The Evaluation of the Words Türk-Etrak, Kürd-Ekrad as the Appear in the Ottoman Documents

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THE EVALUATION OF THE WORDS

TÜRK-ETRAK, KÜRD-EKRAD

AS THE APPEAR IN THE OTTOMAN DOCUMENTS

Prof. Dr. Yusuf HALAÇO~LU

The various words and terms used in the Ottoman archival documents most of the times have connotations that differ from their actual meaning. One, therefore, should use such words and terms that are vital for making research on the social life in the Ottoman Empire carefully. Otherwise grave mistakes can not be avoided in carrying out such researches.

The words of this type such as Türk and its plural Etrak and Kürd and

its plural Ekrad _{used in various figurative meanings in the Ottoman}

documents. One often comes across the words mentioned above in the Ottoman archival documents, in particular in the Tahrir Defters that have very important statistical information, and in the kan~n~names. I hope our evaluation on these words will set an example for researches on other similar terms and words.

We already know that the non-tax-paying subjects of the Ottoman society termed "askeri'. The Tahrir Defters fully recorded the most important source of income for the state treasury namely the tax-paying

"re'aya", _{regardless of their belief or ethnic origin. These}_Defters_also

recorded the heads of the households as well as the non-married adult males along with their fathers' names, their professions and trades, the names of the city or town, quarter, or village they live in, their products and the taxes they pay on them, their ethnic origin and religion, whether they were nomads or settled. We also find information on the vak~ fs and the

architectural monuments in these Defters. Therefore, it is vital that anyone carrying out research on the social and economic history of the Ottoman Empire should consult these Defters. However, the researcher, for the sake of a sound research, must pay a great attention to the various terms and in particular the local usage's when using these Tahrir Defters that also include

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148 YUSUF HALAÇO~LU

The word "Türk" or its plural "Etrak" as mentioned above most of the time used figuratively with connotation that differed from its actual meaning. For instance in the kan unname of Mehmet, the Conqueror', the word "Türk" in the phrase "E~er biregü hamr içse, Türk veya ~ehirli olsa. means villager or nomad rather than indicating ethnic origin while the word "~ehirli" means the local. Otherwise, the phrase should have run as "...Türk veya gayr-i Muslim olsa..." (Turk or non-Muslim) or "...köylü ve ~ehirli olsa..." ( villager or townsman). Likewise when the captives called "Pençik o~lan~" were selected for the Jannissary corps the phrase "Bunlar~~ Türk'e virelüm.

Hem Müslüman olsunlar, hem Türkçe ii~rensinler" was used2. The phrase "Türk'e verilmeli..." (to be giyen to a Turk), used here as well as in the Kavanin-i Yeniçeriyan, likewise mean a villager or a nomad and not a townsman3. We also find the term "Türk" used as adjective for some villages. For instance the village of Hac~lu of the K~zuçan nahiye recorded in the 1518 Tahrir Defter of the san cak of Çemisgezek added with the word "Türk". Also the term "~slami Türk" used after Kergah, one of the villages of the

nahiye of Keban again in the san cak of Çemisgezek. Likewise the villages of Ribat and Haydi defined with the word "Etrak"4 (See Appendix 1). Also in these phrases the words Türk and Etrak have no ethnic connotation. We never come across such terms, although there are many Turkish and T~~rkoman tribes and towns in the region. The Ottoman scribes had never described the Turkish elements with the word "Türk" while they had always referred to the non-Muslims with their ethnic identity such as Ermeni (Armenian), Rum (Greek), Yahudi (Jew), and Süryani (Syriac). Ethnically the word "Türk" included within the phrase "...re'aya ki müslümanlard~r...".

It is only when the terms "reaya-y~~ Etrak" and "reaya-y~~ zimmi " used together, that appear in the san cak kan unnames, the word Etrak may have the ethnic connotation. In fact the the terms "reaya-y~~ Etrak" and "reaya-y~~

zimmi" used together in the kan unname of the sancak of Sis in referring to the collection of "resm-i hane "3 (See Appendix II). Here the term "reaya-y~~

Etrak" refers to the Muslims while "reaya-y~~ zimmi" refers to the non-Muslims

1 See ~.L. Barkan, XV ve XW. As~rlarda Osmanh ~mparatorlugu'nda Zirai Ekonominin

Hukuki ve Mali Fçadan, ~stanbul 1943, p. 387.

2 See Nevi, Kitâb-~~ Cihan-mimâ, ed. F. Re~it Unat-M. A. Köymen, Ankara 1987, pp. 198-

199.

3 See Süleymaniye Esad Efendi Library, nu. 2068, 5b.

4 See BA, TD. nu. 64, p. 783.

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TÜRK-ETRAK, KÜRD-EKRAD 149 that includes Greeks, Armenians, Jews and other non-Muslim ethnic groups. Likewise such terms used in the kanunnames of the province of Çukurabad6

and the sancak of Özer"' have exactly the same connotations (See Appendix

~ li).

The term "Ekrad zulmü" in "Vilayet-i mezburede sab~kda Ekrad zulmünden nice reaya perakende olup...", the phrase recorded in the 1541

kan unname of Çemi~gezek, mean the atrocity of the nomads rather than

that of the Kurds8 (See Appendix IV). In fact the state considered these atrocious acts committed against the settled people and the harms done to their crops by the nomads due to the lack of central authority in the XVIIth and XVIIIth centuries as a great injustice committed against the settled people. Therefore, the Ottoman government imposed on these tribes who were responsible from such acts, forced settlements in the areas, outside Anatolia, such as in Cyprus, Syria and Rakka.9. Also the term "Ekrad adeti" in "vilayet-i mezburede al~nan Ekrad adeti..." , the phrase recorded in the 1566

kanunname of Çemi~gezek, used in place of "resm-i hane"°°. This fact is fully

clear from the phrase "Vilayet-i mezburede ~imdiye de~in alumgelen Ekrad adeti ki resm-i hane deyü..." recorded in the kan unname of Bitlis province".

Likewise the term "Kürdistan hükmünde" in "Ve vilayet-i mezbure ~imdiye de~in Kürdistan hükmünde olup, defter ahvalin bilmedikleri ecilden...',12,

the phrase recorded in Çemi~gezek kan unname, refers to geographical

location rather than political, and therefore means "mountainous area, an area that the government cannot reach". We do know that this area formerly was under the administration of Akkoyunlus, descendants of Bay~nd~r line of O~uz. The Ottomans carried out several surveys in the region after it had passed into their hands. Tur Ali Bey, the Beg of Siverek, first mentioned as "Akkoyunlu" in one of these registers, recorded several years later as "Ekrad

6 BA, TD, nu. 998, p. 302. 7 BA, TD, nu. 1023, p. 1. 8 BA, TD, nu. 213, pp. 17-18.

9 _{For further details see Cengiz Orhonlu, Osmanl~~ ~mparatorlu~u'nda A~iretleri iskan} Te-~ebbüsü, ~stanbul 1963; Yusuf Halaço~lu, XVIII. Yüzy~lda Osmanl~~ ~mpa~ torlu~u'nda iskan

Si-yaseti ve Asiretkrin Yerlesmesi, Ankara 1991.

1° See Tapu-Kadastro Kuybsd-~~ Kadime Archive, TD, nu. 106, pp. 2-3.

11 See Tapu-Kadastro Kuyeld-~~ Kadime Archive, TD, nu. 109, p. 1; also see Ö.L.Barkan,

Kanunlar, p. 192.

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beyi" 13. Indeed in the province of Diyarbekir today many people who think of themselves as of Kurdish origin claim that the Akkoyunlu state was a Kurdish onem.

One of the best examples that the term Ekrad and Kürd do not refer to an ethnic origin is the term "Ekrad-1 Dö~erlü" used for a group of people that had lived in the province of Urfa and who were actually the descendant of Dö~er, one of the tribes of twenty-four O~uz dans" (See Appendix V). Here the word Ekrad, just like the word Etrak must mean nomads'6. Dö~er tribe together with its marks cited within the list of O~uz clans by Re~idüddin", Ka~garl~~ Mahmudl° and Yaz~c~o~lu'''. Likewise it is a fact that the "Kürd Athi" clan of Bertiz tribe is purely of Turkish origin and has no other ethnic background despite the epithet "Kürd" 2° (See Appendix VI). We do come across the epithet "Kürd" used before or after the names of Turkish tribes, but we have no clear explanation for their usage in such a way. "Kürd Mihmadlu" clan of Dulkadirid Dokuz (= Be~anlu) tribe is one of the good examples for such a usage21 (See Appendix VII). The same clan had a sub-branch called "Küçük Kürd Mihmadlu". Likewise ~zzeddinlü clan22, so named after their Kethüda ~zzeddin Bey, recorded in some documents as "Ekrad-1 ~zzeddinlü" despite the fact they mentioned as Bozulus Turkoman in the sources23 (See Appendix VIII). The main reason

13 See Nejat Göyünç, XVL Yüzy~lda Mardin Sanca~~, Ankara 1991, p. 41, 80; Nejat Göyünç,

"Türk-Kürd ili~kileri Hakk~nda", Türk Kültürü, nu. 346, Ankara 1992, p. 66. 14 See Nejat Göyünç, "Türk-Kürd ili~kileri Hakk~nda", p. 66.

13 Tapu-Kadastro Kuy~ki-i Kactime Archive, TD, nu. 965, p. 165a; also see, Mühimme

Def-teri, nu. 99, p. 54, decree 186.

16 _{For further details on this subject see Nejat Göyünç, "XVI. Yüzy~lda Do~u ve}

Güney-Do~u Anadolu'da Yönetim ve Nüfus", Türk Kültürü Dergisi, nu. 370, Ankara 1994, pp. 85-86.

17 Cân~ fü't-te~w'rih, ed. Berezin, Petersburg 1858, pp. 32-38.

18 _{Divânu Lugâti't-Türk, trs. Besim Atalay, ~stanbul 1936, I, pp. 58-59.}

19 Târih-i Al-i Selçuk, Topkap~~ Palace Library, Revan nu. 1390, pp. 21-24. 20 BA, TD, nu. 402, p. 321.

21 BA, TD, nu. 402, pp. 219-220, 274.

22 The inhabitants of Halife village of K~z~la~aç town in the province of Edirne - when they

were asked to pay taxes as the descendents of ~zzeddinlü clan of Bozulus Turkoman from Ka-raman- they declared that their forefathers were from Bozulus Turkoman and that they had been residing in this place for eighty year and had paid their taxes (BA, Cevdet catalogue, Dahi-liye section, nu. 6425).

23 See Ruznamçe, p. 27. Also it was recorded as "Cemaat-i Hâlidlü, tâbi-i Gerger. an Ekrâd-~~

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TÜRK-ETRAK, KÜRD-EKRAD 151

for this is that ~zzeddin Bey was the beg of the sancak of Ekrad 24 (See Appendix IX). A group of these people in particular called "Taife-i Ekrad-~~

Okç~~~ ~zzeddinlü" for they charged with making arrows, but on the other hand they defined as "Türkmen Ekrad~ ". Likewise the nomadic tribe so called "Kabail-i R~~van"or "Ekrad-~~ R~~van", who pass the summer and winter traveling in an area that stretches from Aleppo to Kastamonu, also named

"Türkmen Ekrad" 25. Here also the word Ekrad does not have an ethnic connotation for we find in the sources the use of both "Ekrad-~~ Türkmenan" and "Türkman-~~ Ekrad" 26 (See Appendix X). Literary these two terms would mean Torkoman Kurds or Kurdoman Turks respectively and this would bring to our mind the understanding of Turkocised Kurd or Kurdicised Turks. However, such an interpretation would be a grave mistake, because the use of these two words together in this way is impossible. Therefore, here also the word Ekrad must mean nomad or mountaineer. Even the Bekta~l~' tribe of Karaisalu in Çukurova called "Türkman Ekrad'27. Here also the word

Ekrad must mean nomad or mountaineer. We also come across two dans named Karaca Kürd 28 and Kürd Mehmed1ü29, descendants of Boynu ~ncelu Turkoman tribe, partly living in K~ r~ehir and partly in Nev~ehir and its villages (See Appendix XI). Both of these groups stili live in K~ r~ehir and Nev~ehir provinces. Apart from these there were Kürd Hasan-o~ullar~~ clan3° of Bozulus Turkoman settled in Belenli-burun pass (derbend) in the province of Karaman in 1760, and Kürd Tekedu (?) clan of Dani~mend Turkoman settled in Kütahya had no other ethnic origin than Turkish despite the fact they had epithet Kurd3' (See Appendix XII). When the Ottomans defeated before the walls of Vienna in 1683, they started recruiting auxiliary forces from various tribes including the Turkoman tribes of Yeni-il and Aleppo. There were among these Turkoman tribes one clan

21 In the sources with regard to this usage we come across the following phrase:

R~~van, Kal~ta an rea.-y~~ ~zzeddin Bey. Ekrcf' (BA, TD, nu. 123, p. 441). 25 _{See BA, TD, nu. 71, p. 252-253; TD, nu. 123, p. 428.}

Tapu-Kadastro Kuyiid-iKadime Archive, TD, nu. 997, p. 344.

27 Tapu-Kadastro Kuyild-~~ Kadime Archive, TD, nu. 114, p. 171a (1572).

28 See _{BA, Maliyeden Miidevver Defters (MAD), nu. 8458, p. 306, year 1126; also see Yusuf}

Halaço~lu, XVIII. Yüzy~lda Osmanl~~ ~mparatorluku'nun iskan Siyaseti ye A~iretlerin Yerle~tiril-mesi, Ankara 1991, pp. 74-76.

29 Yusuf Halaço~lu, idem, p. 76; also see Ahmed Refik, Anadolu'da Türk A~iretleri, ~stan-bul 1930, p. 77.

3° See MAD, nu. 9956, p. 33.

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called "K~l~çl~~ Kürdü" 32 (See Appendix XIII) and yet another settled in Hama and Homs called "Ekrad-~~ K~hçlu"33 (See Appendix XIV). Likewise there were "Kara Kürd", "Kürd Mehmedlu" and "~erbetli Kürdü" dans within the Danismend Turkomans settled around Ayd~ n-Denizli34 (Se Appendix XV).

We already know that the best organized group in Anatolia as a tribe (il veya ulus) was Kara koyunlu ulusu, Bozulus and Kara ulus. Of these Kara ulus described in a different way in the kan unname of Bozulus and as it is clear from the phrase: "Kara ulus taifesi Ekrad ve müteferrik taife olup koyunlar, say~lmalu oldukda..."35 giyen the connotation Ekrad. No doubt the term Ekrad here also used to mean mountaineer or nomad. The Lek clan36 recorded within the Bozulus Turkoman tribe in the Tahrir Defter number 200 carried out during the reign of Sultan Süleyman, the Legislator, and referred to as of Turkoman tribe in the phrase "Havass-~~ hümayunumdan Lek-Vanik nam Türkman taifesi arzuhal sunup askeri-islam için, bunlardan be~~ katar deve ve be~yüz re's koyun sürsat ferman olunma~la..." recorded in a Mühimme document dated 30 July 1610. However, the same tribe referred to as "Ekrad ve Yürük taifesinden Lek cemaati..." in another Mühimme document dated 19 March 161138. Also the term "Lekvanik Ekrad~" 39 used in another document dated January 1713. We find name of the begs such as Malkoç Bey, Deniz-o~lu, and K~z~l Koyunlu Halil Kethuda among the names of the tribal-chiefs of the same clan recorded in a Mühimme document dated 16904°. Likewise the term "Türkman ve Ekraddan Receblü Af~an cemaati..." used for the clan Receblü Afsar which there is no doubt is a Turkoman tribe4°. Also during the process of recruiting soldiers for the army in 1690 a side note "Vesair Rum'dan olan

32 See BA, Mühimme Defter (MD), nu. 99, p. 50-52, decree 186; also see Ahmed Refik, idem, p. 86.

See BA, MD, nu. 104, p. 112, decree 521; also see Ahmed Refik, idem, p. 107.

34 _{See BA, MD, nu. 102, p. 208, decree 803; also see Ahmed Refik, idem, p. 104.}

33 _{See Ömer L. Barkan, XV. ve XVI. As~rlarda Osmanl~~ imparatorlu~u'nda Zirai}

Ekonomi-nin Hukuki ve Mali Esaslar~, Kanunlar, ~stanbul 1943, p. 140.

36 See BA, TD, nu. 200, p. 958.

37 See Ahmed Refik, idem, p. 64.

38 On being recorded as an Ekrad tribes that were part of the Kilis mukata'a see BA, MD, nu. 99, p. 48, decree 186; also see Ahmed Refik, idem, pp. 64-65.

39 Ahmed Refik, idem, pp. 145-146. 90 _{MD, nu. 99, p. 54, decree 186.}

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TÜRK-ETRAK, KÜRD-EKRAD 153

Ekrad taifeleri ve Çorum kürdü ihtiyarlart" was recorded for the Bad~ll~~ (=Beydili) tribal-chiefs of Turkomans of Yeni-il and Aleppo. The word Ekrad and Kürd used together here shows the similarity with the phrase "Türk veya ~ehirli olsa" as pointed out at the outset of this article42. In fact it is very clear that from these last examples that the term Ekrad used to mean nomad and that in particular the words Turkmen, Kürd and Ekrad have no ethnic connotation whatsoever.

The explanations giyen above are not only appficable to the words

Türk-Etrak, Kürd-Ekrad but also some other words recorded in the Ottoman documents. For instance we find the ever often used Turkish names such as Durak, Evran, Küçük, H~z~r, A~~k, U~urlu, Emir, Bal~, Çoban, Umur, Koç~, Sefer, Selman and Arslan among the Gebran (Christian) names recorded under Kazabad nahiye of Tokat province in the Tahrir Defter dated 961 A.H./ 1554/ A.D. and numbered 28743. These most probably were the Christian Turks brought from Rumelia during the era of Byzantine Empire (See Appendix XVII). Likewise the Christian g-roups such as Greeks, Syriac, and Nastorians living in South-Eastern Anatolia and Eastern Anatolia all recorded as "cema'at-i Eramine"44. Simeon, the Polish in his book of travels also points out that all the non-Muslims recorded as eramine although they were not all Armenians45.

In conclusion, it is incumbent on the researches of history to interpret carefully, the terms and words —similar to the few examples giyen above— that had stemmed from the state's administrative system and understanding, as well as the local terminology in the Ottoman State. The Ottoman State founded a society fit to its system and administrative understanding without giving any damage to its str~~cture. It is clear, therefore, from what has been written above, that the word Ekrad does not mean Kurds whatsoever and that such a consideration would be a grave mistake. We can only reach the true science of history and philosophy of history through considering such

42 MD, nu. 99, p. 56, decree 186.

43 See BA, TD, nu. 287, p. 317-318.

44 _{See Nejat Göyünç, "XVI. Yüzy~lda Do~u ve Güney-Do~u Anadolu'da Yönetim ve Nüfus",}

Türk Kültürü Dergisi, _{nu. 370, Ankara 1994, p. 84; also see Mehmet Ali Unal, XVI. Yüzy~lda} HarputSancagn (151E3-1566), Ankara 1989, p. 63.

45 _{Polonyal~~ Siemon, Polonyal~~ Simeon'un Seyahatnamesi, 1608-1619, ed. Hrand}

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154 YUSUF HALAÇO~LU

matters. We also believe that the social, ethnic and cultural structure of Anatolia can only be determined and solved in this way.

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Ek. I - BA, TD, ur. 64, s. 783. Appendix 1 - BA, TD, nu. 64, p. 783.

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Ek. II!- BA, TD, nr. 998, s. 302-303. Appendix - BA, TD, nu. 998, pp. 302-303.

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_{,;4-1.";,kt?if.J.tc....vt4c441.i?j'•;,›P$€%.4'} jily. IP 4, _{!•;‘?>451b} 14_{.1;4.,4•-#'411;6:;'"} ; • e 41r.o.hk?" 6,4_{,44::£!‘44;•1.0h;JA:J1,,ii%.'0•41,i4X..:~-.?;«:#;"} 44,W~elorie,2,g, ik~;'<0.1•4' •Pww"Pi , _. . • . Ek. IV - BA, TD, nr. 213, s. 17-18. Appendix IV - BA, TD, nu. 213, pp. 17-18.

(17)

Yusuf Halaço~lu ?J; ~~ U_~j:;• >cr 11.1 j 4';"(;-,:;-•:e Jiö .14;1<!-,:* jekri 1.01:JC;jj I " 'j( jC":1•1" ,:i ~~ _{Gi ..oe~~} _c_{~_~!i} ILd "c0", .0.1(IJ-0> iiC?'"•;L:4"1:j:'» ‘‘..';)0 • _• .( • 6C!,•,;j'i 4.!PC?1,;111G.4''' ,, t? •• J J r; • ; ~~ -d_{--1-!ti(fi; • S,} 1{~~ c ~; ; ;j cv.C.•

(Ek. IV'f~n devam~) (Continuation of Appendix IV)

(18)

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Yusuf Hala ço~lu

tL - . Lt3 r (.15‘ C riL t

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Lfr C;* W.,•-) Ek. V - MD, i~r. 99, s. 54, hüküm 186. Appendix V- MD, nu. 99, p. 54, decree 186.

(19)

J.1

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Yusuf Hala ço~lu

r % • s~, ) 'L ,••• ." .43 ~~ J-2); - Ek. VI - BA, TD, nr. 402, s. 321. Appendix VI - BA, TD, nu. 402, p. 321.

•••411

(20)

dt-4 _• _-2₄ .1 '"" "•-f` (• ,••• .'41'-ui • ,L,• C: • u`~• th, c(A / JJ -1 ...t '.•44 .1t. j J.A 141-2 4:4 uv ~ V. t?'

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Ek. VII - TD, n~-. 402, s. 219-220, 273-274. Appendix VII - TD, nu. 402, pp. 219-220, 273-274.

(21)

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(Ek. VIrnin devam~) (Condnuation of Appendix VII)

(22)

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Ek. VIII - BA, Cevdet ts., Dahiliye Its., nr. 6425. Appendix VIII - BA, Cevdet catalogue, Dahiliye section, nu. 6425.

(23)

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Ek. IX - BA, TD, nr. 123, s. 417-418. Appendix IX - BA, TD, nu. 123, pp. 417418.

(24)

alf 'L:4>

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0tP AJ., Ek. IX - BA, TD, nr. 123, s. 427-428. Appendix IX - BA, TD, nu. 123, pp. 427428.

(25)

iri _ihr-7ZY-`

4

Yusuf Hala ço~lu

•••••l~~ -tt? —~~ak? C>SI .4.ar —7,7» ~t4 V t _{••••" ile} t. % I tZ(j 2p. Q:J L t-1 L L_p t , • ^ • '."'A ~~ ~J.V. .3 • S-f* -1-"" r• a Ek. IX - BA, TD, nr. 123, s. 441-442.

(26)

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da.LO, L: kr +/- _4.~~~ J - kr. t •• ...,. .rt.. --t J -2, t ...., „5 4.6,,c _d_{E - - • ° '-}_i _{- - -} _: "Vd -L4 c^JJJ J •?...;... -1.j~~ .c.J.4 o (kr J _-_4J _{2 .~.},-6-:, -,:rj -: -',.frt~~ ,..~~~ _t' 1.)J ••••fj '13J4 J t-) <~~~L t‘ cris4 _e _~~_(._. t <*°J. th•Z -4 J e (.• . 1,1:!.., e-r,L t:j'"7.."rc: •-•-.7dr; “₍ _{v •} r. • • r •. • los, o ~~ k." cr,-- s rc':".Z") _. _{e. •} _{v •} _i_r _{~• ~~} _{F ,•} r• t. 1, • • t • gr r• •• ~~ • e›.2. c.iYad , t • • I •I S • • • • .11r • `•* JJ,441 _J.,_„~l. C ••., <:•1111.‘« ‘j:j4 'CP Y jt-s e / . ~sUr ~, f, z ' u, 1.1.1A~~ t "iir~t -4- _C 7410 .41, _;:~j _C:t~.3)1 _t.•`'' t _ij• _Of....! '9 j..•'; e ./.t..; -•-••;'•'. • 4)<•%. -,:: 3? .4.--, .?..V ,..• • g. .1,,, 0'",:.), •••• -»+` de~~4 • ... AL *,•7 •••4 D.rf

Ek X - Tapu-Kadastro, Kuyhd-~~ Kadime Ar~ivi, TD, nr. 997, s. 344-345. Appendix X - Tapu-Kadastro, Kuyu-d-1 Kadime Archive, TD, nu. 997, pp. 344-345.

(27)

Yusuf Halaçoglu Xçlr gt, V 1 \Ar: 3 is~~ Ç ~l ".‘•••2 ç‘ kaazçi s•rla" +)/:Ç/ %.1) Itk+31„4 k • .)1/4 so \}A, h%.1 so•ALLN...f, , ~)U% •11,3 4,3 '~I,A•J J. d~1 ₁_/4\_ç,•:‘, ‘h,‘ 0,1<l _{j•fl 4.7.\} 4 ~~ _V41 \ 2E:F4t, ps..! Yt ) ) Il~=" ol.

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Ek. XI - BA, MAD, nr. 8458, s. 306. Appendbt XI - BA, MAD. nu. 8458, p. 306.

(28)

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Ek. XII - BA, MAD, nr. 8458, s. 248. Appendix XII - BA, MAD, nu. 8458, p. 248.

(29)

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MD, nr. 99, s. 52, hüküm 186.

(30)

Yusuf Hala ço~lu

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Ek. XIV - BA, MD, nr. 104, s. 112, hüküm 521. Appendix XIV- BA, MD, nu. 104, p. 112, decree 521.

(31)

Yusuf Hala ço~lu

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(32)

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Ek. XVI - BA, TD, nr. 200, s. 957-958. Appendix XVI - BA, TD, nu. 200, pp. 957-958.

(33)

*‹? çs' "46' -414. s~ft v3r: • tt. - -•,' r .1.••• f • J• . • ^t, J '> 2;01 2,4 "i4 •-

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Ek. XVI - BA, TD, nr. 200, s. 917-918. Appendix XVI - BA, TD, nu. 200, pp. 917-918.

(34)

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Ek. XVII - BA, TD, nr. 287, s. 317-318. Appendix XVII - BA, TD, nu. 287, pp. 317-318.