KPDS
PARAGRAF SORULARI
1992–2006
Bu çalışma, 1992 ile 2006 yılları arasında yapılmış KPDS sınavlarına ait paragraf sorularından
oluşmaktadır. İçerikte toplam 30 sınava ait test, bu testlere ait 171 paragraf ve 603 adet soru
bulunmaktadır. Cevap anahtarında ki çözümler tarafımdan kısa bir zaman dilimi içerisinde
oluşturulmuştur, bu sebeple hakkında şüpheye düştüğünüz soru ve soruları
www.dilforum.com
adresli
forumumuzda tartışmaya açmanızı özellikle rica ederim.
Faydalı olması dileğiyle, iyi çalışmalar.
İÇİNDEKİLER 1992 MAYIS KPDS... 2 1992 KASIM KPDS... 6 1993 MAYIS KPDS... 9 1993 KASIM KPDS... 12 1994 MAYIS KPDS... 16 1994 KASIM KPDS... 19 1995 MAYIS KPDS... 22 1995 KASIM KPDS... 25 1996 MAYIS KPDS... 29 1996 KASIM KPDS... 33 1997 MAYIS KPDS... 38 1997 KASIM KPDS... 41 1998 MAYIS KPDS... 47 1998 KASIM KPDS... 53 1999 MAYIS KPDS... 58 1999 KASIM KPDS... 64 2000 MAYIS KPDS... 69 2000 KASIM KPDS... 75 2001 MAYIS KPDS... 81 2001 KASIM KPDS... 87 2002 MAYIS KPDS... 90 2002 KASIM KPDS... 96 2003 MAYIS KPDS... 101 2003 KASIM KPDS... 106 2004 MAYIS KPDS... 111 2004 KASIM KPDS... 116 2005 MAYIS KPDS... 121 2005 KASIM KPDS... 126 2006 MAYIS KPDS... 131 2006 KASIM KPDS... 136 CEVAP ANAHTARI -1... 141 CEVAP ANAHTARI -2... 142 CEVAP ANAHTARI -3... 143 CEVAP ANAHTARI -4... 144 CEVAP ANAHTARI -5... 145
1992 MAYIS KPDS
When it was formed many million years ago the earth was a liquid. It is still cooling and many miles below the hard crust is still hot. However, in some places the heat is closer to the surface. These places are associated with volcanic activity or hot sulphur springs. By drilling deep into the earth’s crust we can reach rocks that are much warmer than those at the surface. Pumping water down into contact with these rocks and extracting the steam so produced is a source of energy that can be used to produce electricity. It is called geothermal energy.
1. It is explained in the passage that under the hard surface of the earth there ----.
A) exists a hot core which can be used as a source of energy
B) seems to be a great deal of volcanic activity which threatens life
C) is a hot liquid layer which has never been drilled
D) could be a number of hot sulphur springs, the main cause of volcanic activity
E) has never been sufficient heat to melt rocks
2. According to the passage, geothermal energy ----.
A) has been used by man for millions of years B) can be produced both plentifully and cheaply C) is a by-product of extensive volcanic activity D) is the result of the contact of water with the hot
rocks below the earth’s surface
E) is recognised as the only form of energy that would never be exhausted
3. We can infer from the passage that the earth’s crust ----.
A) has completely stopped the process of cooling underneath
B) is a constant source of geothermal energy C) is not suitable for any kind of drilling D) is constantly warming and cooling due to
volcanic activity
The Japanese have a special way of making decisions. They call it the consensus system. This is how it works. When a firm is thinking of taking a certain action, it encourages workers at all levels to discuss the proposal and give their opinions. The purpose is to reach consensus (general agreement). As soon as everyone agrees on the right course of action, the decision is taken. Because of this method, a group of workers, rather than a person, is responsible for company policies. One advantage of this is that decisions come from a mixture of experience from the top, the middle and the bottom of an enterprise. Another advantage is that junior staffs frequently suggest ideas for change. A disadvantage, perhaps, is that decision-making can be slow.
4. In view of the explanation given in the passage, the consensus system ----.
A) can be defined as a collective decision making process
B) has a number of drawbacks that can not be overcome
C) is rapidly falling out of favour as a result of the economic recession
D) gives undue importance to the views of the junior staff
E) has already led to the laying off numerous workers
5. It is pointed out in the passage that, with the Japanese style of decision-making in industry ----.
A) policies can go into effect more speedily B) the working conditions can be improved much
more efficiently
C) the workers find themselves at the mercy of their employers
D) the interaction between the management and the workers has reached a low ebb
E) tends to take a long time before any action is agreed upon
6. According to the passage, the most striking feature of the Japanese consensus system is that ----.
A) the introduction of changes into a firm’s policy-making is more or less impossible
B) decisions are taken fast and accurately C) it is the point of view of management that
prevails
D) everyone, from the top to the bottom, in a firm has a fair share in decision-making
E) workers are denied the right to discuss proposals in detail
Rabies is a very frightening disease because once symptoms develop it is always fatal. The disease is caused by a virus and it affects many species of animals, particularly dogs, jackals, foxes and bats. In Britain no indigenous case of human rabies has been reported since 1902 but it is widespread among animals in most parts of the world. Unfortunately, in the last 30 years the disease has been spreading across Europe from the East, especially in foxes, and has now reached Northern France. For this reason strict animal quarantine laws are in force in Britain and it is rightly regarded as a serious offence to attempt to evade them.
7. As it is pointed out in the passage, what makes rabies so dangerous a disease is that ----.
A) quarantine regulations concerning the disease are disregarded by most people
B) very few people can recognise the symptoms C) as soon as it manifests itself in the patient it is
already too late for any treatment D) it is now threatening the whole of Europe E) during the last thirty years it seems to have
become indigenous even in England
8. The passage suggests that the British
government has already taken strict measures to ----.
A) ban the import of animals from France and other countries
B) discourage the keeping of pets in Britain C) deal with the recent outbreaks of rabies,
especially in foxes in Britain
D) ensure that no rabies enters the country E) make sure that rabies patients will receive
affective treatment
9. It is clearly stated in the passage that, for nearly a century ----.
A) thanks to new diagnostic techniques rabies has been confined to dogs, jackals, foxes and bats B) strict quarantine laws have been in effect in
Britain
C) rabies has been one of the most frightening diseases in Europe
D) there have been remarkable advances made in the treatment of rabies
E) no one in Britain has contracted rabies
When we turn to the problem of fishing, we see that through a UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, the world’s nations have indicated that they recognize the risks of over-fishing. Nations can now declare 200-mile exclusive economic zones and exclusive fishing zones and control the catch at a level that is sustainable. Developing nations seem to be beginning to benefit from the new fisheries regime which offers the promise of allowing them to manage fishing resources for optimum that is long-term, benefits.
10. We can understand from the passage that the statutory measures taken by the UN, regarding fishing ----.
A) are unlikely to be abided by, at least not in the near future
B) have had no beneficial impact on the situation C) have been welcomed by all the member
countries
D) came into effect too late to be of any use whatsoever
E) have unfortunately served the interests of only the developed countries
11. One major benefit arising out of the 200-mile exclusive fishing zone is, as we understand from the passage, to ----.
A) ensure that an ever increasing quantity of fish shall be caught
B) keep under control the amount of fish caught C) exploit the marine resources through
international cooperation
D) help developing countries to improve their inefficient economies
E) prevent new fisheries from coming into being
12. It is stated in the passage that in the management of fisheries, ----.
A) no consideration should be given to the size of the catch
B) one cannot plan ahead to the future
C) the introduction of restrictive measures should be avoided
D) one should give importance to future rather than to present gains
The exact number of people who died in the cyclone that struck Bangladesh last year will probably never be known. Winds reaching 145 miles per hour hammered the country’s low-lying south-eastern coast for nine hours, at one point driving a wall of water roughly 20 feet high across the area – one of the most densely populated places in the world. It was the strongest storm ever recorded in the region. The official news agency reported that 125.000 victims had been confirmed dead, but it was believed that the toll was actually much higher.
13. One can infer from the passage that one reason why so many lives were lost in the cyclone was because ----.
A) most of the population had no decent housing B) the Bangladesh government had failed to
foresee such a disaster
C) the country had still not recovered from the previous similar cyclone
D) it struck only a very narrow stretch of land E) the area struck was one of the most
overcrowded in the world
14. We can understand from the passage that the official figures given regarding the death toll ----.
A) didn’t reflect the actual extent of the tragedy B) overestimated the number of victims
C) were much higher than the authorities expected D) included only those drowned
E) exceeded the number of those who survived the disaster
15. The passage aims to impress on the reader ----.
A) the extent of suffering experienced by the people in Bangladesh
B) the magnitude of the cyclone’s destructive force C) the inadequacy of the relief work sent in D) the extent of poverty and misery in Bangladesh E) the frequency with which such disasters hit the
world
Written communication is the basis of much communication in business. This includes letters, reports, memoranda, notices, telex, and fax messages. Although written communication is a slower form of communication than verbal or oral, it provides a record of what is being discussed so that disagreements are avoided and accuracy can be checked; it will also be more detailed than other forms of communication, with the possibility of technical points being explained and interpreted.
16. From the passage it is clear that one of the advantages of written communication is that ----.
A) no elaborate equipment is involved
B) it is one of the fastest forms of communication C) one has a reliable document to which one can
always refer
D) it can be used only in business
E) it requires almost no effort and very little time
17. The main concern of the passage is to ----.
A) establish the advantages of written communication over oral in business
B) explain the technical points involved in written communication
C) emphasize the drawbacks of written communication
D) differentiate between the uses and abuses of various types of communication
E) draw attention to the fact that the business world no longer uses written communication
18. It is pointed out in the passage that written communication ----.
A) is always open to dispute
B) takes various forms, ranging from letters to telex and fax messages
C) is mostly seen in the form of reports
D) does not require any interpretation whatsoever E) often leads to serious controversies
1992 KASIM KPDS
Nigeria is heavily dependent on the export of crude oil to finance industrial development. 90% of Nigeria's exports by value are crude oil. At current production rates, known reserves are only sufficient until the end of the century. Industrialisation was boosted after I973 following the fourfold increase in oil prices. In the early 1980s prices fell, and Nigeria lost important income. Oil production peaked in 1974 when output reached 112 million tonnes.
1. It is pointed out in the passage that the sharp rise in oil prices in 1973 ----.
A) had less effect on Nigeria’s economy than might have been expected
B) contributed greatly to industrial development in Nigeria
C) coincided with a considerable fall in oil production
D) provided Nigeria with a high revenue well into the late 1980s
E) put a great deal of pressure on Nigeria’s oil reserves
2. It is understood from the passage that only a fraction of Nigeria exports ----.
A) are goods other than crude oil B) would be needed to support industrial
development
C) were affected by the fall in oil prices in the 1980s
D) were oil-related
E) have benefited from price increases
3. According to the passage, so long as the current rate of oil production is maintained ----.
A) world oil prices are not expected to rise significantly
B) Nigeria’s industrial development plans will soon be fully realised
C) Nigeria is likely to have no oil reserves left by the year 2.000
D) Nigeria will continue to enjoy large revenues E) the variety of goods exported from Nigeria will
increase
Real depression cannot be as easily overcome as some people often suppose. It usually passes with time - but the time can seem endless. Activities giving companionship and a new interest can help. But for the sufferer to talk, again and again, about the causes of the depression helps most. People with depression need to be listened to and
encouraged to find their own solutions, not made to feel yet more inadequate by good advice. They may need professional counselling as well as the support of family and friends.
4. In overcoming depression the support of friends and family ----
A) can best be directed into giving good advice B) is the only solution
C) may cause more harm than good
D) never contributes to any improvement in the patient
E) is not always sufficient
5. The writer suggests that people with depression ----.
A) should not be allowed much social activity B) should rely solely on professional counselling C) need, more than anything else, someone to
listen to them
D) ought to remain alienated from society for a long time
E) receive an unnecessary amount of sympathy
6. According to the passage some people ----.
A) seem to underestimate how difficult it is to get over depression
B) suffer from depression over long periods of time C) refuse to get professional counselling
D) suffering from depression have been cured through the good advice of friends
E) with depression don’t want to talk about their problems
Many art museums and galleries and many individuals in the world faced financial problems in 1975 as the effects of world recession deepened. On the surface, things seemed to continue as before, with important exhibitions in major museums attracting large crowds. But smaller galleries and the artists whose work was shown by their
resourceful proprietors fared less well, and over the long term it is the work of young artists that
determines the course of art for the future.
7. The point made in the passage is that the recession in the 1970s ----.
A) forced many young artists to give up their profession
B) led to the immediate closure of several major museums in the West
C) was one of the most serious in economic history
D) didn't at first appear to hit hard at the art world E) meant exhibitions were regarded as
unnecessary luxuries
8. One can infer from the passage that if a generation of young artists is lost ----.
A) this would not have a damaging effect on art museums and galleries even in the long run B) the future development of art will be greatly
hampered
C) recession in the art market would not last very long
D) smaller galleries would benefit from it E) the organisation of exhibitions would be even
more costly
9. According to the passage, the people in the art world who were most strongly affected by the recession ----.
A) were young artists and the owner of art galleries
B) tried to balance their losses by buying up the work of young artists
C) were the well established art dealers
D) decided to stop holding exhibitions altogether E) resorted to all sorts of methods of attracting
large crowds to their galleries
Computers should never have acquired the exalted status they now have. Fascinating and invaluable as they are, even the most advanced have less brain power than a three-year-old. They do, however, score on single-mindedness. The three-year-old uses his brain not only to think but also to do tasks like seeing, hearing and running about, which need incredibly rapid and sophisticated
electro-mechanical interactions - we too run on electricity. But the computer just sits there and sends spacecraft to the moon or re-organises the world banking system, which is very much easier. That's why man’s dream of robot servants is still a long way off.
10. The main point made by the passage is that the human brain ----.
A) is much inferior to any known computer B) is infinitely more complex and powerful than
any computer
C) reaches its maximum efficiency at the age of three
D) is not as complicated and mysterious as has usually been thought
E) has been entirely reproduced in computer form
11. It is explained in the passage that the efficiency of the computer ----.
A) will soon make it possible for man to be served by robots
B) depends on the speed with which the data are fed
C) can best be appreciated in the decision making positions
D) is the result of its being concentrated on one task at a time
E) depends upon sophisticated electro-mechanical interactions
12. The author feels that computers ----.
A) are becoming unaffordable as they get more advanced
B) have contributed immensely to the improvement of living standards C) have been unnecessarily overrated
D) will be a major force behind all future progress E) are capable of doing all the tasks the human
The dramatic growth of the world’s population in the twentieth century has been on a scale without parallel in human history. Most of this growth has occurred since 1950 and is known as the population ‘explosion'. Between 1950 and 1980 the world population increased from 2,5 to over 4 billion, and by the end of the century this figure will have risen to at least 6 billion. Growth of this size cannot continue indefinitely. Recent forecasts suggest that the total population will level-out at between 10 and 15 billion in the mid twenty-first century. Already there are encouraging signs that the rate of increase in many less developed countries is beginning to slow down.
13. According to the passage, at no period in human history has there been ----.
A) so much consensus among nations concerning the population of the world
B) a sharp decline in population like the one since 1980
C) a universal fear about the future of man D) as comprehensive a study of population
problems as the one envisaged now
E) a population explosion of the magnitude of the one in this century
14. It is pointed out in the passage that the increase in the world population ----.
A) is a highly encouraging sign for the general economy
B) is expected to continue even faster until 2050 C) will not continue into the next century D) has been going on noticeably since 1950 E) has been much faster in the industrialised
countries
15. It has been forecast that, by the middle of the next century ---- .
A) various measures will have been taken to encourage population growth
B) the population growth rate in less developed countries will be much higher than that in previous years
C) the world population will be stabilised at around 10 to 15 billion
D) the rate of increase will still be rising E) the rate of population increase will have
doubled the 1950 rate
Many substances, whether man-made or natural, can cause harm to man or the environment. Some of these reach the environment in waste streams; however, emission limits and environmental quality standards can, in some instances, reduce the amounts released. But some other substances cannot be controlled in this way because they are released, not in industrial waste streams, but through the use or disposal of products which contain them. In many cases these substances pose little or no threat if the product containing them is used and disposed of properly. The right way to deal with them is usually through controls over their supply, use and disposal.
16. According to the passage, the threat of certain substances to the environment ----.
A) is far less than that to man
B) could be reduced by enforcing emission limits and environmental controls
C) has been unnecessarily overemphasised D) has to date been completely ignored
E) can be eliminated by the use of industrial waste streams
17. The author points out that the danger posed to man by many substances ----.
A) is unrelated to environmental pollution B) is even greater than generally admitted C) continues to grow despite constant control of
disposal systems
D) is solely due to the use of industrial waste streams
E) arises from their misuse and wrong disposal
18. The passage is concerned with the question of ----.
A) how the harmful effects of certain substances can be brought under control
B) why industrial waste streams have caused so much pollution
C) whether man made substances or natural ones cause more pollution
D) what measures are to be taken against the supply of dangerous substances
E) who is responsible for taking the required measures
1993 MAYIS KPDS
The practical advantages of prefabrication are two-fold: It is quicker and it does away with uncertainty. Speed in building is important in these days because of the high cost of land: the time during which such an expensive commodity is out of use must be reduced to a minimum. And partly or wholly prefabricated methods of construction save time on the job because parts are prepared in the factory beforehand. Prefabrication does away with uncertainty because it means that the whole building is made of standard parts the behaviour of which is known and has been tested.
1. Since land is extremely valuable it is important that ----.
A) costs do not continue to rise
B) the building materials should also be expensive C) people should not disagree as to the
advantages of prefabrication
D) building costs be reduced to a minimum E) it does not remain out of use for long
2. One advantage of using prefabricated parts is that ----.
A) fewer skilled workmen are required B) this method is much cheaper than standard
methods
C) less land is required
D) buildings can be put up much faster E) there is more scope for experiment
3. When a building is constructed from standard parts that have been well tested ----.
A) there is no scope for originality
B) the costs will naturally be excessively high C) new methods of construction are overlooked D) one knows in advance that the result will be
satisfactory
E) one is still not sure how they will behave in a particular situation
Computers can store vast amounts of information in a very small space and are used by the banks to keep accounts, print out statements and control transactions. They are also used by the police to keep personal records, fingerprints and other details. In the rapidly developing field of robotics computers are now being used to control manual operations done by mechanics. These, too, are taking over work, previously done by people in the manufacture of cars, in weaving and in other industries. Computers play an important role in controlling artificial satellites, decoding information and communications generally. They are used to predict the weather with increasing accuracy.
4. One can conclude from the passage that ----.
A) computers have become an indispensable part of our life
B) despite great advantages in computer techniques, they are not proving as useful as once was hoped
C) weather forecasts carried out by computers are not reliable at all
D) robotics has long been a field of keen scientific interest for man
E) computerised banking has led to an increase in unemployment.
5. The author points out that ----.
A) industry is turning back to traditional methods of production
B) the police use computers to make sure that their records are not tested
C) the principal use of computers is in space industry
D) computers are too complex for everyday use E) the use of robots, directed by computers, is
becoming widespread in industry
6. The passage is not concerned with ----.
A) the application of computers in industry B) how computers are manufactured
C) the conservation of information by computers D) the role played by computers in crime detection E) the use of computers in communications and
the transfer of information
Looking ahead from the present position where food production has kept ahead of population growth globally, but has fallen per capita in 55 (mainly African) countries, it would seem that these trends will continue. About 30 countries - most of them African - can expect serious problems unless they reduce population growth and give higher priority to agriculture and conservation. Though a warmer, wetter earth with high CO2 levels is likely to be capable of producing more food, the amounts will still be inadequate for many poorer countries. In many cases, the population projections are greater than the entire local land resources can support.
7. Of all the countries in the world it is those in Africa ----.
A) which have taken the most drastic measures to prevent population growth
B) that are most threatened by food shortages C) which are environmentally most at
disadvantage
D) that are most conscious of the need to preserve this environment
E) in which poverty has been greatly reduced through agricultural development.
8. It is argued that in the passage that ----.
A) changes in the world climate are increasing the problems of food production
B) agricultural development will presently put an end to global food shortages
C) with the exception of African countries, the global production of food is adequate and likely to continue so
D) the conservation of land resources is of minor importance
E) any effort must be made to prevent the co2 level from rising.
9. According to the passage it is anticipated that ----.
A) the per capita income in African countries will continue to increase
B) food production will double in the years ahead C) the present situation concerning population
growth and population will soon improve D) all the African countries will soon solve all their
population problems
E) unless serious measures are taken, the poor countries of the world will be faced with famine.
Psychology is literally the study of mind (or soul) but its areas has broadened somewhat in the last century as we have learned that one cannot consider the mind as totally isolated from the body, and it now includes the study of human personality and behaviour. It is important to realise that psychologists are first and foremost trained as scientist rather than as medical experts and do not necessarily take much interest in abnormalities of the brain and mental processes.
10. As can be inferred from the passage, psychology ----.
A) has in time developed as a branch of medicine B) has always been confined to the study of the
mind
C) primarily concentrates on the study of animal behaviour
D) mostly deals with mental abnormalities E) is not concerned with the mind alone, but also
with human personality and behaviour
11. In the passage attention is drawn to the fact that ----.
A) psychologists give great importance to the study of mental processes for medical purposes B) psychologists are basically scientists
C) the body and the mind are separate entities in the eyes of psychologists
D) the human mind can best be understood through the study of animal behaviour
E) there have been no noticeable developments in psychology since the last century
12. It is pointed out in the passage that ----.
A) a close cooperation between psychologists and medical experts is essential
B) the study of human behaviour alone is what interests present day psychologists
C) as a branch of science, psychology is no longer to be understood in its literally sense
D) the mind and the body function independently E) in recent years psychologists have
Aid to underdeveloped countries takes many forms and it is given for many reasons. Underdeveloped countries need aid to provide finance for
development projects; to provide foreign exchange with which imports for development purpose can be bought; and to provide the trained manpower and technical knowledge they lack. The motives of the donor are not always humanitarian. “Aid” can take a military form; it can be used to support an
incompetent or unjust government. Nor is aid always beneficial to the recipient country. It may be wasted on ill-conceived or prestige projects, or cause the government simply to relax on its own efforts.
13. In the passage, it is argued that the reasons behind the aid given to the underdeveloped countries ----.
A) are always of a military nature B) are varied in purpose and in effect C) can be disregarded altogether
D) invariably involve humanitarian principles E) relate only to the technical needs of the
recipient country
14. One infers from the passage that what is generally referred to as “aid” ----.
A) usually leads to the overthrow of the government of the recipient country
B) is, in fact, monetary support for development projects only
C) is actually one country’s intervention in another country’s internal affairs
D) does not necessarily benefit the recipient country
E) can really be regarded as a waste of resources
15. According to the passage, unless they receive aid, underdeveloped countries ----.
A) will lose their world-wide prestige B) often face military coups
C) will be at the mercy of donor countries D) will have to rely on foreign technical advice for
many years to come
E) cannot provide money and human resources for development
Both as a profession and a science, economics lost considerable prestige during the recession of 1974-75. The crisis that seized the western industrialised countries including Japan was of a character not to be found in economics textbooks. Rate of inflation exceeding 10% a year coupled with declining production and high levels of unemployment. Hitherto, peacetime inflation had been associated with high employment and an overactive economy, while high rate of unemployment went with the recession or depression. The next combination was apply called stagflation.
16. The term stagflation can be defined as ----.
A) the combination of high inflation and economic recession
B) inflation in an overactive economy
C) high unemployment in spite of high levels of production
D) a decrease in the rates of inflation E) high levels of peacetime inflation
17. The economic crisis of the mid-1970’s ----.
A) followed the same pattern as earlier economic crisis
B) caused economy to overactive
C) caused people to lose faith in economics D) had little effect on the industry of developed
countries
E) was characterised only by high inflation and low production
18. The main subject of the passage is ----.
A) the growing unpopularity of economics as a science
B) the relationship between unemployment and recession
C) the industrial decline of Japan and some Western countries
D) the unusual nature and extensive effects of the economic crises of the 1970’s
E) how to combat high inflation and unemployment
1993 KASIM KPDS
There are twelve and a half acres of land for each man, woman, and child in the world today. However, only three and a half acres of this land can be cultivated. If the population of the world reaches six billion by the year 2000, there will be only one and a half acres for each person. Man just increases his production of food. One scientist has said that the world could support ten billion people if better agricultural methods were used everywhere. The supply of food can also be increased by the control of plant diseases, and by the irrigation of desert lands. By using these ways and others, man can feed himself and his fellow men.
1. The passage emphasises that the growth of the world population ----.
A) makes food production a vital question B) must not be allowed to continue at the present
rate
C) is no longer a cause for international concern D) has now made it necessary to cultivate all the
desert lands in the world
E) has jeopardised the farmlands in the world.
2. The writer suggests that, by the end of the century, the amount of the arable land available ----.
A) will be doubled in size through the irrigation of desert lands
B) per person will drop to three and a half acres from twelve and a half
C) will be fully adequate for the support of a ten billion world population
D) per person will fall from three and a half acres to one and a half
E) will continue to diminish and, hence, famine will be inevitable
3. According to the passage, the world food problem can be solved ----.
A) by a fair and even distribution of available arable land throughout the world
B) only if new ways of overcoming plant diseases can be discovered
C) simply by cultivating desert lands in an efficient way
D) so long as the population does not exceed ten billion at the most
E) if various effective measures are taken, such as the improvement of farming techniques
Though there has always been a certain amount of concern about pollution since the start of the Industrial Revolution, this was largely an interest of relatively limited numbers of concerned people. But during the 1960s there was a great upsurge of anxiety which was reflected internationally by the calling of the Stockholm UN Conference. In response to the rising public pressures, action has been taken mainly in the industrial countries, even though sometimes reluctantly and with many warnings from industry and governments about the costs. However, in many areas there has been a gratifying improvement.
4. The author points out that, to some extent, public awareness of pollution ----.
A) dates back to the first years of the Industrial Revolution
B) emerged late in the process of industrialisation C) first appeared in the 1960s
D) was first voiced at the Stockholm UN conference
E) played a part in the rapid development of industry.
5. It is implied in the passage that both industry and governments have ----.
A) found ways of thwarting public pressures as regards pollution
B) not always been willing, mainly for economic reasons, to take action to prevent pollution C) come out in support of the policies
recommended at the Stockholm UN conference D) constantly been in the forefront of pollution
control policies since the 1960s
E) done more than was required of them in eliminating pollution.
6. According to the passage, in spite of the lack of cooperation from industry and governments ----.
A) the UN has introduced drastic measures to ensure the prevention of any further pollution B) the problem of pollution has now been fully
solved worldwide
C) the costs of pollution control work have been less than was expected
D) the prices of goods remained the same E) some considerable progress has been made
towards controlling pollution
For nearly a decade now, the manufacturing of automobiles has been undergoing radical changes. The principle cause is the introduction of new production and management techniques, originally engineered by Toyota and subsequently applied by other Japanese car manufacturers. This is called “lean” production. It implies no less a revolution in the process of car manufacturing than the mass production Henry Ford introduced at the beginning of the century. In fact, lean production combines the advantages of craft and mass production. A vital feature of this production technique is that it achieves its highest efficiency, quality and flexibility when all activities - from design to assembly - occur in the same area.
7. It is pointed out in the passage that; in the car industry, the traditional mass production techniques ----.
A) introduced by Ford were soon outdated B) are popular only in Japan
C) have contributed significantly to Japanese success in this area
D) are beginning to fall out of favour
E) in fact require a higher degree of management efficiency.
8. The writer explains that, in lean production ----. A) Japanese, companies have followed Henry
Ford's example
B) there is less need for skilled workers C) costs are kept to a minimum
D) the techniques of mass production are no longer applicable
E) the best of mass and craft production come together.
9. According to the passage, lean production techniques work best ----.
A) in industries where specialised craftsmanship is not required
B) not only in car manufacturing but also in other branches of machine production
C) in a country like Japan where the skilled work force is limited
D) when the whole production process takes place in one place
E) if management procedures do not disrupt the manufacturing process
Much in medicine which is now taken for granted was undreamed of even as recently as 50 years ago. Progress in diagnosis, in preventive medicine and in treatment, both medical and surgical, has been so rapid as to be almost breathtaking. Today a doctor retiring from active practice will among other things have seen smallpox completely eradicated, tuberculosis become curable, coronary artery disease relievable surgically. One aspect of medicine still resistant to progress in understanding is the effect of mind on body. Many of us still like to think that our bodies are just something we have got into, like cars, that ill health is simply something that has “gone wrong” in one system or another and that therefore provided we find the appropriate expert to correct the fault, we will recover.
10. According to the passage, the rate at which medical advances have taken place during the recent decades ----.
A) was previously envisaged B) has been underestimated C) is quite startling
D) cannot be accounted for
E) has been subject to a great deal of controversy
11. It is pointed out in the passage that there is a close relationship between the workings of mind and the body ----.
A) which is of little importance in the treatment of illness
B) but this has yet to be properly understood C) which most doctors tend to overlook
D) and medical research has made great progress in this field
E) but research into this area is not likely to prove useful
12. The writer uses the “car” comparison to emphasise that most people ----.
A) tend to have a mechanical view of the human body
B) have great confidence in the medical profession
C) have the right attitude towards medical progress
D) regard surgery as an indispensable part of medicine
E) think some body parts cannot be replaced at all
National income is a measure of the total income accruing to the residents in a country in return for services rendered. It therefore consists of the sum of wages, salaries, profits and rents. But not all these income accrues to persons; for instance, companies do not distribute all their profits to shareholders and some nationalised industries earn profits. This is part of national income but not of personal income. On the other hand, some personal incomes are not payments for services rendered. Such incomes are called transfer incomes to emphasise that their payment does not add to the national income, but only transfers income from one agent to another. Included in this category are retirement pensions, family allowances, and student grants.
13. The passage is concerned with ----.
A) the need to maintain a balance between the various types of incomes
B) methods of increasing various types of incomes C) how incomes can be transferred from one
person to another
D) the importance given to wage problems E) the definition of various income categories.
14. By "transfer income", the writer means ----.
A) an income like a student grant, which is not paid in return for services rendered
B) the sum total of payments, including retirement pensions, distributed by companies to their employees
C) the revenues contributing to the growth of the national income
D) the circulation of money through trade and other means
E) the incomes realised by shareholders out of company profits
15. It is understood from the passage that the national income ----.
A) does not benefit from the majority of financial transactions
B) mainly consists of the profits made by industry C) relies almost exclusively on personal gains D) does not include all income categories
E) can be increased through the nationalisation of industry
According to the United Nations sources, world population in mid-1985 was, 5,290 million, an increase of 90 million in one year. More than half of the total live in Asia (56,9 per cent). Different countries are at different stages in a demographic transition from the stability provided by a
combination of high birth rate and high death rate to that provided by a combination of low birth rate and low death rate. Their recent population history and current trend of growth, the age-structure of their population, and consequently their population potential for the near future are all widely different. Most rapid growth is in Africa with rates of over 3 per cent in some countries. In most European countries the rate is less than 1 per cent.
16. It is pointed out in the passage that, of the continents of the world, it is ----.
A) Asia where population stability has been achieved most recently
B) Europe that hopes to see an increase in its population
C) Asia that accommodates the largest proportion of the world's population
D) Africa where the population growth has stabilised over recent decades
E) Africa which is the most densely populated
17. According to the passage, the demographic trend, observed in various countries ----.
A) is towards a stability with low birth and low death rates
B) involves high birth and low death rates C) is pointing to a continued state of population
instability
D) will have to be checked
E) will be reversed in the near future
18. The author points out that there is little uniformity ----.
A) in the way birth rates are being controlled among rural and urban populations
B) of population growth among African countries C) as regards population figures in Europe
D)
as far as birth and death rates are concernedE)
in the current pattern of the demographic1994 MAYIS KPDS
Ever since Nobel prize-winner Linus Pauling first advocated vitamin C as a common-cold war weapon more than 20 years ago, researchers have been busy trying to verify that claim. But so far, they've found little evidence that vitamin C prevents colds - in fact, there are more studies that say it doesn't. But there is evidence that it can keep coughing and sneezing to a minimum, and that low levels of vitamin C in the body may be related to bronchitis.
1. The passage makes the point that Dr Pauling's view as regards vitamin C ---.
A) has greatly improved the treatment of bronchitis B) has caused a revolution in medical studies C) aroused very little interest among medical
experts
D) was based on the results of years of research E) has not been verified scientifically
2. According to the passage, coughing and sneezing ----.
A) should be taken seriously and treated accordingly
B) are the early symptoms of bronchitis C) are now being effectively treated without
vitamin C
D) can be reduced with the help of vitamin C E) do not respond to any treatment whatsoever
3. During the last two decades there has been a great deal of scientific effort made to ----.
A) convince the public of the dangers of vitamin C B) prove that the common cold can be prevented
by vitamin C
C) establish a connection between coughing and bronchitis
D) study the adverse effects of vitamin C
E) demonstrate how the body reacts to low levels of vitamin C
Since early times it has been assumed that the actions of animals are unconscious. Behaviour, in this view, stems almost exclusively from instinct. If animals behave in ways that seem pretty clever, they do so without thinking about it. Animals may know things, the argument goes, but they don't know that they know. Or do they know? Recent research reports suggest a startling depth of intelligence among animals. Although no one can yet 'prove' the existence of animal consciousness, the data offered make a compelling case for at least considering it.
4. It is pointed out in the passage that traditionally, animals are believed to ---.
A) behave not instinctively but logical
B) have an intelligence comparable with man’s C) imitate man in many ways
D) act on instinct
E) know exactly what they are doing
5. It is pointed out in the passage that modern research forces one to consider ----.
A) why animals behave differently under different circumstances
B) the possibility of intelligence in animals C) the means by which animal behaviour can be
improved
D) how animals can be made to acquire new skills E) animals to be the equal of man in intelligence
6. The passage makes it quite clear that, in the light of modern research, our traditional assumptions about animal behaviour ----.
A) have been totally disproved B) have been confirmed C) have to be reconsidered
D) were indeed based on scientific fact E) should never have been questioned
The first universities developed in Europe in the 12th century. By 1600 Western Europe boasted 108 institutions of higher learning, many of which had obtained special privileges from existing regimes because of their close association with the Church. In most European countries, universities were designed primarily for the sons of nobility and gentry. Scholarly standards were low, and scholarship was irrelevant for most professions. Education for earning a livelihood in, say, medicine or law could be acquired after college by serving as an apprentice.
7. According to the passage, in the early years of the universities, ----.
A) most students wanted to train for a profession B) the Church disapproved of much of their
teaching
C) Western European governments were not at all interested in education
D) medicine was the most popular subject for study
E) the majority of students came from upper class families
8. it is pointed out in the passage that, since most of the early universities enjoyed the support of the Church ----.
A) state authorities granted them various rights B) the number of students they admitted increased
rapidly
C) the academic level of the education they offered was extremely high
D) law naturally became one of the major subjects offered
E) the education offered was free of charge
9. As explained in the passage, real professional skills ----.
A) were taught during the university years B) were normally acquired through a period of
apprenticeship
C) gained importance in the universities only after 1600
D) were acquired by nearly all university students E) were taught only to the children of nobility
The effects of sleep loss are subject to a number of popular misconceptions. The belief that everyone must sleep 8 hours a night is a myth. According to the results of a recent survey on the subject, adults average about 7 to 7 1 / 2 hours of sleep per night, and many individuals function effectively with 5 to 6 hours of sleep. In fact, 20 percent of the population (slightly more in men) sleep less than 6 hours per night. Another significant fact is that sleep time decreases with age.
10. According to the passage, the popular
assumption that eight hours of sleep per night is essential ----.
A) is only true for the elderly
B) has been supported by scientific evidence C) is actually a fallacy
D) is only true for 20 percent of the population E) is very rarely disputed
11. The survey referred to in the passage indicates that as people get older and older ----.
A) they sleep less and less
B) they require more sleep than formerly C) their sleep time varies between 7 and 8 hours D) they rarely sleep less than 7 hours
E) sleep loss ceases to be a problem
12. It is pointed out in the passage that a sleep time under 8 hours ----.
A) is not recommended in the survey B) invariably leads to noticeable inefficiency C) does not necessarily reduce a person's
efficiency
D) causes a number of complications in old people E) is common among women but not among men
Until recently, many archeologists took the view that civilized communities first arose in Egypt, though only a very short time before a similar development In Mesopotamia: a more recent opinion is now that the earliest advances may have taken place in Mesopotamia. Whichever view is followed, it is necessary to bear in mind that geographical conditions in both regions were not identical, and it can in fact be stated that in Mesopotamia
environmental factors were not as wholly favourable as in the valley of the Nile.
13. According to a more recent view, the beginnings of the development of civilisation ----.
A) have only recently been a major preoccupation among archaeologists
B) were wrongly assumed to be in Mesopotamia C) were apparently not affected by geographical
conditions
D) in Egypt were greatly hampered by unfavourable environmental factors
E) seem to have occurred in Mesopotamia rather than, as once thought, in Egypt
14. It is pointed out in the passage that the Nile valley and Mesopotamia ----.
A) have never attracted the attention of historians B) were equally suitable for the rise of civilisation C) could not have been the home of our earliest
civilisations
D) do not share the same geographical conditions E) are no longer as fertile as they used to be in
early times
15. From the passage we can understand that ----.
A) our opinions of early history may sometimes need to be revised
B) archaeologists have never regarded either Egypt or Mesopotamia as the cradles of civilisation
C) geographical conditions play an important role in the decline of civilisations
D) the early civilisations in Egypt and Mesopotamia were not similar at all E) archaeology has not, until recently, been
concerned with this part of the world
Dates and periods are necessary to the study and discussion of history, for all historical phenomena are conditioned by time and are produced by the sequence of events. Periods especially, are retrospective conceptions that we form about past events; they are useful to focus discussion, but very often they lead historical thought astray. Thus, while it is certainly useful to speak of the Middle Ages and of the Victorian Age, those two abstract ideas have deluded many scholars and millions of newspaper readers into supposing that during certain decades called the Middle Ages, and again during certain decades called Age of Victoria, everyone thought or acted more or less in the same way- till at last Victoria died or the Middle Ages came to an end. But in fact there was no such sameness.
16. The author argues that, contrary to common assumption, the behaviour of people ----.
A) was more uniform in the Middle Ages than in the Victorian Age
B) was not uniform, at all, in any given period C) is a subject that should also be studied by
historians
D) in any given period is always the same E) is unrelated to the age they live in
17. The division of history into periods ----.
A) is both useful and deceptive B) is avoided by modern historians C) was rejected in the Victorian Age D) has been in use since the Middle Ages E) serves no useful purpose at all
18. According to the passage, the study of history ----.
A) began in the Middle Ages and reached its height in the Victorian Age
B) has changed greatly in our time
C) requires a knowledge of dates and periods D) includes a great variety of interrelated subjects E) should concentrate on the reconstruction of
1994 KASIM KPDS
Society is, regrettably, less interested in the individual than in the position which he occupies. One almost never asks a person “Who are you?”, but one constantly asks “What do you do?”. For one reason or another, people are assorted into various categories which determine the roles they are to play in society. This assorting process, called social differentiation, goes on in all societies. Women as a class have a status distinct from that of men, and children have a status unlike that of adults.
1. The constant use of the question, “What do you do?” ---- .
A) shows that for women, work is of minor importance
B) suggests that the working day receives a large part of our attention
C) is disliked by working women
D) suggests that people give more importance to position than to personality
E) implies that we live in a very materialistic world
2. In the passage the term “social differentiation” means the process by which ---- .
A) women alone are put into a special category B) an individual is assigned his role in society C) children are given the same status as that of
adults
D) the individual comes to acquire a new role in society
E) the personality is analysed
3. The passage is largely concerned with ----.
A) the status and the role people have in society B) the conflict of the various groups in society C) women’s problems in a male-centred society D) the generation gap between adults and children E) the importance of the question “Who are you?”
Mercury has a number of interesting properties and a variety of industrial uses. It expands at a constant rate through the range of temperatures at which it is a liquid. Because of this property and because it does not cling to glass, mercury is often used in thermometers. At ordinary temperatures it evaporates very slowly and can thus be left in an open container for long periods of time. For this reason it is used in one type of barometer. Mercury is a good electrical conductor and is used in sealed electrical switches. An electric current passing through mercury vapour causes it to give off light, hence its use in certain kinds of lamps.
4. In the passage, it is pointed out that mercury ----.
A) never ceases to be a liquid
B) is used primarily in the making of barometers C) is of limited use since it is a poor conductor of
electricity
D) has certain special qualities that make it a very useful substance
E) has certain unpleasant characteristics
5. Mercury is often used in thermometers ----.
A) because it never turns into a solid
B) since, so long as it is a liquid, it expands at a constant rate
C) as it is unaffected by temperature change D) since it is attracted to glass
E) even though it shows a tendency to evaporate slowly even in an enclosed space.
6. Mercury vapour will give off light ----.
A) when an electric current is passed through it B) if left to evaporate slowly
C) but no use has been found for this property D) so it is a good conductor of electricity E) and is commonly used to light up electrical
switches
Protoplasm, which is the fundamental basis of life, is constantly undergoing physical and chemical change. Life, therefore, is the resultant of these constantly occurring changes. There are two great groups into which living things may be classed: plants and animals. Both the plant and the animal kingdoms are very extensive. It is customary, therefore, to regard the science of life under two comprehensive heads, namely, botany which is the study of plants, and zoology which is the study of animals. Both subjects are subdivided into various specialised sections.
7. It is pointed out in the passage that life is the outcome of ----.
A) the interaction between plants and animals B) change from a physical to a chemical state of
being
C) physical change taking place in the animal world
D) the constant change, both physical and chemical, occurring in protoplasm
E) constant transformations in the plant world
8. It is understood from the passage that the science of botany ----.
A) is less specialised than that of zoology B) deals with a limited number of plants C) is concerned with the plant world D) is a subsection of zoology
E) fundamentally concentrates on the study of protoplasm
9. The author points out that the study of living things, although carried out under various specialised headings, ----.
A) emphasises the importance of genre and species
B) depends upon extensive field research C) is mainly related to zoology
D) takes physical rather than chemical changes into consideration
E) actually involves two basic fields of science
Many observers, including policy makers, mistakenly assume that economic competition between nations must result in winners and losers. It has been demonstrated, however, that
international trade increases the wealth of all participants, even those with lower productivity than their trading partners. The real issue, it appears, is the way international competition affects all kinds of goods that any country produces. It seems that the proper role of government is to ensure that its people are prepared to compete in those industries in which they could or should have an advantage.
10. According to the passage, economic competition ----.
A) does not affect industrial activity B) only benefits the richer nations
C) should be regulated at an international level D) is beneficial to everybody involved
E) may lead to lower productivity
11. The author suggests that nations should compete ----.
A) to improve their balance of payments B) in line with the principles of international law C) with nations of parallel economic standing D) with those whose industrial production is the
highest
E) in those industries in which they have an advantage
12. The author emphasises the idea that international trade ----.
A) is not one nation’s gain and another’s loss B) should be the major concern of all developing
countries
C) does great damage to those countries with lower productivity
D) should not be the concern of policy makers E) has lost its momentum in recent years due to
Those who visit the Mediterranean are invariably impressed with its unity. Everywhere it is the same, for the shades of difference here is less important than the resemblances. Yet this unity is the result of aggressive contrast; sea and mountain, sea and desert, sea and ocean! In these respects the Mediterranean is very different from either central Europe, or high tablelands of Asia, the Syrian and Saharan deserts, or even the Atlantic Ocean.
13. What distinguishes the Mediterranean from the other parts of the world is ----.
A) that it is characterised by high tablelands B) the fact that the landscape varies greatly from
part to part
C) that it is surrounded by vast deserts
D) the combination of features, everywhere, is the same
E) that it is attracting more and more visitors
14. According to the passage, within the general unity of the Mediterranean ----.
A) the deserts of Syria and the Sahara have their special place
B) the contrast between the sea and the desert is exceptional
C) one is also aware of startling contrast D) some people find a depressing monotony E) there is very little that appeals to the eye
15. It is stressed in the passage that the Mediterranean ----.
A) extensively resembles the rest of the world B) is, in many ways, similar to central Europe C) has an endless changing coastline D) is the most crowded part of the world E) makes the same impression on all visitors to
the area
It is the opinion of most archaeologists that
civilisation first developed in the Middle East, where, of all the regions in the world, natural conditions offered the greatest assistance to man in his changeover from a life of nomadic wandering as a hunter to settled occupation of the soil. The regular rise of the three larger rivers, Nile Euphrates, and the Tigris; annual renewal of soil fertility by the deposition of a layer of silt; and the generally warm climate, favourable both to the growth of a rich plant-life, and to the activities of man himself, were all special inducements to the adoption of a way of life based on agriculture.
16. According to the passage, one of the striking features of the three great rivers of the Middle East, is that ----.
A) they provide cheap transport B) they contribute to soil fertility
C) there is little annual change in the water D) they all run through extensive forest lands E) they are depositing less and less silt each year
17. The passage is concerned with ----.
A) how man first began to benefit from the rivers B) the geological features of the Middle East C) the circumstances which contributed to the rise
of civilisation in the Middle East
D) the rich plant life that existed in the Middle East in prehistoric times
E) a comparison of the nomadic and agricultural way of life
18. Before man took to a way of life based on agriculture ----.
A) he had already settled near the Nile and the Euphrates
B) he led a nomadic existence and lived by hunting
C) warm climates did not attract him
D) the natural conditions of the world were of supreme importance to him
E) he avoided the Middle East entirely
1995 MAYIS KPDS
In Britain, the Queen is a constitutional monarch. In law she is the head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, commander-in-chief of the armed forces and temporal head of the Church of England. In practice, the Queen's role is purely formal: she reigns, but she does not rule. In all important respects she acts only on the advice of her ministers. However, she still plays an
important role symbolically as Head of State and Head of the Commonwealth.
1. The main concern of the passage is ----.
A) how the Queen’s progress could be restrained B) the Queen's firm control of the government
through her executive powers
C) the powers the Queen has and the role she plays in the rule of the country
D) the influence the Queen has over the Church of England
E) the need for the abolishment of the monarchy in Britain
2. It is obvious from the passage that the Queen's power ----.
A) extends through all the main institutions of the state
B) is strictly confined to the affairs of the Commonwealth
C) is controlled by the legislature
D) depends fundamentally on the support of the armed forces
E) has no legal basis
3. It is stressed in the passage that on all serious issues the Queen ----.
A) relies heavily on the guidance of the judiciary B) does not act on her own initiative, but consults
the government
C) acts in accordance with the principles of the Church of England
D) turns to the Commonwealth for advice and support
E) keeps aloof so as to maintain her symbol status
Of all the environmental problems facing us today, global warming is likely to have the most
devastating effects. In order to combat these, the emission of harmful gases must be reduced; for this purpose, the rainforests, which absorb carbon dioxide in vast quantities must be protected. Global warming will place a premium on energy efficiency, for controlling global warming inescapably means reducing the burning of fossil fuels. The two industries that are most obviously going to be affected are the power suppliers and the vehicle manufacturers, but since energy is consumed by almost everything we manufacture, design or do, the effects will be felt everywhere.
4. It is emphasised in the passage that global warming seems to be ----.
A) easier to control than other environmental problems
B) of less of a threat than formerly it used to be C) the most terrible of the problems facing the
environment
D) one of the causes for the disappearance of the rainforests
E) reasonably under control in all parts of the world
5. The author explains that unless the burning of fossil fuels is radically reduced ----.
A) global warming cannot possibly be held in check
B) they will soon be used up
C) traditional power supplies will not be adequate D) energy efficiency cannot be achieved
E) the effects will be far reaching and beyond our control
6. According to the passage, power supply and
vehicle manufacturing ----.
A) are two industries that do not affect global warming
B) rely heavily on fossil fuels
C) are environmentally less harmful than other industries
D) have carried the problems of global warming everywhere
E) must be strictly controlled to prevent any further pollution
