Başlık: İlk ikamet elçilerinin halefleri Rum maslahatgüzarlar : (1800-1821) Yazar(lar):Cilt: 38 Sayı: 65 Sayfa: 251-278 Yayın Tarihi: 2019 PDF
Tam metin
(2) GREEK CHARGE D’AFFAIRES, THE SUCCESSORS OF THE FIRST RESIDENCE AMBASSADORS (1800-1821) 0XVD.,/,d * . 0DNDOH%LOJLVL %DúYXUX : $÷XVWRV .DEXO ùXEDW9. $UWLFOH,QIR 5HFHLYHG : $XJXVW $FFHSWHG : )HEUXDU\. Özet 0RGHUQ 2VPDQOÕ 'LSORPDVL WDULKLQGH LON LNDPHW HOoLOLNOHUL G|QHPL |QHPOLG|QPQRNWDODUÕQGDQELULRODUDNJ|UOPHNWHGLU2VPDQOÕ'HYOHWL¶QLQ LONLNDPHWHOoLOL÷L \ÕOÕQGD/RQGUD¶GD IDDOL\HWHJHoWL YHDUGÕQGDQ9L\DQD 3DULV YH %HUOLQ¶GH GH WHPVLOFLOLNOHU DoÕOGÕ )DNDW NÕVD ELU VUH VRQUD 0VOPDQHOoLOHULQ\HULQH2VPDQOÕHOoLOLNOHULQGHJ|UHY\DSDQ)HQHUOLRum WHUFPDQODUÕQPDVODKDWJ]DURODUDNDWDQPDVÕQDNDUDUYHULOGLøON DWDPDODU \ÕOÕQGD JHUoHNOHúWL¶GHQLWLEDUHQ$YUXSDEDúNHQWOHULQGHNL2VPDQOÕ GDLPL WHPVLOFLOLNOHUL WDPDPHQ 5XP PDVODKDWJ]DUODUD HPDQHW HGLOGL Rum maslDKDWJ]DUODU 1DSRO\RQ6DYDúODUÕLOH$YUXSD¶GDVUHNOLVL\DVLGHQJHOHULQ GH÷LúWL÷LYH9L\DQD.RQJUHVLVRQUD$YUXSD¶QÕQ\HQLGHQLQúDHGLOGL÷L ELU G|QHPGH KDVVDV ELU J|UHY VWOHQGLOHU 5XP øV\DQÕ LOH PDVODKDWJ]DUODUÕQ J|UHYLQH VRQ YHULOGL øON LNDPHW HOoLOHULQH GDLU |QHPOL ELOLPVHO oDOÕúPDODU ROPDVÕQD UD÷PHQ RQODUÕ KDOHIOHUL NRQXPGDNL 5XP PDVODKDWJ]DUODU G|QHPL \HWHULQFH LOJL J|UPHPLúWLU 0DNDOHPL]LQ DPDFÕ 2VPDQOÕGLSORPDVLWDULKLQLQSHNELOLQPH\HQEX VUHFL\OHLOJLOLGHUOL WRSOXELU ELOJLVXQDELOPHNWLU *. 'Ug÷Uh\HVL(VNLúHKLU2VPDQJD]LhQLYHUVLWHVL7DULK%|OP<DNÕQoD÷7DULKL$QDELOLP 'DOÕPXVDNLOLF#RJXHGXWU.
(3) 252. 0XVD.,/,d. Anahtar Kelimeler: 0DVODKDWJ]DU. 2VPDQOÕ. 'LSORPDVL. )HQHUOL. 5XPODU. Abstract ,Q WKH KLVWRU\ RI 0RGHUQ 2WWRPDQ 'LSORPDF\ WKH SHULRG RI WKH ILUVW UHVLGHQFHHPEDVVLHVLVVHHQDVRQHRIWKHLPSRUWDQWWXUQLQJSRLQWV. 7KHILUVW UHVLGHQFHHPEDVV\RIWKH2WWRPDQ(PSLUHFDPHLQWRRSHUDWLRQLQ/RQGRQLQ DQGODWHULQ9LHQQD3DULVDQG%HUOLQUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVKDGEHHQRSHQHG +RZHYHU VKRUWO\ DIWHU LW ZDV GHFLGHG WKDW WKH 3KDQDULRW WUDQVODWRUV ZKR VHUYHGLQ2WWRPDQHPEDVVLHVZHUHDSSRLQWHGDV&KDUJHV'¶DIIDLUHVLQVWHDG RI0XVOLPDPEDVVDGRUV7KHILUVWDVVLJQPHQWVWRRNSODFHLQ6LQFH WKH2WWRPDQSHUPDQHQWUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVLQWKH(XURSHDQFDSLWDOVKDYHEHHQ HQWUXVWHG WR WKH *UHHN &KDUJHV '¶DIIDLUHV 7KH *UHHN &KDUJHV '¶DIIDLUHV WRRNRQDGHOLFDWHWDVNDWDWLPHZKHQWKHSROLWLFDOEDODQFHVLQ(XURSHZHUH FRQVWDQWO\ FKDQJLQJ ZLWK 1DSROHRQLF :DUV DQG WKHQ GXULQJ (XURSH ZHUH UHEXLOWDIWHU&RQJUHVVRI9LHQQD:LWKWKH*UHHN 5HEHOOLRQWKH WDVN RI WKH &KDUJHV '¶DIIDLUHV ZDV HQGHG $OWKRXJK WKHUH DUH LPSRUWDQW VFLHQWLILF VWXGLHV RQ WKH ILUVW UHVLGHQFH DPEDVVDGRUV WKHUH KDV QRW EHHQ HQRXJKLQWHUHVWLQWKHSHULRGRIWKH*UHHN &KDUJHV'¶DIIDLUHVZKRZHUHLQWKH VXFFHVVRU SRVLWLRQV RI WKHP 7KLV SDSHU DLPV WR SUHVHQW D FRPSUHKHQVLYH LQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKLVSURFHVVRIWKHKLVWRU\RI 2WWRPDQGLSORPDF\ Key Words: 2WWRPDQ'LSORPDF\*UHHN3KDQDULRWV&KDUJH'¶DIIDLUHV *LULú 2VPDQOÕ'HYOHWL,,,6HOLPG|QHPLQH NDGDUKHUKDQJLELUONHGHLNDPHW HOoLOL÷L DoPD JHUHNVLQLPL GX\PDPÕúWÕU 1 %XQD UD÷PHQ, NXUXOGX÷X JQGHQ EHUL, GH÷LúLNVHEHSOHUOH|QFHoDYXúYHGDKDVRQUDODUÕIHYNDODGHHOoLVÕIDWÕ\OD \DEDQFÕONHOHUHJHoLFL DGKRF
(4) HOoLOHUJ|QGHUPLúWL. 2 )HYNDODGH HOoLOHUEDUÕú J|UúPHOHULQGHEXOXQPDNDQWODúPDODU\DSPDNL\LLOLúNLOHUNXUPDN\HQLELU VXOWDQÕQFOXVXQXELOGLUPHN YH\DWDKWDoÕNDQ\HQLELUPRQDUNÕWHEULNVXOWDQÕQ. 1. 2. 2VPDQOÕ'HYOHWL¶QLQLNDPHWHOoLOLNOHUX\JXODPDVÕQÕJHoEHQLPVHPHVLQHGDLULOJLoHNLFLELU oDOÕúPDLoLQEN]$1XUL<XUGXVHY³7KH2WWRPDQ$WWLWXGH7RZDUG'LSORPDF\´2WWRPDQ 'LSORPDF\ &RQYHQWLRQDO RU 8QFRQYHQWLRQDO (G $ 1XUL <XUGXVHY 3DOJUDYH-6SULQJHU 3UHVV+DPSVKLUHV-35. 0HKPHW$ODDGGLQ<DOoÕQND\D³2VPDQOÕ'HYOHWL¶QLQ<HQLGHQ<DSÕODQPDVÕdDOÕúPDODUÕQGD øONøNDPHW(OoLOLNOHULQLQ5RO´7RSOXPVDO7DULK6&$÷XVWRVV45..
(5) øONøNDPHW(OoLOHULQLQ+DOHIOHUL5XP0DVODKDWJ]DUODU -1821). 253. PHNWXEXQX LOHWPHN YH WDo JL\PH W|UHQLQGH KD]ÕU EXOXQPDN JLEL QHGHQOHUOH J|QGHULOLUYHYD]LIHOHULELWHUELWPH]JHULG|QHUOHUGL3 ,,,6HOLP¶LQ WDKWDoÕNWÕ÷ÕQGD2VPDQOÕ'HYOHWL, 5XV-$YXVWXU\DLWWLIDNÕ\OD VDYDúKDOLQGH\GL. %XVDYDúJHQo6XOWDQ¶ÕQ2VPDQOÕ'HYOHWL¶QLQPHYFXW\DSÕVÕ LOH $YUXSD NDUúÕVÕQGD YDUOÕ÷ÕQÕ ID]OD VUGUHPH\HFH÷LQL DQODPDVÕQÕ VD÷ODPÕúWÕ SDYDú VÕUDVÕQGD |QFH øVYHo YH DUGÕQGDQ 3UXV\D LOH LWWLIDN DQWODúPDODUÕ\DSÕOPÕúWÕøWWLIDNDQWODúPDODUÕWHN\DQOÕGLSORPDVLDQOD\ÕúÕWHUN HGLOHUHN NDUúÕOÕNOÕOÕN HVDVÕQD GD\DQDQ L\L LOLúNLOHU NXUXOPDVÕQÕQ YH LFDEÕQGD LWWLIDNVD÷ODQPDVÕQÕQ ID\GDOÕ\DQODUÕQÕJ|VWHUPLúWL%XQHGHQOH1L]kP-Õ&HGLG UHIRUPODUÕQD $YUXSD¶QÕQ|QHPOLEDúNHQWOHULQGH LNDPHWHOoLOLNOHULQLQDoÕOPDVÕ ILNUL GH GkKLO HGLOGL. %|\OHFH %DWÕOÕ GHYOHWOHUGH PH\GDQD JHOHQ ROD\ODU YH VL\DVL JHOLúPHOHU KDNNÕQGD GDKD VD÷OÕNOÕ ELOJL VDKLEL ROPDN PPNQ RODELOHFHNWL4 $YUXSD¶GDLNDPHWHOoLOLNOHULNXUXOPDVÕPHVHOHVLJQGHPHJHOGL÷LQGHLON QHUHGHDoÕOPDVÕJHUHNWL÷LNRQXVXELUSUREOHPHG|QúPúW.DQXQLGHYULQGHQ EX \DQD VUHJHOHQ \DNÕQ LOLúNLOHU YH úHK]DGHOL÷LQGHQ EHUL ,,, 6HOLP¶LQ )UDQVD¶\DGX\GX÷XVHPSDWL|QFHOLNOH3DULV¶WHELUGDLPLWHPVLOFLOLNDoÕOPDVÕ ILNULQL JQGHPH JHWLUGL $QFDk 17 \ÕOÕQGD SDWODN YHUHQ LKWLODO )UDQVD¶GD UHMLP GH÷LúLNOL÷LQH \RO DoPÕú YH $YUXSD¶GD PRQDUúL\L WHKGLW HGHQ \HQL LNWLGDUD NDUúÕ E\NELUFHSKHROXúPXúWX$\UÕFD\HQL)UDQVÕ]KNPHWLQLQ øVWDQEXO¶DJ|QGHUGL÷L'HVFRUKHVKHQ]HOoLRODUDNNDEXOHGLOPHPLúWL 5 +HP $YUXSD¶QÕQGL÷HUGHYOHWOHULLOHRODQLOLúNLOHULQLQ ER]XOPDVÕQÕLVWHPHGL÷LQGHQ KHPGHUHVPHQWDQÕPDGÕ÷ÕELUKNPHWQH]GLQHHOoLDWDPD\ÕGR÷UXEXOPD\DQ %DEÕkOL 3DULV¶WH HOoLOLN DoPDN ILNULQGHQ YD]JHoPHN ]RUXQGD NDOGÕ 3DULV \HULQH ;9,, \]\ÕOÕQ EDúODQJÕFÕQGDQ EHUL L\L LOLúNLOHULQ \UWOG÷ YH R G|QHPH NDGDU KHUKDQJL ELU oDWÕúPDQÕQ \DúDQPDGÕ÷Õ øQJLOWHUH¶QLQ EDúNHQWL /RQGUD¶GD HOoLOLN NXUXOPDVÕQD NDUDU YHULOGL %|\OHFH 2VPDQOÕ 'HYOHWL WDULKLQGH LON GHID JoOHU GHQJHVLQL J|] |QQGH WXWDUDN ELOLQoOL ELU WHUFLKWH EXOXQPXúWX 6 3. 4 5 6. )DLN5HúLW8QDW2VPDQOÕ6HILUOHULYH6HIDUHWQkPHOHUL77.$QNDUDV-+QHU 7XQFHU(VNLYH<HQL'LSORPDVLhPLW<D\ÕQODUÕ$QNDUDV-%OHQW$UÕ³(DUO\ 2WWRPDQ 'LSORPDF\ $G +RF 3HULRG´ 2WWRPDQ 'LSORPDF\ &RQYHQWLRQDO RU 8QFRQYHQWLRQDO(G$1XUL<XUGXVHY3DOJUDYH-6SULQJHU3UHVV+DPSVKLUHV <DOoÕQND\DDJPV-45. (UFPHQG.XUDQ$YUXSD¶GD2VPDQOÕøNDPHW(OoLOLNOHULQLQ.XUXOXúXYHøON(OoLOHULQ6L\DVL )DkOL\HWOHUL-18217UN.OWUQ$UDúWÕUPD(QVWLWV$QNDUDV <DOoÕQND\D DJP V gPHU .UNoR÷OX ³7KH $GRSWLRQ DQG 8VH RI 3HUPDQHQW 'LSORPDF\´2WWRPDQ'LSORPDF\&RQYHQWLRQDORU8QFRQYHQWLRQDO(G$1XUL<XUGXVHY +DPSVKLUH3DOJUDYH-6SULQJHU3UHVVV.
(6) 254. 0XVD.,/,d. \ÕOÕQGD.DO\RQODU.kWLEL<XVXIÆJDK(IHQGL2VPDQOÕ¶QÕQLONGDLPL HOoLVLRODUDN/RQGUD¶\DWD\LQHGLOGL7 <XVXIÆJDK(IHQGL¶QLQ/RQGUD¶\DHOoL RODUDN J|QGHULOPHVLQGHQ LNL \ÕO VRQUD $YXVWXU\D YH 3UXV\D¶\D ELUHU LNDPHW HOoLVL WD\LQ HGLOPHVLQH NDUDU YHULOGL $QFDN øVWDQEXO¶GD EXOXQDQ )UDQVÕ] HOoLVLQLQ JLULúLPOHUL YH HOoLOLN YD]LIHVLQL \HULQH JHWLUHELOHFHN GHYOHW DGDPÕ EXOPDNWD \DúDQDQ VÕNÕQWÕQGDQ GROD\Õ EX NDUDU ELUNDo \ÕO LoLQ DVNÕ\D DOÕQGÕ 1LKD\HW\ÕOÕQGD3DULV¶H0RUDOÕ (VVH\\LG$OL(IHQGL%HUOLQ¶H*LULWOL$OL $]L] (IHQGL 9L\DQD¶\D øEUDKLP $ILI (IHQGL LNDPHW HOoLVL RODUDN J|QGHULOGLOHU. 8 *|UHYVUHVLGRODQ<XVXIÆJDK(IHQGL¶QLQ\HULQH LVHøVPDLO )HUUXK(IHQGLJ|UHYOHQGLULOGL 9 %|\OHFH $YUXSD¶QÕQG|UW|QHPOLEDúNHQWLQGH 2VPDQOÕLNDPHWHOoLOLNOHULIDDOL\HWHJHoPLúROGX)DNDWLON0VOPDQHOoLOHULQ \HULQL\ÕOÕQGDQLWLEDUHQ)HQHUOL5XPODUDOPD\DEDúOD\DFDNODUGÕU )HQHUOL5XPODUGDQPDVODKDWJ]DUWD\LQHWPHXVXO\ÕOÕQGDSDWODN YHUHQ5XPøV\DQÕQDNDGDUGHYDPHWWLULOGL¶GHQLWLEDUHQRQ\ÕOER\XQFD 2VPDQOÕ LNDPHW HOoLOLNOHULQH KLoELU 0VOPDQ HOoL YH\D PDVODKDWJ]DU DWDQPDGÕYHHOoLOLNOHUWDPDPHQ5XPPDVODKDWJ]DUODUDHPDQHWHGLOGL. 0VOPDQ HOoLOHUH GDLU PHYFXW oDOÕúPDODUD UD÷PHQ 5XP PDVODKDWJ]DUODUNRQXVXQHUHGH\VHWDPDPHQLKPDOHGLOPLúWLU0DNDOHPL]GH LNDPHWHOoLOLNOHULQGH\DúDQDQGH÷LúLPVUHFL 5XPPDVODKDWJ]DUODUÕQNLPOHU ROGX÷X J|UHY WDQÕPODUÕ NDUúÕODúWÕNODUÕ ]RUOXNODU YH LON LNDPHW HOoLOLNOHUL G|QHPLQLQVRQODQPDVÕQDGH÷LQLOHFHNWLU%|\OHFH2VPDQOÕGLSORPDVLWDULKLQLQ SHNELOLQPH\HQELUPHVHOHVLQLRUWD\DoÕNDUPD\DoDOÕúDFD÷Õ] 0VOPDQ(OoLOHU<HULQH5XP0DVODKDWJ]DUODUÕQ*|UHYOHQGLULOPHVL øON LNDPHW HOoLOHUi o\ÕOOÕ÷ÕQDDWDQPÕúWÕ*|UHYVUHOHULGROGXNWDQVRQUD \HUOHULQH \HQLOHUL WD\LQ HGLOHFHNWL $QFDN ¶GH 1DSRO\RQ %RQDSDUW¶ÕQ 0ÕVÕU¶ÕLúJDOHWPHVL\OHLNLONHDUDVÕQGDVDYDúGXUXPXQXQRUWD\DoÕNPDVÕQGDQ GROD\Õ 3DULV¶H %DEÕkOL¶QLQ \HQL ELU HOoL WD\LQ HWPHVL V|] NRQXVX GH÷LOGL. 7. 8 9. 0HKPHW$ODDGGLQ<DOoÕQND\D7KH)LUVW3HUPDQHQW2WWRPDQ-7XUNLVK(PEDVV\LQ(XURSH 7KH(PEDVV\RI<XVXIDJDK(IHQGLWR/RQGRQ -1797),VLV3UHVVøVWDQEXOV7KRPDV1DII³5HIRUPDQGWKH&RQGXFWRI2WRPDQ'LSORPDF\LQWKH5HLJQRI6HOLP III, 1789-´-$26V .XUDQ$YUXSD¶GD2VPDQOÕøNDPHW(OoLOLNOHULQLQ.XUXOXúXV-1DII³5HIRUPDQGWKH &RQGXFWRI2WRPDQ'LSORPDF\´V 0HKPHW $ODDGGLQ <DOoÕQND\D ³øVPDLO )HUUXK (IHQGL¶QLQ /RQGUD (OoLOL÷L YH 6L\DVL )DDOL\HWOHUL -
(7) ´3D[2WRPDQD6WXGLHVLQ0HPRULDP3URI'U1HMDW*|\Qo(G .HPDOdLoHN<HQL7UNL\H<D\ÕQODUÕ$QNDUDV..
(8) øONøNDPHW(OoLOHULQLQ+DOHIOHUL5XP0DVODKDWJ]DUODU -1821). 255. %HUOLQ¶GHNL 2VPDQOÕ HOoLVL $OL $]L] (IHQGL LVH J|UHYLQH EDúODGÕNWDQ ELU \ÕO VRQUD YHIDW HWPLúWL <HULQH 0DKPXG (VDG (IHQGL PDVODKDWJ]DU RODUDN J|QGHULOGL÷LQGHQ\HQLELUDWDPD\DLKWL\Do\RNWX'ROD\ÕVÕ\ODo\ÕOÕQVRQXQGD \DOQÕ]øQJLOWHUHYH$YXVWXU\D¶\D\HQLHOoLOHULQWD\LQHGLOPHVLV|]NRQXVX\GX 1LWHNLP 1HúHW (IHQGL¶QLQ /RQGUD¶\D YH 5DJÕE (IHQGL¶QLQ 9L\DQD¶\D WD\LQ HGLOPHVLQH NDUDU YHULOPLú YH EX NDUDU LOJLOL GHYOHWOHUH ELOGLULOPLúWL10 )DNDW GDKD VRQUD LNDPHW HOoLOHULQGHQ EHNOHQHQ ID\GDQÕQ J|UOPHPHVL 0VOPDQODUÕQX]XQVUHOLRODUDN+ÕULVWL\DQONHOHULQGHLNDPHWHWPHOHULQLQ VDNÕQFDOÕEXOXQPDVÕYH\DSÕODQPDVUDIODUÕQEH\KXGHROGX÷XJLELJHUHNoHOHUOH \HQLHOoLOHULQJ|QGHULOPHVLNDUDUÕQGDQYD]JHoLOGL 11 %DEÕkOL, \HQL ELU 0VOPDQ HOoL J|QGHUPHPHNOH ELUOLNWH LNDPHW HOoLOLNOHULQLQ IDDOL\HWOHULQH KHPHQ VRQ YHUPHQLQ X\JXQ GúPH\HFH÷L kDQDDWLQGH\GL1LWHNLPLONRODUDND]OHGLOPLú)HQHUOL5XP YR\YRGDODUÕQGDQ JYHQLOLURODQODUÕQVHoLOHUHNVHIDUHWOHUHJ|QGHULOPHVLJQGHPH JHOGL. 12 )DNDW YR\YRGDODUÕQ $YUXSD KNPHWOHUL QH]GLQGH NUDO PHVDEHVLQGH KUPHW J|UPHOHUL VDNÕQFDOÕ RODELOLUGL $\UÕFD YR\YRGDODUÕQ NDODEDOÕN PDL\HWOHUL\OH, SDUDVDO DoÕGDQ KD\OL PDOL\HWOL RODFD÷Õ DúLNkUGÕ %X QHGHQOH )HQHUOL 5XP EH\]kGHOHUEH\]kGH oRFXNODUÕYH\DER\DUODUGDQHOoLWD\LQLGúQOG YHEXQD GDLU D\UÕQWÕOÕ ELU UDSRU NDOHPH DOÕQGÕ13 )DNDW UHD\DGDQ ROPDODUÕQGDQ GROD\Õ GL÷HU GHYOHWOHU QH]GLQGH SHN LWLEDU J|UPH\HFHNOHUL LoLQ EX ILNLUGHQ GH YD]JHoLOGL1LKD\HW, J|UHYLELWHQHOoLOHULQPDL\HWOHULQGHEXOXQDQ)HQHUOL5XP WHUFPDQODUGDQ LVWLGDW YH OL\DNDWOL RODQODUÕQD ELUHU NÕWD LWLPkGQkPH J|QGHULOHUHN \HQL ELU HOoL DWDQÕQFD\D NDGDU PDVODKDWJ]DU XQYDQÕ LOH HOoLOLNOHUH WD\LQHGLOPHOHULX\JXQ EXOXQGX (÷HU EX X\JXODPD LWLUD]D VHEHS ROPD]VD 5XPWDLIHVLQGHQVHILUWD\LQLKXVXVX\HQLGHQP]DNHUHHGLOHFHNWL 14 0VOPDQ HOoLOHULQ \HULQH )HQHUOL 5XP WHUFPDQODUÕQ PDVODKDWJ]DU WD\LQ HGLOPHVL 2VPDQOÕ 'HYOHWLQGHNL GLSORPDVL JHOHQH÷L DGÕQD úDúÕUWÕFÕ GH÷LOGLU. dQN )HQHUOLOHU X]XQ \ÕOODUGDQ EHUL, 2VPDQOÕ GLSORPDVLVLQGH |QHPOLPHYNLOHULLúJDOHWPHNWH\GLOHU. BXPHYNLOHULQEDúÕQGD, 5HLVONWWDEÕQ |QGH JHOHQ \DUGÕPFÕODUÕQGDQ ELUL RODQ 'LYkQ-Õ +Pk\XQ 7HUFPDQÕ JHOPHNWH\GL 3DQDLRWLV 1LNRXVVLRV¶LQ 3DQD\RW (IHQGL
(9) \ÕOÕQGD EDú WHUFPDQOÕ÷D DWDQPDVÕQGDQ EHUL 'LYkQ 7HUFPDQODUÕ )HQHUOL DLOHOHUGHQ 10 11 12 13 14. BOA, +$7WV] .UNoR÷OXDJP V-136. BOA, +$7WV] BOA, +$7, 13745-$WV] BOA, +$7WV].
(10) 256. 0XVD.,/,d. VHoLOPHNWH\GL 15 'RQDQPD 7HUFPDQOÕ÷Õ 2UGX 7HUFPDQOÕ÷Õ 0RUD 7HUFPDQOÕ÷ÕJLELJ|UHYOHUGH)HQHUOLOHULQWHNHOLQGH\GL 16 <LQH)HQHUOLOHUGHQ VHoLOHQ (IODN YH %R÷GDQ 9R\YRGDODUÕQÕQ GD GLSORPDWLN YD]LIHOHUL EXOXQPDNWD\GÕ .RPúX GHYOHWOHUGHNL VL\DVL JHOLúPHOHU KDNNÕQGD ELOJL WRSODPDN YH GúPDQ GHYOHWOHUOH VDYDú VRQUDVÕ \DSÕODQ DWHúNHV YH EDUÕú J|UúPHOHULQGH WHUFPDQOÕN \DSPDN JLEL KL]PHWOHUL \HULQH JHWLUL\RUODUGÕ 17 +HP WHUFPDQODUÕQ PDL\HWLQGHNL GLOR÷ODQODUÕ KHP GH YR\YRGDODUÕQ KLPD\HVLQGHNLPHPXUNDGURVXoR÷XQOXNOD)HQHUOL5XPODUGDQROXúX\RUGX 18 %XWHFUEHOHULQGHQGROD\ÕLONGDLPLHOoLOLNOHU IDDOL\HWHJHoWL÷LQGHKHUHOoLQLQ PDL\HWLQH )HQHUOL 5XPODUGDQ LNL WHUFPDQ YHULOPHVL XVXO RODUDN EHQLPVHQPLúWL $VOÕQGD HOoLOLN WHUFPDQODUÕ\OD LOJLOL FLGGL VÕNÕQWÕODU GD \DúDQPÕúWÕ $UDODUÕQGD WHFUEHVL] YH\D OL\DNDWVL] LVLPOHU ROGX÷X JLEL \DEDQFÕ GHYOHWOHU DGÕQDFDVXVOXN\DSDQODUGDYDUGÕ 19 )DNDWKHP%DWÕGLOOHULQLELOPHOHULKHPGH GLSORPDWLN XVXOOHUH DúLQDOÕNODUÕ )HQHUOL 5XPODUÕ DOWHUQDWLIVL] NÕOPDNWD\GÕ hVWHOLN HQ D]ÕQGDQ EDúODQJÕoWD 5XP WHUFPDQODUÕQ PDVODKDWJ]DU RODUDN J|UHYOHQGLULOPHOHULJHoLFLELUo|]P\ROXRODUDNGúQOPúW øON LNDPHW HOoLOLNOHUL G|QHPLQGH WRSODP GRNX] )HQHUOL 5XP %HUOLQ /RQGUD3DULVYH9L\DQD¶GDPDVODKDWJ]DURODUDNJ|UHYOHQGLULOGL. øoOHULQGHQ \DOQÕ]FD <DQNR $UJLURSRXOR o IDUNOÕ EDúNHQWWH PDVODKDWJ]DUOÕN \DSWÕ. øON. 15. 6H]DL%DOFÕ³2VPDQOÕ'HYOHWL¶QGH7HUFPDQOÕN´2VPDQOÕ'LSORPDVL7DULKL.XUXPODUÕYH 7DWELNL(G0HKPHW$ODDGGLQ <DOoÕQND\D-8÷XU.XUWDUDQ*UDILNHU<D\ÕQODUÕ$QNDUD V 16 &KULVWLQH 0 3KLOOLRX %LRJUDSK\ RI DQ (PSLUH *RYHUQLQJ 2WWRPDQV LQ DQ $JH RI 5HYROXWLRQ%HUNHOH\-/RV$QJHOHV8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLD3UHVVV 17 &DIHU dLIWoL ³%kE-Õ ÆOv¶QLQ $YUXSD¶\D dHYULOPLú øNL *|] (IODN YH %R÷GDQ¶GD )HQHUOL 9R\YRGDODU -
(11) ´8OXVODUDUDVÕøOLúNLOHU&LOW6D\Õ <D]
(12) V 18 3KLOOLRXDJHV 19 %X NRQXGD HQ oDUSÕFÕ |UQHN KLo úSKHVL] (VVH\\LG $OL (IHQGL¶QLQ WHUFPDQÕ 3DQD\RWL .RGULND¶GÕU $WLQD¶GD GR÷DQ .RGULND \ÕOÕQGD (IODN YR\YRGDVÕQÕQ NDWLSOL÷L J|UHYLQL VWOHQPLúWL 3DULV¶WH J|UHYOL ROGX÷X VÕUDGD 7DOOH\UDQG¶D %DEÕkOL LOH 2VPDQOÕ HOoLVLQLQ DUDVÕQGD\DSÕODQ\D]ÕúPDODUKDNNÕQGDG]HQOLELOJLOHUYHUPLúLGDPHGLOHFH÷LQL ELOGL÷LLoLQ øVWDQEXO¶D G|QPH\HUHN \ÕOÕQGDNL |OPQH NDGDU )UDQVÕ] GÕúLúOHULQGH oDOÕúPÕúWÕU %X J|UHYL VÕUDVÕQGD 2VPDQOÕ WRSUDNODUÕQÕQ SD\ODúÕOPDVÕQD GDLU SURMHOHU KD]ÕUODPÕúWÕU %N] 0DXULFH +HUEHWWH )UDQVD¶GD øON 'DLPv 7UN (OoLVL ³0RUDOÕ (VVH\\LW $OL (IHQGL´ 1802)dHY(UROh\HSD]DUFÕ3HUD7XUL]PYH7LFDUHW$ùøVWDQEXO V $OH[DQGUD6ILQL³)HQHUOLOHULQ*QONOHULQGH'H÷HUOHU6LVWHPLYH0LOOHWOHU <]\ÕO 6RQXQGDQ <]\ÕO %DúÕQD
(13) ´ 2VPDQOÕ¶GDQ &XPKXUL\HW¶H 3UREOHPOHU $UDúWÕUPDODU 7DUWÕúPDODU 8OXVODUDUDVÕ 7DULK .RQJUHVL, 24-26 Ma\ÕV $QNDUD øVWDQEXO V.
(14) øONøNDPHW(OoLOHULQLQ+DOHIOHUL5XP0DVODKDWJ]DUODU -1821). 257. LNDPHW HOoLOLNOHUL G|QHPLQGHNL 5XP PDVODKDWJ]DUODUÕQ LVLPOHUL YH J|UHYOHQGLULOGLNOHUL\ÕOODUúXúHNLOGHGLU /RQGUD <DQNR$UJLURSRXOR $QWRQDNL5DPDGDQL %HUOLQ <DQNR.RSeUL <DNRYDNL$UJLURSRXOR <DQNR$UJLURSRXOR 9L\DQD .RQVWDQWLQ'LEDOWR <DQNR$UJLURSRXOR <DQNR0DYUR\DQL 3DULV $OHNVDQGÕU5DOOL 3DQD\RWDNL$UJLURSRXOR 1LNRODNL0DQR. 1800-1803 1811-1821 1802-1804 1804-1806 1806-1807 1800-1808 1808-1811 1811-1821 1802-1803 1811-1817 1817-1821. /RQGUD¶GD5XP0DVODKDWJ]DUODU 0VOPDQ HOoLOHULQ \HULQH 5XP WHUFPDQODUÕQÕQ PDVODKDWJ]DU RODUDN EÕUDNÕOPDVÕNDUDUÕ, LONGHID/RQGUD¶GDX\JXODQGÕ0DVODKDWJ]DUOÕ÷DDWDQDQLON LVLP LVH <DQNR $UJLURSRXOR -HDQ $UJ\URSRXORV
(15) LGL \ÕOÕQGD <XVXI ÆJDK(IHQGL¶QLQ \HULQHWD\LQHGLOHQøVPDLO)HUUXK (IHQGL PDL\HWLQGH, NHQGLVL YH NDUGHúL *HRUJHV WHUFPDQ RODUDN J|UHYOHQGLULOPLúOHUGL '|QHPLQ øVWDQEXO¶GDNL øQJLOL] PDVODKDWJ]DUÕ 6SHQFHU 6PLWK KNPHWLQH \D]GÕ÷Õ PHNWXSWD H÷LWLPOHULQLQ J|UHYOHULQL \HULQH JHWLUPHNWH NLID\HWVL] ROPDVÕQD UD÷PHQ VD\JÕGH÷HU ELU DLOH\H PHQVXS $UJLURSRXOR NDUGHúOHUGHQ \DUGÕPÕQ HVLUJHQPHPHVLQLLVWHPLúWL 20 *HUoHNWHQGH$UJLURSRXOR DLOHVLQLQN|NHQOHULQLQ %L]DQV¶WDNL $UJ\UH KDQHGDQÕQD GD\DQGÕ÷Õ ULYD\HW HGLOPHNWHGLU. %DEDODUÕ 0DQRODNL¶QLQ (PPDQXHO
(16) DVÕOPHVOH÷LKHNLPOLNROPDNODELUOLNWH'RQDQPD 7HUFPDQOÕ÷ÕQGD EXOXQPXú YH ND\ÕQELUDGHUL RODQ (IODN 9R\YRGDODUÕQGDQ $OHNVDQGÕU0XUX]L¶QLQNDSÕNHWKGDOÕ÷ÕQÕ\DSPÕúWÕ 21. 20 21. <DOoÕQND\DDJP,V-390. 0LKDLO'LPLWUL6WXUG]D'LFWLRQQDLUH+LVWRULTXHHW*HQHDORJLTXHGHV*UDQGHV)DPLOOHVGH *UHFHG¶$OEDQLHHWGH&RQVWDQWLQRSOH3DULVV-(XJHQH5L]R5DQJDEp/LYUH.
(17) 258. 0XVD.,/,d. $UJLURSRXOR NDUGHúOHU øVPDLO )HUUXK (IHQGL¶QLQ o \ÕOOÕN J|UHY VUHVL ELWLQFH\H NDGDU RQXQ PDL\HWLQGHoDOÕúPD\D GHYDP HWWLOHU øVPDLO )HUUXK¶XQ øQJLOWHUH¶GHQ D\UÕOPDVÕ\OD KHP EDúNkWLS KHP GH EDúWHUFPDQ RODQ <DQNR $UJLURSRXOR 22$÷XVWRVWDULKLLWLEDUL\OHYH\ÕOOÕNELQNXUXúPDDúOD /RQGUDPDVODKDWJ]DUOÕ÷ÕJ|UHYLQHJHWLULOGL. 23 $VOÕQGDEXDWDPD)UDQVÕ]ODUÕQ ¶GHNL 0ÕVÕU¶Õ LúJDOL LOH NXUXODQ 2VPDQOÕ-øQJLOL] LWWLIDNÕQÕQ ]D\ÕIODPD\D EDúODGÕ÷ÕQÕQ DoÕNJ|VWHUJHVLLGL2VPDQOÕ'HYOHWLøQJLOWHUH¶\HUD÷PHQNDGLP GRVWX ELOGL÷L )UDQVD LOH ELU DQ |QFH EDUÕú \DSPDN LVWL\RUGX $\UÕFD øQJLOWHUH¶QLQ 0ÕVÕU¶GD NDOÕFÕ ROPDVÕ LKWLPDOLQGHQ YH %DEÕkOL¶QLQ DOH\KLQH 0HPON %H\OHUL LOH \DNÕQODúPDVÕQGDQ UDKDWVÕ]OÕN GX\XOX\RUGX %X QHGHQOH 5XP PDVODKDWJ]DUODUÕQ J|UHYOHQGLULOPHVL NDUDUÕQÕQ LON GHID ³PONHQ ELU PDVODKDWÕ´ROPD\DQøQJLOWHUH¶GHX\JXODQPDVÕQDNDUDUYHULOGL. 24 <DQNR $UJLURSRXOR \ÕOÕQD NDGDU /RQGUD PDVODKDWJ]DUÕ RODUDN J|UHY\DSWÕho\ÕOÕQDUGÕQGDQDLOHVLQGHQX]XQ]DPDQGÕUD\UÕNDOGÕ÷ÕQÕJHUHNoH J|VWHUHUHNøVWDQEXO¶DG|QúL]QLLVWHGL=DWHQRVÕUDODUGD0ÕVÕU¶GDki 0HPON %H\OHUL LOH GHYDP HGHQ VRUXQODUÕQ o|]PH NDYXúWXUXOPDVÕ LoLQ 'LYDQ NkWLSOHULQGHQ 6ÕGNÕ (IHQGL /RQGUD¶GD EXOXQPDNWD\GÕ øNL ONH LOLúNLOHULQLQ KDVVDV ELU G|QHPGHQ JHoWL÷L J|] |QQGH EXOXQGXUXODUDN øQJLOWHUH¶QLQ EDúNHQWLQGH ELU 0VOPDQ PDVODKDWJ]DUÕQ J|UHY DOPDVÕQÕQ GDKD L\L RODFD÷ÕQD NDUDU YHULOGL. %XQXQ VRQXFXQGD 6ÕGNÕ (IHQGL /RQGUD PDVODKDWJ]DUOÕ÷ÕQD WD\LQ HGLOLUNHQ <DQNR $UJLURSRXOR .DVÕP WDULKLQGHøQJLOWHUH¶GHQD\UÕOGÕ 25 6ÕGNÕ(IHQGL, JHoLFLJ|UHYOHJLWWL÷L/RQGUD¶GDVHNL]\ÕOJ|UHY \DSWÕNWDQ VRQUD 0DUW WDULKLQGHYHIDWHWWL 26 <HULQH)HQHUOL5XPODUGDQ$QWRQDNL 5DPDGDQLWD\LQHGLOGL)DNDWRQXQWD\LQLPHVHOHVLKHP%DWÕOÕELUGHYOHWLQ5XP WHPVLOFLOHUH EDNÕúÕQÕ KHP GH %DEÕkOL¶QLQ øQJLOWHUH¶QLQ LVWHNVL]OL÷LQH NDUúÕOÕN NDUDUÕQÕX\JXODPDGDL]OHGL÷L\|QWHPLJ|VWHUPHVLDoÕVÕQGDQROGXNoDLOJLQoELU |UQHNWLU $VOÕQGD %DEÕkOL 6ÕGNÕ (IHQGL YHIDW HWPHGHQ |QFH WHUFPDQÕ 'LPLWUDNL(IHQGL¶\L 'HPHWULXV'XNDV
(18) PDVODKDWJ]DUDWDPD\ÕGúQPúW27. 22 23 24 25 26 27. G 2UGHOD1REOHVVH3KDQDULRWHHQ*UHFHHQ5RXPDQLHHQ5XVVLHHWHQ7XUTXLH$WKHQHV V-6.; BOA, &+5ù $UDOÕN
(19) BOA, &+5% (NLP1804) BOA, &+5ù $UDOÕN
(20) BOA, +$7WV] BOA, $^$0'Gù $UDOÕN
(21) BOA, &+5., 3614, 10 M 1219 (21 1LVDQ
(22) (UFPHQW .XUDQ ³2VPDQOÕ 'HYOHWL¶QLQ /RQGUD 0DVODKDWJ]DUÕ 0HKPHG 6ÕGNÕ (IHQGL 1803-´2UG3URIøVPDLO+DNNÕ8]XQoDUúÕOÕ¶\D$UPD÷DQ77.$QNDUDV BOA, +$7% $÷XVWRV
(23) .
(24) øONøNDPHW(OoLOHULQLQ+DOHIOHUL5XP0DVODKDWJ]DUODU -1821). 259. AQFDN EX WHUFPDQÕQ 6ÕGNÕ (IHQGL¶GHQ |QFH KD\DWÕQÕ ND\EHWPHVL ]HULQH $QWRQDNL 5DPDGDQL¶QiQ PDVODKDWJ]DUOÕ÷D WD\LQ HGLOPHVL NDUDUÕ DOÕQGÕ. 28 )DNDW 2VPDQOÕ KNPHWL, ELU VUHOL÷LQH EX QL\HWLQL øVWDQEXO¶GDNL øQJLOL] HOoLOL÷LQGHQ JL]OHPLú KDWWD$QWRQDNL5DPDGDQL¶\L'LPLWUDNL\HULQHDWDQPDVÕ GúQOHQ WHUFPDQ RODUDN ELOGLUPLúWL29 %LU D\ NDGDU VRQUD 5HLVONWWDS 0XVWDID0D]KDU(IHQGLøQJLOL]VHIDUHWLQHYHNkOHWHGHQ6WUDWIRUG&DQQLQJLOH \DSWÕ÷Õ J|UúPHGH 6ÕGNÕ (IHQGL¶QLQ J|UHYGHQ DOÕQPDVÕ YH \HULQH 5DPDGDQL¶QLQ DWDQPDVÕ NRQXVXQGD QL\HWOHUL ROGX÷X EH\DQÕQGD EXOXQPXúWX. &DQQLQJLVHEXNDUDUGDQKLoKRúQXWROPDPÕúWÕ%DEÕkOL¶\H, EHQ]HUELUDWDPDQÕQ $YXVWXU\D YH\D )UDQVD¶\D \DSÕOPDVÕ GXUXPXQGD EX GHYOHWOHULQ DVOD NDEXO HWPH\HFH÷L YH øQJLOL] KNPHWLQFH KHUKDQJL ELU7UN VHILULQ KLo XPPDGÕ÷Õ \HWNLOHUH NDYXúDQ ELU 5XP¶GDQ GDKD WHUFLK HGLOLU ROGX÷X FHYDEÕQÕ YHUPLúWL. 5HLV (IHQGL &DQQLQJ¶LQ LWLUD]ÕQÕ GLNNDWH DODFD÷ÕQÕ EHOLUWPHNOH ELUOLNWH $QWRQDNL 5DPDGDQL¶\L øQJLOL] GÕúLúOHULQH WDNGLP HGHQ PX÷ODN LIDGHOL ELU PHNWXEX DOPD\Õ EDúDUPÕúWÕ &DQQLQJ KNPHWLQH GDKD |QFH /RQGUD¶GD ELU 5XP PDVODKDWJ]DU J|UHY \DSWÕ÷Õ LoLQ EX GXUXPD NHVLQ ELU GLOOH NDUúÕ oÕNDPDGÕ÷ÕQÕYHLVWHQHQPHNWXEXYHUPHN]RUXQGDNDOGÕ÷ÕQÕELOGLUPLúWL30 $OWÕ D\ NDGDU VRQUD $QWRQDNL 5DPDGDQL øQJLOL] HOoLOL÷LQH KDEHU YHULOPHGHQ YH SDVDSRUW EDúYXUXVXQGD EXOXQPDGDQ øVWDQEXO¶GDQ D\UÕOGÕ 6WUDWIRUG &DQQLQJ EX JHOLúPH\L GR÷DO RODUDN oRN úDúÕUWÕFÕ EXOPXúWX 5HLV (IHQGL&DQQLQJ¶H EXQXQ ELULKPDOVRQXFXROGX÷XQXYH5DPDGDQL¶QLQVDGHFH WHUFPDQ RODUDN DWDQGÕ÷ÕQÕ DoÕNODGÕ. DL÷HU \DQGDQ iVH &DQQLQJ WDUDIÕQGDQ YHULOHQ PHNWXEXQ PDVODKDWJ]DU RODUDN DNUHGLWHHGLOPHN ]HUH NXOODQÕOPak LVWHQGL÷LQL LPD HWPLúWL 6WUDWIRUG &DQQLQJ 5DPDGDQL¶QLQ PDVODKDWJ]DU RODUDNNDEXOHGLOPHVLPHVHOHVLQLQ PDMHVWHOHULQLQRQD\ÕQDED÷OÕROGX÷XQX5HLV (IHQGL¶\H DQODWPD\D oDOÕúPÕú YH øQJLOL] SDVDSRUWXQD VDKLS ROPDGÕ÷Õ LoLQ KHUKDQJLELUX\JXQVX]OXNODNDUúÕODúÕSNDUúÕODPD\DFD÷ÕQDGDLUVRUXODUDFHYDS YHUPHNWHQNDoÕQPÕúWÕ &DQQLQJ KNPHWLQH$QWRQDNL 5DPDGDQL QLQNLúLVHONDUDNWHULKDNNÕQGD LWKDP YH |Q\DUJÕGD EXOXQPDNVÕ]ÕQ RQXQ 7UN WHPVLOFLVL VHoLOPHVLQL J|UPHNWHQ GROD\Õ ]JQ ROGX÷XQX ELOGLUPLúWL %DEÕkOL¶QLQ WXWXPXQX GLSORPDWLN QH]DNHWOHUH X\PD\DQ ELU GDYUDQÕú RODUDN QLWHOHPLúWL. &DQQLQJ 7UNKNPHWLQLQGRVWoDROPD\DQQL\HWOHUWDúÕGÕ÷ÕQÕGúQVHGH PDVUDIODUGDQ. 28 29 30. BOA, &+5& 7HPPX]
(25) )26HSWHPEHU )22FWREHU.
(26) 260. 0XVD.,/,d. NXUWXOPDN LoLQ ELU 5XP¶XQ WHUFLK HGLOPHVLQL DQOD\DELOGL÷LQL GH LIDGH HWPLúWLU 31 øQJLOL] VHIDUHWLQH KDEHU YHULOPHGHQ \ROD oÕNDUÕODQ $QWRQDNL 5DPDGDQL, (NLP ¶GH /RQGUD¶\D XODúPÕúWÕ øON RODUDN øQJLOL] 'ÕúLúOHUL %DNDQOÕ÷Õ EDúNkWLELLOHJ|UúPúYHNHQGLVLQH YHULOHQ LWLPkGQkPHGHPDVODKDWJ]DUOÕ÷D WD\LQHGLOGL÷LLIDGHHGLOPHVLQHUD÷PHQ&DQQLQJWDUDIÕQGDQ YHULOHQPHNWXSWD WHUFPDQ RODUDN ]LNUHGLOPHVLQLQ QHGHQL VRUXOPXúWX $QWRQDNL 5DPDGDQL 6ÕGNÕ(IHQGL¶QLQYHIDWKDEHULøVWDQEXO¶DXODúPDGDQ|QFH\RODoÕNWÕ÷ÕQÕ6ÕGNÕ (IHQGL¶\H G|Qú L]QL YHULOGL÷L LoLQ GH 2VPDQOÕ KNPHWLQFH YHULOHQ LWLPkGQkPHGHEDúNDELUHOoLJ|UHYLQHEDúOD\ÕQFD\DNDGDUPDVODKDWJ]DUOÕNOD WD\LQHGLOGL÷LQLQEHOLUWLOGL÷LQLLIDGHHWPLúWL. 32 $QWRQDNL5DPDGDQLEXVÕNÕQWÕOÕ VUHFHUD÷PHQEDúNkWLELOH\DSÕODQ PODNDWWDQG|UWJQVRQUDøQJLOL]'ÕúLúOHUL BakDQÕQÕQ NRQD÷ÕQD JLGHUHN LWLPkGQkPHVLQL WDNGLP HWPLú YH J|UHYLQH EDúODPÕúWÕU 33 BabÕkOL¶QLQ HQ EDúÕQGDQ EHUL QL\HWLQLQ $QWRQDNL 5DPDGDQL¶\L PDVODKDWJ]DUOÕ÷D JHWLUPHN ROGX÷X DúLNkUGÕU. 2VPDQOÕ 'HYOHWL øQJLOL] KNPHWLQLQROXPVX]WDYUÕQDUD÷PHQNRQX\XELUROGX-ELWWLLOHNDEXOHWWLUPH\L EDúDUPÕúWÕ %X úHNLOGH /RQGUD PDVODKDWJ]DUOÕ÷ÕQD WD\LQ HGLOHQ $QWRQDNL 5DPDGDQL 34 LNDPHW HOoLOLNOHULQLQ NDSDWÕOGÕ÷Õ 5XP øV\DQÕQD NDGDU YD]LIHVLQGHNDOGÕ. )DNDWELUGDKDøVWDQEXO¶DG|QHPH\HQ$QWRQDNL5DPDQL¶QLQ DNÕEHWLKDNNÕQGDELUELOJL\HVDKLS GH÷LOL] %HUOLQ¶GH5XP0DVODKDWJ]DUODU %HUOLQ¶H J|QGHULOHQ LON LNDPHW HOoLVL *LULWOL $OL $]L] (IHQGL LGL $]L] (IHQGL¶QLQ J|UHYH EDúODGÕNWDQ VDGHFH ELU \ÕO VRQUD YHIDW HWPHVL35 ]HULQH .HWKGD NkWLEL KDOLIHOHULQGHQ 0HKPHG (VDG (IHQGL PDVODKDWJ]DU RODUDN 31 32 33 34. 35. )2-XQH øWLPkGQkPHLoLQEN]BOA, HAT., 52701-%WV] BOA, +$7/ .DVÕP
(27) \ÕOÕQGD /RQGUD¶GD EDVÕODQ ³7KH 0LOLWDU\ &RVWXPHV RI 7XUNH\´ DGOÕ 2VPDQOÕ DVNHUOHULQLQNÕ\DIHWOHULQGHQROXúDQNÕ\DIHWDOEPQGH5DPDGDQL(IHQGL¶QLQGHWDPER\ELU SRUWUHVL EXOXQPDNWDGÕU (VPD øJV ³.OWUOHUDUDVÕOÕN <]\ÕOGD /RQGUD¶GD %DVÕODQ 2VPDQOÕ$OEPOHUL´&HGUXV ,,,V-$QWRQDNL5DPDGDQL&6+DUULVDGOÕ \D]DU WDUDIÕQGDQ NDOHPH DOÕQDQ ³:KHUH 6KDGRZV 'DQFH´ DGOÕ URPDQGDNL NDUDNWHUOHUGHQ ELULGLU5RPDQRQXQJ|UHY\DSWÕ÷ÕG|QHPGH/RQGUDGLSORPDWLNoHYUHOHULQGH\HUDODQELUGL]L FLQD\HWOH LOJLOLGLU %N] &6 +DUULV :KHUH 6KDGRZV 'DQFH 3HQJXLQ *URXS 1HZ <RUN 2011. +$KPHG6FKPLHGH*LULWOL$OL$]L](IHQGL¶QLQ%HUOLQ6HIDUHWL7UN'Q\DVÕ $UDúWÕUPD 9DNIÕW\V.
(28) øONøNDPHW(OoLOHULQLQ+DOHIOHUL5XP0DVODKDWJ]DUODU -1821). 261. WD\LQHGLOGL. 36 (VDG(IHQGL¶QLQ LNL\ÕOGHYDP HGHQ%HUOLQPDVODKDWJ]DUOÕ÷Õ (\OOWDULKLLWLEDUL\OHVRQDHUGL 37 YH\HULQH<DQNR.RSHULDWDQGÕ<DQNR .RSHUL $OL $]L] (IHQGL¶QLQ HOoLOL÷LQGH VHIDUHW WHUFPDQOÕ÷Õ \DSPÕú 38 YH J|UHYLQH(VDG(IHQGLG|QHPLQGHGH GHYDPHWPLúWL 39 ;,; \]\ÕOÕQ EDúODUÕQGD 1DSRO\RQ VDYDúODUÕQGDQ GROD\Õ $YUXSD¶GD VUHNOLGH÷LúHQGHQJHOHU2VPDQOÕ'HYOHWL¶QLGHHWNLOHPHNWH\GL\ÕOÕQGD 3UXV\D¶QÕQKHP5XV\DYHKHPGH)UDQVDLOH2VPDQOÕDOH\KLQH\DNÕQODúPD\D EDúODPDVÕ %HUOLQ¶H GDKD OL\DNDWOL ELU PDVODKDWJ]DUÕQ DWDQPDVÕQÕ JQGHPH JHWLUGL $\UÕFD <DQNR .RSHUL¶QLQ 3UXV\D¶GDNL )UDQVÕ] HOoLVLQLQ DGDPÕ ROGX÷XQD GDLU GX\XPODU DOÕQPÕúWÕ 6RQXoWD LNL \ÕOGDQ EHUL %HUOLQ PDVODKDWJ]DUOÕ÷Õ\DSDQ<DQNR.RSHUL¶QLQD]OLQH NDUDUYHULOGL 40 .RSHUL¶QLQ \HULQH WD\LQ HGLOHQ <DNRYDNL $UJLURSRXOR HVNL /RQGUD PDVODKDWJ]DUÕ <DQNR¶QXQ D÷DEH\L LGL41 'DKD |QFH 5XP 3DWULNKDQHVLQGH oDOÕúPÕú YH (IODN YR\YRGDVÕ RODQ ND\ÕQSHGHUL 0LFKHO 6RXW]D¶QÕQ NDSÕ NHWKGDOÕ÷ÕQGD EXOXQPXúWX 42 0DVODKDWJ]DUOÕ÷D DWDQGÕ÷Õ VÕUDGD %DEÕkOL¶GH $YUXSD JD]HWHOHULQLWHUFPHHWPHNOHYD]LIHOL\GL43 <DNRYDNL(IHQGL, 10 THPPX]WDULKLLWLEDUL\OHJ|UHYLQHEDúODGÕ 44 9D]LIHVLQGH LNL\ÕOÕQÕ GROGXUPDGDQ%HUOLQ¶LQKDYDVÕQDX\XPVD÷OD\DPDPDVÕQÕ YH VD÷OÕN VRUXQODUÕQÕ JHUHNoH J|VWHUHUHN \HULQH NDUGHúL <DQNR $UJLURSRXOR¶QXQ WD\LQ HGLOPHVL ULFDVÕQGD EXOXQGX 45 $VOÕQGD GDKD |QFH 36. 37. 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45. $VOÕQGD%DEÕkOL%HUOLQ¶H\HQLELUHOoLDWDPDVÕ\DSPD\ÕSODQODPÕúWÕ)DNDW%HUOLQKNPHWL \HQLELU2VPDQOÕHOoLVL LVWHPL\RUGX+DWWDøVWDQEXO¶GDNLHOoLOHUL.QREHOVGROI¶DUDKDWVÕ]OÕN YHULFL ELU PHUDVLPGHQ EDúND ELU úH\ ROPD\DQ YH JHUoHNWHQ \DUDUOÕ ROGX÷X WDUWÕúPDOÕ ELU PLV\RQúHIOL÷LQL%HUOLQ¶GHEXOXQGXUPDILNULQGHQ%DEÕkOL¶\LNÕUPDGDQWDPDPHQYD]JHoLUPH JLEL ELU úDQVODUÕ ROXS ROPDGÕ÷ÕQÕ VRUPXúODUGÕ 3UXV\D¶QÕQ EX WXWXPXQGDQ GROD\Õ %DEÕkOL %HUOLQ¶H \HQL ELU HOoL J|QGHUPH ILNULQGHQ YD]JHoPLú YH 0HKPHG (VDG (IHQGL¶\L PDVODKDWJ]DU RODUDN WD\LQ HWPLúWL -RKDQQ :LOKHOP =LQNHLVHQ 2VPDQOÕ øPSDUDWRUOX÷X 7DULKLdHY1LOIHU(SoHOL&9,,<HGLWHSH<D\ÕQODUÕøVWDQEXOV-39. %RUoODUÕQGDQGROD\Õ%HUOLQ¶GHQD\UÕODPD\DQ(VDG(IHQGLNÕVDELUVUHVRQUDGDKDVWDODQPÕú YHD\ODUFDGHYDPHGHQKDVWDOÕ÷ÕQÕQDUGÕQGDQ1LVDQ¶GHYHIDWHWPLúWLU,UHQD)OLWHU³7KH 'LSORPDWV¶ 'HEWV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO )LQDQFLDO 'LVSXWHV EHWZHHQ WKH 2WWRPDQ (PSLUH DQG 3UXVVLDDWWKHHQGRIWKH(LJKWHHQWK&HQWXU\´2VPDQOÕ$UDúWÕUPDODUÕ;/9,,,
(29) V 399. BOA, +$7., 5727-$5 $÷XVWRV
(30) 6FKPLHGHDJHV BOA, &+5 7341, 19 Z 1217 1LVDQ
(31) BOA, +$7WV] BOA, &+55D 7HPPX]
(32) 5DQJDEpDJHV BOA, +$7, WV] BOA, &+55 $÷XVWRV
(33) BOA, +$7WV].
(34) 262. 0XVD.,/,d. NDUGHúLQLQ NHQGL HPULQGH NkWLS RODUDN LVWLKGDP HGLOPHVLQL LVWHPLúWL $QFDN <DNRYDNL (IHQGL’QLQ NHQGLVL GH \DEDQFÕ GLO ELOGL÷L LoLQ LVWH÷L JHUL oHYULOPLúWL46 )DNDW EX GHIDki WDOHEL NDEXO HGLOGL YH \HULQH NDUGHúL <DQNR (IHQGL DWDQGÕ. 47 .ÕVDVUHOL%HUOLQ0DVODKDWJ]DUOÕ÷ÕQDUD÷PHQVRQUDNL\ÕOODUGD<DNRYDNL %H\¶LQ|QHPOLKL]PHWOHUGHEXOXQGX÷XQXJ|UPHNWH\L]\ÕOÕQGD'RQDQPD 7HUFPDQOÕ÷ÕQDJHWLULOGL$QFDNJYHQLOLUYHPXNWHGLUROPDGÕ÷ÕJHUHNoHVL\OH \ÕOÕQGD J|UHYLQGHQ D]OHGLOGL. 48 1812- \ÕOODUÕ DUDVÕQGD 'LYDQ 7HUFPDQOÕ÷Õ \DSWÕ 5DNLSOHULQGHQ 0LFKDHO 6RXW]R¶QXQ HQWULNDODUÕ VRQXFX J|UHYLQGHQ DOÕQGÕ 49 %LU DUD (IODN YR\YRGDOÕ÷ÕQD DWDQPDVÕ JQGHPH JHOGL )DNDWGRQDQPDYH GLYDQWHUFPDQOÕNODUÕLOHYR\YRGDOÕNODUÕVDGHFHG|UW)HQHUOL DLOHQLQWHNHOLQHEÕUDNDQELUG]HQOHPH\DSÕOGÕ÷ÕLoLQHPHNOL\HVHYNHGLOGL50 <DNRYDNL %H\¶LQ 2VPDQOÕ ELOLP OLWHUDWUQH GH NDWNÕODUÕ ROPXúWXU 0DKPXW5DLI(IHQGLWDUDIÕQGDQNDOHPHDOÕQDQELU)UDQVÕ]FDFR÷UDI\DNLWDEÕQÕ el-øFDOHW¶O-&R÷UDIL\\H EDúOÕ÷Õ DOWÕQGD WHUFPH HWPLúWL $\UÕFD -HDQ +HQUL &DVWHUD¶GDQ X\DUODGÕ÷Õ dDULoH .DWHULQD¶\D GDLU ELU WDULK NLWDEÕ GD EXOXQPDNWDGÕU 51 5XP øV\DQÕQÕQ EDúODPDVÕQGDQ VRQUD $QDGROX¶\D VUJQ HGLOHQ )HQHUOL 5XPODU DUDVÕQGD <DNRYDNL $UJLURSRXOR GD EXOXQPDNWD\GÕ øON RODUak dRUXP¶D VUJQ HGLOGL 1824 \ÕOÕQGDQ LWLEDUHQ %XUVD¶GD LNDPHWOHULQH L]LQ YHULOGL52 øVWDQEXO¶D DQFDN \ÕOÕQGD G|QHELOGL SUJQGHQ VRQUD (GLUQH $QWODúPDVÕ¶QGD o|]POHPH\HQ ED]Õ VRUXQODUÕQ P]DNHUHVL LoLQ 6W 3HWHUVEXUJ¶D IHYNDODGH HOoL RODUDN J|QGHULOHFHN )HWKL 3DúD PDL\HWLQH WHUFPDQWD\LQHGLOGL)DNDWEDúÕQDELUúH\JHOPHVLQGHQNRUNWX÷XLoLQ\DQÕQD DLOHVLQL GH DODUDN ELU )UDQVÕ] JHPLVL\OH 2VPDQOÕ WRSUDNODUÕQGDQ ILUDU HWWL53 1850 \ÕOÕQGD$WLQD¶GDKD\DWÕQÕND\EHWWL 54. 46 47 48 49. 50 51 52 53 54. BOA, +$7, 4887-B, 5 +D]LUDQ
(35) BOA, &+51 $UDOÕN
(36) BOA, +$7WV] -RKDQQ 6WUDXVV³7KH0LOOHWVDQG7KHRI2WWRPDQ/DQJXDJHV7KH&RQWULEXWLRQRI2WWRPDQ *UHHNVWR2WWRPDQ/HWWHUV WK-WK&HQWXULHV
(37) ´'LH :HOW'HVøVODPVV6WXUG]DDJHV 6H]DL%DOFÕ%DEÕkOL7HUFPH2GDVÕ/LEUD.LWDSoÕOÕNYH<D\ÕQFÕOÕNøVWDQEXOV $JHV BOA, &+5 ù +D]LUDQ
(38) BOA, +$7 WV] BOA, +$7, 36414-$WV]BOA, +$7% 0DUW
(39) BOA, +$7WV] 6WUDXVVDJPV6WXUG]DDJHVBOA, +$7WV].
(40) øONøNDPHW(OoLOHULQLQ+DOHIOHUL5XP0DVODKDWJ]DUODU -1821). 263. <DNRYDNL %H\¶LQ \HULQL DODQ NDUGHúL <DQNR $UJLURSRXOR¶QXQ %HUOLQ PDVODKDWJ]DUOÕ÷ÕQD DWDQPDVÕ.DVÕP¶GHJHUoHNOHúPLúROPDVÕQDUD÷PHQ øVWDQEXO¶GDQ D\UÕOPDVÕ DQFDN HUWHVL VHQH 0DUW D\ÕQGD PPNQ ROGX 55 YH 0D\ÕV WDULKL LWLEDUL\OH LWLPDGQkPHVLQL VXQDUDN J|UHYLQH EDúODGÕ 56 G|UHYHEDúODPDVÕQGDQNÕVDELUVUHVRQUD)UDQVÕ]RUGXODUÕQÕQ%HUOLQ¶HJLUPHVL 3UXV\D LOH 2VPDQOÕ 'HYOHWL DUDVÕQGDNL GLSORPDWLN LOLúNLOHUL GH ROXPVX] HWNLOHGL. 7LOVLW $QWODúPDVÕ |QFHVLQGH \ÕOÕ RUWDODUÕQD GR÷UX øVWDQEXO¶D JHOHQ3UXV\DHOoLVL %DURQ6HQIIWYRQ3LOVDFK, )UDQVD¶QÕQLVWH÷L GR÷UXOWXVXQGD NDEXOHGLOPHGL YHHOoLGHQONHVLQH JHULG|QPHVLLVWHQGL. %DEÕkOL¶QLQWDYUÕQÕ NDEXO HWPH\HQ 3UXV\D øVWDQEXO¶GDNL HOoLOL÷LQL NDSDWPD NDUDUÕ DOGÕ. 57 $QODúÕOGÕ÷Õ NDGDUÕ\OD PWHNDELOL\HW HVDVODUÕ GR÷UXOWXVXQGD <DQNR $UJLURSRXOR¶QXQJ|UHYLGHVRQDHUGL. %XúHNLOGHIDDOL\HWOHULVRQODQGÕUÕODQLON LNDPHW HOoLOL÷L RODQ %HUOLQ¶GHNL 2VPDQOÕ WHPVLOFLOL÷L DQFDN \ÕOÕQGD \HQLGHQDoÕODELOHFHNWL58 9L\DQD¶GD5XP0DVODKDWJ]DUODU øONLNDPHWHOoLOLNOHULG|QHPLQGH9L\DQD¶GDVDGHFHøEUDKLP$ILI(IHQGL HOoL RODUDN J|UHY \DSPÕú YH RQXQ DUGÕQGDQ \ÕOÕQD NDGDU 5XP PDVODKDWJ]DUODU WDUDIÕQGDQ LGDUH HGLOPLúWLU %DEÕDOL¶QLQ 0VOPDQ HOoLOHU \HULQH 5XP WHUFPDQODUÕ PDVODKDWJ]DUOÕ÷D WD\LQ HWPH NDUDUÕQD X\JXQ ELU úHNLOGH o \ÕOOÕN J|UHY VUHVL GRODQ øEUDKLP $ILI (IHQGL \ÕOÕQÕQ VRQODUÕQGD 9L\DQD¶GDQ D\UÕOÕUNHQ WHUFPDQÕ .RQVWDQWLQ 'LEDOWR¶\X PDVODKDWJ]DURODUDNEÕUDNWÕ 59 .HIDORQ\DOÕ DULVWRNUDW ELU DLOHGHQ JHOHQ.RQVWDQWLQ 'LEDOWR60 VHNL] \ÕO 9L\DQD¶GD PDVODKDWJ]DUOÕN \DSWÕNWDQ VRQUD 61 KHP NHQGL WDOHEL KHP GH $YXVWXU\D KNPHWLQLQ LVWH÷L QHWLFHVLQGH J|UHYLQGHQ DOÕQGÕ .HQGLVL GRNWRUODUÕQ VD÷OÕ÷Õ LoLQ KDYD GH÷LúLNOL÷LQH LKWL\DFÕ ROGX÷XQX V|\OHGLNOHULQL 55 56 57 59. 60 61. BOA, +$7, 13179-)5D +D]LUDQ
(41) BOA, +$7, 13806, 29 S 1221 0D\ÕV
(42) =LQNHLVHQDJH&9,,V-349. 'HYOHW-L $OL\\H-L +kULFL\\H 1H]kUHW-L &HOvOHVL 6kOQkPHVL & , +D] $KPHG 1H]LK *DOLWHNLQøúDUHW<D\ÕQODUÕøVWDQEXOV .XUDQ DJH V $ILI (IHQGL .RQVWDQWLQ 7LEDOGRQ¶XQ PDVODKDWJ]DUOÕN EDúODQJÕFÕQÕ NHQGLVLQLQ øVWDQEXO¶D G|QG÷ WDULK RODQ 2FDN ¶L YHUPHNWHGLU 2\VD 'LEDOWR¶QXQ PDVODKDWJ]DUOÕ÷Õ$ILI(IHQGL¶QLQ9L\DQD¶GDQD\UÕOGÕ÷ÕWDULKWHQLWLEDUHQEDúODPDVÕJHUHNLU BOA, &+50 0D\ÕV). 6WXUG]DDJH, 433. BOA, +$7WV].
(43) 264. 0XVD.,/,d. EHOLUWHUHNJ|UHYLQGHQDIIÕQÕ YHøVWDQEXO¶DG|QPHVLQHL]LQYHULOPHVLQLLVWHPLúWL. $YXVWXU\D KNPHWLQLQ GH .RQVWDQWLQ 'LEDOWR KDNNÕQGD ED]Õ úLNk\HWOHUi YDUGÕ 62 $YXVWXU\DKNPHWLUHD\DGDQELUPDVODKDWJ]DU\HULQH0VOPDQELU E\NHOoLQLQ 9L\DQD¶GD J|UHYOHQGLULOPHVLQL LVWL\RUGX %DEÕkOL GH, $YUXSD¶GDNL \HQL JHOLúPHOHUGHQ GROD\Õ 9L\DQD¶\D GLUD\HWOL ELU 0VOPDQ HOoLQLQ DWDQPDVÕQÕQ X\JXQ RODFD÷ÕQÕ GúQPHNWH\GL dQN $YXVWXU\D YH 5XV\D, )UDQVD¶\D NDUúÕ \HQL ELU FHSKH ROXúWXUX\RUODUGÕ %X LVH R VÕUDODUGD 2VPDQOÕ 'HYOHWL¶QL NHQGLVL\OH LWWLIDND ]RUOD\DQ )UDQVD¶QÕQ SHQoHVLQGHQ NXUWXOPDN LoLQ ELU IÕUVDW RODELOLUGL. FakDW E\NHOoL J|QGHUPHN PDVUDIOÕ RODFD÷ÕLoLQ \HULQHELUNDoNLúLOLNPDL\HWOHELURUWDHOoLQLQJ|QGHULOPHVLGDKD X\JXQEXOXQGX+DWWDEXJ|UHYLoLQGDKD|QFHøUDQ¶DHOoLRODUDNJLGHQ5HIL (IHQGLVHoLOGL)DNDW5HIL(IHQGL¶QLQøVWDQEXO¶GDQKLODWJL\GLULOHUHN9L\DQD¶\D J|QGHULOPHVLGXUXPXQGD)UDQVD¶QÕQWHSNLJ|VWHUPHVLQGHQNRUNXOX\RUGX%X QHGHQOH5HIL(IHQGL¶QLQ|QFHRUGXGDJ|UHYOHQGLULOPHVLRUDGDQGD9L\DQD¶\D JHoPHVLQLQGDKDX\JXQROGX÷XQDNDUDUYHULOGL 63 5HIL (IHQGL¶QLQ DWDPD VUHFL WDPDPODQÕQFD\D NDGDU 9L\DQD¶GD ELU 2VPDQOÕ PHPXUXQXQ EXOXQPDVÕ HO]HP J|UOPúW )DNDW .RQVWDQWLQ 'LEDOWR¶QXQ PDVODKDWJ]DUOÕ÷Õ EÕUDNPDN LVWHPHVLQGHQ GROD\Õ \HULQH ELU EDúNDVÕQÕQ J|UHYOHQGLULOPHVL JHUHNL\RUGX %HUOLQ LNDPHW HOoLOL÷LQLQ NDSDQPDVÕQGDQGROD\ÕJ|UHYLVRQODQDQ<DQNR$UJLURSRXORVELUVUHGHQEHUL 9L\DQD¶GD\GÕ .HQGLVL LNL GHID PDVODKDWJ]DUOÕN KL]PHWLQGH EXOXQPXú WHFUEHOL ELU LVLPGL 64 hVWHOLN D÷DEH\L <DNRYDNL %H\ R G|QHPGH 'LYDQ TeUFPDQÕLGL%XQHGHQOHUOHWHUFLKHGLOHQ<DQNR¶\DELUúXNND\D]ÕODUDNELU HOoLWD\LQHGLOLQFH\HNDGDU$YXVWXU\DKNPHWLQH]GLQGH'HYOHW-L$OL\\H¶QLQ WHPVLOFLVL RODUDN J|UHYOHQGLULOGL÷L YH KD]ÕUODQDQ LWLPkGQkPHQLQ HOLQH XODúPDVÕQGDQVRQUD%DúYHNLOHWHVOLPHWPHVLHPUHGLOGL 65 9L\DQD¶GDNLLON5XPPDVODKDWJ]DU.RQVWDQWLQ'LEDOWR¶QXQ &RQVWDQWLQ 7LEDOGR
(44) EXJ|UHYLVÕUDVÕQGDLOPLoDOÕúPDODUGDEXOXQGX÷XQXGDELOPHNWH\L]. 7KH 8QLYHUVDO 0DJD]LQH GHUJLVLQGH oÕNDQ ELU KDEHUH J|UH 'R÷X $NDGHPLVLQGHQ 3URI &KDEHUW J|]HWLPLQGH 2VPDQOÕFD ELU GQ\D YH ELU GH $YUXSD KDULWDVÕ KD]ÕUODPÕúWÕ 66 <LQH EX G|QHPGH 6DIDKDW-Õ HenGHVL\\H DGOÕ. 62 63 64 65 66. BOA, +$7WV] BOA, +$75 +D]LUDQ
(45) BOA+$7WV] BOA+$7WV] 7KH8QLYHUVDO0DJD]LQH9RO9,-XO\WR'HFHPEUH/RQGRQS.
(46) øONøNDPHW(OoLOHULQLQ+DOHIOHUL5XP0DVODKDWJ]DUODU -1821). 265. HVHUi NDOHPH DOGÕ. 67 )DNDW 'LEDOWR¶QXQ PDVODKDWJ]DUOÕN VRQUDVÕ KD\DWÕ KDNNÕQGDVD÷OÕNOÕELUELOJL\H VDKLS GH÷LOL] 68 KRQVWDQWLQ 'LEDOWR \HULQH 9L\DQD¶\D PDVODKDWJ]DU DWDQDQ <DQNR $UJLURSRXOR, 0VOPDQELUHOoLJ|QGHULOHQHNDGDU\DQLJHoLFLELUVUHLoLQEX J|UHYH JHWLULOPLúWL69 )DNDW PXKWHPHOHQ 7HPPX] D\ÕQGD øVWDQEXO¶GD JHUoHNOHúHQWDKWGH÷LúLNOL÷LYHDUGÕQGDQ\DúDQDQJHOLúPHOHU5HIL(IHQGL¶QLQ WD\LQ VUHFLQLQ WDPDPHQ DVNÕ\D DOÕQPDVÕQD VHEHS ROGX. %|\OHFH <DQNR $UJLURSXOR, \ÕOÕQDNDGDUJ|UHYLQGHNDOGÕ2WDULKWHLNLONHDUDVÕQGDNL GLSORPDWLN LOLúNLOHUL \UWPH NRQXVXQGD \HWHUVL] ROGX÷X JHUHNoHVL\OH øVWDQEXO¶GDNL$YXVWXU\DHOoLOL÷LQLQLVWH÷L]HULQHJ|UHYLQGHQDOÕQGÕ 70 <DQNR $UJLURSRXOR LON LNDPHW HOoLOLNOHUL G|QHPLQGH ELUGHQ ID]OD EDúNHQWWHPDVODKDWJ]DUOÕN \DSDQWHNLVLPGL5XPøV\DQÕVÕUDVÕQGDD÷DEH\LLOH EHUDEHU VUJQHGLOGL71 \ÕOÕQGDøVWDQEXO¶GDKD\DWÕQÕND\EHWWL 72 9L\DQD PDVODKDWJ]DUOÕ÷ÕQD WD\LQ HGLOHQ \HQL LVLP <DQNR 0DYUR\DQL -HDQ0DYUR\HQL
(47) LGL)HQHUOL5XPODUÕQ|QHPOLDLOHOHULQGHQELULQH PHQVXSWX. K|NOHULQLQ 9HQHGLNOL 0RURVLQL KDQHGDQÕQD GD\DQGÕ÷Õ ULYD\HW HGLOPHNWH\GL. .LNODG7DNÕP$GDODUÕ3DURV7LQRVYH0LNRQRVDGDODUÕQGD]HQJLQPONOHUL EXOXQPDNWD\GÕ %DEDVÕ 'LPLWUDNL 0LNRQRV %H\L RODUDN ]LNUHGLOPHNOH ELUOLNWH73 KLoúSKHVL]DLOHQLQHQELOLQHQVLPDVÕ (IODNYR\YRGDVÕRODQDPFDVÕ 1LNRODNL LGL 74 .DSWDQ-Õ 'HU\D *D]L +DVDQ 3DúD¶QÕQ KLPD\HVL VD\HVLQGH YR\YRGDOÕ÷D JHWLULOHQ 1LNRODNL 0DYUR\DQL KDPLVLQLQ YHIDWÕQÕQ DUGÕQGDQ KÕ\DQHWOHVXoODQDUDNLGDPHGLOGL75 %XROD\ÕQDUGÕQGDQDPFDVÕQÕQKD]LQHGDUÕ RODQ <DQNR0DYUR\DQL9L\DQD¶\DILUDUHWWL76 1DSRO\RQ¶XQ9L\DQD¶\Õ LúJDO 67 68. 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76. BOA, C.MF., &D $÷XVWRV
(48) .RQVWDQWLQ 'LEDOWR DGOÕ ELU NLúL - \ÕOODUÕ DUDVÕQGD øVWDQEXO +H\EHOLDGD 5XKEDQ 2NXOXQXQLONPGUO÷Q\DSPÕúWÕU)DNDWKHULNLVLQLQD\QÕNLúLROXSROPDGÕ÷ÕNRQXVXQGD NHVLQ ELU ELOJL\H UDVWOD\DPDGÕN 6DOLK øQFL 'LQOHU 7DULKL $oÕVÕQGDQ +H\EHOLDGD 5XKEDQ 2NXOXQD *HQHO %LU %DNÕú <D\ÕQODQPDPÕú 'RNWRUD 7H]L 6HOoXN hQLYHUVLWHVL 6RV\DO %LOLPOHU(QVWLWV.RQ\DV BOA+$7&D +D]LUDQ
(49) BOA, C.HR., 4892, 01 Ca 1 0D\ÕV
(50) BOA&+5/ +D]LUDQ
(51) BOA+$7% 0DUW 1825). 6WXUG]DDJHV $JHV-340. 7KHRGRUH%ODQFDUG/HV0DYUR\pQLVO¶+LVWRLUHG¶2ULHQW&,,3DULV V =H\QHS6|]HQ)HQHUOL%H\OHU<ÕOÕQg\NV -1821)$\ED\<D\ÕQFÕOÕNøVWDQEXO V 9L\DQD¶GDEXOXQGX÷XLON\ÕOODUGD5XPPLOOL\HWoLOL÷LQLQVHPEROLVPL5LJDV¶OD\DNÕQLOLúNLVL ROGX÷XQDGDLULGGLDODULoLQEN]%ODQFDUGDJHV-137..
(52) 266. 0XVD.,/,d. HWWL÷L G|QHPGH 2VPDQOÕ PDVODKDWJ]DUÕQÕQ ILUDU HWPHVL QHGHQL\OH VDKLSVL] NDODQ 2VPDQOÕ WHEDDVÕQÕQ WHPVLOFLOL÷LQL VWOHQGL.77 +L]PHWOHUL QHGHQL\OH %DEÕkOL WDUDIÕQGDQ NHQGLVLQH VHIDUHW EDúNkWLEL XQYDQÕ YHULOHUHN PDDú ED÷ODQGÕ 78 6RQUDNL \ÕOODUGD GD %DEÕkOL LOH L\L LOLúNLOHULQL VUGUG÷ LoLQ <DQNR $UJLURSRXOR \HULQH 9L\DQD PDVODKDWJ]DUÕ WD\LQ HGLOGL <DQNR 0DYUR\DQL¶QLQWD\LQLQHDVOÕQGDRQXQ2VPDQOÕWDELL\HWLQGHQoÕNÕS$YXVWXU\D YDWDQGDúOÕ÷ÕQD JHoWL÷L YH \DEDQFÕ ELU GHYOHW WHEDDVÕQÕQ PDVODKDWJ]DUOÕN \DSPDVÕQÕQVDNÕQFDOÕRODFD÷Õ JHUHNoHVL\OHLWLUD]ODUV|]NRQXVX\GX 79 )DNDWEX LWLUD] VRQXoVX] NDOGÕ YH <DQNR 0DYUR\DQL 0D\ÕV WDULKLQGH LWLPkGQkPHVLQLWHVOLPHGHUHNJ|UHYLQHEDúODGÕ80 5XPøV\DQÕLOH<DQNR0DYUR\DQL¶QLQJ|UHYLVRQODQGÕUÕOGÕ%DEÕkOL WDUDIÕQGDQ øVWDQEXO¶D G|QPHVL LVWHQGL DQFDN KD\DWÕQGDQ HQGLúH HWWL÷L LoLQ 0HWWHUQLFK¶LQWHONLQL\OH0DFDULVWDQ¶ÕQ3UHVVEXUJúHKULQHVÕ÷ÕQGÕ/RQGUD 3URWRNRO¶QQ LP]DODQPDVÕQGDQ VRQUD 9L\DQD¶\D G|QHELOGL \ÕOÕQGD %DEÕkOL WDUDIÕQGDQ \HQLGHQ 9L\DQD PDVODKDWJ]DUOÕ÷ÕQD WD\LQ HGLOGL %LU DUD 0HKPHG $OL 3DúD PHVHOHVLQGH øQJLOWHUH¶QLQ \DUGÕPÕQÕ WHPLQ HGHELOPHN DPDFÕ\ODIHYNDODGHPHPXURODUDN/RQGUD¶\DJ|QGHULOGL 81 \ÕOÕQGD)HULN $KPHG 3DúD¶QÕQ 9L\DQD¶\D HOoL DWDQPDVÕ\OD <DQNR 0DYUR\DQL¶QLQ PDVODKDWJ]DUOÕ÷Õ VRQD HUGL )DNDW KL]PHWOHULQLQ NDUúÕOÕ÷Õ RODUDN 9L\DQD VHIDUHWPVWHúDUOÕ÷ÕQDJHWLULOGLYHEXJ|UHYLQL 82\ÕOÕQGDNLYHIDWÕQD NDGDU GHYDPHWWLUGL83 3DULV¶WH5XP0DVODKDWJ]DUODU 2VPDQOÕ'HYOHWL¶QLQ3DULV LNDPHWHOoLOL÷LGL÷HUHOoLOLNOHUHJ|UHIDUNOÕELU WDULKL VH\LU L]OHPLúWLU 'L÷HU HOoLOLNOHU \ÕOÕQGDQ VRQUD PDVODKDWJ]DU G]H\LQGHWHPVLOHGLOLUNHQ3DULVVHIDUHWLELU\ÕOOÕNLVWLVQDGÕúÕQGD\ÕOÕQD NDGDU0VOPDQHOoLOHUWDUDIÕQGDQLGDUHHGLOGL)UDQVD¶QÕQEDúNHQWLQGHNLLON 2VPDQOÕ LNDPHWHOoLVL¶GHJ|UHYH EDúOD\DQ 0RUDOÕ(VVH\\LG$OL(IHQGL LGL. )DNDW(VVH\LG$OL(IHQGL¶QLQHOoLOLNVUHVLKHQ]ELU\ÕOÕGROGXUPXúNHQ 77 78 79 80 81 82 83. <DQNR 0DYUR\DQL¶QLQ |]HOOLNOH $YXVWXU\D KNPHWLQLQ 2VPDQOÕ WHEDDVÕQD NRQXODQ D÷ÕU YHUJLOHULQNDOGÕUÕOPDVÕQGD|QHPOLNDWNÕVÕEXOXQPDNWD\GÕ%N]BOA, +$7WV] BOA, +$7WV] BOA, &+5&$ +D]LUDQ
(53) BOA, &+5& +D]LUDQ
(54) 0XVD .ÕOÕo 2VPDQOÕ +DULFL\HVLQGH *D\ULPVOLPOHU -
(55) $QNDUD hQLYHUVLWHVL 6RV\DO%LOLPOHU(QVWLWV<D\ÕQODQPDPÕú'RNWRUD7H]L$QNDUDV $JW V-147. $JW V.
(56) øONøNDPHW(OoLOHULQLQ+DOHIOHUL5XP0DVODKDWJ]DUODU -1821). 267. )UDQVD¶QÕQ 0ÕVÕU¶Õ LúJDO HWPHVLQGHQ GROD\Õ LNL ONH DUDVÕQGDNL GLSORPDWLk LOLúNLOHU NHVLQWL\H X÷UDGÕ 0ÕVÕU LúJDOLQLQ VRQD HUPHVLQLQ DUGÕQGDQ EDUÕú P]DNHUHOHULQGH EXOXQPDN ]HUH $OL (IHQGL¶QLQ \HULQH IHYNDODGH HOoL VÕIDWÕ\OD 0HKPHG 6DLG *DOLE (IHQGL J|UHYOHQGLULOGL \ÕOÕQGD 3DULV DQWODúPDVÕ LP]DODQDUDN LNL ONH LOLúNLOHUL \HQLGHQ WHVLV HGLOGL 84 *|UHYLQL WDPDPOD\DQ0HKPHG6DLG*DOLE(IHQGLD\QÕ\ÕOÕQ(\OOD\ÕQGDøVWDQEXO¶D G|QHUNHQ $OHNVDQGÕU 5DOOL DGOÕ 5XP WHUFPDQÕQÕ PDVODKDWJ]DU RODUDN 3DULV¶WHEÕUDNWÕ 85 $OHNVDQGÕU 5DOOL 6DNÕ] $GDVÕQÕQ |QGH JHOHQ WFFDU DLOHOHULQGHQ ELULQH PHQVXSWX 86 )UDQVDDGÕQDFDVXVOXN\DSWÕ÷ÕRUWD\DoÕNDQ3DQD\RWDNL.RGULND¶QÕQ \HULQH0RUDOÕ(VVH\\LG$OL(IHQGLPDL\HWLQHWHUFPDQRODUDNWD\LQHGLOPLúWL87 (VVH\\LG $OL (IHQGL YH KDOHIL 0HKPHG *DOLS (IHQGL¶QLQ HOoLOLNOHULQGH WHUFPDQOÕN\DSWÕNWDQVRQUD(\OOWDULKLLWLEDUL\OH3DULVPDVODKDWJ]DUÕ RODUDNJ|UHYHEDúODGÕ88 )DNDWVDGHFHELU\ÕONDGDUPDVODKDWJ]DUOÕNKL]PHWLQGH EXOXQGX +DOHW (IHQGL¶QLQ 3DULV¶H JHOPHVL LOH ELUOLNWH J|UHYL VRQD HUGL89 $OHNVDQGÕU5DOOL5XPøV\DQÕVÕUDVÕQGDLGDPHGLOGL90 +DOHW(IHQGL¶QLQDUGÕQGDQ3DULVVHIDUHWLQH0XKLE(IHQGLWD\LQHGLOPLúWL 2QXQ J|UHY VUHVL GH \ÕOÕQGD VRQD HUGL %DEÕkOL VHIDUHW NkWLEL *DOLS (IHQGL¶QLQ PDVODKDWJ]DU RODUDN 3DULV¶WH NDOPDVÕQD NDUDU YHUPLúWL. 6HIDUHW WHUFPDQODUÕQGDQELUL0XKLE(IHQGLLOHøVWDQEXO¶DG|QHFHN GL÷HUL LVH*DOLS (IHQGL LOH EHUDEHU 3DULV¶WH NDODFDNWÕ )DNDW 0XKLE (IHQGL¶QLQ $÷XVWRV ¶GH 91 3DULV¶WHQD\UÕOPDVÕQGDQVDGHFHLNLKDIWDVRQUD*DOLS(IHQGLYHIDW HWWL %XQXQ ]HULQH *DOLS (IHQGL \DQÕQGD NDODQ WHUFPDQ 3DQD\RWDNL $UJLURSRXOR 92 3DULVPDVODKDWJ]DUOÕ÷ÕQDWD\LQHGLOGL93 84. 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93. 1LKDW .DUDHU ³)UDQVD¶GD øON øNDPHW (OoLOL÷LQLQ .XUXOPDVÕ dDOÕúPDODUÕ 9H øON øNDPHW (OoLPL] 6H\\LG $OL (IHQGL¶QLQ 3DULV %\NHOoLOL÷L –
(57) 6UHFLQGH 2VPDQOÕ – )UDQVÕ]'LSORPDVLøOLúNLOHUL´7DULK$UDúWÕUPDODUÕ'HUJLVL;;;,V BOA, $^'91610+G 1R+NPV&D (\OO
(58) BOA, +$7, % (NLP
(59) 6WXUG]DDJHV BOA, $(66/0,,,WV] BOA, $(66/0,,,WV] $OHNVDQ (IHQGL ERUoODUÕ \]QGHQ ELU VUHGDKD3DULV¶WHQ D\UÕODPD] %N] BOA, &+5, 8884, 18 Ca 1218. 3KLOOLRXDJHV )2-XQH 3DQD\RWDNL (IHQGL¶QLQ DLOHVL KDNNÕQGD ELOJL VDKLEL GH÷LOL] 0XKWHPHOHQ %HUOLQ¶GH PDVODKDWJ]DUOÕN\DSPÕúRODQ$UJLURSRXORNDUGHúOHUOHDNUDEDOÕ÷ÕYDUGÕ BOA, +$76 0DUW
(60) BOA, +$7WV]BOA, &+5., 5213, & +D]LUDQ
(61).
(62) 268. 0XVD.,/,d. 3DQD\RWDNL (IHQGL’QLQ 3DULV PDVODKDWJ]DUOÕ÷Õ EDúODQJÕoWD JHoLFL VWDWVQGH\GL )UDQVD KNPHWL %DEÕkOL¶QLQ \HQL ELU 0VOPDQ HOoL WD\LQ HWPHVLQL EHNOHPHNWH\GL 94$\QÕ VÕUDODUGD øQJLOL] KNPHWL GH /RQGUD PDVODKDWJ]DUÕ6ÕGNÕ(IHQGL\HULQHELUHOoLQLQWD\LQHGLOPHVLLVWH÷LQL2VPDQOÕ KNPHWLQH ELOGLUPLúWL95 +HU LNL ONHGHQ JHOHQ EDVNÕODU VRQXFXQGD $PHGv 2GDVÕKXOHIDVÕQGDQ +DPLG%H\ /RQGUD¶\DYH1HFLE(IHQGL LVH3DULV¶H WD\LQ HGLOGL 96 +DWWD EX JHOLúPHOHUGHQ KDEHUGDU RODQ $YXVWXU\D KNPHWL GH 9L\DQD¶\D0VOPDQELUHOoLQLQDWDQPDVÕQÕWDOHSHWPLúWL 97 )DNDWRVÕUDODUGD )UDQVDLOH5XV\DDUDVÕQGD JHUJLQOL÷LQDUWPDVÕ\HQLHOoLOHULQJ|QGHULOPHVLQLQ DVNÕ\DDOÕQPDVÕQDQHGHQROGX3DULV¶HWD\LQHGLOHQNecip (IHQGL¶QLQ2VPDQOÕ 'HYOHWLLOH)UDQVDDUDVÕQGD ELULWWLIDNNXUXOPDVÕNRQXVXQGDEDVNÕJ|UPHVLQGHQ NRUNXOX\RUGX %|\OH ELU LWWLIDNÕQ \DUDUGDQ oRN ]DUDU YHUHFH÷LQL |QJ|UHQ %DEÕkOLHOoLOHULQJLGLúLQLQHOGHQJHOGL÷LQFHHUWHOHQPHVLNDUDUÕQÕDOGÕ 98 (UWHOHPHQLQ QHGHQOHULQGHQELULGHRVÕUDODUGD2VPDQOÕ'HYOHWL¶QLQPkOv GXUXPXQXQ HOoL PDVUDIODUÕQÕ NDUúÕODPD\Õ HOYHUPHPHVL\GL +DWWD HOoL J|QGHULOHPH\HFH÷L YH 5XP PDVODKDWJ]DUODUD GD JYHQLOHPH\HFH÷L LoLQ GDQLúO NkWLSOHULQGHQ ELUHU NLúL VHoLOLS VHUNkWLS XQYDQÕ\OD WD\LQ HGLOPHVL JQGHPHJHOGL )DNDWEXILNLU2UGX-\X+PD\XQWDUDIÕQGDQJHOHQLUDGHOHUH D\NÕUÕ J|UOG÷QGHQ NDEXO HGLOPHGL 99 1DSRO\RQ¶XQ 0RVNRYD VHIHULQH oÕNPDVÕ YH \DúDGÕ÷Õ KH]LPHW %DEÕkOL¶QLQ J|QOV] ROGX÷X HOoL J|QGHUPH ILNULQGHQEVEWQYD]JHoPHVLQLVD÷ODGÕ 100 3DQD\RWDki (IHQGL¶QLQ PDVODKDWJ]DUOÕ÷ÕQÕQ JHoLFL VWDWGHQ GDLPL\H G|QúWUOPHVL DQFDN )UDQVD¶GD UHMLP GH÷LúLNOL÷LQGHQ VRQUD PPNQ RODFDNWÕ 1DSRO\RQ %RQDSDUW ¶GH 8OXVODU 6DYDúÕ¶QGD /HLS]LJ
(63) \HQLOPHVLQGHQ VRQUD (OEH $GDVÕQD VUJQ HGLOPLú YH )UDQVD¶GD DQD\DVDO PRQDUúL LODQ HGLOHUHN ;9,,, /RXLV WDKWD oÕNDUÕOPÕúWÕ %X JHOLúPHOHULQ DUGÕQGDQ 2VPDQOÕ'HYOHWL, )UDQVD GDNL\HQLUHMLPLQWDQÕQGÕ÷ÕQDGDLUELUQkPH LOH3DQD\RWDNL QLQGDLPLPDVODKDWJ]DUOÕ÷ÕQD LOLúNLQELULWLPkGQkPH\L3DULV H J|QGHUGL )DNDW 3DQD\RWDNL (IHQGL 6XOWDQ ÕQ QkPHVLQL NUDOD YH 94. BOA, +$75 0D\ÕV
(64) )2'HFHPEHU 96 BOA, &+5WV] 97 BOA, +$75D 1LVDQ
(65) 98 BOA, &+5WV] 99 BOA +$7WV] 100 $KPHW '|QPH] ³2VPDQOÕ 'HYOHWL¶QGH 7HN 7DUDIOÕ 'LSORPDVL $QOD\ÕúÕ YH .DUúÕOÕNOÕ 'LSORPDVL\H*HoLú6UHFL´ 2VPDQOÕ'LSORPDVL7DULKL.XUXPODUÕYH7DWELNL(G0HKPHW $ODDGGLQ<DOoÕQND\D-8÷XU.XUWDUDQ*UDILNHU <D\ÕQODUÕ$QNDUDV-170. 95.
(66) øONøNDPHW(OoLOHULQLQ+DOHIOHUL5XP0DVODKDWJ]DUODU -1821). 269. LWLPkGQkPHVLQLEDúYHNLOHWDNGLPHGHPHGHQ(OEHDGDVÕQGDQNDoDQ1DSRO\RQ %RQDSDUW3DULV HJHULG|QG 1DSRO\RQ¶XQ G|Qú LOH ELUOLNWH 3DQD\RWDNL (IHQGL GÕúÕQGD GL÷HU ONH WHPVLOFLOHUL)UDQVDEDúNHQWLQL WHUNHWWLOHU2VPDQOÕPDVODKDWJ]DUÕQÕQ3DULV¶WH NDOPDVÕ\HQLELUGLSORPDWLNVRUXQDQODPÕQDJHOPHNWH\GL3DQD\RWDNL(IHQGL, 1DSRO\RQ UHMLPLQLQ WDQÕQPDVÕ LoLQ EDVNÕ DOWÕQGD WXWXOPDNWD\GÕ øVWDQEXO D PDVODKDWJ]DUWD\LQHGLOPLúIDNDWKHQ])UDQVD¶GDQD\UÕOPDPÕúRODQ 0|V\| -XEHU YH EL]]DW 'ÕúLúOHUL %DNDQÕ 'XNH GH &DXODLQFRXUW ;9,,, /RXLV¶H J|QGHULOHQ QkPHOHULQ NHQGLOHULQH WHVOLP HGLOPHVLQL WDOHS HWPLúOHUGL 3DQD\RWDNL (IHQGL LVH EXQD L]QL ROPDGÕ÷Õ YH %DEÕkOL GHQ KDEHU EHNOHGL÷LQL EH\DQ HGHUHN WDOHSOHUL UHGGHWPLúWL 101 $\QÕ VÕUDODUGD $YXVWXU\D KNPHWL, 9L\DQD¶GD EXOXQDQ 2VPDQOÕ PDVODKDWJ]DUÕ <DQNR 0DYUR\DQL DUDFÕOÕ÷Õ\OD 2VPDQOÕ'HYOHWL¶QLQ1DSRO\RQNDUúÕWÕEOR÷DNDWÕOPDVÕQÕYHGHUKDO3DULV¶WHNL WHPVLOFLOL÷LQLQNDSDWÕOPDVÕQDGDLUELUQRWD\Õ%DEÕkOL¶\HJ|QGHUPLúWL +HU LNL FLKHWWHQ EDVNÕ DOWÕQGD NDODQ %DEÕkOL PHVHOHQLQ GHUKDO ùXUD 0HFOLVLQGH P]DNHUH HGLOPHVLQH NDUDU YHUGL ùXUD 0HFOLVLQH J|UH )UDQVD NUDOÕQDQkPHJ|QGHULOPHVLYHQH]GLQHPDVODKDWJ]DUWD\LQHGLOPHVL2VPDQOÕ 'HYOHWL¶QLQ %RXUERQQH KDQHGDQÕQÕ WDQÕGÕ÷ÕQÕ J|VWHUPHNWH\GL +HU QH NDGDU 1DSRO\RQ3DULV HG|QPúYH)UDQVDNUDOÕEDúNHQWLWHUNHWPLúLVHGH2VPDQOÕ 'HYOHWL DoÕVÕQGDQ ;9,,, /RXLV¶LQ NRQXPXQGD KHUKDQJL ELU GH÷LúLNOLN ROPDPÕúWÕ 3DULV PDVODKDWJ]DUOÕ÷ÕQÕQ NDSDWÕOPDVÕ KHP )UDQVÕ]ODUOD GúPDQOÕ÷D \RO DoDELOLU KHP GH WDUDIVÕ]OÕN LONHVLQH D\NÕUÕ RODELOLUGL ùXUD 0HFOLVL0HWWHUQLFK¶HFHYDSYHULOPHVLGXUXPXQGD2VPDQOÕ'HYOHWL¶QLQ3DULV YH VDKLO E|OJHOHULQGH WLFDUL IDDOL\HWOHUGH EXOXQGX÷XQXQ YH WLFDUHW HUEDEÕQÕQ NRUXQPDVÕ LOH LúOHULQH \DUGÕPFÕ ROXQPDVÕ LoLQ PDVODKDWJ]DUOÕ÷ÕQ DoÕN WXWXOGX÷XQXQ EHOLUWLOPHVLQLNDUDUODúWÕUGÕ$\UÕFD2VPDQOÕPDVODKDWJ]DUÕQÕQ KHU HOoLQLQ GR÷DO J|UHYL RODQ GLSORPDWLN LúOHUOe PHúJXO ROPD\DFD÷ÕQÕQ YXUJXODQPDVÕGDX\JXQEXOXQPXúWX 102 1DSRO\RQ%RQDSDUW¶ÕQ:DWHUORR6DYDúÕQGD\HQLOPHVL6W+HOHQHDGDVÕQD VUJQ YH ;9,,, /RXLV¶LQ 3DULV¶H G|Qú NUL]LQ GDKD ID]OD E\PHGHQ VRQODQPDVÕQÕ VD÷ODGÕ 3DQD\RWDNL (IHQGL (NLP GH VDUD\D GDYHW HGLOHUHN;9,,,/RXLV H2VPDQOÕVXOWDQÕQÕQQkPH-LKPk\XQXQXYHNHQGLVLQLQ GDLPL PDVODKDWJ]DU DWDQGÕ÷ÕQD GDLU LWLPDW PHNWXEXQX WHVOLP HWWL $VOÕQGD PDVODKDWJ]DUVÕIDWÕQDKDL]RODQGLSORPDWODUÕQLWLPDW PHNWXSODUÕQÕGLSORPDWLN WHDPOOHU JHUH÷L EDúYHNLOOHUH YH\D GÕúLúOHUL EDNDQODUÕQD VXQPDODUÕ 101 102. BOA, +$71 $÷XVWRV
(67) BOA, +$7WV].
(68) 270. 0XVD.,/,d. JHUHNPHNWH\GL)DNDW3DQD\RWDNL QLQWDOHEL]HULQHQkPH-LKPk\XQYHLWLPDW PHNWXEX EL]]DW ;9,,, /RXLV WDUDIÕQGDQ DOÕQPÕú YH EX ROD\ G|QHPLQ JD]HWHOHULQGHGH\DQNÕEXOPXúWX 103 3DQD\RWDNL $UJLURSRXORV \ÕOÕQD NDGDU LID HWWL÷L 3DULV PDVODKDWJ]DUOÕ÷ÕQGDQ NHQGL LVWH÷L\OH D\UÕOPÕúWÕU 8]XQ \ÕOODUGÕU DLOHVLQGHQ D\UÕNDOGÕ÷ÕQÕYHYHIDWHGHQEDEDVÕQÕQYDVLVLRODUDNPLUDVLúOHUL\OHLOJLOHQPHVL JHUHNWL÷LQLEHOLUWHUHNJ|UHYLQGHQDIIÕWDOHELQGHEXOXQPXúYHEXWDOHEL%DEÕkOL WDUDIÕQGDQNDEXOHGLOPLúWLU. 104 BDúNHQWHG|QúQGHQVRQUD X]XQ\ÕOODU|QHPOL ELU GHYOHW KL]PHWLQGH \HU DODPDGÕ +DWWD 3HUWHY YH $NLI 3DúD KL]LSOHUL DUDVÕQGDNL oHNLúPHGHQ GROD\Õ NÕVD ELU VUHOL÷LQH VUJQH J|QGHULOGL \ÕOÕQGD KHP DIIHGLOGL KHP GH .ÕEUÕV .DSÕNHWKGDVÕ RODUDN WD\LQ HGLOGL. 105 øKWL\DUOÕ÷ÕQDUD÷PHQ\ÕOÕQGDNL|OPQHNDGDUEXJ|UHYLQHGHYDPHWWL 106 3DQD\RWDNL (IHQGL¶QLQ 3DULV PDVODKDWJ]DUOÕ÷ÕQGDQ DOÕQPDVÕ ]HULQH \HULQH )HQHUOL 5XPODUGDQ 0DQR DLOHVLQH PHQVXS YH PXWHEHU ER\DUODUGDQ 'LPLWUDNL¶QLQ R÷OX 1LNRODNL 0DQR¶QXQ WD\LQ HGLOPHVLQH NDUDU YHULOGL107 1LNRODNL 0DQRLONLNDPHWHOoLOLNOHULG|QHPLQGH3DULV¶WHJ|UHYDODQVRQ5XP PDVODKDWJ]DUÕGÕU $LOHVL DVOHQ 6LFLO\D N|NHQOL\GL %LU G|QHP *DODWD¶GDNL &HQHYL]NRORQLVLQLLGDUHHGHQDLOHøVWDQEXO¶XQIHWKLQGHQVRQUD2UWRGRNVOX÷D JHoHUHN )HQHUOL 5XP DLOHOHUL\OH EWQOHúPLúWL 108 1LNRODNL 0DQR¶QXQ 3DULV PDVODKDWJ]DUOÕ÷Õo\ÕONDGDUGHYDPHWWL5XPøV\DQÕDULIHVLQGHVD÷OÕN VRUXQODUÕQÕ JHUHNoH J|VWHUHUHN J|UHYLQGHQ D\UÕOPD WDOHEL NDEXO HGLOGL YH \HULQH 7RGRUDNL 1HJULNRPLV WD\LQ HGLOGL109 )DNDW 1LNRODNL 0DQR LV\DQÕQ EDúODPDVÕQGDQ GROD\Õ øVWDQEXO¶D JHUL G|QPHGL YH ¶WH 3DULV¶WH KD\DWÕQÕ ND\EHWWL110. 103. BOA, +$7WV] BOA, +$7WV] 105 3DQD\RWDNL $UJLURSRXORV EHOJHOHUGH 7RSDO 3DQD\RWDNL DGÕ\OD ]LNUHGLOPHNWHGLU 6UJQH GDLUEN]BOA, ø+5& $÷XVWRV
(69) 106 3DQD\RWDNL (IHQGL KL]PHWOHULQH NDUúÕOÕN oHúLWOL GHIDODU |GOOHQGLULOPLúWLU øNL GHID QLúDQ YHULOHQ3DQD\RWDNL(IHQGL¶\HD\UÕFDELQNXUXúGH÷HULQGHELUVDKLOKDQHWHYFLKHGLOPLúWLU +D]LUDQ WDULKLQGH YHIDW HGHQ 3DQD\RWDNL¶QLQ \HULQH GDPDGÕ <RUJDNL DWDQPÕúWÕU %N]BOA, ø+51 (NLP
(70) BOA, ø+5, 33/1506, 8 S 1262 (05 ùXEDW
(71) BOA, $0.76 ùXEDW 1846).; BOA, +$7WV] BOA09/ù 7HPPX]
(72) BOA, $0.7ù 7HPPX]
(73) 107 BOA, +$7WV] 108 5DQJDEHDJHV 109 BOA, +$7WV] 110 6WXUG]DDJHV 104.
(74) øONøNDPHW(OoLOHULQLQ+DOHIOHUL5XP0DVODKDWJ]DUODU -1821). 271. 1LNRODNL 0DQR \HULQH 3DULV PDVODKDWJ]DUOÕ÷ÕQD JHWLULOHQ 7RGRUDNL 1HJULNRPLVGDKD|QFH%R÷GDQ9R\YRGDVÕ.DOLPDNL¶QLQNDSÕNHWKGDOÕ÷ÕQGD EXOXQPXúWX 111 )HQHUOLWRSOXPXQDVRQUDGDQHQWHJUHROPXúDLOHVLDVOHQøWDO\DQ N|NHQOL\GL $WDQGÕ÷Õ VÕUDGD D÷DEH\L .RQVWDQWLQ (IODN ND\PDNDPÕ LGL 112 7RGRUDNL1HJULNRPLV)UDQVD¶\D JLWPHN]HUHKDUHNHWHWWL÷LQGH0RUD¶GDLV\DQ \HQLEDúODPÕúWÕ)DNDW 0RUD\DNÕQODUÕQGDELQGL÷LJHPLGHQNDoDUDNLV\DQFÕODUD NDWÕOGÕ113 7RGRUDNL¶QLQ ILUDUÕ ]HULQH 9L\DQD YH /RQGUD¶GDNL 5XP PDVODKDWJ]DUODUÕGDJ|UHYOHULQGHQD]OHGLOGL 114 %DEÕkOL¶QLQDOGÕ÷ÕNDUDUDJ|UH 5XPøV\DQÕQÕQEDVWÕUÕOPDVÕQGDQVRQUD0VOPDQODUDUDVÕQGDQHOoLVHoLOHUek \HQLGHQ $YUXSD¶\D J|QGHULOHFHNWL %X VD\HGH JHQo EURNUDWODUÕQGDQ ELUNDoÕQÕQEDWÕGLOOHULQL|÷UHQPHOHULVD÷ODQDFDNWÕ115 )DNDW.DYDODOÕ0HKPHG $OL 3DúD VRUXQXQXQ JQGHPH JHOPHVL LOH ELUOLNWH $YUXSD GHYOHWOHUL\OH GLSORPDWLNLOLúNLOHULQ \HQLGHQNXYYHWOHQGLULOPHVLJHUHNOLOL÷LRUWD\DoÕNÕQFD\D NDGDU2VPDQOÕLNDPHWHOoLOLNOHUL \HQLGHQDoÕODPD\DFDNWÕ. 116 6RQXo<HULQH 2VPDQOÕ 'HYOHWL¶QLQ LON LNDPHW HOoLOLNOHULQGHQ LVWHGL÷L YHULPL DODPDPDVÕQGDQGROD\ÕoHúLWOLo|]P\ROODUÕJQGHPHJHOPLúYHHQVRQXQGD HOoLOLNOHUGH J|UHY \DSDQ )HQHUOL 5XP WHUFPDQODUÕQ PDVODKDWJ]DU WD\LQ HGLOPHVLQH NDUDU YHULOPLúWL )DNDW 5XP PDVODKDWJ]DUODUÕ X\JXODPDVÕQD DWDQGÕNODUÕ ONH KNPHWOHUL WHSNL J|VWHUPLúOHUGLU %X DWDPDODUÕ 2VPDQOÕ 'HYOHWL’QLQ PWHNDELOL\HW HVDVODUÕQÕ J|] DUGÕ HWWL÷L YH GLSORPDWLN LOLúNLOHUH \HWHULQFH |QHP YHUPHGL÷L úHNOLQGH DOJÕODPÕúODUGÕU 3HN ID]OD LWLEDU J|VWHUPHGLNOHUL 5XP PDVODKDWJ]DUODUÕQ \HULQH 0VOPDQ HOoL WD\LQ HGLOPHVLQL %DEÕkOL¶GHQ ÕVUDUOÕ ELU úHNLOGH WDOHS HWPLúOHUGLU 1LWHNLP $YUXSD EDúNHQWOHULQH5XPPDVODKDWJ]DUODU\HULQH0VOPDQHOoLWD\LQLELUNDoGHID GDKD JQGHPH JHOPLú LVH GH JHUoHNOHúPHPLúWLU %|\OHFH JHoLFL ELU o|]P \ROXRODUDNGúQOHQEXX\JXODPD5XPøV\DQÕQDNDGDUGHYDPHWPLúWLU 111. 7KRPDV*RUGRQ+LVWRU\RIWKH*UHN5HYROXWLRQ&,/RQGRQV 5DQJDEpDJHV 113 7KRPDV)URVW7KH6HFUHW6RFLHWHVRI(XURSHDQ5HYROXWLRQ-&,/RQGRQ V7RGRUDNL1HJULNRPLV¶LQLV\DQDNDWÕOPDVÕQÕQDUGÕQGDQ(IODNND\PDNDPÕRODQD÷DEH\L .RQVWDQWLQ NDUGHúL LOH PHNWXSODúWÕ÷Õ JHUHNoHVL\OH LGDP HGLOPLúWLU %N] )2 78/111.; 7RGDUDNL LVH LV\DQFÕODUÕQ NXUGX÷X LKWLODOKNPHWLQGH oHúLWOL J|UHYOHU DOPÕúWÕU .DVÕP ¶GD$QDEROX¶GDKD\DWÕQÕND\EHWPLúWL%N]5DQJDEpDJHV 114 )2-XQH 115 BOA, +$7WV]BOA, +$7,WV] 116 øNDPHWHOoLOLNOHULQLQ\HQLGHQDoÕOPDVÕQDGDLUEN]$KPHW'|QPH]³.DUúÕOÕNOÕ'LSORPDVL\H *HoLú6UHFLQGH2VPDQOÕ'DLPv(OoLOLNOHULQLQ$YUXSDெGD<HQLGHQ7HVLVL-´3URI 'U)DKLU$UPDR÷OX$UPD÷DQÕ(G(UVLQ(PEHO$QNDUDV-182. 112.
Benzer Belgeler
12 However, the role of kitchens in medieval bourgeois houses was of great importance for the medieval bourgeoisie to help them assert their power not only to the upper but also
Polonya edebiyatında çok önemli bir yere sahip olan, hatta Polonya’nın bugüne değin en büyük yurtsever şairi olarak kabul edilen Adam Mickiewicz de söz
"Altay" dilleri içerisinde Türkçeden en uzak olanı Kore dili olup, onun "Ural-Altay" dilleriyle münasebeti hâlâ münakaşalı bir vaziyettedir. Mançu ve
Hakkına ziraatinde, sanayiinde, ticaretinde kısacası işinde; dilinde, edebiyatında, (resminde değilse bile) musikisinde, raksında kısacası zevkinde ; meclisinde,
madde ile Osmanlı devleti, Yunanistan hakkında, İngiltere Fransa ve Rusya arasında Londra'da yapılmış olan 6 Temmuz 1827 tarihli andlaş- mayı ve bunun tatbikine dair 22 Mart
schhor, Griechische Vasen s. 204 Ekrem Akurgal, Spâthethitische Bildkunst. 13b, Buschor, Griechische Vasen s. 211 Buschor, Griechische Vasen s.. holm'deki Grifon vazosu ile,
Çünkü, tarihte Türk medeni- yetini bilmek, ya şı yan Türk milleti için bir temel üzerinde bina kurmak demektir.. Bu çe ş it vesikalar tetkik edenlerce malûmdur
uçur 'Vorfall, Ereignis, Erlebnis'.. s.) diye okumu ş tur. 48 Saray yarl ı klar ı nda, gerundium olarak geçen, bazan da praesens imperfectumda bulunan bir faaliyeti ifade eden