RESEARCH ARTICLE
Mehmet Musa Özcan1&Fahad Aljuhaimi2&Nurhan Uslu1&Kashif Ghafoor2&Isam A. Mohamed Ahmed2&
Elfadıl E. Babiker2
Received: 29 April 2019 / Accepted: 12 July 2019 / Published online: 31 July 2019 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract
While Cd contents of cigarettes are determined between 0.44 (C8) and 1.55 mg/kg (C7), Co contents of cigarette samples varied between 0.26 (B5) and 2.19 mg/kg (B3). Also, while Cr contents of tested cigarettes are determined between 0.88 mg/kg (C5) and 1.72 mg/kg (B2), Mo contents of cigarettes ranged from 0.39 (C7) to 1.13 mg/kg (B2). In addition, Cu contents of cigarettes varied between 10.36 (C11) and 30.47 mg/kg (C18), while Fe contents of cigarette samples range between 306.03 (C5) and 595.42 mg/kg (C16). In addition, while Ni contents of cigarettes vary between 1.00 (C7) and 3.17 mg/kg (C1), Pb contents of brands varied between 0.16 (B4) and 7.37 mg/kg (B1). In general, Indian and imported cigarette samples used in Turkey are rich in Ca, K, Mg, P, and S. In Indian samples, B4 and B5 cigarette samples contained lower heavy metals compared with other cigarettes.
Keywords Cigarette . Indian . Import . Heavy metals . Macroelements . ICP-AES
Introduction
Tobacco users are exposed to numerous toxic constituents, including toxic metals, from oral use of smokeless tobacco or inhalation of tobacco smoke (Pappas et al.2008; Pappas
2012; Pappas et al.2014). Metals are one of the five major categories of carcinogenic or toxic constituents in tobacco and tobacco smoke (Richter et al.2017). Tobacco plants absorb metal ions and compounds from the soil through their roots, and by translocation from roots to leaves (Bache et al.1985). Though present at lower concentrations in tobacco than some other metals, cadmium readily transfers to mainstream smoke in concentrations higher than most other metals due to the
volatility of the transported form (Pappas 2011; Pappas
2012; Fresquez et al.2013). Heavy metals disrupt different biological systems and are also poisonous at lower doses for humans (Neuspiel et al.1994; Jarup et al.1998; Fowles and Dybing2003; Bernard2004; Navas-Acien et al.2004). Goyer (1993) reported that lead toxicity causes diseases such as ane-mia, headache, irritability, and renal damages (Goyer 1993). Cobalt, an essential trace element, causes serious health prob-lems when more inhaled in excess (Barceloux1999; Lison et al.
2001). In order to grow tobacco, a large number of fertilizers are used; most of which are known to be toxic and carcinogenic. The monitoring of pesticides during growing of tobacco is very important for the protection of our environment (Ajab et al.
2008). The aim of the present study was to determine the dis-tribution of heavy metal and macroelements of Indian and imported cigarette brands commonly used in Turkey.
Material and methods
Material
Twenty-six different Indian (5) and import (21) cigarettes commonly used in Turkey were purchased from local markets. After removing the papers and filters of randomly 5 cigarettes Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues
* Mehmet Musa Özcan mozcan@selcuk.edu.tr * Fahad Aljuhaimi
faljuhaimi@ksu.edu.sa 1
Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Selçuk, 42031 Konya, Turkey
2 Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and
Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Distribution of heavy metal and macroelements
of Indian and imported cigarette brands in Turkey
selected from a pack of 20, analysis samples dried in an oven at a temperature of 70 °C for 24 h and allowed to desiccate of each brand were prepared (Nnorom et al.2005). Heavy toxic trace metals were analyzed in the 26 cigarettes. After the glass-ware was soaked in 10% HNO3for 24 h, they were cleaned with deionized water.
Method
Mineral content
About 0.2 g of ground cigarette sample was put into a digesting cup (TFM (tetrafluoroethylene modified)) with 15 ml of pure HNO3and 2 ml H2O2(30%, w/v) in a closed system. The cigarette sample was digested in a MARS 5 mi-crowave oven (CEM Corporation Manufacturer) at 210 °C. After digested samples were filtrated (Whatman No. 42), the filtrates were collected in 50-ml flasks for element analysis in ICP-AES (Varian-Vista) (Skujins1998).
Statistical analyses
Results of the research were analyzed for mean ± standard deviation (MSTAT C) and statistical significance by analysis of variance of independent cigarette samples (Püskülcü and İkiz1989).
Results and discussion
Heavy metal contents of import and Indian cigarettes in Turkey are shown in Table1. B and Zn contents of cigarette samples were found partly similar. While B contents of ciga-rettes change between 31.18 (C19) and 39.48 mg/kg (C9), Zn contents of cigarette samples varied between 25.65 (B5) and 44.81 mg/kg (C16). Also, while Cd contents of cigarettes are determined between 0.44 (C8) and 1.55 mg/kg (C7), Co con-tents of cigarette samples varied between 0.26 (B5) and 2.19 mg/kg (B3). Also, while Cr contents of the tested cigarettes are determined between 0.88 (C5) and 1.72 mg/kg (B2), Mo contents of cigarettes varied between 0.39 (C7) and 1.13 mg/kg (B2). In addition to this, Cu levels of cigarettes varied between 10.36 (C11) and 30.47 mg/kg (C18), while Fe con-tents of cigarette samples are determined between 306.03 mg/kg (C5) and 595.42 mg/kg (C16). While Ni concentrations of cigarettes range between 1.00 (C7) and 3.17 mg/kg (C1), Pb levels of brands varied between 0.16 (B4) and 7.37 mg/kg (B1). Generally, C16 cigarette contained partly higher heavy metals in all samples. In Indian samples, B4 and B5 cigarette samples contained lower heavy metals compared with other cigarettes.
The macroelement contents of some Indian and import cigarettes are given in Table2. In general, both Indian and
import cigarette samples are rich in Ca, K, Mg, P, and S. While Ca contents of cigarette are determined between 185.59.41 (C11) and 24889.48 mg/kg (C18), K concen-trations of cigarettes ranged from 21234.02 (B3) to 29134.72 mg/kg (C9). In addition, while Mg contents of cigarette samples vary between 3204.76 (C1) and 3802.81 mg/kg (C19), P levels of cigarettes changed between 1778.84 (B1) and 2244.71 mg/Kg (C9). Also, the lowest and highest S contents of samples were found in B5 sam-ple (2500.83 mg/kg) and C16 samsam-ple (3802.55 mg/kg), respectively. In addition, Na contents of C10 and C16 cigarette samples were found higher compared with Na results of other Indian and import cigarette samples. The macroelement contents of B4 and B5 cigarette samples were found partly low compared with the import cigarettes.
While the Cd concentrations of Indian cigarettes vary between 0.53 (B1) and 0.68 mg/kg (B2), Cd concentra-tions of import cigarettes changed between 0.44 (C8) and 1.55 mg/kg (C7). Also, Co contents of Indian cigarettes changed between 0.26 (B5) and 2.19 mg/kg (B3), while Co contents of import cigarettes vary between 0.10 (C6) and 2.04 mg/kg (C10). In addition, the Cr level of the import cigarettes varied between 0.88 (C5) and 1.70 mg/kg (C21). Higher Cr concentrations were found in Indian brands (1.72 mg/kg) compared with the import brands (1.70 mg/kg). While Ni concentrations of Indian cigarettes vary between 1.97 (B5) and 3.05 mg/kg (B1), Ni contents of import cigarettes ranged from 1.00 (C7) to 3.17 mg/kg (C1). The lowest Mn was found in B1 (81.24 mg/kg). Also, Mo concentrations of Indian cigarettes var-ied between 0.72 (B5) and 1.13 mg/kg (B2), while Mo contents of import cigarettes change between 0.39 (C7) and 1.01 mg/kg (C9). The highest concentration of Fe was recorded for B1 sample (555.98 mg/kg) in Indian cigarettes and C19 sample (577.97 mg/kg) for import cig-arettes. Generally, on the whole, imported cigarettes reflected greater concentration of Fe and Mn in relation t o t h e c o u n t e r p a r t s f r o m t h e I n d i a n c i g a r e t t e s . Geographical location, industrial or mining activities, and agronomic practices may effect certain levels of metals of the tobacco grown in a certain location (Cabrera et al. 1995; Pappas et al. 2007). Ebisike et al. (2004) reported higher Zn, Cu, and Cr in tobacco than in the ash. During combustion activity which results in ash formulation, some of these metals could have been pro-duced in free form due to the breaking down of their compounds (Ebisike et al. 2004). In previous study, Massadeh et al. (2005) determined 2.64 μg/g Cd and 2.67 μg/g (dw) Pb in cigarette samples. In other study, Ajab et al. (2008) studied on Mn, Co, Cu, Cd, Pb, and Zn contents of tobacco of 20 cigarette brands commonly used in Pakistan, and determined Mn (84.78 μg/g, dw),
Table 1 H eavy m eta l cont ents of tobac co o f Indian an d import cigarettes (mg/kg) Production made T obacco sa mpl es BC d C o C r C u F e N i P b Z n M n M o In dia n B1 39. 36 ± 3.86 *a 0.53 ± 0. 01f 1.4 0 ± 0 .45b c 1. 52 ± 0 .1 1b c 1 5.0 5 ± 1. 13c d 5 55. 98 ± 2 8.2 4d 3 .05 ± 0.0 1a 7.3 7 ± 0. 65a 35 .42 ± 4.7 3d 8 1.2 4 ± 0 .22k 1.0 4 ± 0. 0 2a B2 35. 86 ± 0.98 d** 0.68 ± 0. 03d 0.8 0 ± 0 .37e f 1. 72 ± 0 .05 a 1 2.4 8 ± 0. 10d e 5 06. 43 ± 1 0.4 8f 2 .86 ± 0.1 0b –** * 29 .28 ± 1.1 2i 1 38. 11 ± 12 .65 i 1.1 3 ± 0. 05a B3 32. 68 ± 0.50 g 0.55 ± 0. 07e f 2.1 9 ± 0 .48a 1. 37 ± 0 .10 bc 1 3.1 4 ± 0. 49d e 3 83. 94 ± 1 9.6 8gh 2 .45 ± 0.2 4bc – 34 .39 ± 7.2 5e 1 89. 44 ± 23.0 1e 0.9 2 ± 0. 02a b B4 33. 23 ± 3.27 f 0.55 ± 0. 06e f 0.9 9 ± 0 .56e 1. 08 ± 0 .06 f 1 1 .78 ± 0.4 8e f 3 68. 30 ± 1 9.9 7h 2 .36 ± 0.0 8c 0.1 6 ± 0. 04j 26 .70 ± 2.2 8ij 1 63. 03 ± 9.42 h 0.8 2 ± 0. 16b B5 31. 81 ± 2.15 gh 0.62 ± 0. 08d e 0.2 6 ± 0 .15h i 1. 09 ± 0 .06 f 1 0.8 4 ± 0. 72f 3 24. 56 ± 0 .94 i 1 .97 ± 0.1 3e 2.9 6 ± 0. 08e 25 .65 ± 0.3 3j 1 71. 63 ± 13.6 1f g 0.7 2 ± 0. 04d Im por t C 1 33. 20 ± 0.29 f 0.56 ± 0. 05e f 1.0 0 ± 0 .64c d 1. 42 ± 0 .07 c 1 2.7 3 ± 0. 45d e 3 85. 89 ± 3 3.3 7gh 3 .17 ± 0.1 2a – 27 .95 ± 1.1 7ij 1 88. 87 ± 7.43 ef 0.6 8 ± 0. 06e C2 33. 79 ± 0.25 f 0.54 ± 0. 10e f 0.9 6 ± 0 .84e 1. 25 ± 0 .09 e 2 8.4 9 ± 17 .18 ab 3 41. 75 ± 3 7.7 2i 2 .40 ± 0.2 2bc – 31 .55 ± 7.5 2gh 1 54. 70 ± 2.21 hi 0.5 3 ± 0. 04f C3 33. 16 ± 0.27 f 0.56 ± 0. 06e f 2.0 1 ± 0 .38a 1. 34 ± 0 .05 bc 1 2.0 1 ± 0. 13d e 3 84. 73 ± 1 .37 gh 2 .48 ± 0.1 1 bc – 27 .62 ± 0.9 2ij 1 75. 24 ± 7.53 fg 0.7 5 ± 0. 13c C4 34. 58 ± 0.71 e 0.82 ± 0. 04b c 0.3 4 ± 0 .21h 1. 14 ± 0 .06 f 1 2.2 7 ± 0. 12d e 3 31. 56 ± 7 .78 ij 2 .09 ± 0.2 8bc – 28 .71 ± 0.3 7i 1 21. 33 ± 0.85 j 0.7 5 ± 0. 01c C5 36. 04 ± 2.41 c 0.79 ± 0. 07c 0.3 6 ± 0 .32h 0. 88 ± 0 .04 h 1 2.1 0 ± 0. 30d e 3 06. 03 ± 2 1.7 0k 1 .81 ± 0.1 1 e – 26 .07 ± 0.6 9ij 1 80. 21 ± 17.3 7f 0.7 4 ± 0. 09c d C6 38. 95 ± 1.48 b 1.00 ± 0. 10b 0.1 0 ± 0 .01i 1. 08 ± 0 .02 f 1 4.4 4 ± 0. 95d 2 96. 28 ± 1 4.6 6kl 2 .00 ± 0.2 2e – 33 .07 ± 0.2 9f 1 78. 00 ± 5.46 fg 0.8 1 ± 0. 16b C7 36. 70 ± 2.25 c 1.55 ± 0. 14a 1.8 1 ± 0 .36a b 0. 99 ± 0 .06 g 1 3.5 3 ± 0. 63d e 4 94. 21 ± 1 4.7 6fg 1 .00 ± 0.2 3g 5.2 1 ± 0. 37c 37 .40 ± 2.1 6c 2 54. 01 ± 5.30 a 0.3 9 ± 0. 06h C8 34. 26 ± 2.67 e 0.44 ± 0. 07 1.2 5 ± 0 .20c 1. 28 ± 0 .04 e 1 2.5 4 ± 1. 10d e 4 37. 18 ± 1 1 .34 g 2 .17 ± 0.0 6d 2.3 6 ± 0. 71g 28 .40 ± 1.3 6i 1 89. 91 ± 18.7 1e 0.9 8 ± 0. 03a b C9 39. 48 ± 0.75 a 0.51 ± 0. 07f g 1.9 1 ± 0 .35a b 1. 15 ± 0 .07 fg 1 1 .93 ± 0.9 8e f 3 64. 61 ± 2 0.2 7hi 1 .73 ± 0.2 0e f 0.6 9 ± 0. 25i 31 .36 ± 3.2 2gh 1 86. 10 ± 12.7 5e f 1.0 1 ± 0. 1 4a C10 36. 48 ± 0.24 c 1.29 ± 0. 05a b 2.0 4 ± 0 .63a 1. 53 ± 0 .13 bc 1 5.0 6 ± 0. 25c d 5 52. 38 ± 3 4.6 4de 1 .45 ± 0.1 8f 7.1 6 ± 0. 85b 38 .79 ± 1.4 4b 2 51. 27 ± 3.80 b 0.5 7 ± 0. 15e f C1 1 33. 12 ± 0.49 f 0.49 ± 0. 01f g 0.4 5 ± 0 .17g 1. 26 ± 0 .10 e 1 0.3 6 ± 0. 30g 3 13. 27 ± 2 1.3 8j 2 .68 ± 0.0 2b 2.1 2 ± 0. 10g 25 .86 ± 1.2 8j 1 48. 80 ± 9.97 hi 0.5 8 ± 0. 28e f C12 36. 97 ± 0.35 c 0.56 ± 0. 02e f 1.1 0 ± 0 .69c d 0. 99 ± 0 .17 g 1 2.6 7 ± 1. 21d e 3 09. 67 ± 7 7.2 9j 1 .73 ± 0.3 4e f – 32 .37 ± 2.7 5g 2 16. 05 ± 6.29 de 0.5 7 ± 0. 19e f C13 31. 64 ± 1.37 gh 0.51 ± 0. 02f g 1.2 0 ± 0 .28c 1. 23 ± 0 .02 ef 1 5.1 6 ± 0. 54c d 5 95. 11 ± 10 .39 a 1 .72 ± 0.2 2e f 2.8 3 ± 0. 38e f 32 .36 ± 0.4 9g 1 77. 97 ± 4.25 f 0.7 2 ± 0. 02d C14 35. 70 ± 3.36 d 0.59 ± 0. 13e 0.7 8 ± 0 .02f 1. 12 ± 0 .03 ef 1 4.4 4 ± 0. 86d 3 62. 49 ± 2 8.9 8hi 2 .10 ± 0.3 7de 1.0 2 ± 0. 05h 31 .58 ± 1.6 7gh 2 04. 41 ± 20.9 7de 0.4 6 ± 0. 20g C15 33. 82 ± 0.43 f 0.70 ± 0. 05c d 0.6 7 ± 0 .20f g 1. 69 ± 0 .38 ab 1 4.8 6 ± 0. 03d 5 68. 08 ± 8 7.4 4c 2 .71 ± 1.1 0b 2.6 7 ± 0. 12f f 32 .98 ± 0.3 8g 2 19. 24 ± 4.18 d 0.7 5 ± 0. 23c C16 34. 32 ± 1.52 e 1.48 ± 0. 01a 1.4 1 ± 0 .51b c 1. 27 ± 0 .06 e 1 9.9 9 ± 0. 70c 5 95. 42 ± 3 3.4 2a 1 .44 ± 0.0 7f 2.5 8 ± 0. 36f 44 .81 ± 0.1 6a 2 41. 25 ± 4.22 c 0.8 3 ± 0. 10b C17 32. 91 ± 0.71 g 0.54 ± 0. 01e f 0.4 2 ± 0 .35g 1. 65 ± 0 .04 b 1 2.7 2 ± 1. 03d e 5 20. 99 ± 3 9.3 3e f 2 .49 ± 0.1 9bc – 29 .87 ± 2.5 0i 1 63. 33 ± 34.6 8h 0.7 4 ± 0. 19c C18 35. 66 ± 0.26 d 0.63 ± 0. 07d e 1.0 3 ± 0 .14c d 1. 54 ± 0 .03 bc 3 0.4 7 ± 1. 00a 4 96. 94 ± 1 5.4 1fg 2 .45 ± 0.2 4bc 0.6 5 ± 0. 10i 32 .92 ± 0.6 4g 1 53. 72 ± 16.6 3hi 0.7 5 ± 0. 07 c C19 31. 18 ± 2.48 gh 0.59 ± 0. 05e 1.4 4 ± 0 .37b c 1. 69 ± 0 .09 ab 2 5.7 0 ± 1. 28b 5 77. 97 ± 1 03. 60b 2 .29 ± 0.2 6d 3.3 5 ± 0. 10d 31 .47 ± 1.5 4gh 1 80. 46 ± 27.5 7f 0.6 8 ± 0. 05e C20 35. 38 ± 3.02 d 0.50 ± 0. 01f g 1.3 6 ± 0 .43b c 1. 34 ± 0 .03 bc 2 5.8 0 ± 3. 19b 4 35. 46 ± 2 .45 g 2 .46 ± 0.1 4bc 0.7 5 ± 0. 07i 33 .24 ± 2.7 2f 1 66. 13 ± 1.54 h 0.7 1 ± 0. 13d C21 34. 81 ± 2.39 e 0.83 ± 0. 09b c 1.5 3 ± 0 .34b 1. 70 ± 0 .09 a 2 9.4 8 ± 0. 32a b 5 24. 18 ± 8 .37 e 2 .15 ± 0.3 0de 0.4 8 ± 0. 01k 38 .65 ± 0.2 0b 1 73. 17 ± 5.40 f 0.6 8 ± 0. 01e *Mean ± stand ard d eviation **V alues w ithin each column followed by dif fe re nt le tte rs ar e signi fi cant ly d if fe re nt (p < 0 .05) ***Not identified
Table 2 Macroelement contents of Indian and impor t ciga re tte s (mg/kg) Production made T obacco samples Ca K M g N a P S Indian B1 24458.97 ± 930.7 5*b 22979.28 ± 89.88g 3553.993 ± 37.25d 476.35 ± 29.63i 1778.84 ± 57.76i 3151.83 ± 26.64c B2 22933.58 ± 777.1 9d** 25478.69 ± 168.32d 3453.22 ± 31.98e 765.36 ± 45.44e 1959.57 ± 25.69fg 2733.25 ± 4.85f B3 21509.32 ± 531.1 8de 21234.02 ± 746.31h 3444.12 ± 64. 53e 539.92 ± 1.34i 1997.15 ± 82.85e 2978.43 ± 28.44d B4 19475.75 ± 738.6 2f 23719.66 ± 55.72f 3605.29 ± 8. 24c 552.95 ± 19.18hi 1874.47 ± 12.49gh 2669.85 ± 1 10.43g B5 19391.94 ± 140.4 2f 23839.78 ± 331.53f 3322.25 ± 53. 29f 595.43 ± 19.44h 1814.91 ± 20.77h 2500.83 ± 67.83h Import C 1 19081.41 ± 360.6 9f 23341.81 ± 731.48f 3204.76 ± 3. 82g 521.28 ± 36.53i 1929.22 ± 26.55fg 3047.33 ± 42.44cd C2 19634.73 ± 126.7 9f 24595.48 ± 780.02e 3507.21 ± 4.37d 537.75 ± 25.61i 1900.21 ± 6.1 5 2892.66 ± 176.61e C3 21285.85 ± 762.1 5de 22446.14 ± 409.37g 3460.40 ± 16.49e 480.20 ± 18.09i 1930.12 ± 42.05fg 3030.58 ± 20.43cd C4 22458.81 ± 287.6 6d 25462.85 ± 120.46d 3454.02 ± 7.21e 543.35 ± 9.04i 1914.49 ± 42.99g 3042.58 ± 6.71 cd C5 19394.81 ± 186.3 4f 26341.87 ± 453.39c 3494.83 ± 82.56e 605.99 ± 38.29gh 1991.73 ± 91.93e 2987.79 ± 162.89d C6 21625.96 ± 316.7 1de 26045.08 ± 318.95c 3307.39 ± 15.22f 529.04 ± 21.05i 1977.41 ± 90.26e 3065.53 ± 86.53cd C7 23197.08 ± 238.1 0c 24800.48 ± 7.52e 3618.94 ± 41.51c 869.14 ± 8.14d 1898.58 ± 46.89g 3405.18 ± 85.82b C8 20677.05 ± 953.8 9e 23850.92 ± 153.32f 3682.76 ± 6.83c 583.39 ± 150.98h 1942.47 ± 67.79fg 2806.98 ± 224.23e C9 21779.89 ± 356.3 0de 29134.72 ± 212.51a 3374.83 ± 149.28f 496.35 ± 31.02i 2244.71 ± 147.57a 3103.14 ± 152.07cd C10 24391.47 ± 87.81 bb 24596.42 ± 446.27e 3685.95 ± 33.48c 1074.57 ± 32.43b 1907.81 ± 15.99g 3143.68 ± 31.40c C1 1 18559.41 ± 591.6 4g 25718.1 1 ± 792.37d 3374.37 ± 9. 10f 505.76 ± 17.00i 1976.57 ± 37.29e 2547.64 ± 24.55h C12 20519.77 ± 424.2 1e 27637.78 ± 978.1 1b 3622.73 ± 177.05c 636.98 ± 67.15g 2057.34 ± 132.96g 3130.54 ± 242.08c C13 27010.49 ± 143.6 9a 22976.65 ± 136.58g 3787.18 ± 54.75b 951.47 ± 5.1 1c 1864.63 ± 8.4 9gh 2787.91 ± 59.79f C14 20591.20 ± 800.6 8e 23697.02 ± 531.19f 3703.55 ± 55. 97b 616.86 ± 0.46gh 1982.33 ± 53.56e 2831.14 ± 321.52e C15 22399.86 ± 720.3 7d 24482.32 ± 966.70e 3675.63 ± 30. 18c 735.84 ± 206.24ef 2208.13 ± 316.81b 2663.21 ± 121.61g C16 2421 1.12 ± 681.44b 24693.52 ± 646.94e 3732.22 ± 21. 79b 1 1 41.60 ± 53.47a 2062.04 ± 23.02d 3802.55 ± 66.35a C17 21332.12 ± 133.2 4de 26276.92 ± 909.75c 3766.24 ± 40. 35b 602.28 ± 0.19gh 1978.85 ± 13.65e 2861.94 ± 126.79e C18 24889.48 ± 432.1 3b 25949.90 ± 880.60d 3415.30 ± 74. 86e 723.53 ± 8.90ef 2026.96 ± 11.99de 3177.42 ± 70.40c C19 22233.41 ± 355.7 5d 24864.29 ± 989.20e 3802.81 ± 62. 03a 609.77 ± 37.63gh 1989.94 ± 187.80e 2728.49 ± 86.26f C20 20988.04 ± 521.6 7e 2781 1.23 ± 164.59b 3310.61 ± 80. 40f 550.29 ± 20.26hi 2121.17 ± 50.95c 3008.50 ± 97.66cd C21 21490.91 ± 620.4 0de 24750.02 ± 213.50e 3338.64 ± 68. 30f 550.16 ± 26.2hi 1968.43 ± 86.5f 3089.84 ± 233.1cd *Mean ± stand ard d eviation **V alues w ithin each column followed by dif fe re nt le tte rs ar e signi fi cant ly d if fe re nt (p < 0 .05)
Cd (0.525μg/g, dw), Co (3.344 μg/g, dw), Pb (14.16 μg/ g, dw), Cu (7.88 μg/g, dw), and Zn (14.34 μg/g, dw) metals at the highest concentrations in important brands. Mussalo-Rauhamaa et al. (1986) determined 1.7μg/g Cd and 2.4μg/g (dw) Pb as mean in filter cigarette tobacco samples from Finland. The Cd contents of cigarettes changed between 0.7 and 2.3 μg/g (dw) with a mean of 1.48μg/g (dw) (Nnorom et al.2005). Our results related to Cd were found lower compared with the Cd results of Watanabe et al. (1987) (0.29 to 3.38 μg/g Cd in ciga-rettes), Nnorom et al. (2005) (0.29 to 3.38 μg/g Cd), and Massadeh et al. (2005) (2.64μg/g Cd). Pb contents of cigarettes used in Jordan changed between 2.10 and 3.23μg/g with an average of 2.67 μg/g (Massadeh et al.
2005). Results obtained for Pb are partly different with the results reported by Massadeh et al. (2005) and Watanabe et al. (1987) (0.46 to 43.66μg/g Pb). The roots of some plant species contained higher Cd compared with the leaf tissue (Myers 1990). In addition, the processes such as packaging and other technological processers can significantly increase the total concentration of trace metals in the finished products (Cabrera et al. 1995). Menden et al. (1972) and Elinder et al. (1983) reported that Cd contents changed from between 0.01 and 0.12 to 0.14 and 0.19 μg/cigarette, respectively, using smoking apparatus. Due to becoming toxic at high concentrations of manganese, it leads to adverse health effects for the central nervous system (Pine et al.2005). It was estimated that about 1–5 μg Pb is inhaled when smoking 20 ciga-rettes a day (WHO1977). Zn has a toxic effect if used in excess (Yanagisawa et al. 2004). The present study has provided ample quantitative data for the relationships be-tween cigarettes and the toxicity of heavy metal contents.
Conclusion
In all the tested cigarettes, Fe was determined to be of high concentrations compared with other heavy metals. In addi-tion, B and Zn contents of cigarette samples were found partly similar. Generally, Cu level of import cigarettes was found significantly elevated in relation to the counterparts from the Indian cigarettes. Higher Cd level was observed in most imported cigarettes as compared with the Indian cigarettes. Generally, on the whole, imported cigarettes reflected greater concentrations of Fe and Mn in relation to the counterparts from the Indian cigarettes. In addition, Na contents of C10 and C16 cigarette samples were found higher compared with the Na results of other Indian and import cigarette samples. The macroelement contents of B4 and B5 cigarette samples were found partly low com-pared with the import cigarettes.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to extend their sincere appre-ciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for funding the research group (no. RG-1435-049).
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