Ecological Features o f the
Pinus pinea
Forests in the
North-West Region o f Turkey (Yalova)
O m er VAROL
1, A hm et Zafer TEL
2iU niversity o f M uğla, Science & A rt Faculty D epartm ent o f Biology 48000 Kötekli, M uğla-TU R K EY
2U niversity o f Adıyaman, Science & Art Faculty, D epartm ent o f Biology, 02040 Adıyam an- TU R K EY
‘ C orresponding author: ofVarol61@ hotmail.com Abstract
In this study, the phytosociological structure and ecological features of the Pinus pinea forests in the Fıstıklı village ofYalova province in the north-west region o f Turkey was investigated. From the phytogeographical point of view, it is situated in the Europe-Siberian floristic region. The vegetation of the study area was analyzed according to the Braun-Blanquet approach, and the plant associations were classified by considering the characteristic species. In this study, we will describe one plant association belonging to the forest vegetation types.
Association and its higher units are as follows: Class: Quercetea ilicis Br.-Bl. 1947
Order: Quercetalia ilicis Br.-Bl. 1947 Alliance: Quercion ilicis Br.-Bl.(1931) 1936
Association: Lavandulo cariensis-Pinetum pineae ass. nova
Keywords: Ecology, forest vegetation, phytosociology, Pinus pinea, Yalova.
Türkiye'nin Kuzeybatısındaki (Yalova) Pinus pinea Ormanlarının Ekolojik Özellikleri Ö zet
Bu çalışmada Türkiye'nin kuzeybatısındaki Yalova ilinin Fıstıklı köyünde bulunan Pinus pinea ormanlarının fitososyolojik yapısı ve ekolojik özellikleri araştırıldı. Fitocoğrafik görüş açısından alan Avrupa-Sibirya floristik bölgesinde bulunmaktadır. Çalışma alanının vejetasyonu Braun-Blanquet yaklaşımına göre analiz edildi ve bitki birlikleri karakter türlere göre sınıflandı. Sonuçta, çalışma alanından orman vejetasyon tipine ait bir bitki birliği tanımlandı.
Birlik ve bağlı olduğu üst kategoriler aşagıdaki gibidir: Class: Quercetea ilicis Br.-Bl. 1947
Order: Quercetalia ilicis Br.-Bl. 1947 Alliance: Quercion ilicis Br.-Bl. (1931) 1936
Association: Lavandulo cariensis-Pinetum pineae ass. nova
Anahtar Kelimeler: Ekoloji, fitososyoloji, orman vejetasyonu, Pinus pinea, Yalova.
Varol O, Tel AZ (2010) Ecological Features of the Pinus pinea Forests in the North-West Region of Turkey (Yalova). Ekoloji 19, 76, 95-101.
IN T R O D U C T IO N
V egetation studies in Turkey started in the 1970's by foreign scientist, and these studies w ere carried o n b y T urkish scientist starting fro m the 1980's. Som e o f these are the studies are; A km an (1973) and Q u e z e l (1973) A m an u s M o u n ta in s, Y urdakulol (1981) Pos Forests, Varol and Tatlı (2001) Ç im en M o u n tain , Tatlı et al. (2005) G ü m ü ş M o u n tain , Varol e t al. (2006) B aşkonuş M o u n ta in and, H am zaoğlu and A ksoy (2009) in C en tral Anatolia. B ut, the local vegetation studies p erfo rm ed so far are n o t sufficient for co n stru ctin g the vegetation m ap o f Turkey. T h e vegetation m ap o f Turkey can n o t be
established before the local vegetation studies are com pleted. Pinus pinea L. (stone pine) is a species th at is fo u n d aro u n d the M ed iterran ean Basin. T h e total area covered by the Stone P ine w oodlands is 380,000 he. (75% in Spain, 9% in Turkey, 9% in Portugal, 5% in Italy, and low er percentages in Greece, L ebanon and France). T h e Stone P in e seeds are used as n o u rish m e n t and have b o th an econom ic and ecologic im portance. Because o f that, th ey w ere m oved to differen t areas b y the people th ro u g h o u t history. H en ce, w h ere Stone P ine is natural or in tro d u ced has been the subject o f debate am o n g plant ecologist. F or exam ple, Francini (M irov 1967)
stated th at the Stone P ine co m m u n ities in Italy w ere planted by P opeclem ent IX in 1666, and originated fro m the Island o f C rete. Yet, F e in b ru n (M irov 1967) claim ed th a t the Stone P ine is n atural to Portugal, Spain, C orsica and Turkey, b u t it was in tro d u c e d to th e Islan d o f C re te . H o w ev er, according to paleobotanical records, cone and pine needle fossils o f P. pseudopinea Sap.,w hich is accepted as, the forefather o f P pinea, was fo u n d in the Pliocene beds, in S o u th ern France (M irov 1967). P
pinea does n o t have a w id esp read d is trib u tio n
b ecau se o f its selectiv ity o f a p a re n t rock. D istrib u tio n areas o f Stone P in e sh o w th at this plant species belongs to the M ed iterran ean R iver Basin. Stone P ine is n o t w idely spread in Turkey, b u t, it is fo u n d in Bergam a-K ozak, Aydın-K oçarlı, A ntalya- Side, aro u n d the M arm ara sea, the coast o f G em lik gulf, Ö n s e n an d H acıağalı villages in K ah ra m anm araş, A rtvin and Trabzon, and K aradeniz region as a M ed iterran ean enclave. T h e total area o f Stone P ine in Turkey is 30-35 th o u san d hectares (Fig. 1). M oreover, d ue to the econom ic advantage and u tility o f Stone P ine, its p lanting has hugely increased in Turkey. First, detailed in fo rm atio n related to floristic and phytosociological stru ctu re o f the P pinea forests in T urkey w ere provided by Varol and Tatlı (2002), Varol et al. (2003), and Varol (2003, 2004, 2006). In this study, w e aim ed to d eterm in e the vegetation stru ctu re and ecological features o f the P pinea forests in Yalova. T h e stu d y area is w ith in the b o u n d ary o f the city o f Yalova. It is in square A2 according to the Davis grid system (Davis 1965 1985, Davis et al. 1988).
M ATERIAL A N D M E T H O D S
T h e forests o f P pinea w ere surveyed from 2005 2006 in the province o f Yalova. T h e identification o f plants was d one w ith the help o f Davis (1965-1985), Davis et al. (1988) and G ü n e r et al. (2000). T h e vegetation analysis was p erfo rm ed according to B raun-B lanquet's Floristic U n it System M e th o d (B ra u n -B la n q u e t 1964). T h e co v e r-a b u n d an c e values w ere d eterm in ed according to B arkm an et al. (1964). T h e size o f the quadrats w ere estim ated by m eans o f a "m inim al area" th at was 400 m 2 in all quadrats. T h e ecological data was placed at the top o f each quadrat fo rm in g phytosociological tables. T h e u n it described was classified according to the system o f vegetation n o m en clatu re follow ed by W eber et al. (2000). T h e nam es o f the syntaxa and th e ir authors w ere checked and corrected (A km an et
al. 1978, Q u ezel e t al. 1978, 1992). In total, 15 sam ple plots w ere taken, and one p lan t association was distinguished by the analyses o f these plots. In o rd er to com pare associations, w e used Sorensen's (1948) In d ex o f Similarity. T h e calculation o f the constancy values follows D ierschke (1994). T h e abbreviations used in the list are as follows: C h: C h am aep h y tes, G: G eophytes, he: H ectare, H : H em icryptophytes, M p: M eso p h an ero p h tes, N p : N a n o p h a n e ro p h y te s , T h : T h e ro p h y te s, E n d : E n d em ic, ES: E u ro -S ib e ria n region, IT: Ira n o - T uranian region, M ed: M ed iterran ean region, and Cos: C osm opolitan.
B r ief D escrip tion o f th e Study Area
T h e study area is in the n o rth -w e st region o f Turkey. T h e stu d y area is w ith in the b o u n d ary o f Yalova province in the Fıstıklı Village o f A rm u tlu . T h e research area falls w ith in A2 o f the grid system adopted b y Davis (1965-1985). T h e area has a ro u g h topography and its altitude ranges fro m 40 to 360 m . T h e p aren t ro ck o f o u r stu d y ares is granite. T h e geological stru ctu re o f the research area was form ed in the E osen Period and is called Fıstıklı G ranite (Akgül and Yılm az 1991). In the floristic stru ctu re o f the research area, th ere are 147 taxon b elonging to 36 fam ilies. D istrib u tio n n u m b ers and rates o f the taxon in term s o f phytogeographic regions are as follow s: M e d ite rra n e a n ele m e n ts 36 (24.48% ), E u ro -S ib erian elem ents 16 (10.88%), and Iran o - T uranian 2 (1.36%). T h e n u m b ers o f en dem ic taxa are 7 and the rate o f en d em ism is 4.76%.
T h e m eteorological clim atic data was obtained fro m th e G en eral D ire c to ry o f M eteo ro lo g ical Affairs (A nonym ous 2005) (Table 1). T h e stu d y area has a M ed iterran ean clim ate, the m ain characteris tics o f w h ic h are: d ry sum m ers and w arm and rainy w inters. T h e seasonal precipitation regim e d u rin g the year is as w inter, au tu m n , sp rin g and su m m e r (A km an 1982). In the research area, the annual m ean tem p eratu re is 14.8°C. T h e m ax im u m m ean tem p eratu re (M ) is 27.6°C in Ju ly and A ugust. T h e m in im u m m e a n te m p e ra tu re (m ) is 3 .7 °C in February. T h e frost m o n th s are fro m D ecem b er to M arch. In the research area, th ere is a arid period fro m Ju n e to A ugust and there is a precipitation period fro m Septem ber to May. T h e clim atic data is given in Table 1.
F or he characterization o f the clim atic charac teristics o f the area, E m berger's "P luviotherm ique Q u o tien t" and W alter's "O m b ro th e rm iq u e D
iag-Fig 1. Map showing the provincial distribution o f the natural forests o f Pinus pinea in Turkey and the study area. Table 1. Climatic data of the study area (Yılova-Çınarcık).
Period (years)
W in ter S pring S u m m er A u tu m n W in ter M ean annual I II m IV V VI VII VIII DC X X I X II M ean tem p eratu re (°C) 24 7,1 6,6 8,1 12,5 16,7 21,3 23,6 23,6 20,5 16,3 12,0 9,0 14,8 M ean m axim um tem p eratu re (°C) 24 10,0 9,7 11,5 16,4 20,8 25,4 27,6 27,6 24,5 19,7 15,2 11,8 18.4 M ean m in im u m tem p eratu re (°C) 24 4,4 3,7 5,1 8,9 12,9 17,3 19,7 20,0 16,9 13,4 9,1 6,2 11,5 Low est tem p eratu re (day) (°C) 24 -5.2 -6.0 -3.9 0.8 3.7 9.8 12.4 14.3 9.7 4.4 0.2 -3.6 -M ean precipitation (m m ) 23 91,8 76,4 77,5 67,9 40,8 53,0 27,3 36,0 45,8 101,3 110,5 121,4 849,7
rams" (Walter 1956) w ere used (Fig. 2).
T h e soil sam ples w ere collected fro m the top 30 cm o f profile o f th e vegetation type, w h e re a sociological quadrats was taken. T h e results o f the soil analyses is presented in Table 2. T h ese soil sam ples w ere analyzed by the Soil and Fertilizer R esearch In stitu te w h ich belongs to T h e M in ister o f A griculture and Village Affairs, in M u ğ la Province.
RESULTS
V egetation o f th e Area
T h e studied area lies in n o rth -w e st Turkey. T h e presence o f hem icryptophyte plants w ere ab u n d an t in the stu d y area w hile the d o m in a n t species w ere P
pinea (stone pine), and shrubs such as; Arbutus unedo
L., Erica manipuliflora Salisb., Pistacia terebinthus L. subsp. palaestina (Boiss.) Engler, Quercus infectoria O liv ie r subsp. infectoria, Lonicera etrusca Santi,
Phillyrea latifolia L., Lavandula stoechas L. subsp. cariensis (Boiss.) Rozeira, Cistus creticus L. w h ic h is
re m ark ab le. T h e S to n e P in e fo rest fo rm s an u n m ix ed co m m u n ity in th e research area. T h e S to n e P in e fo re st o ccu rs o n slopes w ith an inclination o f 5-40% betw een 40-360 m elevation in th e stu d y area, w h ic h occu rs in th e E u
-1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
a. Meteorological station name b. Meteorological station altitude (m)
c. Heat and precipitation observation period (year) d. Annual mean temperature
e. Annual total pracipitation (mm) £ H eat curve
g. Precipitation curve h. Arid period i. Precipitation period m. Low mean temperature n. Coldest day temperature r. Probably frost months Fig 2. Climatic diagram ofYalova.
Table 2. Chemical analysis and characterics o f the soil profiles. İstasyonlar Q u ad rat no D ep th (cm ) P H Salt (m icroS/cm ) C a C 0 3 (%) O rganic m atter % T o tal N (%) U sefu l P (ppm ) U seful K (ppm ) U seful C a (ppm ) U sefu l M g (ppm ) U sefule Fe (ppm ) Y alova-M uftüçiftliği 6 0-7 5.33 189 1.05 4.14 0 2 0 7 3.90 147.7 1798 280.7 111.68 Y alova-M uftüçiftliği 6 7-30 5.46 101 1.05 1.14 0.057 0.10 109.5 815.9 160.3 33.68 Yalova-Yılanlıdere 13 0-3 5.28 152 1.05 0.56 0.028 2.0 62.5 935.9 179.6 41.2 Yalova-Yılanlıdere 13 3-30 5.28 34 1.05 0.56 0.028 0.0 25.0 783.8 134.8 16.18
Table 3. Lavandulo cariensis-Pinetum pineae ass. nova. typus: Quadrat no.13*
L I F E F O R M Q u a d r a t N o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 11 1 2 1 3 * 14 15 c 0 N S T A N C Y C H 0 R 0 T Y P E S S i z e o f p l o t ( m 2) x l 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 A l t i t u d e ( m ) x l 0 3 2 0 3 5 0 3 5 0 3 5 0 3 4 0 3 5 0 3 6 0 9 0 1 2 0 1 3 0 1 4 0 1 5 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 E x p o s i t i o n W W W W W E W S S W S s S S W S N W N W N W I n c l i n a t i o n ( ° ) 15 10 1 0 5 5 5 5 3 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 T r e e l a y e r c o v e r ( % ) 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 7 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 6 0 5 0 6 0 5 0 7 5 7 0 9 0 S h r u b l a y e r c o v e r ( % ) 6 0 8 0 7 0 3 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 9 0 9 0 9 0 9 0 8 0 7 0 8 0 7 0 H e r b l a y e r c o v e r ( % ) 7 0 3 0 8 0 8 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 10 10 15 P a r e n t R o c k ( G r a n i t e ) G m G m G m G m G m G m G m G m G m G m G m G m G m G m G m S p e c i e s n u m b e r 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 9 3 5 2 7 3 6 2 0 2 1 2 0 2 5 2 3 2 6 2 2 2 9 D i f f é r a n t ! a l a n d C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s s p e c i e s o f a s s o c i a t i o n M p Pinus pinea 3 3 33 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 V C o s . N p Erica manipuliflora 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 3 33 3 3 3 3 V M e d . N p Lavandula stoechas s s p . cariensis 12 + 2 + 2 1 2 + 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 + 2 + 2 I V E n d - M e d .
D i f f e r a n t i a l a n d C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s s p e c i e s o f t h e Quercion iticin
N p Arbutus unedo + 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 V C o s . N p Pistacia terebinthus s s p . palaestina + 2 + 2 2 2 + 1 2 2 + 2 + 2 m C o s . N p Lonicera etrusca + 2 + 2 + 1 I M e d . D i f f e r a n H a l a n d C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s s p e c i e s o f t h e o r d o Quercetalia iticis N p Phillyrea latifolia + 2 + 2 + 2 2 2 2 2 + 2 + 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 + 2 2 2 I V M e d . G Ruscus aculeatus + 1 + 1 + 1 I C o s . D i f f e r a n t i a l a n d C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s s p e c i e s o f t h e c l a s s Quercetea itids G Asparagus acutifnlius + 2 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 I I I M e d . N p Osyris alba 2 2 + 2 + 2 I M e d . D i f f e r a n t i a l a n d C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s s p e c i e s o f t h e c l a s s Quercetea pubescentes
N p Quercus infectaría s s p . infectaría 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 + 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 V C o s . H Campanula lyrata s s p . fyrata + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 m E n d . N p Crataegus monoygna s s p . monogyna + 1 I C o s .
D i f f e r a n t i a l a n d C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s s p e c i e s o f t h e c l a s s Cisto-Micromerietea
N p Cistus creticus 2 3 33 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 4 4 2 2 V M e d . T h Aira élegantissima s s p . ambigua 12 + 2 12 12 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 2 12 in M e d . C h Trifolium arvense + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 m C o s . C h Trifolium ekerleri + 1 + 1 I C o s . N p Spartium junceum + 1 I M e d . H Calicatome viüosa + 1 I M e d . C o m p a n i o n s H Stipa bromoides + 1 12 + 2 2 2 2 2 12 12 12 12 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 1 2 V M e d . T h Briza maxima + 2 + 2 12 12 + 1 2 2 + 1 12 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 2 12 V C o s . H Dacylis glomerata s s p . hispánica 12 + 2 2 2 12 12 2 2 12 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 1 + 1 + 2 V C o s . G Muscari neglectum + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 I V C o s . H Galium verum s s p . verum + 1 11 + 1 + 1 + 1 11 12 + 1 in E S
G Poa bulbosa 1 2 1 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 1 2 1 2 12 m C o s .
T h Crucianella angustifolia + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 11 + 1 n M e d . H Cynosurus echinatus 1 2 12 12 12 12 12 12 in M e d . H Inula oculus-christi + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 n E S T h Logfla arvensis + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 n C o s . H Pilosella piloselloides s s p . megalomastix + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 n C o s . C h Teucrium chamaedyrs s s p . chamaedrys + 1 + 2 + 1 12 + 2 + 2 n E S
H Hypericum catycinum + 2 2 2 + 1 + 2 2 2 n E S H Oryzopsis kymenoides 2 2 12 12 + 2 + 2 n C o s . G Phalaris arundinacea + 2 12 12 12 2 2 n C o s . N p Rubus canescens v a r . canascens + 1 + 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 n C o s . T h Trifolium campestre + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 n C o s . H Hypericum perforatum + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 n C o s . H Lolium rigidium v a r . rigidum + 2 12 1 2 12 n C o s .
T h Orlaya daucoides + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 n C o s .
G Limodorum abortivum + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 n C o s .
G Allium guttatum v a r . guttatum + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 n C o s . C h Rubia tinctorum + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 n I T N p Rosa canina + 1 + 1 + 2 + 2 n C o s . T h Avena barbata s s p . barbata 1 2 12 2 2 I M e d .
Table 3. Continued.
T h Bromas sterilis 12 + 1 + 2 I C o s . H Cichorium intybus + 1 + 1 + 1 I C o s . T h Milium pediceUare + 2 1 2 + 2 I C o s .
H Poa nemoralis 2 2 12 12 I C o s .
C h Thymus longicaulis s s p . chaubertii v a r .
chaubertii + 2 + 2 + 1 I C o s .
T h Torilis leptophylla + 1 + 1 + 1 I C o s . H Calamintha nepeta s s p . glandulosa + 2 + 2 + 1 I C o s . H Clino podium vulgare s s p . vulgare + 1 + 1 + 1 I C o s . C h Dorcynium graecum + 1 + 1 + 1 I C o s .
The species o f double frequency:
(H)(Cos.)CiVjíuw vulgare: +1(1), +1(4); (Th)(Cos.) E uphorbia taurinensis: +1(1), +1(7); (Np)(Cos.) P yrus am ygdaliform is var.am ygdaliform is: +2(4), +2(6); (H)(Cos.) Rum ex o btusifolius ssp. alpinus: +1(4), +1(7); (H) (Cos.) Sanguisorba m inor ssp. m uricata: +1(3), +1(6); (H)(Cos.) Sonehus arvensis ssp. uliginosus: +1(3), +1(4); (Th)(Cos.) Trifolium leucanthum : +1(1), +1(5); (Th) (Cos.) Trifolium
striatum : +1(1), +1(7); (Th)(Cos.) Trifolium cherleri: +1(1), +1(12); (Ch) (Cos.) Teucrium lam iifolium ssp. lam iifolium : +2(5), +1(6); (H)(Med.) D ig italis viridiflora: +1(5), +1(6); (HXCos.) D ianthus leptocladus:+ l(6), +1(7); (H)(Med) Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum : +1(7), +1(11); (HXCos.) H ypericum m ontbreti: +1(13), +1(14); (HXCos.) P im pinella hum ilis+ l(13), +1(15).
The species o f single frequency:
(Th)(Cos.) A egilops biuncialis: +2(1); (ThXCos.) Geranium robertianum : +1(1); (H)(ES) L uzula sylvatica: +1(3); (H)(ES) O nopordum tauricum : +1(4); (G)(ES) Phleum alpinum : 12(4); (Th)(Med.)
Sherardia arvensis: +1(1); (H)(Cos.) C arex fla cca ssp. serrulata : +1(3); (H) (Cos.) Oerum the p im pinelloides: +1(5); (H)(Cos.) P lantago lanceolata: +1(5); (G)(Cos.) H ordeum bulbosum : 12(5);
(Ch)(Med.) D orcynium hirsitum : +1(5); (Ch)(Cos.) Agrim onia eupatorio: +1(5); (HXCos.) Euphorbia rígida: +1(5); (H)(ES) H ypochoeris radicata: +1(6); (Th)(Cos.) Trifolium glom eratum : +1(7); (Th)(Med.) G astridium phleoides: +2(7); (Th)(Cos.) Anthém is tinctoria ssp. pallida: +1(7); (H)(Cos.) H erschfeldia incana: +1(7); (H)(Cos.) R eichardiapicroides: +1(7); (Mp)(Cos.) P inus brutia: 22(8); (H)(Med.) M icrom eria m yritifolia: +1(11); (H)(Med.) P sorelea butim inosa: +1(11); (H)(Cos.) M élica cilia ta ssp. ciliata: +2(14); (H)(Med.) Galium paschale 12(15); (H)(End-ES) L athyrus undulatus: +1(15).
M ed iterran ean zone.
A ssociation Lavandulo cariensis-Pinetum pineae
ass. nova (Table 3, Q u a d ra t 1-15)
H olotypus: Tab. 3, quadrat n o .13, Yılanlıdere locale, 60 m , cover 75%, 400 m 2.-C h aracter species:
P pinea, E. manipuliflora, L. stoechas subsp. cariensis.
T his association occurs o n granite b ed ro ck and the soils o f the association have an high-asidic character. In the Y ılanlıdere locale, organic m atter is very p o o r betw een 0-3 cm and 3-30 cm . T h e association consist o f th ree vertical layers. T h e tree layer o f the association consist o f P. pinea. T h e coverage o f the tree layer is betw een 50-90% . T h e c o m m o n species in th e s h ru b layer are as E.
manipuliflora, L. stoechas subsp. cariensis, A. unedo, Q. infectoria subsp. infectoria, C. creticus, P latifolia, and P terebinthus subsp. palaestina. T h e coverage o f the
sh ru b layer is betw een 30-90% . T h e coverage o f the h erb layer is b e tw e e n 10-90% . T h e life fo rm s tru c tu re o f th e asso ciatio n is d o m in a te d by hem icryptophtes (41.93%), therophytes (21.50%), n a n o p h a n e ro p h te s (15.05% ), ch am a ephytes (9.67% ), geop h y tes (9.67% ), and m e so p h a - nerophytes (2.15%). T h e association is com posed o f 93 species, the species n u m b ers in the quadrats varies b e tw e e n 20 and 36. T h e acco m p an y in g species th a t occur in this co m m u n ity belo n g to different higher syntaxa su ch as Quercetea pubescentis and Cisto-Micromerietea.
D IS C U S S IO N
P pinea isn't w idespread in T urkey as in o th er
M e d ite rra n e a n C o u n trie s. T h e c o m m o n d istri b u tio n o f stone pine in T urkey is fo u n d in Bergam a, Aydın, M uğla, Antalya-Side, and eastern Taurus and K aradeniz re g io n as a M e d ite rra n e a n enclave
(A km an 1995, Varol et al. 2003). M o reo v er due to the econom ic advantage and u tility o f Stone Pine, its plantations have hugely increased in Turkey. T his stu d y attem pts to classify the phytosociological stru ctu re and ecological features o f the P. pinea forest v e g e ta tio n in n o rth -w e s t A natolia, an d the classification o f the was also attem pted. F rom the p o in t o f view o f p lan t geography, the stu d y area is situated in the E u ro -S ib erian floristic region w h ich is u n d e r the effective co n tro l o f a rainy-cool M ed iterran ean clim ate (A km an et al. 1979, B arbero et al. 1981). A nnual rainfall is very im p o rta n t in the grow ing o f stone pine. T h e annual rainfall m u st be at least 600 m m , since the loss o f w ater is quite high d ue to the sandy and porous characteristics o f the soil. T h e expand o f Stone P ine in Turkey is m ostly observed o n granite, besides andesite, quartzite, m ica schist and sandstone (Akgül and Yılm az 1991). H ow ever, the p aren t ro ck o f o u r study field is granite. A lth o u g h the physionom ical aspect o f the landscape is q u ite h o m o g e n e o u s, its floristic co m p o sitio n exhibits a hetero g en eo u s stru ctu re. T h e Stone P ine forests in Yalova n o t have been protected very seriously by the local people, w h e n com pared w ith o th e r Stone P ine forests in o th er regions o f Turkey. T h is association has a floristic stru ctu re w h ic h consists o f trees, shrubs and herbs. In this association, som e characteristics o f Cisto-
Micromerietea class such as C. creticus, Aira elagantissima
S ch u r subsp. ambigua (Arcang.) M . D oğan, Trifolium
arvense L., T cherleri L., and Spartium junceum L. show
us th a t th is asso ciatio n stays u n d e r the anthro p o g en ic effects w h ich is heavily over grazed. In Aydın province, P pinea forests form s a pure p o p u latio n at altitudes betw een 800-1000 m and, it
grows m ixed w ith P brutia o n the sand-dunes in M an av g at (A ntalya-S ide) (A km an e t al. 1978, A km an 1995). F u rth erm o re, it form s a Crucianella-
Pinetum pinea association aro u n d Trabzon and A rtvin
in K aradeniz R egion (Varol et al. 2003). A ccording to Zohary, P pinea forest in the K aradeniz R egion is a M ed iterran ean relict (Z o h ary 1973). C haracteristic species o f class Quercetea pubescentis is m ostly fo u n d in the P pinea co m m u n ity in Aydın. M oreover, characteristic species o f class Qercetea ilicis exists in th e P pinea association w h ic h occu rs in Side (Antalya). T h erefo re, this association is included in the alliance Oleo-Ceratonion (A km an et al. 1978, A k m an 1995). T h e P pinea association in the K aradeniz region (Trabzon & A rtvin) is included in the class Qercetea ilicis (Varol et al. 2003). In o u r previous tw o studies, the Gastridio ventricosi-Pinetum
pineae association w h ic h is p resen t in the eastern
Taurus R egion (K ahram anm araş) (Varol and Tatlı 2002) and Diantho tripunctati-Pinetum pineae associa tio n w h ic h is p resen t in the so u th -w est A natolia R egion (M uğla) w ere included in the class Qercetea
ilicis (Varol 2004).
In the sam e way, the Lavandulo cariensis-Pinetum
pineae association w h ich is p resen t in the n o rth -w e st
A natolia R egion (Yalova-Armutlu) was also included in the alliance Quercion ilicis o f o rd er Qercetelia ilicis o f class Quercetea ilicis.
We hope th a t this stu d y w ill co n trib u te to the vegetational studies o f Turkey.
A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T
We w o u ld like to th a n k to T Ü B İT A K (TO V A G - 3160) for the financial su p p o rt given.
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