Başlık: HEMATOLOGICAL STUDIES IN HEALTHY ONE-YEAR-OLD PUREBRED ARABIAN lIORSESYazar(lar):NOYAN, A.Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3.4 DOI: 10.1501/Vetfak_0000001795 Yayın Tarihi: 1958 PDF

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A.Ü. Veteriner Fakü'ltesi'[arafından üç ayda bİr neşredilir

i1t V 1958 No. 3-4

From ,k Depaııtınent <ıl "Nıysfu~iogy, Vıeıreaı:nıaıry FaciclI:ıy, University of AılkaTa, Tuııtkey (Diırector Prof. Dr. Maclt E~Ikıol).

---_._---_.-HEMATOLOGICAL STUDIES IN HEALTHY ONE-YEAR-OLD PUREBRED ARABIAN lIORSES

By Ahmet NOYAN, D.V.M., Ph. D.

,

INTRODUCTION

When an outbreak of anaemia infectiasa equarum (swamp fever) occurred among purebred Arabian horses at the Sultansuyu Govern

ment Breeding Station in Turkey, aresearch committee investigatcd the disease. As .a memlber oif this committee, the author was

respon-IS1bıe for hematological studies of the affected an:mals. At 'the same

time the hematological studies were made in ten nomnal one-year-old purebred Arabians, oıf which the results are being reported in this paper.

it is the custom of the author - when studying the heomatologyof any disease - to obtain data fm:n normal animals Ü'fco:mparable ages and breeding whioh are kept under coımpareblecond:tions in the same area in order to have data for comparison withthe findings in the diseased animals. Jennings (11) stated that the results of his work on the peripheraL.ıbloodpicture' in some diseases of animals. indicated that a series of examinations of diseased animals tüıgether with rep-resentative samples from the herd would be necessary before clear-cut opinions could be expresEed.

Since data on normal ihloodpictures of yearling purebred Arabian 125

NOYAN

horses are not avaİl'able, records of our findings are being repor in this paper.

MATERIALS AND METIIODS

All the ten apparently healthy one-year-<ıldArabians used in thi study were kept und er the same cündüions CY.f care and feed, and wer

under the pemıanent control of veterinarians. None of them had ha any disease in the past according to tihe records of Breeding Station. Blood samph~ were collected between 9.00 and 10.00 o'clock a.m. in the stable 00 the animals, care being taken not to excite them The top oif the ear of each animal to be studied was cut jus enough to allow blood to ooze out drop by drop. The dHuting pipett for erythrocte and leucocyte counts were fillaj directly from this ca pillar:y blood. it was mixed i;mtnediately with dilUlting fluids. Hayem' solution was usd as the dHu't:ng fluid for erythrocyte counts an Türk's solution for leucocyte counts. The amount of hcmolglobil1wa, determined iby use of Sahli's hemometer. The broad for this purpos was drawn directly into a hemo:globin pipeUe from 'bload as it droppe from the ear. Differential leuC'ocyte cüunts were made from Giemsa

"

stained films of fresh Iblood onglassslides. Differential cüubrts wer basf:'d upon a count of 200 cells from each slide.

Blood samples for the determination of eryvhrocyte sedimel1ta-tion rates were cbtained by drawing 1.6 cm. blood from the jugulaı vein directly irito a 2 cm. syringe containing 0.4 cm. 3.8 per cent sodium citrate solution. Erythrocyte sed.imentatiün rates were deter-minf:'d'by the method of Westergren, using pipcttes w~th 3 mm. inside diameters. The tesıts were performed at room temperature.

Although it is customary to read the sedimentation rate after one hour and two hours, and express it as SR/hours, we recorded the se-dimentation rate a"t the 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120 minutes intervals and ai the end of 24 hours. Ka-tz' formula, modified by Van Zijl (15)

a b

-+-3 6

SR/IO min = --__._o ... was applied to calcu1ate the mean

sedimenta-2

tion rate per 10 minUıtes.Here (a) represents the reading after 30 mi. nu tes, and (b) after. 60 minutes.

. The volume oif packed eryf11rocytes was determined by reading the volume of pı,ıcked c~ııs in the sedimentatian pipettes at the end 126

N .•••.A O N

Hematological Studies İn Arablan Horses

,

of 24 hours and carrecting the results for the undiluted blood. As it is known, the blood samıple in the Wester.green sedimentatoin tubes contains 80 per cent blood and 20 per cent citrate solution. Horse blood settles compıetely and reaches its constant value in 24 hours. vVedo not use hematocrit tubes for this puı'pose, because most of the time we investigate the diseases in the villages and it is not always possi-ble to use a centrifuge because of the lack of electric power. Therefore, we had to develope a simple method for the determinatian of packed ceU volume and use it in all our hemotological studies.

Statistical c{)lmrputationswere made to üıbtain arithmetic avera-ges, standard deviations, and the standard errorso

RESULTS

The results are given in TABLE 1 and 2. A co:nparison of mean . values with their standard errors suggests that the mean values are reliable. The closeness of ranges to ıthe ,mean values sih:owsthat at-most care was taken 'to avoid 'technical errors in individual tests. The different phases of erytıhrocyte sedimentatian in the purebred Arabi-ans are shown in FIG. ,1.The first phase (autoaglutina£ion) is the part of the curve between o and 15 minutes. The secondphase (inueased sinking velocity) 'is represented by the part of the curve between 15

and 60 minutes, and the third phase (red ceU packing) vetween 60 minutes and 24 hours.

FIGURE 2 was designed to show how the distribution of sedimen-tatian rate in different normal subjects were spread out in the phase of maximal sinking velodty, that is after 30 and 60 minutes, an1 why we should Tead the sedimentation in horses after 10 ıminutes fall or calculate mean SR/10 minutes.

This is the first report in Turkey in which the sedimentatian rate was expressed as «mean SR/10 minutes)) by application of modifi-ed Katz formula. Therefore, it was thought that the SR data, not app-lied to this formula, would be usefull fO'rthe others, who are not

accus-tomed '~ouse Katz formula, and given in TABLE 3. DISCUSSION

There ,are several government breeding stations in Turkey on which purebred Arabian and English horses are raised. There are no data on the blood pictures of.'these animals.in Turkey. There are stu-dies on the blood pictures of native horses and mixed breds in Tur. key (2), butthey should not ibe used in evaIuating similar blood

NOYAN

TABLE 1. THE RESULTS OF HEMATOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS OF TEN NORMAL ONE-YEAR-OLD PUREBRED ARABIAN

RORSE8. 3.228

B~

"o CD Gl E .ıo:_{u_}::ı ro o ıı. > 36.2-47.5 44.15 :::: 1.020

c

'E

, Hours i

Sedimentation, m m.

Raın,ge

it.

i ~-.

--r- ---~-r--~

Measure : ~ ~ ~ ~ i-

!

i

.:

'1--1--1--1

e •• - u o •.•.

~ ~

i: ~

i .ri E

i

"o ,0.5 1 24 ~ w_

.J_I-

~C) u, ci) --- 9'20-1'-- 9.52-

-ı 1.00-'

0.90-

1

23-::r~ı::.l-ı2<-1

7.26-11.80 13.77

i

12.50

i

1.20 38 i 77

!

142 12.40

Aritlhmetic

I-~un

1-1ı.~ı-~'ı--=-I--=-I--=-I-;~.23

me-alIl and 10.61

_I

i

i

r i /

:!: 0.3571 :t 0.157 :!: 0.026 - - , - :::: 0.608 St. error :t 0.232 , i '

---- -.

--

i--!~i-ı---sı

-'üoo

i

0736[

ıl26

.

o~:~W<1lj--=ı_j.

1.92ı

TABLE 2. THE RESULTS OF DIFFERENTIAL COUNTS OF TEN

NORMAL ONE-YEAROLD PUREBRED ARABIAN RORSES.

1.077 7.728 ! i

~;;

_{~ ~ ~,u}

i

t

i

_i

••

Gl o. o. .•• i o

i

>.

O~ o~

'i~,

~~

U~ ;:0 eo 00 0.0 00 ::ı 'iii ..' E

S

-3-~--5-;- -1-:-'j-O-~--51-40-63-~-

-i--~-7--;----1---

----I

42.80

i

2.00 - 0.10

ı

51.50 3.60 :t 2.442 :!: 0.332 :!: 0.076

i

-=

2.763 o'::. 0.567 --,--'-- ---i 0.241' • 8.658i 1.794 i Ra,nıge Measure Aritlımetic meam a,nıd st. ETro-r st. deviation 128

Heınatological Studies İn Arabian Horses

TABLE 3. SEDİMENTATION RAT'ES IN ON-YEAR-OLD

PUREBRED ARABIAN HORSE8.

Sedimentation Rates, in mm. Numbre of animals 5/51 6/51 5 ! Min •. i i

1.5.1

1 ! 10 Min. 5 3 15 Min. 8 6 30 Min. 34 28 60 Min. 75 54 120 Min. 125 89 24 Hours 132 --_.. --128 .-_ .. -24/51 1 3 5 23 57 103 129 136 114 129 73 ---

-_._---_:--1- :-:

1-::

6

i

9

i

36 ! 77 0_. • 1.5 29/51 38/51 62/51 0.5

---!--_ ..

ı 1.5 64.1

i

107 129 74

i~'-

1~~__ 53 1 101 1:25 i 14/51 4/51 18/51 52/51 Mean 1 0.5 0.5

i

1.0

i

4 3 1 1 3.1 ;

i

., i ! i

i

i 8 6 4 5 6.3 34 30 i 23 i

1--

25_

i

29.4 75 62 113 105 124 131 129

•.... ci.) o MM.

o

20

ct..T":::j:~-1

" eı. ----

-r-bO

40

100 140 D

~

1'ıO

2 O

~ ıo

•....

z

w L 160 \~ 10 30 60 TIME (M/NUTE) 120 '-It . HOUR ~-

---FİGURE 1. ERYTHROCYTES SEDİMENTATION CURVE OF NOR'MAL. ONE-YEAR-OLD PUREBRED ARABİANS (WESTERüREN).

--- ---.3

A

>,3

_C

>-. U U 12 2 Z2 u.ı Lu ::ı ::) dı 011 ~ Lu a::: a:: L.ı... u... 5 10 30 35 .4{)

AFTER LC MINUTES FALL _AFTER 30 MINUT£S FALL _:ı:

~ 3 to>

...

o 3 Ö

B

3

D

~ >. :>. n'~ u . ~2 z 2 uı

...

W Lu C =:) ::) co CJj Oij n;'

...

L"

,ı ıl! "' UJ u.ı

i

1-<' o::: ec: ;:ı u.. Lı.. ~ı > 5 10 ~O 4-6- 50 55 60 65 70 75 ..•ol

o-AFTER 15 M/NUTES FALl AFTER 60 MI NUrES FALL. &j';:ı

:ı:

o

..•

uı

LO

3 FİGURE 2, -- GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATİoNS uı

>.

_E

OF DISTRİBUTİoNS OF ERYTHROCYTE

SEDİ-~2

Lı..J MENTATİoN RATES İN NORMAL,

ONE-YEAR-=:) _{OLD, PUREBRED ARABİANS (ALL IN}

MİLLİME-Glı w _TERS). a::: L.ı... 7 10 15

.-

MEAN

SR/l0 MlI'WTES w

_.

NOYAN

dies in the purebred Arabia,1lSor Thoroughbreds. There may even differences in ib100dpictures Ibetween the same Ibreeds raised in d' ferent countries. Brenon's (1) statement is a .good example far th 'necessity ofdetermining ıthe normal in different Iocalities. He sta

«The variables in the hemaglolbin percentages in other parts. of th nation should alsa be kept in mind. This report is based on 15.6 as being 100 per cent while minois used 16.0 Gm. as 100 per cent, ah Wintrobe reports two figu'res of 14.5 and 15.0 Gm., respectively.))

There is no record in the literature on the hematology of one year - old purebred Arabians. However, tihere are hematological stu dies on the Thorougl1bred yearlings and weanlings.

The aıvera'geerythrocyte count in our cases is 10,600,000, whi is some what less than the values reported in the literature for Ar bians and 'DhorougJlıbreds.The results of blood picture studies o purebred Arabians and Thoroııghıbreds may adequatly be compared Mac Lrod et al., (12) reported. that there was no 's'ignificant differenc in the count of the Tlhorougbhred and tihat of the puroored Arabians Fundamental1y all Thoroughbreds descend three Arabian stallion bredta native English mares (12).

Taking the age into consideration tıhe'bIood values of weanlin and yearlings miıgftıtIbe compared with 1Jhatof one-year-old Arabians TABLE 4 includes the mean va1ues obtained by dif,ferent authors an present author. 11.97 13.64 l'~.OO 13.00 i _._---- ---11.67 11.45 10.61

!

10 Present a.uthor

TABLE 4. COMPAıRISONOF MEAN VALUESOBTAINED BY DIFFERENT AUTHORS

.---=fflO,---I- -.--:~:~--II-i

.~c-ıIJ

J

,I

f1 ~

-- ~o'" ;)" .ıiE 'l1ho!1'O'Ug1h,brea . Z22'" ı,' wıı....90' j11~.60 ::t13.C)30i

Ma,cLeoo et al., (I")

Wea1nUnıgs

i

-~,::- LOOd-:'~~~;- -'I'horou~-r-ed---- 16 i -1-1-.60- ~~- ~.60

YeMurr~ ,

---- .. -. . _. .. . .1 __ - __

..Ha"""'.,-'ı" cl

.ı-E!"ed--_ ..-.:'.

_~ı.2~_

Mac Leıod et al., (I") , 4 11.50

. (diofferent 'a.ge) ! __

--- -_._--- - ,

Aa-abiaınğ one.ye<lJr -old

Hematological Studies İn Arabian Horses

As is seen in TABLE4 the present author fonud lawer erythrocyte and leucocyte counts and less hemoglcibinper 100ml hlood than otmer authors found in ıboth Thoroughbred weanlings and yearlings, and Arabians. We assume that this difference may ibe due to the methods used. Mac Leodet al., (12) used heparinized blood drown from jugula~ .ein and Hansen, et al., (7) oxalated blood alsa drown froım jugular vein. We used, however, capillary blood from ear drown directly into the counting aJlldhemoglolbin pipettes, wi"dhoutusing any anticoagu. lant.

if an exact comparison is to be ımade the same procedures and condüions mu st. be followed implicitly. The time of securing blooo samples, degree of exitation of animals and other small procedural differences can caUS8var~adon in results.

Hôhnke (10) reported that the numlber of ery1ıhrocytes and the amount of hemoıglclbinı:'id ~ot show noticeble dıaily variation in hor-ses. However, he found that the numlber of leucocytes were higher in the evening hours than the morning. ~e also 'reported that Kudrjasov investigated the blood picture of the horses during one year perioo and found ,that the number oferythrocytes and the amount of hemog-lobin showed maximum value frcm May '~ojuly, and minimum from October

ta

Decemlber.The number of leucccytes were found higher in Summer than in Winter. Trum (14) state.j that a ıbreed and age dif-ference in blood cell coun:ts was indicated as well as differenoes du-ring lactation. Pregnancy seems to results in a near term anemia and as pastpartum polycythemia (14). Excitation of animals causes higi: blood values (6, 8, 9, 13)".

The mean values of the percentage distribution of leucocytes re-ported in this ,paper are very simi'lar to values obtained by other au-thors (see TABLE 5).

The sedimentation rate of erythrocytes was alsa determined in ten nOlimal, one-year-old, pureibred Arabians. We dia not find any report in the literature on sedimentation rates in purebred Arabians.

The sinking velocity aıf erythrocytes in horse is very high. There fore. we applied Ka~ formula, modified by Van Zijl (15) and the sedimentation rate is expressed as millimeters per 10 minutes (SR./10 min.) This makestJhe result more easily analyzed. Gilman (3) used the same formula to evaluate his .findings on 'the sediimentation rate of horse blood. He also reported that the sedimenta:tion rate at the end of ten minutes appeared to !bebhe onlyone showing data of possible statistical sLgnif.icance.Gilman (3) cited from eoffin thaıt the sedi. mentatian rate in the horse was very fast and recommended to read 133

N OYA r-ı

TABLE 5. COMPARlSON OF MEAN VALUES OF PERCENTAGE

DISTRmUTION OF LEUCOCYTES. Author Type of animals ı i i i ~_ı: o i ~

Mac lieıod et at, (12)

Mac Leod et al., ('2) HaTIsen et ",I., (') Presen-t aru-lihor Thoroııghbred 16 : i 37.0 4.0

i -

i 55.0 4.00 _We_a_nl_ings .

--i----

--< -

-1--

---Thoroughbred 22 i 44.0 3.0

i

-,

49.0 4.00 yearIings i i •• ---- ---- __ o ,-

--1---:-

- - __

o - ---~_e~_~_~~_.;;_br_e_cl_

~O_!_~~~ı~;

<010 49.7

1~2_

I

ArabioaTIl;; 10

,I.

42.8 i! 2',0. 'I! 0.10, ,5.,,1..

51

3_..60

o:ıe ~ yea.r" old.

the fan at the end of ten and ıtwenty minutes. Gsell (5) read the rate

at the end of fifteen minutes, and Van Zijl (15) reccmmended to cal.

culate mean SR/lO minutes from two readings, first at the end of 30

minutes and then at the end of 60 minutes. On the other hand, most

of the veterinarians in this country read the fall either af ter 30 mi.

nutes or 60 minutes. However, FİG. 2 shows definitelly that one can

not make a good interpretatioın with a reading of SR after 30 ar 60

minutes, hecause the distribution spread out ccnsiderably (see FIG.

2•.C and D). The least spreading of distrtbution occured in «after ten

minutes fall» (FIG. 2, A), then in ,the «ımean SR/ıo minutes» (FIG.

2, E). The data on after 15 minutes fall seems to have possible statisti.

cal significans, too. However, when this data is ,obtaine:i from the

hor-ses, which are not purebreds and ha ve nor.mally less erytıhl'Ocytes than

dur subjects, distöbution of the data on 15 minutes fall would also

be spread eonsiderably. Because the less the number of erythrocyte in

the bload, faste- .. it reaches the maximum sejirnıentation veloc:ty.

We have dbser.ed this fact epecially in the cases of infeetiolis anemia.

From ours and alsa from Gilman's findinıgs it seems that in the

first order «after 10 minuetes fall», and in the seoond order «mean

SR/IO minutes» would give the most possible statistically signiJ'icant,

resutls. However, these results were from normal animals. lt must

alsa be tried in t.he blood samples from diseased animals, in whieh

the sinking velocity of erythrocytes inereasej or deereased. After

Hematological Studies İn Arabian Horses

experiıments, it would be proper to deside on wheather «after'

minutes fall» or «mean SR/10 minutes)) shO\,lld Ibe used to express

. sedimentation rate in the horse. The results üf sedimentation and

eked eell volum e are shown in TABLE 1.

T'here are several methods for the determina tion of paoked

vol-e of vol-erythracytvol-es. Göslin.g (4) applied three different met:hods in his

ensiye study to determine the paeked eell volume in different

ani-i sıpeeies. He used the most frequently us-oo hematoerit method,

einbaeh's modification of Bleiıbtreusch's ımethod, an~ the

polariza-n metJhod. Ipolariza-n S,teipolariza-nbaeh's method t;he nitroıgen contene of plasma

then rtihat oıf the diluted serum are determined and from these

cked cell volum e is calculated. In the polarization method

saecha-e is addsaecha-ed to thsaecha-e blooo and ,thsaecha-e sinistrorotatory ability af the blood

reduced. From the amount oıf aj.ded saccharosc the amoune of cell

lume is caleulated. This method was. tried for the first time by

Gös-g and the results were satisrfae'tory.

The most sünıple method of determining of cell volume is the

ontaneous sedimentation method. Wirth (16) said: ıcaltihough thi:)

ethod is not accurate, it gives usefuI results for comparison and

ed extensively in veterinary medicine.»

However, ene can use either spontaneous sedimentatian or the

malocrit method for cıbtaining cell volume, beeause the two gives

ry si:r.ıilar results. This fact was prooved experimentally by Gsell

). it is furiher interesting that the standard deviatian of the cell

lume gained by spontaneous sedimentation is much smaIler (0.40)

an the one gained by"hematocrit method (0.86) (GselI). Most of the

me, we make our hematological studies under the field conditions

d therefore use this methO:d in all our blood cell volume

determina-ons.

SUMMARY

1) A hemotologic study of ten apparantly healithy one--year-old

urebred Arabians revealed the followin.g mean values with their

stan-rd errors: erythrocytes per cubie millimeter, 10.61 ::!:.0.232 million;

ucoeytes per cubic millimeter 11.67 ::!:.0.357 thousand; hemoglobin

er 100 mL. of bload, 11.45j 0.157 grams.

2) The differential leueocy,te ceunts showed following mean

per-ntages with their standard errors: neutraphHs, 42.80 ct 2.443;

eosı-ophils, 2.0::!:.0.332; basophils 0.10:L 0.076; ıymphocytes, 51.50Je 2.736,

nd monocytes, 3.60::!:.0.567.

13!'\-NOYAN

3) The erythrocyte sedimentation rate, applying Katz' formula a :expressing as SR per 10 minutes, was 10.23 millimeter with a st dard error:!: 0.608, and standard dev.iation 1.921.

4) it was shown that expressmg tıhe SR as «after ıo minutes f

in millimeters» (Gilman's recomımendation) or «mean SR/10 'minu in millimeters» (Van Zijl's recommendation) .gave the best results f

a good interpretation.

5) The packed volume Of erythrooytes was determined in the W tergren sedimetıtation pipettes lea:ving the blood in the pipette un the eryıhrocytes setıtledcompletelly (24 hours) and correcting the resul for the undiluted blood. 'l1lH~mean percenta:ge olf paClkedvolume erythrocytes with its standard €fror was 44.15 :!:1.020 per cent.

ÖZET

1) Görünüşte sıhhatli bir yaşında on baş safkan Arap atların hematalojik muayenelerinde, standard hataları ile birlikte, aşağıda kıymetler bulunmuıştur: Alyuvar 1 mmk.'ıte 10610000 ::t 0.232; aky

var 1 mrnk.'te 11 670:!:0.357; hemoglobin 100 sk. kanda 11.45.::1:0.1

gram.

2) AkyU'var formülü için sta:nd;ard ha:talariyle 'birlikte aşağıda kıymetler /bulundu: Neutrophil'ler

%

42.80::t 2.443; eosinophil'l

% 2.0:r. 0.332; basophil'ler % 0.10:c 0.076; lymphocyte'ler % 51.50

2.736 ve monocyte'ler % 3.60 :!:0.567.

3) Alyuvar sedimentasyon hızı, modifiye Katz formülü ile hesa !andı ve ortalama SH/ıo dakikada 10.23:'..:0.608 ,müümetre bulund Ortalamanınstandiard dağılma ölçüsü 1.921 idi.

4) Sedimentasyon hızının «10 dakika sonraki çöküş))ten okunm sı (Gilman'ın tavsiyesi) veya ((ortalama SH/lO dakika)) olamk hesa ~anması (Van Zijl'in tavsiyesi) ile elde edilen kl!y:metlerinen inanıl oldukları ,gösterildi.

5) Alyuvar volümü, SH tayini için kullanılan kanın westergre; pipeti içinde 24 saat 'bekletilmesiyle tayinedildi. Netice % 100 kan yani antikoagülant ile karışmamış kana 'göre düzeltildi. Bu şekilde e <le edilen ortalama spop-tan sediment kıymeti, standard hatasİyle bii likte. % 44.15 :!:1.020 bulundu.

i

References : i

1 - Brenon. H. C.: Erythrocyte and Hemoglo'bin Studies in Thorauglhbred RJ ci.ng Hol'ses. J. Am. Vet. 'Meıd. Assoc., ı28 (7) : 343 . 345. 1956.

2 - Erfürk. K.: Ankara Bölgesinde Normal, Hizmetlerde. ÇaIışan Bir kısım Ot

Hematological Studies İn Arabian Horses

du Atlarında Kan Tablosu ve Sedimentasyon Hızı. Dissertartion, University of Ankara, Vett,erinary Facu1t.y, 1952.

_ Gilman. A. R.: The Blood Sedimentation R:ııte in ,tıhe Horse. Am. J. Vet. Res., 13: 77 - 82, 1952.

_ Gösling. J.: Verglekhende Untersuchungen über das Eryithrozytenvolum b{;i den Haussiiugetieren. İnaugural-Dissertation, Hannover, 1923.

_ Gsell. J.: Die Abhiingigkeiıt der Scdim~ntierungsgeschwindigkeit der EryUı~ rozy.ten vom E:-ythrozy,ten volumen beim Pferdeblut und ihre Beriicksichti-gung in der Diagnm~tik. Schweiz. Arc:h. Tieıiheilk., 96: 189 - 210. 1954. _ Hansen. M. F.: Todd. A. C.; Kelley. G. W.. and Hull. F. E. : Studies on Uıe

Hematology of the Thoroughbred Hone. I, Maıres in Foal. Am. J. Vet. Res., ll: 296 - 300, 1950.

_ Hansen. M. F.: Todd. A. C.: Kelley. G. W.: Cawein. M.ı.and Mc Gee. W. R. :

Studies on the Hemaıtology of the Thoroughbred Horse. II. Weanlings. Am. J. Vet. Res., LL: 393 ~ 396, 1950.

_ Hansen. M. F. : Todd. A. C.: Cawein. M .• and Mc Gee, W. R.: Studies on the Hematology of the Thoroughbred Horse. III. Stallions. Am. J. Ve~. Res., II : 397 - 399, 1950.

9 _ Holman. H. H.: Studies on the Hema:tology of the Horse, Ox, and Sheep. Proc. Roy. Sac. Med., 40: 185 - 187, 1947.

O _ Höhnke. R. - G.: Untersuchungen über quantitıatıüve tagesrhyimisc<he Schwan. ungen der Erythrozy en, des ~aemogl()bins und der Leukozyten gesundcr Fferde.

Inaug. Diss., Hannover, 1952.

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