN 310, 199 93), the modulus of ruppture (MOR R) of the com mposite paanels was tested. Duncan’s D meean separatiion test inddicated thatt the effeccts of varian nce sourcess on the MOR M and thee difference were meanningful betw ween all com mposite pan nels. The reesult of hom mogeneouss subsets for f compossite panels can be seeen in Table 2. when thee press tem mperature o waas 180 C in n the manuffacture of the t compossite panel the t highest MOR valu ues were 2 dettected (13.8 87 N/mm ).. On the contrary, c thee lowest MO OR values w were obtaineed in the com mposite pan nels manuffactured at 140 oC (13 3.21 N/mm2)..

(4) 59. IVA AN PALIGOR ROV, EMIL GALEV. Table 2:: Mechanical properties of experimental panels Press Temperaturre (oC) 140 160 180. RupModulus of R ture (MOR R) (N/mm2) 13.21a 13.62b 13.87c a, b, c. Modu ulus of Elasticiity (MOE) (N N/mm2) 1792a 1923b 2022c. Internal B Bond Strength (IB) (N/mm m2) 0.64aa 0.72bb 0.74bb. Homoogeneous subsets (p<0.05). As it is seen in the Fig. 3, 3 MOR vallues of compposite panells were incrreased depeending on tthe increasee of the presss temperatuure. Europeaan Norm (E EN 312, 19 993) standaards are neccessary for the minim mum MOR R of 2 11 N/mm m for genneral purpo ose compoosite panels. The curvess of figures 3, 4 and 5 are obtainedd and draw wn using B-sspline functtion in the ggraph softwaare Oroginp pro. B-splinne is a combination of flexible f ban nds that passses throughh the numbeer of points that are callled control points andd creates smooth curvves. These functions enable e the creation and manageement of complex shap pes and surffaces usingg a number of points. As A Table 2 indicates, all panels which were made in this study, pprovided MOR M values exceeding the EN 312 standards.. lyzzed Accord ding to Eurropean Norm (EN 310 0, 1993). Duncan’s D me mean separattion test, forr the effectts of variannce sourcess on the MO OE, conclu uded that tthe differen nce was meeaningful among a all composite panels. The conclusio ons of hom mogeneous subsets forr composite panels aree shown in Table 2. The highest MOE valuues were observed o 2 o (20 022 N/mm ), ) when 1800 C press temperat ture was applied. On thhe other hand, the low west MOE values weere obtained d in the o com mposite pan nels, when 140 C preess temperrature was applied a (17992 N/mm2) Fig. 4.. Figuree 4: Modulus of Elasticity. Figure 3: Modulus M of Ru upture. M values were achieeved Thee similar MOR in the ccomposite panels p (Guler et al. 20008) and the other studyy also show wed the sim milar results ((Kalayciogllu et al. 200 06). Thee modulus of o elasticity y (MOE) off the manufacctured com mposite pan nels was aana-. The requiirement of E European Norm N for mo odulus elastticity in genneral purpo ose com2 possite panels is i 1600 N/m mm . All co omposite pan nels were fulfilled thhe minimum m MOE thaat has been determinedd in the EN N 312 for inteerior fitmeents includding the furniture f maanufacture. In a similar literaturre, the MOE E values weere observed d in the com mposite pan nels that pro oduced mix xture of peeanut hull (Arachis hyp poqaea L.) and Europeean Black pine p (Pi-.

(5) 60 MUSTAFA KUC CUKTUVEK K. nus niggra A.) woood chips (Gueler et al. 2008). C Coating of the compo osite panel ssurfaces annd use of phhenolic resin ns can imprrove the meechanical properties p of o the pannels (Buyukssari et al. 20010). Thee internal bond b streng gth (IB) of the panels was testedd according g to Europpean EN 319). What W Duncan n’s mean seepaNorm (E ration teest shows as a a result is that the difference for the eff ffects of vaariance sourrces n meaninggful on the internal boond was not o o betweenn 160 C annd 180 C press p tempeerature. Taable 2 displays the resu ult of homoogeneous ssubsets forr compositee panels. T The highest IB values were w monito ored, when 180 o C presss temperatuure applied d in the maanufacture of the composite panel (00.74 N/mm2)), the lowest IB values were obserrved in the ccomposite panels p (Fig. 5) which apo 2 plied 1440 C (0.64 N/mm ).. Figure 5: Intternal Bond Strength S. IB values of composite c panels p weree inp tempeeracreased with the inncrease of press ture in tthe panel manufacture. m Dependingg on that facct, the com mposite paneels, which are manufacctured by applying a 14 40 oC, 160 oC and 1800 oC presss temperatu ure fulfills the standardd of IB, it has h been dettermined in the Europeaan Norm (E EN 312) for fo interior fitments, iincluding thhe furnituree manufactuure. Similar internal bond b streng gth result w was stated inn literature (Buyuksari ( et al. 2010)).. 4. CONCLUSION NS The resullts have shoown that prress temperrature weree affected oon the meechanical pro operties of the t manufaactured woo od based com mposite pan nels. When the press temperat ture was increased the meechanical prroperties weere also inccreased. Hoowever hig gh press tem mperature may m destroyy the naturaal colour of composite panel and increase manufacm ture cost. ufactured coomposite panels by The manu usiing scots pine p (Pinus sylvestris L.) and blaack pine wo ood (Pinus nigra V.) particles utillizing urea formaldehhyde (UF) adhesive a maay use as intterior and eexterior arch hitecture maaterial such h as furnituure, sliding g doors, poo ol tables, flloor underlaayment, cup pboards, hom me constru uctions, walll linings, cabinets and d stair tread ds. REFERE ENCES AMAZIO M P., AVELLA M., ERRIICO M. E., GENTILE E G., BALDUCCI F., GNACCARRINI A., ET AL A . 2011. Low Form maldehyde E Emission Parrticleboard Panels Reallized Throughh a New Acry ylic Binder Journal off Applied Poolymer Scien nce, 122, 2779–88. ASH HORI A., NOURBAKHSH O A A., KAREGAR RFARD A. 2009. Propeerties of Mediium Density Fiberboard F Based on Bagasse Fiberss. Journal of Composite C 4 1927–34. Materials, 43, ATA AR I., NEMLI G., AYRILMISS N., ET AL. 2014. Effects of hardener type, urea usage and a conditioning periiod on the quaality propertiees of particleboard. Material M Designn, 56, 91–96. BAH HAROGLU M., NEMLI G., SARI B., BARDAK A S., N 2012. Thee influence off moisture AYRILMIS N. content of raw r material oon the physicaal and mechanical pro operties, surfaace roughness, wettability, and form maldehyde em mission of parrticleboard composite. Composites: PPart B Engineeering, 43, 51. 5: 2448–245 BAH HAROGLU M., NEMLI G., SARI B., BIR RTURK T., mical and BARDAK S. 2013. Effeccts of anatom wood on the quality of chemical prroperties of w particleboarrd. Compositees: Part B, 52, 282–285. BAR RDAK S., NEMLI G., SARI RI B., BAHAROGLU M., ZEKOVIC E. 2011. Effectss of Density Profile P and Hot Press Diagram D on thhe Some Tech hnological.

(6) THE EFFECT OF PRESS TEMPERATURE ON SOME MECHANICAL … 61. Properties of Particleboard Composite. High Temp Mater Proc. 30, 1–2: 31–37. BUYUKSARI U, AYRILMIS N, AVCI E, KOC E. 2010. Evaluation of the physical, mechanical properties and formaldehyde emission of particleboard manufactured from waste stone pine (Pinuspinea L.) cones. Bioresource Technologhy, 101, 255–259. DEL MENEZZI C. H. S., DOS SANTOZ C. M. T., FERRAZ J. M., MARTINS S. A., DE MELLO R. R., SIQUERIA M. L., ET AL. 2011. Cyclic Loading Effect on the Flexural Properties of Commercial MDF and Particleboard Panels. Cerne, 17, 3: 403–409. EUROPEAN NORM EN 310. Wood based panels, determination of modulus of elasticity in bending and bending strength. European Committee for Standardization; 1993. EUROPEAN NORM EN 312. Particleboards specifications. European Committee for Standardization; 2010. EUROPEAN NORM EN 319. Particleboards and fibreboards, Determination of tensile strength perpendicular to the plane of the board. European Committee for Standardization; 1993. GHALEHNO M. D., NAZERIAN M., BAYATKASHKOOLI A. 2011. Influence of utilization of bagasse in surface layer on bending strength of three-layer particleboard. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 69, 4: 533–535. GULER C., COPUR Y., TASCIOGLU C. 2008. The manufacture of particleboards using mixture of peanut hull (Arachis hypoqaea L.) and European Black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) wood chips. Bioresource Technology, 99, 2893–2897. JULIANA A. H., PARIDAH M. T., RAHIM S., AZOVA I. N., ANVAR U. M. K. 2012. Properties of particleboard made from kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) as function of particle geometry. Material Design, 34, 406–11.. KALAYCIOGLU H., NEMLI G. 2006. Producing composite particleboard from kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) stalks Industial Crops Products, 24, 2: 177–180. KESKIN H., KUCUKTUVEK M., GURU M. 2015. The potential of poppy (Papaver somniferum Linnaeus) husk for manufacturing wood-based particleboards. Construction and Building Materials, 95, 224–231. NEMLI G., AYDIN A. 2007. Evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard made from the needle litter of Pinus pinaster Ait. Ind Crops Prod 26, 3: 252–258. EMLI G., COLAKOGLU G. 2005. The influence of N lamination technique on the properties of particleboard. Building Environment, 40, 1: 83–87. NEMLI G., DEMIREL S. 2007. Relationship between the density profile and the technological properties of the particleboard composite. Journal of Composite Materials, 41, 15: 1793–1802. NEMLI G, GEZER ED., YILDIZ S., TEMIZ A., AYDIN A. 2006. Evaluation of the mechanical, physical properties and decay resistance of particleboard made from particles impregnated with Pinus brutia bark extractives. Bioresource Technology, 97, 16: 2059–2064. NEMLI G., HIZIROGLU S., USTA M., SERIN Z., OZDEMIR T., KALAYCIOGLU H. 2004. Effect of residue type and tannin content on properties of particleboard manufactured from black locust. Forest Prod Journal, 54, 2: 36–40. SARI B., NEMLI G., BARDAK S., BAHAROGLU M., ZEKOVIC E. 2010. Effects of Formaldehyde/Urea Mole Ratio, Panel Density, Shelling Ratio, and Waste Screen Dust on the Physical and Mechanical Properties, and Formaldehyde Emission of Particleboard Composite. High Temp Mater Proc., 29, 4: 287–294..

(7) UNIIVERSITY Y OF FOR RESTRY -------------------------------------------------------------FACULTY OF F FOREST INDUSTR RY. IN NNOV VATIION IIN WO OODW WOR RKING G INDU USTR RY AN ND EN NGIN NEER RING DESIG GN. 22/2017. INNO O. vol. VI V. N 1314-6 6149 ISSN e-ISS SN 2367--6663. Sofia.

(8) INNOVATION IN WOODWORKING INDUSTRY AND ENGINEERING DESIGN, 2/2017 (12): 3–4. CONTENTS . CULTIVATED SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT AND SPATIAL DESIGN ............................................................. 5 Ivanka Dobreva-Dragostinova METHOD OF CONTRAST IN DESIGNING OF INTERIOR UNITS ............................................................... 13 Kremena Markova, Tihomir Dovramadjiev SCREW WITHDRAWAL RESISTANCE OF WOOD-BASED COMPOSITE PANELS (PART I).................. 17 Violeta Jakimovska Popovska, Borche Iliev, Julija Mihajlova INVESTIGATION OF SOME PROPERTIES OF WOOD-POLYMER MATERIAL BASED ON MODIFIED UREA-FORMALDEHYDE RESIN................................................................................................. 25 Miglena Valyova, Yordanka Ivanova, Ivan Genov TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH OF MECHANIZED SITE PREPARATION FOR AFFORESTATION OF FOREST LANDS ........................................................................................................................................... 31 Konstantin Marinov, Velika Yordanova ANALYSIS OF ENERGETIC INDICATORS OF FORESTRY MILLING MACHINES FOR SITE PREPARATION ................................................................................................................................................... 41 Konstantin Marinov, Velika Yordanova THE EFFECT OF PRESS TEMPERATURE ON SOME MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD BASED COMPOSITE PANELS .......................................................................................................................... 56 Mustafa Kucuktuvek STRATEGIC PERSPECTIVES OF BULGARIAN PLYWOOD PRODUCTION AND TRADE ...................... 62 Nikolay Neykov, Petar Antov, Veselin Brezin STUDY ON POSSIBILITY FOR THE UTILIZATION OF TECHNICAL, HYDROLYSIS, LIGNIN IN COMPOSITION OF MEDIUM DENSITY FIBERBOARD................................................................................ 68 Nikola Yotov, Viktor Savov, Stoyko Petrin, Ivo Valchev, Viktor Karatotev SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL „INNOVATIONS IN WOODWORKING INDUSTRY AND ENGINEERING DESIGN“ .................................................................................................................................. 75 .

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