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Başlık: Kadının çalışmasına dair toplumsal cinsiyet kalıpyargıları ve kadınların zihniyet örüntüleriYazar(lar):ALTUN, Abdülrezak; KAHRAMAN, NazanCilt: 11 Sayı: 1.2 Sayfa: 009-034 DOI: 10.1501/Iltaras_0000000142 Yayın Tarihi: 2013 PDF

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