The investigation of the use of plant-based wild mustard and boron doped oil as engine lubrication oil in diesel engines

The investigation of the use of plant-based wild mustard and boron

doped oil as engine lubrication oil in diesel engines

H. €

Ogüt

, H. Oguz

, F. Ayd

ın

, M. Ciniviz

, H. Deveci

b_{Kyrgyze Turkish Manas University, Kyrgyzstan}

c_{Necmettin Erbakan University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Konya, Turkey} d_{Necmettin Erbakan University, Eregli Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Konya, Turkey} e_{Selçuk University, Faculty of Technology, Konya, Turkey}

f_{Selçuk University, Faculty of Engineering, Konya, Turkey}

a r t i c l e i n f o

Article history:

Received 13 February 2018 Received in revised form 21 October 2018

Accepted 30 December 2018 Available online 4 January 2019 Keywords:

Boron Wild mustard Diesel engine Engine lubrication oil Element analysis

a b s t r a c t

In internal combustion engines, mineral engine oils which serve as lubricants between parts are not used alone due to technical reasons and various additives are made use of for better lubrication. In these additives, liquid boron serves to reduce friction. To reduce the environmental damage caused by engine lubrication oils, it is necessary to improve the properties of biological oils so that they can be used and compete with mineral oils technically. In the study, the use of liquid boron as an engine lubrication oil additive, together with wild mustard oil methyl ester, was investigated. Two diesel engines with the same characteristics were used. In thefirst engine, experiments were carried out using mineral lubri-cation oil, then the experiments were repeated using mineral oil with additives, and the results were compared for both situations. The study was conducted mainly in the fields of element analysis of endoscopic examination and lubricating oil (Al, Fe, Cu, Pb, Cr).

As a result, it was found out that the engine in which mineral lubricating oil with boron and wild mustard oil methyl ester additive was used did not pose any risks in terms of wear and engine oil life, compared to the engine without additive lubricating oil.

© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

Lubricating properties of mineral engine oils used in internal combustion engines are improved by the additives. These additives are grouped as viscosity index improvers, pour point depressors, oxidation inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors, dispersants and de-tergents, antiwear agents, antifriction agents, antifoam agents, anticorrosive agents and overpressure additives [1].

These additives are required not to react with engine oil, to leave no residues in the parts, not to obstruct the oil_{filter, to withstand} the high temperature, not to cause corrosion and to emit no emission to harm the environment in the exhaust gas.

Boron is used as oil additive with its properties such as non-sticking property, high thermal conductivity, excellent thermal shock resistance, easy processing and lubrication [2].

Boron is an element commonly found in soil, rocks and water. The average boron content of soil is 10e20 ppm and it is found in higher concentrations in the western regions of the USA and in the region extending from the Mediterranean to Kazakhstan. The amount in sea water is in the range of 0,5e9,6 ppm and in fresh water it is in the range of 0,01-1,5 ppm. A high concentration and economic boron deposits, as boron-oxygen compound, generally exist in dry, volcanic areas with high hydrothermal activity in Turkey and in the USA. The formation of boron reserves in the world is mainly in three zones. The biggest boron reserves are in Emet, Kırka and Bigadiç areas in Turkey and in California in the USA. Boron is of strategic and economic importance for the world [3].

Wild mustard is seen in the areas of cereals, industrial plants, spice plants, ornamental plants, leguminous plants and fruit gar-dens in the world. Despite cultural and chemical challenges in cultivated lands, wild mustard is the most common weed. Wild mustard causes many agricultural damages and, the fact that it is in the topfive in the world ranking gives information about its po-tential [4].

* Corresponding author.

E-mail address:fatihaydin@erbakan.edu.tr(F. Aydın).

Contents lists available atScienceDirect

Renewable Energy

j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / r e n e n e

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.12.117

The oil content of wild mustard seeds ranges between 30 and 35% [5].

In this study, it was aimed to give economic value of wild mustard, which has an important potential as weed seed, to expand the use of boron with strategic design for the world, and to deter-mine the usage conditions of engine oil which has better charac-teristics than traditional engine oils in terms of element analysis. Elemental analysis and endoscopic examination were performed in order to make a comparison in terms of wear.

2. Material and methods

2.1. Production of biodiesel from wild mustard oil

The physical properties of wild mustard seeds, and also chem-ical properties of wild mustard oil used in the tests were deter-mined. In this context, the physical properties of the seeds were given inTable 1, and fatty acid components were given inTable 2. Fatty acid components of the mustard generally consist of pal-mitic, stearic and arachidic saturated fatty acids; oleic, eicosenoic, erucic and nervonic monounsaturated fatty acids; linoleic and linolenic polyunsaturated fatty acids. Composition of fatty acids shows characteristic differences according to plant species [7].

Knowing the fats and the composition of fatty acids ensures the production of oils according to their intended use [8].

It is understood that the amount of unsaturated fatty acid of wild mustard oil has a good value as 89.96, so transesterification reaction can be easily performed. The oil used in the experiments was obtained by squeezing wild mustard seeds in screw press. It was converted into biodiesel by means of transesterification method so as to dilute wild mustard oil. In the production; methyl alcohol, transesterification method and NaOH as catalyst were used. Seed squeeze and biodiesel production were carried out at the Biofuels Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture at Selcuk University. In the following parts of the study, wild mustard oil is

used instead of wild mustard biodiesel. 2.2. Boron doped vegetable engine lubrication oil

To take as a reference in the experiments, 4 different lubricating oils were used consisting of boron-free mineral oil and other three mixtures; 1st mixture: 2,5% Wild Mustard oil þ95% mineral oil þ2,5% boron addition; 2nd mixture: 5,0% Wild Mustard oilþ92,5% mineral oil þ2,5% boron addition; 3rd mixture: 10% Wild Mustard oilþ87,5% mineral oil þ2,5% boron addition. In addition, the diesel fuel required for experiments was obtained from the market and the conformity to TS EN 590 was verified in the bio fuel laboratory.

2.3. Engine experiments

Engine experiments were performed according to TS 1231 (Test Code for Internal Combustion Engines). The engine tests were operated at¾ partial load. The engine test system used in the study is given inFig. 1.

Technical specifications of the Tümosan brand diesel engine used in the tests were given inTable 3.

The hydraulic dynamometer specifications used in the perfor-mance tests were given inTable 4.

2.4. Endoscopic examination

Endoscopic examination on the engines is one of the methods commonly used in current researches in recent years [11]. Mtui and Hill [12] used endoscopy for investigating ignition delay and combustion duration in a natural gas fueled diesel engine.

Recently endoscopy was used for various advanced engine Abbreviation Al Aluminum Cu Copper Cr Chromium EN European Standards Fe Iron

HFRR High Frequency Reciprocating Rig ICP Inductively Coupled Plasma MO Mineral oil

NaOH Sodium hydroxide

Pb Lead

Ppm parts-per million TS Turkish standard

USA The United States of America WMO Wild mustard oil

Table 1

Physical properties of wild mustard seed [6].

Features Unit Value

Thousand Seed Weight (g) 1,5651 Seed Diameter (mm) 1476

Moisture (%) 7030

Porosity (%) 40,68

Volume Weight (kg/m3_{) 664,8}

Table 2

Fatty acid composition of wild mustard oil [6].

Fatty acids Value (%) Palmitic Acid (16:0) 2,96 Stearic Acid (18:0) 1,62 Arachidic Acid (20:0) 0,93 Oleic Acid (18:1) 23,22 Eicosenoic Acid (20:1) 12,47 Erucic Acid (22:1) 21,36 Nervonic Acid (24:1) 1,29 Linoleic Acid (18:2) 19,98 Linolenic Acid (18:3) 11,65

1.Panel 2.Hydraulic dynamometer 3.S type load cell 4.Magnetic pick-up 5. Platform 6. The test engine

applications such as piston temperature evaluation, spray di-agnostics, charge flow pattern, flame propagation and mixture formation in spark ignition engines [13,14].

In this study, the technical characteristics of the endoscopic device used to detect the deformation and wear of the engine el-ements without removing the cylinder cover are given inTable 5.

Irimo ZHVIDEO brand endoscopy device was used for endo-scopic examination. As in thefirst engine, endoscopic examinations were made and photographed with special camera in the second engine in each of the cylinders. The device has an optical camera with a diameter of 5.5 mm. For endoscopic examination, the in-jectors were removed from their housings, from which the camera of the endoscopic device was inserted and examined with both 90 and 45angled tips.

3. Result and discussion

3.1. Lubrication oil element analysis results

Five oil samples were taken at equal time intervals so as to observe the changes that may occur in the engine lubrication oil during the test depending on the operating time, to monitor wear through wear product element quantities and for life test. An endoscopic examination was performed at each oil sampling time. The wear investigation was performed by determining metallic particles which are wear products in the lubricating oil by ICP technique [15].

In engine lubrication oil; the presence of aluminum indicates that the piston is worn out, the presence of the iron is due to piston

rings, camshaft and gear wear, the presence of copper indicates that bearings are worn out; or the fact that the oil cooler in the engine is copper or the presence of lead indicates the wear of the bearings, and the presence of chrome indicates that the rings are worn out [16].

The results of lubrication oil element analysis and endoscopic examination data will be examined together and information will be obtained about the working time-related wear status of the engine. Elemental analysis gives information about which part of the wear is involved and endoscopic examination gives information about the location and dimensions of the wear. Analyzes of Aluminum, Iron, Copper, Chromium and Lead were performed in the oil samples to be taken. The results of the analysis of the samples of the engine working hours are given in the figures (Figs. 2e6).

3.2. Endoscopic examination results

Endoscopic examination results of thefirst and second engine are shown inFigs. 7 and 8.

The purpose of the endoscopic examination is to examine the inside of the cylinder and the piston surface without removing the engine cylinder head.

When the images of thefirst and second engine obtained by endoscopy device are examined, the_{first engine is similar to the} second engine in which the additive oil is used, in both 45and 90 images for each cylinder. No scratches, cracks or oil residues were

Table 3

Technical specifications of the test engine [9].

Tümosan 4DT 39T 185 C Engine Units Value

Working principle e 4 stroke, direct injection, turbo intercooler Cylinder Bore mm 104 Stroke mm 115 Cylinder Number e 4 Cylinder Volume cc 3908 Compression Ratio e 17:1

Maximum Power HP 85 (2500 min1) Maximum Torque Nm 330 (1500 min1) Maximum Speed min1 2770

Cooling System e Water Cooling

Table 4

Technical specifications of the hydraulic dynamometer [10].

Type Units Value

Braking Torque Range Nm 400 Operating Speed min1 6000

Trunk Weight kgf 65

Total Weight kgf 130

Trunk Diameter mm 350

Torque Length mm 350

Table 5

Endoscopy device specifications [6].

Brand Irımo

Power DC 5 V

Screen 3,5 TFT LCD Monitor 320 240 Piksel Interface Mini USB 1,1/AV Out/AV In Battery Li-Polymer Battery (3,7 V) Video output format NTSC&PAL

Recording Media SD Card (2 Gb)

Fig. 2. The amount of aluminum in the engine lubricating oil [6].

found in the Left Side, Right Side and Top views of each cylinder of thefirst and second engines.

4. Conclusions

On the two diesel engines with the same characteristics in the analyzes and experiments, the liquid boron was used as an additive for engine lubrication oil together with wild mustard oil methyl

ester. Experiments were carried out using mineral oil for thefirst engine, then experiments were repeated using mineral oil with additive for the second engine.

Endoscopic examinations also show that oil with additive can compete with additive-free mineral oil. In the second engine in which the oil with additive was used, the engines were removed after the endoscopic examination; cylinder liner, piston, camshaft eccentric cam, intake valve, exhaust valve, crankshaft, main bearing, connecting rods, rod bearing and camshaft of each cylinder and visual examinations reveal that there are no problems such as scratches, wear and deformation as in thefirst engine.

In the images of the second engine it is seen that the surfaces are covered with better oil_{film. This is due to biodiesel which is} pro-duced from wild mustard oil and is added to mineral oil. As a matter of fact, in their studies in which the effect of biodiesel on fuel lubrication was determined according to HFRR, Reimers and Archer, (2004) [17] similarly support the results of the study that biodiesel improves the lubrication ability of the engine significantly.

It means that both liquid boron and wild mustard oil in the mixture meets the expectation in reaching this result.

Although the elements of lubricating oils, aluminum, iron, copper, lead and chromium are numerically different, there is no

Fig. 4. The amount of copper in the engine lubricating oil [6].

Fig. 5. The amount of lead in the engine lubricating oil [6].

Fig. 6. The amount of chromium in the engine lubricating oil [6].

problem in terms of wear of the additive engine lubrication oil as they are below the acceptable limit in all cases. Bas¸ and Karabacak, (2014) [18] the effect of boron compounds on lubrication oils were investigated. For this purpose, base oils containing two types of boron compounds were studied at different concentrations. Simi-larly, they have seen an improvement in engine oil.

As a result, it is seen that the engine in which the mineral lubrication oil with boron and wild mustard oil methyl ester is used

does not pose a risk of wear and engine oil life compared to the engine in which additive-free mineral oil is used, and no faults or negatives were encountered.

Acknowledgement

The authors acknowledge thefinancial support provided by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, Tubitak 1001, Contract no: 113O431.

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