Myths and realities of on-line information utilities and its networking

Monuro

et$in Dergisi, Say:2, Nkan 1993

MYTHS AND NEALITIES

OI'ON-LINE INFORMATION

UTILITIES

AND ITS NETWORKING

Enin

Do€an AYDIN (ph.D.) AssL

hol

of Informatics & Computer Science

MARMARA UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Communications

1.

Introduction

Many years ago, before aii tsanrportation and electsical oommunications we-te invenwe-te4 th€ amount of infomation available in the world was manageable and the rate at which irformation was generaled and used leisurely. Since 1950, however, the pictue has b€en changed.

The pace of technological change, tlrc population explosioq the development

of audiovisual materials, and TV, and the impact of communications and micrograp-hics have been combined to p.oduce huge amounts of information at a faster rate for mole people. This rate s€ems to be increasing alarmingty, Man today is subjecM to a rate of information exchange gr€at€r than anything he previously experienced. Com_ munication technology which creates an envircnment though th€ use of various me-dia of tmnsmission, enables information flow as it proceeds ftom genention !o disse-minarion for utilization. This flow is maintained by fufiher generation and re-use of previously generated information. The flow utilization to geneEtion which certainly exists firough, is not clearly undentand, The flow from generation to utilization is the kind of transmission which we are explicitly dealing with. (see following figure) In facl the information pace is rising so rapidly that most of us caffpt begin to compte-hend its present 8nd future impact on every aspect of our lives.

_

.

Developing effective on-line information systems and networks is very vital. It isn't enough just to make information available to people; in order to be useirl, rhe

informatioo must also be relevant, timely, aod of special value to the person who recei-ves it.

The number of domestic and _{specially global networks for information, for} computers, fot communicalions, is continuously expanding, but there exist not quita right onJine information

utility;

and networking is increasingly becoming misiion critical. This

wort

shategy applied tluough which the most important things to

ple-sent some of the specifications and recommendations; rather the maill ernphasis toput on intelligibility or ar atrempt 8t "asking the appropriare and right que,rtions,', to list 8 number of possible issues, goals, oiteria, constraints, plans, development pot€ntials, and also recommeldations, The reader should keep

in

mind that what is said belowisintended to serve as an itemized checklist as well as a rcxt

INFORMATION TECIINOLOGY IS INFORI\4ATION

SYSTEI\4

ANI' COMIVIIJNICATION

A1IEDIA

INFO. GENERATION

I

COLLECTING

-(BY

USER) INFO. TRANSFORMATION PROCESSING I I

t

STORAGE I

t

R.ETRIE.\/AL I

t

DISSEI\4INATION

I

-cro

uss.l

I

2. Issue

ard

Scope

The objectives of networking, as perceived by user n€eds, are to €xploit

on-li-ne information resouces in oder to soke problems, make decisions, and satis! irqu-iry. The utility meets this demand by effecting lhe communication of on-line informa-tion.

To ardve at a network there must be an ongoing parallel execution of fte follo-wing developmental steps, which are unconditional precedents before an on-line in-formation utility can be achieved: plaming; analysis/design; operarional implemen-tation; ma*eting and service promotion; €ducation and Eaining.

There will be no on-line information utilities for th€ next coming ye{s, at le-ast not on a worldwide scale. This is obvious since the planning, analysis, implemen-lation, marketinS, and education are prerequisite stages !o an online information utility, aod each requles at least $ome yea$ of developmenl

On-line

ilforrration

aetworks ere linked data bases or interlinked libraries which storc items.

Computer Detworks have the facility of time sharing and the connecting of CPUs.

Communication D€tworlls are ways of connecting users. They have more oudets for the usels (s€rvice stations) than information or computer networks.

On-line information

utility

is the result of netrvork hybrids. Therc is usu-ally a merging of storage and pnocessing facilities; however, this may be just

sympto-matic of a need for imgoving the communicetion for an online information utility.

When talking ofnetwork design, specially to

_Fint

worldwid€ networks par-ticular ernphasis must be given to each country. No county has dle same degree of de-veloFrnent in present communication systems. Telephone lines in developed

counbi-es and developing countries vary in degee of access, overload, and serviceability. Global networking is a mane! of frnding methodologies for coping with the existitrg oonsystem on a worldwide basis.

Cct+ffectiveness must be asc€rtaircd by determining tiaffic and fiequency of use, fial is, what will be the volume of users and user rcqEsts lo the utility. Cost-be-refits wiU be determined by how well the utility closes the loops between s€eker and sin(/source in providing service and significant information.

2.1. Criteria

ofan

On.line

Informatiol Utility

Defined tlrough its properties, an on-line information utility is a public servi-ce and convenience; it has servic€ability and ease of accassibility; it charges a fee and is situationiependenL

Often the utility is viewed as an information-transfer or communication

devi-ce, but it is also a rcsouce-shadng network.

Situtationdep€ndency is a main criterion for the plaruring of an on-line infor-mation utiliry. This can be i[teipreted as the nec€ssity to perceive the outer and imer environment in which the utility

will

exist and entails a number of constsaints.

2.3. CoNtraiDts oflon an Otr-line

Information

Utility

2.3.L ConstraiDts on the Us€r are itr the Quality of S€rvice: . Acessibility: Is it direct or indirect?

.

Oltput

n€diar Arc th€y suitable or desirable?

, Availability-input (data base): Which levels are available?

t23

. Op€ratiotra} Lnmediate de€isioos,

. Tactical: Short-term decisions, . Strategic: Long-term decisions.

. Need for intern€diary: Is it necessary to perfom interpretation of queiry from user to utility?

. Charge: ls it within reach of user?

. Delivery iimer Are there long delays or is the service rapid? . ls an alerthg or awareness service offered?

23.2.

Corstrairt

olr the

Ulility

come ftom user demands, as users perceive their reeds (user awareness); so a distinction must be made between, on the one han4 discipline-oriented information, mission-odented information, and dedicated

packa-ges of information, all of which generally provid€ only the building blocks fo! long

range planning for undertakings; and the other han4 action-orietrted information,

all of which generally provide only the building blocks for longrange planning or un-dertakings; and on the other han4 action{riented information which provides short-term action for a user who is operating under pressue to make a fast , vital, and final

decision.

233.

Legal Constraints: Regulating bodies, copyrigh! invasion of privacy, misinformation. and antitoust.

23.4. Market Condrsints: Because of cost constnitts self-sufficency may be unattainable. The utility must have a marketable

se

ice and eventually pront

po-tenLials. The competion offer pluralistic olportunities.

235.

Internal Conslaints are know-how, planning capability, design

capa-bility, and implementatinon, the ability to derermine the functioo and organization of networks and the cost involved. Tbese consEaints will be determined by solutions !o the following:

, How can graceful degadation of systems be achieved?

. Who are the major players of information networks instrumentation?

. How are systems applications to be integrated?

. How should integrate the management of various communication forms sttch as voice, data, video, and word?

. In closing the loop how c6n the cyb€rrctic approech ard general system theory best be spplied and what kind of retrieval technique will be employed?

. What are the principle directiotts fof network managetheht?

. What is network management in both a b,road and narrow sense?

. What is the cost-accounting look like?

. What king of conshaints (e.g., cot, performaice. service level) have

o

be ta-ken into consideration?

Ftonr *re beginning, what evaluative techniques is employed as part of the overall design?

2.4. Planning Toward On4ine inlormatlon

Utillty

Work oward the development of networks for the infividtral user, instituti-ons, and governrnent at the local, regional, national, and intemationai level will have to be pluralistic.

Proposed planning should be done by defining an entire and heterogeneous population of users. The most likely network will be an evolving or evolutionary

dbt-ributed network.

25. Key Issues of On-line infoirfiration Networking

When is such networking feasible and what is desirable?

Defined by user needs and benefits expected, what function or functions does the network perform? How can priority among many functions be determined?

Whatkind of srucural agmizatio will answer the two preceding questims?

Shouldthe ugmization of ncwutingbecenralized- decentalized or disnihrtive?

How can the public made cognizant of its need for service form a utility? It is important !c shess the benefits to be derived urd as aconsequence, develOp motivati-on directed toward use and payment thereof.

It is possible that it will be long before networks arp able to benefit a general heterogeneous population of users; therefore, it makes sense to do the possible and fo-cus on special-purpose networks with well-defined tasks.

An overall multipurpose net service creates complexities of input and

ouSul

making organization difficult; thus, there is more rqNon for focusing on

pose nets. Otherwise, for supporting certain aplicatiorui, even more complex

servi-ces are required. A few examples are indenfied in he following figure and in tre rela-ted table.

Telmnferencing

: l,

9,

lO,

ll,16

Computtr Aided

Design

:

5,

6,

13,14

CreditAuthor

: lO,

ll,14,15,16

Vidmtex

:

5.

6.

11.13

Mlxed

Servlces

The following table defines all cetts of above figure:

I.

Television..

.... ; Video-Video with expected qudity and bandwidth

2.

Radar Ana1ysis...' Video-Data for military applications, in particular

3.

Surveillance _{systems...' Voice-Voice for supervising installations} inclu-ding alarm and alert management

4.

Freeze-frame video...: Video-fax for tansmitting information framewise

5.

CAD-Videotex

6.

Data-processin9...' Data-Data for processing information

7

.

voice reryonse credit

author:

Data-voice for ouFut processing or decision-ma-king results

8. Hard-copy termina1...; Data-fax for displaying and storing data displays on paPer

9.

Voice-actuated systent...: Voice-Video, using voice as a trigger for displa-ying and disnibuting information

rn-iffi!1ur

Video Data Volce

Facslmlle

Vldeo Tclwigion

I

Rad{ Analaysb SuryeiUa@

Sydo 3 F!r@Frae Vid@ 4 Data Cqnl[ts Aid€d

D€ign Vid€otex Pro(:4ingData \/oiceR€p@Cr€dit Autor

7 Ilard - Copy Temiml 8

Volce

VoicA.firated SysEm itoice Comptwi@ ad Stonge lo Ph@e,Voi@ lt4ail l1 Voie-Actuated Syltf, F

acslmlle

(VYord and Fixed Image) CornpuH Aid€d

Design \/idotex R@gnitionPatem

Voice R€pwe

10, Voice anptesion od storoge...,: Voice-Data for storing voice-trased information rn

computing systems I I . Phone, voice

nail

voice

12-Voice actuded syslem.-...-...-: Voice-Fax, see itern 9

13. CAD, ideotet...

14- Patton rccognition...' Fax-Data for analyzing word or fixed images I5. Voice

using data output for results

Fax-Voice, whereby voice

output.ril

be tdggeted by fax

16. Documeu trsnsmission.-...: Fax-Fax for sewing

offie

automation inpartic'ular Therc exists the design pmblem of suiting the form and struc[Ie of a network to its inpuvoutpu! content and user benefits (i.e., what kind of linkage for what kind of on-line information for what type of user).

What are the legal _Foblems that must be dealt with (see paragaph on legal constraints)?

The timing of implementation must not be too premahte for the costs and

ava-ilalility

of inputs, nor too late, io circumvent a steadily wqsedng infomation need. The media for output and tbe right mix may be &termined from the compa-rative merits of varying communication devices.

Not least _{of Froblems} is that of det€rmining lhe priority for the g?e of data ba-se action-oriented inlormation having high priority,

Experimentation through fie planning of pilot alteration networks is essenti-al for the enduring success of any conc€ived network for a given envimnmental situa-tion and perceived user populalion.

Relay switches and referral directories is needed to determine who has got how much of wha! where, wherl and for whom?

There is also a need for specified uset criteda for determining the service level desired; it is essential !o educaie the user on how to utilize the service.

Bidirectional referal is needed. Furthermore, there is a need for evaluatiotr of how well the loop is being closed in order to determine utility effectiveness.

Co6t is related to the us€r in whal

il

sav€s him-time!

t.6. Development Toward On-line

Infumatbn

Utility

Overemphasis on computerized symbol manipulation and numbers may tie down the present develo@ counhies to dated "Gutenbergian" medi4 while intuitive human communication may be dvartcing in developing counfiies given appropriate mixed multimedia,

AV

commuhieations, bidirectional CATV, picturephones, etc. Network users' motivation and patience will have to be mainained by

*rviceability,

convenience, and "fun" means of avoiding the threaterring innoduction of number-coded names, zip codes, social- security numbers, employee numbers, etc. (There are

for too many views about dre network, as showir in the following figure resulting in conflicting and contradictory naming and addresing s&uctures). Therc is a riskthat so-me governso-ments may never allow large-scale, real.world eryefiments in netrvork communication, but would rather safeguard established routines arxl vested inter€sts by appointing small-staff or one-man investigations for in-house action-taking. Reso-urces may be exhausted by the building of data bases of assumed but nortveirified use-fulness, and the past history of libraries would be reexperiencod again in some count-ries. In some countries bueaucrats and civil rservants

_fty

the thousands) may show up and claim themselves to be information experts by virtue of their first job appoinf ment. Trained information scientists may be suppressed as members of an undisth-guishable minority group, a subset of "computemiks." This may well happen if infor-mation science does not become a worldwide professional discipitne . Inhoduction into the mlporate organization positions such as Execrttive Directoror

Vie

President of Information may

tc

the only cure. The basic science and practices of on-lirre irtfor-mation networking may bcome absorbed in or drownd by such baditional

discipli-nes as sociology, library servioe, economics, education, or applied mathematics. In

the way there would be no i&ntifiable group of information professionals.

Micd Mdhdti ()tr-line Infotudo Ndsrk

It has been claimed that United States society has escaped ftom "dre white

ol_

lar proletariat." In some of the old socialist countries the use of goverment-owned computers

will

lead to a monolithically conholled bureaucracy and a to$alitarian,

nonproductive, economicaUy destructive growth of the administation and body poli-tic. If tris sort of threatens, bidirectional telecommunication acloss all borders sho-uld be fostered globally.

Under conditions of limited resources a balance should be kept between the

thre

issues of information, telecommunications, and computer processing/storage. This balance should guarantee ttrat equal efforts go

ino

the reseanch ard devebpnent of these arcas in exporatory term before normative steps are undertaken. If a balarrced

progress cannot be guaranteed, a piecemeal appoach should have ttre following

po-visions for the'three issues:

2.6.1. Bidirectional mixed-multimedia telecommunications (i.e.'

pichrep-hones, CATV, home use, "narrow casting) by the use of multipointperson-to-person

satellite transmission.

2.62. Research toward the formalization of theories in information scieme !o gain insight, foresight, and hindsight. Nondesirable effects of filtered messages should be excltded.

2.63. Implementation of innovative processing and storage artifacts such as

oomput€rs, data bases, or knowledge-backup facilities, in contrast to the kaditional libraries and archives.

Therc should be competition beween publb and private semices. Public ser-vices strould be given priority over private services and govemmental privileges

beca-use of the profound benefie to all of society through; (a)participatorydemocracy pos-sibilities via on-line voting, and (b) the possibilities of enhancing human intelligence via lifelong education and participatory social planning'

Action is needed how before industry or government takes complete com-mand of networks and services on exclusive profit and regulatory-conEol bases,

The widespread use of a utility in the home will depend on how well it is mar-keted and how people are educated (i.e., are convinced of its efficacy in dealing with their needs).

The disfibution of data through a netrn'ork implies a decrease of emphasis on collection and storage of data and an increased ernphasis on analysis and

interpetati-on, If networks are oncernedonly with the nansfer of raw data, one mayquestbn rea-son for &ansfer,

People and not the hardware are of importance in networking!

A personal computer/console in everyone's home with all the books in sorne

data ba$e syst€m, do€s not seem feasible until the year 200. The only networks

envi-sioned by the time,

h

which quite number of people will participate, will have special purposes

ad

a limited number of possible operations. An airline reservation network

has a very special purpose with a limited number of inputs, processing procedures, and ouFuts.

The telm "on-line information utility" possess€s s€v€ral implications. It is 8s-sociat€d with developrnent of time $hui[8, in which answer can access a system any time he wants to, can interact wilh di$ercnt dafa bar€s, and can use _{differ€nt Fogtarns,}

etc.

On-lhe infomation utility should be a tansmission pathway for a

competiti-ve s€rvice. With rcg[d to many of tlps€ sqviceq the user is at tre receiving end of the service and reacts to it.

3. Corclusion

It i! possible to ugue that the dimr$ion of networlddata-base technologies is a cefiainty simply on the basis of the history of the diffirsion ofpreviow information-re-lated irmovations.

When describing the propedie$ of networks (information, communication, compuiei) and on-line information utilities, one should include the structure and evolutionary nature of Detworks along with the feasibility and desiribility of their performance. One must distinguish between discipline- and mi$sion-oriented infor-mation which are only concemed with providing building blocls for fuhrre eveniral action, and action-oriented information which i6 conc€rn€d with fast,

vibl,

or

liml

decisions. Priodty should be given to action-orienled informatioD.

A

network which provi&s this fearure

will

initially have limited tt?es of input6, outputs, and opeaations.

orre should instill a "network awareness" in the public before, during, and

af-ter the planning, designing and implementation of a network in od€r to ensure its ade-quate use,

Planning will include emphasis on different envircrunents as, e,g., the natue of developing counhies; geograprhical, _{linguistic or socioeconomic idioslmcrasies;} atd vested intercsts.

Consideration of regulatory policies that may be initiated is requisite.

EmF

hasis must be oD us€r conslraints aE opposed to management cdteda, In other words, serviceability, form of

ouFul

quality, convenience, timeliness, and presenta-tion are just as important as switching, cost rcduction, coveragg and rcsponse time.

4

Summary

We do not need to un&rstand fully the nanfe of on-line informdion lo build utilities. It may take a long time to fully unde$tand the tsue nahre of information' which is basically a scientil'rc questkrn' The problem ofeffecting information transfer is perceived as immediate and cannot wait much longer for solution'

The limitations on utilities arc not tlpse of technoloSy; techmlogy being well developed for the purpose. Cruci.l factors are cost 8nd orSsnization.

On-line information utilities

will

affect govemment operations very slowly, and this inertia will be accompanied by the following rishs.

There are obvious risks if the possible centralization of existing fragmented and limited governmental utilities occurs, and there will be _{hcreased Sovemmenttl} contol over all utilities; but on ore other hand, information would be available on an unprecedented scale to the state alld local aulhorities for decision making.

Simultaneous increase of regulatory conEol ard Sovemrnental intervention in privale industry may oc.ur.

Most likely there

will

be an increase in legal problems conc-erning privacy' copyrighf and lhe

pblic

right to know. as well as lhose of antitsusts versus monopoly. Additionalbuieacrag/ developments

will

undoubtedly administ€r control-ConJlict could occur between

gove

mental and pdvate sectors because of their vested interests in mailtaining the status quo.

There exists the risk of govemmental control thtough propaganda.

On an international basis, goverments may be involved in futher tseaty aran-gements regarding communications, and consequent poblems of safeguarding natio-nal security.

On-line information utilities could changc our present concepts of univeisiti-es hy making formal educltior available wh€rever lhe shdent happens to be present (at home or els€\rhere), wilh the rcsutt that the physical identity of the educational es-tablishments will disappeat. On th€ othei

had,

the utility could enhance the prcsent situation and avoid social isolation for the surd€nts. The last statement could be such a major issue that it would hopefully overshadow the listed risk factors.

Finally, information has no value until it is used ln odler words, all infomati-on can be viewed as a figuial something lhat can be store4 retrieve4

ad

hansmif€d;

but at the same time it always has ib origin in the hmwledge of a person and finds its ultimate use in the service of a knowing person.

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