Changing Cultural Practices, Self-Identifications and Gender Roles of Kurdish and Turkish Catering and Retail Business Owners in London

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Submitted: 25.08.17 | Accepted: 25.02.19 Olgu Karan*

This paper focuses on the changing cultural practices, self-identifications, and gender roles of Kurdish DQG7XUNLVK.7FRPPXQLWLHVLQ/RQGRQ,WH[SORUHVWKHUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQRIKRZWKHRFFXSDWLRQDOVKLIW from industrial waged labour to self-employment affects the cultural practices, gender roles and identity FRQVWUXFWLRQSURFHVVHVRI.XUGLVKDQG7XUNLVKEXVLQHVVRZQHUVLQFDWHULQJDQGUHWDLOVHFWRUVLQ/RQGRQ Depending on a field study consisting of 40 in-depth interviews, this paper draws the conclusions that identification of shared interests and interest alignment in Britain promote bonds of solidarity, new forms of ethnic attachment, which are not salient in the home country and may be helpful to overcome various problems of the KT communities in London.

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Essentialism refers to a reduction of the diversity in a population to some single criterion held to constitute its defining “essence” and most crucial character. This is often coupled with the claim that the essence is unavoidable or given by nature. It is common to assume that these cultural categories address really existing and discretely identifiable collections of people.

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main research question of this study is how changes in the political economy in London paved the way for the construction of a new self-identification, transposition of cultural practices, and finally dissolution and ossification of gender roles brought from the home country within KT communities. It DUJXHVWKDWWKHUHHQDFWPHQWDQGGLVVROXWLRQSHUVLVWHQFHRIFXOWXUDOSUDFWLVHV DUHGHSHQGHQWXSRQVWUXFWXUDOFKDQJHVFKDUDFWHULVLQJ%ULWLVKFLWLHVDQGWKH VWUXFWXUHRIWKHJURXSV

3. Methods and Data Collection

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Top 10 London Boroughs

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Interviewee Occupation Current

Residence

London Residence

(>years)

Ethnic

Origin Age Gender

Marital Status

&DQG\ Off-license +DULQJH\  Kurdish  0 0DUULHG

*RUNL

&RIIHHVKRSRZQHU and member of community association

+DULQJH\  7XUNLVK  0 0DUULHG

0LQW Off-licence +DFNQH\  Kurdish  0 0DUULHG

7REDFFR Off-license +DFNQH\  Kurdish  0 0DUULHG

Isle

Restaurateur and board member at a community RUJDQLVDWLRQ

+DULQJH\ 55 7XUNLVK_&\SULRW  0 0DUULHG

(JJ &RIIHHVKRS +DFNQH\  7XUNLVK 49 0 0DUULHG

3RWDWR Off-licence and

restaurateur +DFNQH\  7XUNLVK  0 0DUULHG

'DLV\ Restaurateur +DFNQH\  7XUNLVK 44 0 0DUULHG

7RPDWR 0LQLPDUNHW +DULQJH\ 15 7XUNLVK 0 0DUULHG

0HORQ 0LQLPDUNHW +DULQJH\  7XUNLVK 45 0 0DUULHG

Lemon 0LQLPDUNHWRZQHU +DULQJH\ 11 Kurdish 0 0DUULHG

2UDQJH 0LQLPDUNHW +DULQJH\  Kurdish 0 0DUULHG

3LFNOH Wholesaler +DULQJH\  7XUNLVK  0 0DUULHG

7K\PH Restaurateur +DULQJH\  Kurdish 0 0DUULHG

$UFDGH 0LQLPDUNHW +DULQJH\ 9 Kurdish  0 0DUULHG

Interviewee Occupation Current Residence London Residence (>years) Ethnic

Origin Age Gender

Marital Status &DEEDJH Wholesaler +DULQJH\  7XUNLVK_&\SULRW  0 0DUULHG

&KHHVH &KDLQVXSHUPDUNHW_RZQHU +DULQJH\ 7XUNLVK_&\SULRW 0

Omlette &RIIHHVKRS +DULQJH\  7XUNLVK  0 0DUULHG

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Olive Restaurateur +DFNQH\  7XUNLVK 45 0 0DUULHG

)LVK Restaurateur +DFNQH\ 8 7XUNLVK  0 0DUULHG

Sea 0LQLPDUNHW +DFNQH\  7XUNLVK  0 0DUULHG

Green 0LQLPDUNHW +DULQJH\ 18 Kurdish 0 0DUULHG

Onion Wholesaler +DFNQH\ 7XUNLVK_&\SULRW 0 0DUULHG

7H[WLOH Retired textile businessman and

PLQLPDUNHWRZQHU +DFNQH\ 41

7XUNLVK

&\SULRW 66 0 0DUULHG 7DE  3HUVRQDO SURILOH RI WKH VKRSNHHSHUV

Interviewee Occupation Gender

Sumac &KDLURIDFRPPXQLW\RUJDQLVDWLRQ 0 3DUVOH\ &KDLURIDFUDIWVPHQXQLRQ 0 )DLWK &KDLURIDIDLWKRUJDQLVDWLRQ 0 6HDVRQLQJ 6WDIIPHPEHUDWDFRPPXQLW\RUJDQLVDWLRQ ) 6ZRUG &KDLURIDFRQVXOWLQJILUP 0 $XEHUJLQH &KDLURIDFRPPXQLW\RUJDQLVDWLRQ 0 Lotus 6KRSGHVLJQHUDQGPDUNHWFRQVXOWDQW ) &RUQ &KDLURIDFRPPXQLW\RUJDQLVDWLRQ 0 $FDFLD &KDLURIDFRPPXQLW\RUJDQLVDWLRQ 0 Sufi &KDLURIDFRPPXQLW\RUJDQLVDWLRQ 0 Linden &KDLURIDFRPPXQLW\RUJDQLVDWLRQ 0 &LQQDPRQ 6WDIIPHPEHUDWDFRPPXQLW\RUJDQLVDWLRQ 0 &DFWXV &RXQFLOORUDW/RQGRQERURXJKRI+DFNQH\ ) 3HDU &KDLURIDWUDGHVPHQDVVRFLDWLRQDQGDZKROHVDOHU 0 7DE  .H\ LQIRUPDQWV

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4. Discussion

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the construction of a self-identification called “Türkiyeliĵ6HFRQGLWDQDO\VHV

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RIDSURFHVVWKHDXWKRURIWKLVVWXG\FDOOVLQWHUHVWDOLJQPHQWWRZDUGVEXVLQHVV RZQHUVKLS7KHLQWHUHVWLQVHWWLQJXSDVKRSDQGWKHSRVVLEOHEHQHILWVRILW ZHUHMRLQWO\FDOFXODWHGZLWKKLVFRHWKQLFVDQGUHODWLYHV6HWWLQJXSDVKRS as a viable means of survival is socially constructed and elaborated by the PLFURPRELOLVDWLRQRIQHWZRUNV7KLVLVDSURFHVVWKDWDOOP\LQWHUYLHZHHV ZHQWWKURXJK$V&DQG\PHQWLRQV

I started to search for opportunities after the collapse of the textile industry. You have to do that in order to survive. You must earn your living. You evaluate in your mind the things they tell you and recommend. You choose the option that is suitable, the one to suit your conditions. Yet, your relative also plays a role in the direction you take. We were socialising at an association, passing time with friends there. My friends from the association recommended this shop to me. They informed me that the shop was for sale &DQG\RIIOLFHQFHRZQHU

(WKQLFJURXSVVWUDWHJLFDOO\UHGHILQHWKHLUDWWDFKPHQWVDFFRUGLQJWRZKRP WKH\FRRSHUDWHZLWK%RQDFLFK 0RGHOOS7XUNLVKDQG.XUGLVK FRPPXQLWLHVIDFLQJVLPLODUSUREOHPVDQGVKDULQJPHDQLQJVDQGbGHILQLWLRQV DURXQG WKHLU VLWXDWLRQ VWUDWHJLFDOO\ IRUP HWKQLF WLHV LQ RUGHU WR DFKLHYH FRPPRQHQGV7KLVSHUVSHFWLYHXQGHUOLQHVWKHFRQVWUXFWLYLVWLGHDRIHWKQLFLW\ LQ D VHQVH WKDW WKH DVVHUWLRQ RI Ĵ7đUNL\HOLĵ RU ĴRXU SHRSOHĵ E\ .XUGLVK DQG7XUNLVKFRPPXQLWLHVLVLQVWUXPHQWDOLQDFTXLULQJSRZHUDQGDGYDQFLQJ interests.

7KH VKDUHG H[SHULHQFHV SUREOHPV DQG LQWHUHVWV EULQJ .XUGLVK DQG 7XUNLVK SHRSOH LQWR FRQVWDQW FRQWDFW LQ WKHLU GDLO\ OLYHV 'XULQJ WH[WLOH \HDUVDVPHQWLRQHGLQWKHSUHYLRXVVHFWLRQWKHSUHH[LVWLQJHFRQRP\DQG FRPPXQLW\ RUJDQLVDWLRQV LQ WKH 7XUNLVK &\SULRW DQG 7XUNLVK FRPPXQLW\ IDFLOLWDWHGbWKHbLQVHUWLRQRI.XUGVLQWRDOUHDG\H[LVWLQJHFRQRPLFQHWZRUNVbDQG HDVHG WKH KDUGVKLS IDFHG LQ DGDSWLQJ WR WKHLU QHZ FRXQWU\ RI VHWWOHPHQW Situational interests and shared experiences common to the Kurdish DQG 7XUNLVK FRPPXQLWLHV UHVXOWHG LQ D FROOHFWLYH FRQVFLRXVQHVV LQ ERWK FRPPXQLWLHV,WZDVFRPPRQGXULQJWKHLQWHUYLHZVWRKHDUWKDW.XUGLVKDQG 7XUNLVK FRPPXQLWLHV LQ WKH 8. ZHUH FDOOHG ĴRXU SHRSOHĵ RU Ĵ7đUNL\HOLĵ 2QHRIP\LQWHUYLHZHHVH[SODLQVKRZVLWXDWLRQDOSUREOHPVJULHYDQFHVDQG LQWHUHVWVLQWKHLUGDLO\OLYHVSDYHGWKHZD\WRDVRFLDOO\FRQVWUXFWHGVKDUHG LGHQWLW\DQGQHWZRUNVRIVROLGDULW\

There are lots of reasons that bind Turkish and Kurdish communities. The child RIbDb.XUGLVKSDUHQWDQGFKLOGRID7XUNLVKQDWLRQDOLVWJRWRWKHVDPHVFKRRO&KLOGbRI Db.XUGLVKQDWLRQDOLVWDQGD7XUNLVKQDWLRQDOLVWJRWRWKHVDPHVFKRRO7KH\ERWKH[SH-rience the same problems. They become closer. For instance, both Turks and Kurds have to have a resident permit to stay in the UK. They had to use the same consultancy and translation services. They exchange information in their neighbourhoods. They live in the same ghettos. They have adaptation problems. Children have poor educational suc-cess. As they do not see any future in school life they search for new areas of existence. Some of them become gang members. Both Turks and Kurds face the same problems in hospitals and elsewhere. When people from various social backgrounds sit next to each other, they can support each other. Another example is the riots. All Turkish and

Kurdish people supported each other. There is a political dissidence between Turks and Kurds in Turkey. The disintegration between Kurds and Turks is a problem in Turkey. Here, the shared common problems can bring people together 7K\PHUHVWDXUDQWRZQHU

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7KH LGHRORJLFDO UHOLJLRXV DQG HWKQLF GLIIHUHQFHV WKDW FDXVH PDMRU conflicts in the home country rarely become salient in the host country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affect businesses.

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In 1974, there was a war between Greek and Turkish Cypriots. There was a political apathy between sides. However, our relations with Greek Cypriots in the UK were not like the relations between Turkish and Greek Cypriots in Cyprus in the 1970s. The elected Greek Cypriot local councillors in London had a great positive impact on us. In the UK, they do not have something to share. We (Turkish Cypriots) benefited a lot from Greek Cypriots in various spheres of life, such as in employment, housing and social life. This cooperation and amicable relations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots in the UK in the 1970s applies to the relations between Kurds and Turks in the UK

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We have a great social network. We prefer to work with Indians, Iranians, Philippians and Turks. In general, we prefer to work with them because we share the same destiny. We treat all migrants as if they are Turkish. We share the same situation, the same life, and the same conditions. The British state treats them in the same way it treats us. It exploits them in the same way as it exploits us. They do not differentiate when they exploit. Thus, we should not discriminate when we unite6HDPLQLPDUNHWRZQHU

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4.3. Imece/Zibare

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