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The origin of goat and sheep species used in modern production systems in the world and the role in development of human history

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THE ORIGIN OF GOAT AND SHEEP SPECIES USED IN MODERN PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN THE WORLD AND THE ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN HISTORY

MURAT DURMUŞ

1*

,

DEHOUEGNON

JERRY AGOSSOU

1

, NAZAN KOLUMAN

1

1 Agricultural Faculty, Department of Animal Science, Çukurova University, Adana.

* Corresponding author e-mail: muratdurmus1991@gmail.com ABSTRACT

Human (homo saphiens) beings emerged about a million years ago, and about 990,000 years of this period has continued in a way of life based on hunting, fishing and food gathering. In the early time of human existence people were living by eating the products that they collected from nature instinctively. People in this period were fed by eating food products such as root, tuber, fruits and animal products (worms, crabs, snakes, etc.). When the food resources from nature were exhausted in a region, they settled in new regions in search of food and continued in this way their livelihood. After the gathering period, human being made various tools in order to catch and eat animals, then people started hunting. During this period, people necessarily followed the migration seasons of the animals and went to the areas where the animals lived. In other words, they lived as nomads. Thus, they began to know the animals more closely. When the hunted animals were kept together in a surrounded area with fences, the human noticed the reproduction and yield characteristics of animals. As a result of these observations, people started to agriculture and animals breeding by adopting a settled life in order to meet their nutritional needs. The current review examined the origin of modern sheep and goat species and their role in the development of human history.

Keywords: Goat, Sheep, Nomadic Life, Hunting.

INTRODUCTION

It is known that seven different species of people with different body structures and different abilities have lived on earth for 20 million years. Mentioned the human species are known as Homo heidelbergensis, Homo rudolfensis, Homo habilis, Homo floresiensis, Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis and Homo saphiens. Darwin stated that every human species that lived on earth evolved from the species that lived before it. Later two scientists, Thomas Huxley and Richard Owen, supported this idea. In light of this information, it can be said that as a result of evolution, each new species has different body structures and abilities. Therefore, Homo saphiens which evolved from other hominid

families is considered as the ancestor of modern human today living in the world. It is considered the most advanced human species. From the appearance of the first human species in the world up to the evolution of modern humans, in the stone age (600,000-5000 BC) which called prehistory and in the mine age (5000-3500 BC) is known to lived (anonymous 2019a). The stone age is the oldest age in world history and in itself is divided into three as Paleolithic age, Mesolithic age and Neolithic age (anonymous 2019a). Human beings during the Paleolithic age (600.000- 10.000 BC) known as the Ice age, which the longest period in human history, led a primitive and nomadic life, as seen in Picture 1, lived in caves and under rocks, used natural state of trees and stones found in nature and was fed by food gathering, hunting and fishing. During the Mesolithic age (10.000-8000 BC) were obtained many tools and equipment by chipping of stones.

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By sharpening these stones, it is known that people are protected from enemies and predators and used for hunting. During this period, people dominated the fire and it was used to warm up, to protect against wild animals and to cook the animals they hunted. Also along with the melting of the glaciers in this period, appropriate environmental conditions for the breeding of some plant and animal species began to form. People in the Neolithic age (8000-5000 BC) moved from nomadic life to settled order. Along with the end of the last glacial period has been domesticated some plant and animal species living in a more mild environment. During this period, human societies acted cooperatively and moved from a consumer society to a productive society. The place of animals on the development of human history, it changed according to the age in which people lived, it increased its importance as time passed and it has had an effect on survival of people. All human species except Homo saphiens have survived on earth for a certain period of time. These species have disappeared due to various reasons such as especially climate change and not acting in cooperation. The Homo saphiens hunted together, lived together and developed to cope with climate change, as shown in Figure 2. In addition to hunting, Homo saphiens have discovered how to raise some species of animals and plants, thus quickly learned how to produce more nutrients. They also dominated the fire during this period and built better shelters due to their tendency to live in larger groups, as seen in Figure 3.

Figure 2. Hunting Together Figure 3. Transition to The Sedentary Order After all these developments, the Homo saphiens made the transition to sedentary order based on agriculture and animal breeding instead of hunter-gatherer life as nomadic. The domestication of wild animals is of great importance during the transition of humans from a primitive and nomadic life to the sedentary order. Goat and sheep which the first domesticated species among these animals have an important role in the formation process of the modern world. In the current review examined the origin of modern sheep and goat species and their role in the development of human history.

Origin of Goat and Sheep Species

Researchers accept that sheep are domesticated in three different regions (Kaymakçı, 2006). These regions are South West Asia/Turkestan, Central Asia and Southern Europe. The most important and the oldest of this regions is South West Asia /Turkestan. During the Anou excavations in Turkistan, the discovery of sheep bones in 8,000 BC years confirms this view. The above-mentioned regions where plant and animal species were domesticated, is passed from nomadic life to sedentary order and people begin to produce their food were named the Fertile Crescent region. Fertile Crescent the word was first used by American historian

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and archaeologist James Henry. As seen in Figue 4, Fertile Crescent region covers the South East of Turkey, Iraq's majority, all of Mesopotamia, South West of Iran, Egypt, Syria, Jordan and Palestine (Anonim, 2019b).

Figure 4. Fertile Crescent Region

Jeriko and Jarmo in Palestine, Mureybet in Syria, Caferhöyük (Malatya), Çayönü (Diyarbakir), Hallan CeMI (Batman), Nevali Çori (Urfa) and Göbekli Tepe (Urfa) in Anatolia are the most important Neolithic village settlements on the Fertile Crescent (Anonim, 2019b). There is a second Neolithic site in Central Anatolia. Among the most important settlements here are Çatalhöyük (Konya), Suberde (Konya), Canhasan (Karaman), Hacılar (Burdur), Kuruçay (Burdur) and Aşıklıhöyük (Aksaray) (Anonim, 2019b). Long-tailed domesticated sheep breeds are thought to occur in this region. The Central Asian region are known to be domestication area of the sheep with fat tails and European muflon and short-tailed breeds are known to be domesticated. Domestic sheep as seen in Figures 5, 6, 7 and 8 derived from muflon (Ovis musimon or Ovis

orientalis), Arkal (Ovis vignei) and Argali (Ovis ammon) wild sheep (Kaymakçı, 2006). There are two

important varieties of muflon sheep; Asian (Ovis orientalis) and European (Ovis musimon). These two types sheep which are considered as the ancestor of domesticated sheep resemble each other and are considered to be kin. Wild sheep called the Asian muflon is still present in Asia Minor and the Caucasus, while the European muflon has existed in many parts of Europe in the past, but it exists in Sardinia and the Costa Rica Islands in today (Kaymakçı, 2006). The short-tailed Marş and the sheep of Scotland are considered to be from Muflon. Muflon is the smallest form of wild sheep. Their colors range from red to brown. In rams, the color is slightly lighter than in females. Their hairs are short and coarse, but thin hairs under coarse hairs are seen (Kaymakçı, 2006).

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Figure 5. Asian (ovis orientalis) Muflonu Figure 6. European (ovis musimon) Muflon The Arkal sheep is a yellowish steppe animal that exists in the Kyrgyz and Turkmen steppes of Asia up to day, in the upper Yurt plateau between the Aral and the Caspian Sea (Kaymakçı, 2006). It has a slightly larger structure than muflon, its head structure and forehead area being wide, but it is narrowed forward. The horns are developed and thick and have a full spiral shape. Many of the sheep breeds that exist in today have their origin from Arkal. Merino, Kıvırcık and many greasy-tailed breeds are considered to come from Arkal. Nowadays, sheeps such as Hisar, Kazakh and Kalmuk are considered to have their origin from Argali.

Figure 7. Arkal Sheep (Ovis vignei) Figure 8. Argali Sheep (Ovis ammon)

As seen in pictures 9, 10 and 11 domestic goat breeds derived from Capra prisca (sword horned) in the eastern region of Central Europe, Capra falconeri (auger horned) in Afghanistan and Capra aegagrus (crescent horned) wild goat breeds living in the mountainous regions of Anatolia and Iran (Özcan, 1989).

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Figure 9. Capra Prisca Figure 10. Capra Falconeri Figure 11. Capra Aegagrus Domestication of Goat and Sheep Species

When human beings moved into the sedentary life, there is no clear information about the order of domestication in terms of animals and plants. In some sources animals first, in others plants first, in some sources are stated that domesticated together. Domestication in animals is thought to have started first with the domestication of dogs and then goats and sheep (Baskıcı, 1998). The time of domestication of the goat and sheep species is close to each other, but the goat species is thought to have been domesticated earlier. According to many archaeological studies the goat is the first domesticated herbivore (Joshi, 2004). This case shows that goat and sheep breeding is the first animal production activites of human. There are various views on the history of domestication of goats and sheep. Baskıcı (1998) reported that goat and sheep species were domesticated in 6000 BC. According to Yalcın and Kaya (2009), goat and sheep species were domesticated between 5000-9000 BC. Güney (2010) stated that goat species were domesticated in 8000 BC. Goat species for Ozcan (1989) were domesticated between 7000-9000 BC and Kaymakçi (2006) reported that sheep species were domesticated in 8000 BC. Although there is no clear information on the domestication history of goat and sheep, the dates given by the researchers indicated the Neolithic period. Domestication of sheep and goats is thought to have started due to the fact that underhand breeding is easier than hunting. In addition, domestication of animals allowed people to use the time spent on hunting to new pursuits and discoveries that would make their lives easier and improve their welfare. However, after domestication of wild animals by human and the transition to sedentary life, meeting the nutritional needs of the growing population was not possible due to the low yields of wild animals. Therefore, it has become a necessity to perform of various advanced studies to increase the yield of these animals. With the Neolithic period, the female/male animals kept in the enclosed areas at the beginning of the domestication processes were allowed to breed by mating, and then this breeding shape was changed. During this period, studies were initiated to completely isolate the wild forms of sheep and goats. In the following years, domesticated sheep and goats were completely isolated from wild and primitive forms. Although the wild goats and sheep gave enough milk to feed only their offspring, the milk yields of domestic goats and sheep were increased to be used for human feeding. Despite the body of wild sheep is covered with short and hard hairs, the wool of Merino which is one of domesticated sheep breeds, is very thin and soft. In addition, they give 5-6 kg wool. Even though wild goats and sheep are generally small and mobile, domestic goat and sheep are larger and less moving animals. In summary, there are significant differences between wild sheep and domestic sheep breeds in terms of external traits and yield characteristics (Kaymakçı, 2006). Priority was given to milk, wool and meat yields with the breeding studies and as a result of this, various sheep and goat breeds existed today.

CONCLUSION

Humans beings have the greatest positive or negative impacts on the order of the existing living and lifeless ecosystem on Earth. From the past to the present, human beings have constantly struggled for a

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life. One of the most important developments affecting this change was that people moved into the sedentary life by domesticating and breeding of animals instead of hunting. Domestication of wild animals enabled societies to manage their food resources without being affected by the environment. Thus, human beings were able to develop new technologies and civilizations. In the domesticated animals, humans primarily attentioned to meat flavor and fur thickness. They also preferred animals that would be able to stay in groups and be kept under control. In the light of this information, most of the first domesticated species by human being consisted of ungulate living in herd form. Research showed that the migration of these animals with humans for thousands years was of great importance for the development of humanity. The first domesticated goat and sheep among these animals have been used by human communities since ancient times for economic, agricultural, cultural and even religious purposes.

REFERENCES

Anonim, 2019a. https://derstarih.com/tarih-oncesi-caglar/, (Erişim tarihi= 05.10.2019, Saat=22:50).

Anonim, 2019b.

https://acikders.ankara.edu.tr/pluginfile.php/6905/mod

, (Erişim tarihi= 05.10.2019, Saat= 22:35).

Baskıcı, M., 1998. Evcilleştirme Tarihine Kısa Bir Bakış. Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 53(1):378 -2921.

Güney, O., 2010. Keçi Yetiştiriciliğinin Bilimsel ve Teknik Esasları. Çukurova Üniversitesi Basımevi Müdürlüğü, Balcalı/Adana, 197s.

Joshi, M.B., Rout, K.P., Mandal, A.K., Tyler, S.C., Singh, L., Thangaraj, K., 2004. Phylogeography and Origin of Indian Domestic Goats, Moleculer Biology and Evolution Journal. 2:454-462.

Kaymakçı, M., 2006. İleri Koyun Yetiştiriciliği. Meta Basım Matbaacılık, Bornova/İzmir, 336s. Özcan, L., 1989. Küçükbaş Hayvan Yetiştirme I (Keçi Üretimi). Çukurova Üniversitesi Basımevi Müdürlüğü, Balcalı/Adana, 317s.

Yalçın, H., Kaya,M.A., 2009. Anadolu Yaban Koyunu ve Akkaraman Koyununun Kafa Kemikleri Üzerinde Karşılaştırmalı Geometrik Morfometri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Vet. Bil. Dergisi, 4(2):105-116.

Şekil

Figure 1. Caves and Rock-Bottom Shelters
Figure 2. Hunting Together  Figure 3. Transition to The Sedentary Order  After  all  these  developments,  the  Homo  saphiens  made  the  transition  to  sedentary  order  based  on  agriculture and animal breeding instead of hunter-gatherer life as nomad
Figure 4. Fertile Crescent Region
Figure 5. Asian (ovis orientalis) Muflonu  Figure 6. European (ovis musimon) Muflon  The Arkal sheep is a yellowish steppe animal that exists in the Kyrgyz and Turkmen steppes of Asia up  to day, in the upper Yurt plateau between the Aral and the Caspian S
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