3URGXFWLRQDQG7HVWLQJRI7/'RVLPHWHUVDVDQ
,RQL]LQJ5DGLDWLRQ6HQVRU
0HKPHW<NVHO
7DPHU'RJDQ
0XVWDID7RSDNVX
*Çukurova University, Arts-Sciences Faculty, Physics Department, Adana, Turkey
myuksel@cu.edu.tr, mats@cu.edu.tr dXNXURYD8QLYHUVLW\9RFDWLRQDO6FKRRORI,PDPRJOX'HSDUWPHQWRI&RPSXWHU7HFKQRORJLHV$GDQD7XUNH\ tdogan@cu.edu.tr
Abstract²,QWKLVVWXG\WKHSUHFLSLWDWLRQ PHWKRGKDV EHHQXVHG IRUSUHSDUDWLRQRI&D62SKRVSKRU7KHUDZPDWHULDOVZHUHXVHG IRUSUHSDUDWLRQRIWKLVSKRVSKRUZHUH&D&O1D62DQGGLVWLOOHGGHLRQL]HG ZDWHU 7KH VWUXFWXUDO FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ RI WKH VDPSOHV ZDVREWDLQHGXVLQJ;UD\GLIIUDFWLRQ;5'PHWKRGDQGVFDQQLQJ HOHFWURQPLFURVFRS\6(0LPDJHV&D62SHOOHWVZHUHPDGHE\
FROG SUHVVLQJ XVLQJ REWDLQHG SRZGHU VDPSOHV DQG 7/ PHDVXUHPHQWVZHUHFDUULHGRXWZLWKDQDXWRPDWHG5LV¡7/26/ '$ UHDGHU 7/ HPLVVLRQ ZDV GHWHFWHG WKURXJK D ILOWHU SDFN +R\D 8 WUDQVPLWWLQJ EHWZHHQ DQG QP 7KH DFWLYDWLRQHQHUJ\(RUGHURINLQHWLFVEDQGIUHTXHQF\IDFWRU VRIWKHVDPSOHVZHUHGHWHUPLQHGXVLQJWKHYDULRXVKHDWLQJUDWH 9+5DQGSHDNVKDSH36PHWKRGVDIWHUEHLQJH[SRVHGLQ*\ EHWDGRVHIRUR&7/SHDN
Keywords² 7KHUPROXPLQHVFHQFH SURGXFWLRQ RI GRVLPHWHU
UDGLDWLRQVHQVRUDFWLYDWLRQHQHUJ\9+536 , ,1752'8&7,21 7KHUPROXPLQHVFHQFH7/LVWKHHPLVVLRQRIOLJKWIURPDQ LQVXODWRURUDVHPLFRQGXFWRUIROORZLQJWKHSUHYLRXVDEVRUSWLRQ 7KHSKHQRPHQRQRI7/PD\KDYHEHHQNQRZQDVHDUO\DV DVHPSLULFDOO\GHILQHGZKHQ6LU5REHUW%R\OHUHSRUWHGWRWKH 5R\DO 6RFLHW\ DERXW ³H[SHULPHQWV DQG FRQVLGHUDWLRQV XSRQ FRORXUVZLWKREVHUYDWLRQVRQGLDPRQGWKDWVKLQHVLQWKHGDUN´ DQG GHVFULEHG KRZ XSRQ ZDUPLQJ RI D GLDPRQG LQ FRQWDFWZLWKKLVERG\KHVDZDOXPLQHVFHQFHLQWKHGDUN>@ 0DQ\QDWXUDODQGV\QWKHWLFPLQHUDOVH[KLELW7/SURSHUWLHVDQG LWLVLPSRUWDQWIRUGRVLPHWU\VWXGLHV>@
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
(DUOLHU FRQWULEXWLRQV RQ WKH VWXGLHV RI GHIHFW VWUXFWXUHV LQ ERWK V\QWKHWLF DQG QDWXUDO &D62 LQFOXGH D V\VWHPDWLF VWXG\
GXHWRWKHLUUDGLDWLRQRIGLIIHUHQWUDUHHDUWKLRQVGRSHG&D62
>@)LUVWO\1DPELVWXGLHGDQH[SHULPHQWDOSURFHGXUH
WRGHWHUPLQHDEVROXWH7/HPLVVLRQVSHFWUDDQGSUHVHQWVUHVXOWV IRUWKHFDVHVRI&D62'\SKRVSKRUVZKLFKDUHZLGHO\XVHGLQ
UDGLDWLRQGRVLPHWU\'\VSURVLXPGRSHG&D62NQRZQDV7/'
LV H[FHOOHQW 7/ SKRVSKRU IRU GRVLPHWU\ RI LRQL]LQJ UDGLDWLRQVGXHWRLWVKLJKVHQVLWLYLW\
7KH GRVLPHWULF FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI 7/ PDWHULDOV PDLQO\ GHSHQGRQWKHNLQHWLFSDUDPHWHUVTXDQWLWDWLYHO\GHVFULELQJWKH WUDSSLQJ±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
&D62ZHUH&D&O$OGULFK1D626LJPD
DQG GLVWLOOHG GHLRQL]HG ZDWHU &D62ZDV SUHSDUHG LQ WKUHH
VWDJHVDVIROORZV
DJRI&D&ODQGJRI1D62ZDVGLVVROYHGLQ
POGLVWLOOHGGHLRQL]HGZDWHUDQGVWLUUHGIRUPLQXWHV E7KHVROXWLRQZDVKHDWHGXSWRR&XVLQJKRWSODWHDQG
VWLUUHGIRUPLQXWHVIRUIROORZLQJFKHPLFDOUHDFWLRQ
1D62&D&Oĺ&D621D&O
F7KHVROXWLRQZDVILOWHUHG)LJ7KHILOWHUHGPDWHULDO ZDV GLVVROYHG LQ ZDWHU DQG KHDWHG XS WR R& DQG ILOWHUHG
DJDLQ 7KHVH SURFHVVHV ZHUH UHSHDWHG ILYH WLPHV LQ RUGHU WR UHPRYHVRGLXPFKORULGH1D&OZLWKZDWHU 7KHREWDLQHGSRZGHUZDVSHOOHWL]HGXQGHUWKHFROGSUHVVXUH RINJDQGWKHQWKHSHOOHWVZHUHVLQWHUHGLQIXUQDFHDWR& IRUKRXUV)LJ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
)LJ&D62VDPSOHSUHSDUDWLRQXVLQJSUHFLSLWDWLRQPHWKRG
7KH FU\VWDOOLQH VWUXFWXUHV RI WKH VDPSOHV ZHUH FRQILUPHG WKURXJK ;UD\ GLIIUDFWLRQ VWXGLHV XVLQJ 5LJDNX 0LQLIOH[ ,, GLIIUDFWRPHWHU DW N9 VFDQQLQJ UDWH PLQ P$ ZLWK Ȝ c&X.ĮUDGLDWLRQ )LJ3HOOHWL]LQJDQGVLQWHULQJRI&D62VDPSOHV
7KH PRUSKRORJLFDO IRUP RI VDPSOHV ZDV VWXGLHG XVLQJ VFDQQLQJHOHFWURQPLFURVFRS\6(0ZLWK=HLVV6XSUD
$OO7/ PHDVXUHPHQWVZHUHFDUULHGRXWXVLQJDQDXWRPDWLF 5LV¡7/26/'$UHDGHUV\VWHP)LJZLWKDQ(0, 4$ SKRWRPXOWLSOLHU WXEH 307 DQG DWWDFKHG WR ILOWHU SDFN FRQVLVWLQJRID+R\D8±QPILOWHUZKLFKKDVDQ PLQLPXP SHDN WUDQVPLWWDQFH %HWD ȕLUUDGLDWLRQ ZDV SHUIRUPHG XVLQJ D *%T P&L6U< EHWD VRXUFH
GRVHUDWH*\PLQZLWKDPD[LPXPHQHUJ\RI0H9 >@,QRUGHUWRGHWHUPLQH7/NLQHWLFSDUDPHWHUVRIR&
SHDNWKUHH &D62SHOOHWVZHUHLUUDGLDWHGZLWKa*\ȕGRVH
DQGWKHQ7/JORZFXUYHVZHUHUHFRUGHGIURPURRPWHPSHUDWXUH WRR&XVLQJGLIIHUHQWOLQHDUKHDWLQJUDWHVIURPWRR&VDQG WKHQREWDLQHG7/JORZFXUYHVZHUHXVHGIRUFDOFXODWLRQV )LJ5LV¡7/26/'$UHDGHUV\VWHP ,,,5(68/76$1'',6&866,21 7KHSUHSDUHG&D62SRZGHUVZHUHFRQILUPHGWKURXJK;UD\ GLIIUDFWLRQ ;5' VWXGLHV XVLQJ 5LJDNX 0LQLIOH[ ,, GLIIUDFWRPHWHU;UD\VRXUFHRSHUDWLRQDWN9DQGP$IRU VDPSOHV7KH;5'VSHFWUDRIVDPSOHVDUHVKRZQLQ)LJ [ [ [ [ [ &D62,&6' &D620HDVXUHG;5'6SHFWUXP ,QWHQVLW\DX 7KHWDR )LJ;5'SDWWHUQRI&D62VDPSOH
;5'SDWWHUQVRI&D62VDPSOHVVKRZDORWRISHDNV ZHUH
REVHUYHG LQ YDULRXV GHJUHHV $Q XQNQRZQ FU\VWDOOLQH FRPSRQHQWZDVQRWGHWHFWHGLQWKHVDPSOHVDQGPHDVXUHG;5' VSHFWUXPLVFRPSDWLEOHZLWK,&6'&D62FDUG
7KH SDUWLFOH VL]H FDQ VLJQLILFDQWO\ DIIHFW OXPLQHVFHQFH LQWHQVLW\ RI SKRVSKRUV 7KH VDPSOH ZLWK ODUJHU SDUWLFOH VL]H SUHVHQWV KLJKHU OXPLQHVFHQFH LQWHQVLW\ >@ 7KH VWUXFWXUDO IRUP RI WKH SUHSDUHG &D62VDPSOHV ZHUH VWXGLHG XVLQJ D
VFDQQLQJHOHFWURQPLFURVFRS\6(0ZLWK=HLVV6XSUD7KH 6(0LPDJHV
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
)LJ 7/ JORZ FXUYHV RI EHWD LUUDGLDWHG &D62SHOOHWV DW
YDULRXVKHDWLQJUDWHVEHWDGRVH±*\
8VLQJ+RRJHQVWUDDWHQ>@HTXDWLRQDQGYDULRXVKHDWLQJUDWH YDOXHV DFWLYDWLRQ HQHUJ\ RU WUDS GHSWK ( FDQ EH HYDOXDWH JUDSKLFDOO\EDVHGRQWKHSRVLWLRQRI70ZLWKKHDWLQJUDWHȕ$
OLQHDU UHODWLRQ LV REWDLQHG EHWZHHQ ln( ܶெଶ/ȕ) DQG 1/kTM DV IROORZV ݈݊ ቆܶெ ଶ ߚቇ ൌ ൬ ܧ ݇൰ ൬ ͳ ܶெ ൰ ݈݊ ൬ܧ ݏ݇൰
7KHSORWRIln(ܶெଶ/ȕ)YHUVXV1/TMVKRXOGJLYHDVWUDLJKWOLQH ZLWKVORSH(DQGLQWHUFHSWln(E/sk)([WUDSRODWLRQWR1/TM = 0 JLYHV ln(E/sk) IURP ZKLFK IUHTXHQF\ IDFWRU s FDQ EH FDOFXODWHGXVLQJWKHYDOXHRI(REWDLQHGIURPWKHVORSH
,QSUHVHQWVWXG\DFWLYDWLRQHQHUJ\(DQGIUHTXHQF\IDFWRU VRISHDNDWR&ZHUHFDOFXODWHGXVLQJYDULRXVKHDWLQJUDWH
YDOXHV%\JUDSKLFDOPHWKRG(DQGVYDOXHVDUHFDOFXODWHGIURP WKHOLQHDUSORWRIOQܶெଶȕYHUVXVT0)LJ)URPWKHVORSH
RIWKHOLQHDUJUDSKRQHFDQREWDLQWKHDFWLYDWLRQHQHUJ\
>@ /Q7 E0 DX 70. \ [ 5 IRU9DULRXV+HDWLQJ5DWH9+5PHWKRG)LJ7KHOLQHDUUHODWLRQRIOQܶெଶȕYHUVXVT0IRUR&7/
SHDN
$FWLYDWLRQ HQHUJ\ DQG IUHTXHQF\ IDFWRU RI R& SHDN
HVWLPDWHGIURP)LJDUHIRXQGWREHDWH9DQG îVíUHVSHFWLYHO\7DEOH
2QH ZD\ RI GHWHUPLQLQJ 7/ NLQHWLF SDUDPHWHUV LV E\ FRQVLGHULQJ LWV JHRPHWULFDO SURSHUWLHV ZLWK SHDN VKDSH 36 PHWKRG>@7KHVHPHWKRGVDUHEDVHGRQPHDVXUHPHQWVRID IHZSRLQWVRQWKHJORZSHDNVKRZQLQ)LJ
7KHSHDNPD[LPXPWHPSHUDWXUHTMDQGWKHWHPSHUDWXUHVDW KDOI PD[LPXP 7/ LQWHQVLW\ T DQG T DW WKH ORZ DQG KLJK
WHPSHUDWXUH VLGH RI WKH JORZSHDN UHVSHFWLYHO\ 7KHVH TXDQWLWLHV DUH XVHG WR GHILQH IXUWKHU WKH ZLGWKV Ȧ TíT
į TíTPDQGIJ TPíTDVZHOODVWKHV\PPHWU\IDFWRURI WKHJORZSHDNȝJ įȦ>@ 7KHNLQHWLFSDUDPHWHUVZHUHFDOFXODWHGE\XVLQJIROORZLQJ H[SUHVVLRQV ܧ ൌ ͳǤͷͳ ൈ ܶெൈ ܶଵ ܶெെ ܶଵ ൨ ݏ ൌ ߚܧ ݇ܶெଶൈ ൬ ܧ ݇ ൈ ܶெ ൰ [ [ [ [ [ Z G 7/,QWHQVLW\DX 7HPSHUDWXUHR& W IRU3HDN6KDSH36PHWKRG )LJ*HRPHWULFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIR&7/SHDN BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
(DQGVRIR&7/SHDNDUHIRXQGWREHDWH9 DQGîVíUHVSHFWLYHO\IRUE 7DEOH 7$%/(, .LQHWLFSDUDPHWHUVRI&D62SKRVSKRU
0HWKRGV (QHUJ\(H9$FWLYDWLRQ )DFWRUVV)UHTXHQF\
2UGHU RI .LQHWLFV E 9DULRXV +HDWLQJ5DWH 9+5 [ 3HDN6KDSH 36 [ ,9&21&/86,216 ,Q WKLV VWXG\ &D62 SKRVSKRU ZDV V\QWKHVL]HG XVLQJ SUHFLSLWDWLRQPHWKRGDQGWKH&D62SRZGHUVZHUHSHOOHWL]HG
7KH SDUWLFOH PRUSKRORJ\ DQG FU\VWDOOLQH VWUXFWXUHV RI WKH SRZGHU &D62VDPSOHV ZHUH GHWHUPLQHG XVLQJ ;5' PHWKRG
DQG6(0LPDJHVUHVSHFWLYHO\7/NLQHWLFSDUDPHWHUVRI&D62
SKRVSKRUVZHUHFDOFXODWHGE\XVLQJ9+5DQG36PHWKRGV7KH NLQHWLFSDUDPHWHUV(DQGVREWDLQHGZLWKWKHVH PHWKRGVIRU &D62SKRVSKRUV DUH FRQVLVWHQW ZLWK HDFK RWKHU EXW WKH E
YDOXHV GRHV QRW FRPSDUHG 7KH DFWLYDWLRQ HQHUJLHV ( RI &D62 SKRVSKRUV DFFRUGLQJ WR 9+5 DQG 36 PHWKRGV ZHUH
GHWHUPLQHG DV DQG H9 DQG WKH IUHTXHQF\IDFWRUVVZHUHGHWHUPLQHGDV[DQG[
VIRUWKHR&7/SHDNUHVSHFWLYHO\
$&.12:/('*(0(17
7KLV ZRUN ZDV VXSSRUWHG E\ 5HVHDUFK )XQG RI dXNXURYD 8QLYHUVLW\ 3URMHFW 1XPEHU )(' $OO DXWKRUV ZRXOGOLNHWRWKDQN5HVHDUFK)XQGRIdXNXURYD8QLYHUVLW\IRU ILQDQFLDOVXSSRUW
5()(5(1&(6
>@ )'DQLHOV&%R\G'6DXQGHUV³7KHUPROXPLQHVFHQFHDVDUHVHDUFK WRRO´6FLHQFH±
>@ )2 2JXQGDUH )$ %DORJXQ /$ +XVVDLQ ³(YDOXDWLRQ RI NLQHWLF SDUDPHWHUV RI WUDSV LQ WKHUPROXPLQHVFHQFH SKRVSKRUV´ 5DGLDWLRQ 0HDVXUHPHQWV±
>@ 0<NVHO07RSDNVX$1<D]ÕFÕ=<HJLQJLODQG7'R÷DQ³7KH (IIHFWV RI 3UH,UUDGLDWLRQ +HDW 7UHDWPHQW DQG +HDWLQJ 5DWH RQ WKH 7KHUPROXPLQHVFHQFH*ORZ3HDNVRI1DWXUDO&D)´5DGLDWLRQ(IIHFWV DQG 'HIHFWV LQ 6ROLGV ,QFRUSRUDWLQJ 3ODVPD 6FLHQFH DPS 3ODVPD 7HFKQRORJ\ >@ KWWSVHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL7KHUPROXPLQHVFHQWBGRVLPHWHU $FFHVVHG2FWREHU >@ 02EHUKRIHUDQG$6FKDUPDQQHGLWHG³$SSOLHG7KHUPROXPLQHVFHQW 'RVLPHWU\3XEOLVKHGIRUWKH&RPPLVVLRQRIWKH(XURSHDQ&RPPXQLWLHV /HFWXUHVRIDFRXUVHKHOGDWWKH-RLQW5HVHDUFK&HQWUH,VSUD,WDO\ 1RYHPEHU
>@ 7 5LYHUD ³6\QWKHVLV DQG 7KHUPROXPLQHVFHQW &KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ RI &HUDPLFV 0DWHULDOV´ $GYDQFHV LQ &HUDPLFV6\QWKHVLV DQG &KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ 3URFHVVLQJ DQG 6SHFLILF $SSOLFDWLRQV 3URI &RVWDV 6LNDOLGLV(G,6%1
>@ .691DPEL³(YDOXDWLRQRIWKHDEVROXWH7/HPLVVLRQVSHFWUXPDQG LQWULQVLF HIILFLHQF\ IRU &D62 '\ DQG &D) QDWXUDO SKRVSKRUV´ 1XFOHDU,QVWUXPHQWVDQG0HWKRGV
>@ 6 %DKO 6 3 /RFKDE 3 .XPDU ³&D62'\0Q $ QHZ DQGKLJKO\ VHQVLWLYH WKHUPROXPLQHVFHQFH SKRVSKRU IRU YHUVDWLOH GRVLPHWU\´ 5DGLDWLRQ3K\VLFVDQG&KHPLVWU\
>@ * & 7D\ORU DQG ( /LOOH\ ³5DSLG UHDGRXW UDWH RI VWXGLHV RI WKHUPROXPLQHVFHQFHLQ/L)7/'FU\VWDOV,,,´-RXUQDORI3K\VLFV '$SSOLHG3K\VLFV
>@ 0 <NVHO ³7KHUPROXPLQHVFHQFH 3URSHUWLHV RI $QK\GURXV 6RGLXP 6XOIDWH´)RXUWK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ5DGLDWLRQDQG$SSOLFDWLRQV LQ 9DULRXV )LHOGV RI 5HVHDUFK &RQIHUHQFH 5$' %RRN RI $EVWUDFWV1Lú6ÕUELVWDQ9ROXPH0D\
>@ )22JXQGDUH)$%DORJXQ/$+XVVDLQ³+HDWLQJUDWHHIIHFWVRQWKH WKHUPROXPLQHVFHQFHRIIOXRULWH´5DGLDWLRQ0HDVXUHPHQWV±
>@ * .LWLV DQG 9 3DJRQLV ³3HDN VKDSH PHWKRGV IRU JHQHUDO RUGHU WKHUPROXPLQHVFHQFH JORZSHDNV $ UHDSSUDLVDO´ 1XFOHDU ,QVWUXPHQWV DQG0HWKRGVLQ3K\VLFV5HVHDUFK%±
>@ 0 <NVHO =* 3RUWDNDO 7 'RJDQ 0 7RSDNVX ( 8QVDO ³7KHUPROXPLQHVFHQFH*ORZ&XUYH3URSHUWLHVRI7/''RVLPHWHU´ 7KLUG ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ 5DGLDWLRQ DQG $SSOLFDWLRQV LQ 9DULRXV )LHOGV RI 5HVHDUFK &RQIHUHQFH 3URFHHGLQJV RI 5$' &RQIHUHQFH9ROXPH
>@ 0<NVHO7'RJDQ(8QVDO=*3RUWDNDO6$NFD=<HJLQJLO0 7RSDNVX ³7KHUPROXPLQHVFHQFH SURSHUWLHV RI DQQHDOHG QDWXUDO TXDUW] DIWHUEHWDLUUDGLDWLRQ´/XPLQHVFHQFH'2,ELR$UWLFOHLQ SUHVV
>@ = 0X ( 6RQJ ' =KX - )HQJ < <DQJ ³5HG SKRVSKRU /L0J:2(X ZLWK ,\RQVLWH VWUXFWXUH IRU QHDU XOWUDYLROHW OLJKW HPLWWLQJGLRGHV´'LVSOD\V
>@ 7'RJDQ+7RNWDPÕú0<NVHO07RSDNVX$1HFPHGGLQ<D]LFL ³7KHUPROXPLQHVFHQFH JORZ FXUYH DQDO\VLV RI QDWXUDO RQ\[ IURP 7XUNH\´$SSOLHG5DGLDWLRQDQG,VRWRSHV
>@ :+RRJHQVWUDDWHQ³(OHFWURQWUDSVLQ]LQFVXOSKLGHSKRVSKRUV´3KLOLSV 5HV5HSYROSS
>@ 07 -RVH 65 $QLVKLD 2 $QQDODNVKPL 9 5DPDVDP\ ³'HWHUPLQDWLRQ RI WKHUPROXPLQHVFHQFH NLQHWLF SDUDPHWHUV RI WKXOLXP GRSHGOLWKLXPFDOFLXPERUDWH´5DGLDWLRQ0HDVXUHPHQWV
>@ 5 &KHQ ³2Q WKH FDOFXODWLRQ RI DFWLYDWLRQ HQHUJLHV DQG IUHTXHQF\ IDFWRUVIURPJORZFXUYHV´-RXUQDORI$SSOLHG3K\VLFV >@ 93DJRQLV*.LWLV&)XUHWWD³1XPHULFDODQG3UDFWLFDO([HUFLVHVLQ 7KHUPROXPLQHVFHQFH´6SULQJHU86$ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB View publication stats