Effect of different applications on rooting of cuttings some almond rootstocks (Prunus dulcis L.).

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(5) Volume 26 ± No. 4/2017 pages 2609-2614. © by PSP. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS ON ROOTING OF CUTTINGS SOME ALMOND ROOTSTOCKS (PRUNUS DULCIS L.) H Ibrahim Oguz*, Oktay Erdogan, M Cuneyt Bagdatli 7KH8QLYHUVLW\RI1HYúHKLU+DFÕ%HNWDú9HOL Engineering-Architecture Faculty, Department of Biosystem Engineering, 1HYúHKLU7XUNH\. and forestation. Therefore, in recent years, particularly in leading almond producing countries, the use of clonal cuttings is becoming widespread. Among these rootstocks, Rootpac-40 and GF 677 cuttings are preferred more as they have a stunted growth and early fruit yielding. In countries with a level of developed fruit cultivation, the preferred rootstocks are generally those with known properties, whose properties do not change except for mutations. By the use of clonal rootstocks, yield and quality may be increased and starting right from the garden creation phase, it can also provide great conveniences in other technical and cultural processes [2]. The rootstocks used in fruit cultivation significantly affect the growth, resistance against biotic factors (diseases and pests), yield, fruit quality, youth infertility, resistance against abiotic stress conditions (drought, salinity, high temperature etc.) of the cultivar they are applied. Therefore, the use of clonal rootstock in fruit cultivation is rapidly increasing in recent years [3, 4]. The issue of rooting is a commonly faced problem in increasing clonal rootstocks, particularly in nut cultivars. With regards to this, there are several studies where the effects on rooting of different fruit cultivars by different plant growth hormones in different dosages are examined, but the number of studies on almond rootstocks is not sufficient. None the less, differently from the previous studies, this study also examines the rooting effect of plant activator, as well as the plant hormones. Looking at the studies conducted by the researchers, in a study conducted by [5] on rooting the coarse branch cuttings of some olive cultivars; the cuttings were applied 15 and 30 ppm IAA concentrations and it was reported that the rooting ratio of the coarse branch cuttings varied depending on each cultivar [6]. In a study conducted on the effect of CEPA (Chloroethylphosphonic acid) and IBA on rooting the wood cuttings of some fruits, it was reported that in green plum, IBA (46.7 %), IBA+AVG (58.1 %) and CEPA+AVG (20.3 %) significantly increased the rooting ratio when compared to control (6.7 %) [7]. In a study conducted to determine the effect of IBA, NAA and IBA+NAA growth regulators on the rooting. ABSTRACT In the study, the effects of some plant growth hormones and plant activators on the rooting of Rootpac-40 and GF 677 almond clonal rootstock cuttings were defined. The annual Rootpac-40 and GF677 clonal almond (P. dulcis L.) rootstocks were studied in a growth room ஈ&±1) in randomized blocks design with 4 replicates, and the plant growth regulators used were IBA (Indole-3-butyric acid), IAA (Indole-3-acetic acid), SA (Salicylic acid) and Messenger Gold (MG). In Rootpac-40, the highest live cutting quantity was observed in control (95.00 %), and MG (85.50 %) was placed statistically in the same group with control. The lowest amount of live cutting was observed in IAA (57.50 %). In GF 677, the highest number of live cutting was observed in IBA (85.00 %), which was followed by IAA (75.00 %). The lowest number of live cutting was observed in control (50.00 %) and MG (57.00 %) practises. While the cutting diameter values ranged between 4.04 mm - 6.29 mm in both rootstocks, the highest cutting diameter was observed in MG (6.29 mm), IAA (6.25 mm) and IBA (5.71 mm). The lowest cutting diameter on the other hand, was observed in the SA (4.04 mm). In conclusion, the number of live cuttings in Rootpac40 was increased by MG, while in GF 677, IBA was the factor that increased the number. MG, IAA and IBA were created positive effects on the cutting diameter of both rootstocks.. KEYWORDS: Almond, clonal rootstocks, plant growth hormone, plant activator, rooting. INTRODUCTION In Turkey, 6.4 % of the total fruit production is made up of nuts. Among the nut cultivars, 2 % of the trees and 4 % of the production amount is almond [1]. Almond cultivation poses many advantages when compared to other fruit cultivars, such as climate and choice of soil, market demand 2609.

(6) © by PSP. Volume 26 ± No. 4/2017 pages 2609-2614. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. devices. The almond cuttings of both rootstocks were cut into 25 cm long pieces and treat by plant growth hormones and plant activator, as shown below, and then placed into the rooting environment by leaving 1/3 of the cutting length outside. Plant growth hormones and plant activators were applied as described below.. condition of green and semi-woody cuttings of arbutus, the best results were obtained from 6.000 ppm IBA practises [8]. In a study conducted on the rooting of henna plant, it was determined that SA had positive effects on rooting in a 2.000 pmm Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) + 200 ppm Salicylic Acid (SA) practise [9]. When various dosages of IAA and IBA were applied to the cuttings of some sideritis cultivars (Sideris condensata Boiss. et Heldr., S. congesta P.H. Davis et Hub.-Mor., S. leptoclada O.Schwarz et P.H. Davis, S. libanotica Labill. spp. linearis and S. tmolea P.H. Davis), it was observed that 750 ppm dosage of both hormones was the most suitable dosage for rooting in sideritis cultivars. In recent years, SA practices are being used for plant propagation. In a study conducted on the rooting of Atatürk flower (Euphorbia pulcherrima) cuttings; SA in various dosages has been applied to cuttings, and the highest rooting ratio was observed in 300 ppm SA, highest root length in 100 ppm SA, and the highest callusing ratio was observed in control and 400 ppm SA practises [10]. Barpete [11] was reported that morphological features and biochemical nutrient content (protein) was important factors in determining the variability between investigated properties. Kocira et al. [12] was found that all variants of Nano-Gro applications caused a significant increase in total phenolics and anthocyanins contents of common bean. Another study was determined betanaphthoxyacetic acid (BNOA), 4chlorophenoxyacetic acid (4-CPA) and 2,4dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were not found to be mutagenic or promutagenic in the Salmonella/ microsome test system [13]. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of some plant growth hormones such as IBA, IAA, SA and plant activator (Messenger Gold) on the rooting of Rootpac-40 and GF 677 almond rootstock cuttings under climate chamber conditions.. Practises of plant growth hormones (IBA, IAA and SA). For the purposes of the study, cuttings, before being planted, were treated with 0.5 % systemic fungicide (Bavistin, BASF) for 30 minutes against fungus infections. Following this, 3.000 ppm concentration of IBA, IAA and SA (50 % ethyl alcohol of 95 % and 50 % distilled water) was applied to all of the cuttings. With this purpose, the tips (about 3-4 cm) of the almond cuttings were dipped for 5 seconds into the rooting solution (IBA solution) by quick dipping method and then kept for a short while to let go of the alcohol. Following this, cuttings with 5 x 5 cm row spacing and intrarow were planted into the environment, by leaving 1/3 of the cutting length outside [14, 15]. Plant activator (MG) practise. As a plant activator, licensed MG commercial preparation was used. The solution was prepared by conforming to the instructions of the manufacturing company (12 g/100 lt water), and the cuttings to be rooted were dipped into this solution for 15 minutes and the cuttings were placed into the rooting environment [9]. Determining the morphological parameters. After subjecting the cuttings of GF 677 and Rootpac-40 almond rootstocks to rooting for two months, the following cutting measurements and counts were evaluated as per [14]. Vitality in cuttings (pieces): The number of live cuttings were expressed in pieces. Callusing ratio (%): The number of cuttings with callus formation was determined and expressed as a percentage of total cuttings. Rooting ratio (%): The number of cuttings with adventitious root formation were determined and expressed as a percentage of total cuttings. Root length and diameter (cm): The formed adventitious roots were measured by the use of a calliper and calculated as average root length and root diameter. Number of roots (piece/cutting): The number of total adventives formed in the cuttings were divided into the number of cuttings that have formed a root and expressed as number of root per cutting. Cutting diameter (cm): The diameter of the cuttings was measured in cm by the use of a calliper and a total of 800 cuttings were measured, where each repetition measured 100 cuttings (20 cuttings x 5 practises).. MATERIALS AND METHODS Material. As plant material, 25 cm long cuttings of annual still GF 677 and Rootpac-40 clonal almond (P. dulcis L.) rootstocks were used. As perlite and plant growth regulators in rooting environment, IBA (MERC), IAA (MERC), SA (MERC), MG (Harpin Protein, AMC-TR) made up the materials of the study. Methods. In-vivo assay. A floor heating, perlite filled rooting unit (1.5 m length x 90 cm width x 40 cm depth ஈ&±1) was used in the climate chamber. The temperature and moisture values of the rooting environment were recorded by using moisture and temperature measurement 2610.

(7) © by PSP. Volume 26 ± No. 4/2017 pages 2609-2614. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. TABLE 1 Results of variance analysis for the investigated characters and mean of sum of squares. Source of Variance DF Fresh cutting number (%) Cutting diameter (mm) Callus (%) Replicate (R) 3 1767.50 267254.08 2020.00 Treatment (T) 4 44.00 ns 266800.40* 65.00 ns Rootstocks (RS) 1 722.50 ns 267254.08 ns 810.00 ns T x RS 4 6590.00 * 148861.10 ns 1815.00 ns Error 27 7957.50 659379.2 13930.00 Total 39 17477.50 1848319.8 18640.00 * Df: degrees of freedom; * Significant at the 0.05 probability level; ns= not significant.. To be continue Source of Variance Replicate (R) Treatment (T) Rootstocks (RS) T x RS Error Total. DF. Rooting rate (%). Root lenght (cm). Root diameter (mm). 3 4 1 4 27 39. 260.00 25.00 ns 40.00 ns 485.00 ns 2390.00 3200.00. 491.95 535.89 ns 190.09 ns 1401.03 ns 7998.03 10617.00. 1851.50 2471.40 ns 1988.10 ns 2754.40 ns 26564.50 35629.90. Root number (%) 189.90 33.65 ns 52.90 ns 383.85 ns 2451.60 3111.90. * Df: degrees of freedom; * Significant at the 0.05 probability level; ns= not significant.. The study was conducted under in-vivo conditions in randomized blocks experimental design in four replicates and in each practise subject, 20 cuttings from each rootstock were used for morphologic parameter calculations.. observed in IBA (85.00 %) practise and it was followed by IAA (75.00 %). The lowest number of live cutting was observed in control (50.00 %) and MG (57.00 %) practises. The practise was deemed to be significant in terms of cutting diameter. The thickest cutting diameter was observed in MG (6.29 mm), IAA (6.25 mm) and IBA (5.71 mm) practises, while the thinnest cutting diameter was observed in SA (4.04 mm) practise. The rooting ratio of the cuttings was highly low in the study and it was deemed to be statistically insignificant. In contrast to our findings [17], the highest rooting ratio in the Rootpac-R rootstock was observed in control group (21 %), while in IBA practise, the highest rooting ratio was observed as 16.7 % in 3.000 ppm practise. IBA practise did positively affect the number of live cutting, but its effect on rooting ratio, root quantity and root length was deemed to be statistically insignificant. In a study by analysing the rooting ratio, root quantity and root length effects of different IBA dosages on 9 different citrus rootstock cuttings, the highest rooting ratio was reported to be in 4.000 ppm IBA practise in Volkamerianada cultivar (73.9 %). IAA practise, similar to IBA, has positively affected the number of live cutting, but its effect on rooting ratio, root quantity and root length was deemed to be statistically insignificant [18]. In a study conducted by, 1000 ppm IAA was applied to cappers (Capparis ovata) cuttings, leading to 33 % rooting in the cuttings at the end of the study [19]. SA practise outcomes had a medium degree effect on the cuttings of both rootstocks, which was similar to the results of other studies. When applied 100, 200, SSP 6$ WR $WDWUN IORZHU¶V FXWWLQJV WKH highest rooting ratio was observed at 300 ppm, while the highest callusing ratio was observed in control and 400 ppm practises [10]. In the study, it. Data analysis. Data collected on different parameters were analysed statistically by using JMP statistical software program (5.0.1, SAS Institute, Cary, NC) for variance analysis and means were FRPSDUHGXVLQJ)LVKHU¶VSURWHFWHGOHDVWVLJQLILFDQFH difference (LSD) test at 5 % probability level [16].. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The variance analysis table related to the characteristics studied in the research was given in Table 1. Looking at Table 1, treatment x rootstock interaction was found to be statistically significant meaningful in terms of live cutting quantity, while in terms of cutting diameter, only the practise was found to be statistically meaningful (p<0.05), but the other features (callusing, rooting ratio, root length, root diameter and root quantity) were found to be statistically insignificant. In Table 2, the number of live cuttings and average cutting diameter values of both rootstocks were given. Looking at Table 2, the number of live cuttings in the Rootpac-40 cuttings ranged between 57.50 % - 95.00 %, while in GF 677 cuttings it ranged between 50.00 % - 85.00 %. In the Rootpac40 cuttings, the highest live cutting quantity was observed in control (95.00 %) and MG (87.50 %) practises and they were statistically placed within the same group. The lowest number of live cutting was observed in IAA (57.50 %) practise. In the GF 677 cuttings, the highest number of live cutting was 2611.

(8) © by PSP. Volume 26 ± No. 4/2017 pages 2609-2614. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. TABLE 2 The average values of fresh cutting number, cutting diameter for Almound rootstocks. Fresh cutting number (%) Treatments Cutting diameter (mm) Rootpac-40 GF 677 IBA 65.00bc 85.00a 5.71a IAA 57.50c 75.00ab 6.25a SA 70.00abc 65.00ab 4.04b MG 87.50ab 57.00b 6.29a Control 95.00a 50.00b 5.52 ab LSD 29.668 25.158 160.32 CV 25.7* 24.6* 28.07 *Different letters between genotypes denote significant differences at 5% probability level.. control in MG, IAA and IBA practise. It is thought that the reasons are as follows; Harpin protein contained in the MG plant activator positively effects the growth mechanisms in cuttings, hence positively affecting the physiologic structure of the cuttings, and IBA and IAA encourages cell elongation, tissue growth, adventive root growth, callusing and rooting in plants. At the end of the study, it was revealed that the plant activator named MG was a significant effect on live cutting quantity and cutting diameter, similar to the effect caused by plant hormones. However, studies that are more detailed are required on rooting almond rootstock cuttings with various plant growth hormones and plant activators in different dosages, by using different rootstocks and considering the cutting taking times of the rootstocks.. has been determined that MG practise does not have a significant effect on rooting ratio and callus formation on cuttings of both rootstocks, does positively affect the number of live cuttings in both rootstocks and increases the cutting diameter. In contrast to the outcome we have obtained, the study conducted by on cucumber plant has concluded that plant activators increase rooting in adventive roots [20]. In a study conducted by on using cutting to root clove plant; it was reported that the applied bio-activator provided the auxin required for the formation of adventive roots, hence encouraging rooting [21]. However in another study, the difficulty of propagating Rootpac-R rootstock with cutting has been reported [22]. MG, IAA and IBA practises have increased the cutting diameter in the cuttings of both rootstocks, when compared to control. Based on the researches they have conducted, the authors have reported that following MG practise, it also activates plant growth systems, increases root growth, leaf biomass, blossoming and fruit formation, and helps plants to take more nutrition and water from soil [23, 24, 25].. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This study was supported under the scope of Project No. NEÜBAP15F40. The authors would like to extend their gratitude to 1HYúHKLU +DFÕ %HNWDú9HOL8QLYHUVLW\. CONCLUSION Certain parameters examined in the study, such as callusing, rooting ratio, root length, root diameter and root quantity, were found to be statistically insignificant in terms of practise, rootstock and treatment x rootstock interaction. The reasons of this can be associated with the fact that ratio of rooting with cutting is low in nut cultivars. It can also be associated with the removal time of the cuttings. However, in terms of live cutting number, treatment x rootstock, and in terms of cutting diameter, only treatment was found to be statistically significant. In the Rootpac-40 almond rootstock cutting, the highest live cutting quantity was observed in control and MG treatment, while in GF 677 cutting, IBA, IAA and SA practises were found to be more significant than control. Live cutting number, different practises stood out in both rootstocks, which may be associated with the use of different rootstocks in the study. The cutting diameter values in both rootstocks were higher than. REFERENCES [1] TSI (Turkish Statistical Institute) (2015). Agricultural structure and production. Government Statistic Institute of Prime Minister Publ. Online located at: http://www. tuik.gov.tr (In Turkish) [2] Çelik, M. (1983). Significant of rootstocks in Fruit Growing and Problems of Rootstocks in Turkey Fruit Growing. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 886: 47. (In Turkish) [3] Hartman, H.T., Kester, D.E., Davies, F.T. and Geneve, R.L. (1997). The biology of grafting plant propagation: Principles and PracticesHall., pp. 392-436. [4] $÷DR÷OX <S., Çelik, H., Çelik, M., Fidan, Y., *OúHQ Y., Günay, A., Halloran, N., Köksal, A.ø. and Yanmaz, R. (1997). General Garden Plants. Ankara University, Faculty of Agriculture, Education, Research and Development 2612.

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(12) © by PSP. Volume 26 ± No. 4/2017 pages 2609-2614. Received: Accepted:. 23.08.2016 22.02.2017. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR H. Ibrahim O÷uz 1HYúHKLU+DFÕ%HNWDú9HOL8QLYHUVLW\ Department of Biosystem Engineering 50300 NHYúHKLU/Turkey e-mail: hioguz64@gmail.com. 2614. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin.

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