*%XPDNDOH'L\DQHWͦüOHUL%DüNDQO×ù×WDUDI×QGDQ1LVDQWDULKOHULDUDV×QGD*D]LDQWHS·WH G]HQOHQHQ+]3H\JDPEHUYH*YHQ7RSOXPX6HPSR]\XPX·QGDD\Q×EDüO×NOD´V|]HOELOGLULµ RODUDNVXQXOPXüWXU 36ú.2/2-ú.9(3('$*2626<27(2/2-ú. $d,'$1*h9(1'ú19('(ø(5/(536ú.2/2-ú6ú 3(563(.7ú)ú1'(1$1$/ú=/(5 0XVWDID.Ro 'Ro'U%DO×NHVLUhQLYHUVLWHVLͦODKL\DW)DNOWHVL'LQ3VLNRORMLVL$QDELOLP'DO× $VVF3URI%DO×NHVLU8QLYHUVLW\)DFXOW\RI7KHRORJ\'HSDUWPHQWRI3V\FKRORJ\RI5HOLJLRQ %DO×NHVLU7XUNH\ PXVWDIDNRF#EDOLNHVLUHGXWU RUFLGRUJ 'RLKLWLWLODKL\DW g] %XPDNDOHQLQDPDFÕSVLNRSHGDJRMLNYHVRV\RWHRORMLNER\XWODUÕ\ODJYHQROJXVXQXGLQYHGH- ÷HUOHUSVLNRORMLVLSHUVSHNWL¿QGHQDQDOL]HWPHNWLU%XNDSVDPGDPDNDOHGHSVLNRORMLNDoÕGDQJ-YHQROJXVX%RZOE\¶LQ%D÷ODQPD7HRULVLYH(ULNVRQ¶XQ3VLNR-6RV\DO*HOLúLP7HRULVLLOH0DVORZ¶XQ øKWL\DoODU+L\HUDUúLVLWHRULVLED÷ODPÕQGD\RUXPODQPD\DoDOÕúÕOPÕúWÕU6RQXoRODUDNPDNDOHGHD SVLNRORMLNDoÕGDQJYHQLQELUH\LQGL÷HUELUH\OHUGHQROXPOXELUEHNOHQWL\HVDKLSROPDVÕYHEXEHN- OHQWL\HLOLúNLQSVLNRORMLNELUKDVVDVL\HWJ|VWHUPHVLRODUDNLIDGHHGLOHELOHFH÷LD\UÕFDJYHQROJXVX-QXQELUH\OHULoLQVDPLPLELULOJL\LWHPVLOHGHQGX\JXVDOELUED÷OÕOÕ÷DGDYXUJX\DSWÕ÷ÕESHGDJRMLN DoÕGDQJYHQLQGH÷HUOHUH÷LWLPLED÷ODPÕQGDDNWDUÕODELOLUELUGH÷HUROGX÷XFVRV\RORMLNDoÕGDQ JYHQLQKHUWRSOXPNDWPDQÕLoLQVRV\DOVHUPD\H\OH\DNÕQGDQLOLúNLOLROGX÷XGWHRORMLNDoÕGDQ GLQVHOLQDQoODUÕQELUH\HGX\JXVDORODUDNµHPQL\HWYHJYHQOLN¶KLVVLYHUGL÷LYXUJXODQPÕúWÕU $QDKWDU.HOLPHOHU 'LQSVLNRORMLVLGH÷HUOHUSVLNRORMLVLJYHQVRV\DOVHUPD\HUROPRGHO 7UXVWLQWHUPVRISV\FKRORJLFDODQGSHGDJRVRFLRWKHRORJLFDO $QDO\VHVIURPWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRIWKHSV\FKRORJ\RIUHOLJLRQDQGYDOXHV $EVWUDFW
7KH DLP RI WKLV DUWLFOH LV WR DQDO\VH WKH SKHQRPHQRQ RI WUXVW LQ WKH SV\FKR-SHGDJRJLFDO DQG VRFLR-WKHRORJLFDO GLPHQVLRQV IURP WKH SHUVSHFWLYH RI WKH SV\FKRORJ\ RI UHOLJLRQ DQG YDOXHV :LWKLQ WKLV VFRSH WKH SKHQRPHQRQ RI WUXVW LQ WHUPV RI SV\FKRORJ\ KDV EHHQ LQWHUSUHWHG LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI %RZOE\¶V$WWDFKPHQW 7KHRU\ (ULNVRQ¶V 3V\FKRVRFLDO 'HYHORSPHQW 7KHRU\ DQG 0DVORZ¶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µVHFXULW\DQGVDIHW\¶WRWKHLQGLYLGXDO
0XVWDID.2d 2
*LULü
%LUH\LQ WXWXP YH GDYUDQ×üODU×Q× EHOLUOH\HQ DU]X HGLOHQL YH LGHDO RODQ× J|VWH-UHQ HWLN VWDQGDUWODU RODUDN QLWHOHQGLULOHELOHFHN RODQ GHùHUOHUL ¶\NVHNDüN×Q GHùHUOHU YH DUDo GHùHUOHU· RODUDN LNL JUXSWD V×Q×ÁDQG×UPDN PPNQGU <N-VHN GHùHUOHU UHIHUDQV×Q× DüN×Q ELU DODQGDQ DO×UNHQ DUDo GHùHUOHU LVH GDKD oRN DüN×Q DODQGDQ NDUü×ODQDPD\DQ GHùHUOHULQ \HULQH WRSOXP \D GD RQXQ DG×QD EHOLUOL ELUH\ YHYH\D JUXS WDUDI×QGDQ UHWLOHQ GHùHUOHUGLU %X EDùODPGD DUDo GHùHUOHULQ DüN×QO×NWDQ EDù×PV×] ROPD\×S RQXQOD ELU WU LOLüNL LoLQGH ROGXùXQX GD EHOLUWPHN JHUHNLU $UDo GHùHUOHU ELUH\ YH WRSOXPXQ \DUDU×Q× LOJLOHQGLUHQ GHùHUOHU LNHQ \NVHNDüN×Q GHùHUOHU LVH WRSOXPGD oRùXQOXN WDUDI×QGDQ VD\J× YH LOJL J|UHQ VW GHùHUOHUGLU %|\OH ELU NDYUDPVDO oHUoHYHGHQ KDUHNHWOH ͦVODP WHRORMLVL HNVHQOL ROXüDQ GHùHUOHUL DüN×Q GHùHUOHU EWQ LQVDQO×ù×Q ]HULQGH DQ-ODüW×ù× \D GD ELU WRSOXPXQ NHQGL GLQDPLNOHULQH J|UH UHWWLùL GHùHUOHUL LVH DUDo GHùHUOHU RODUDN QLWHOHQGLUPHN PPNQGU1
'HùHUOHU YH LQDQoODU KD\DW× DQOD\×S \RUXPODPDGD GDYUDQ×üODU×Q üHNLO-OHQPHVLQGH ELUH\OHUH UHKEHUOLN HWPHOHUL EDN×P×QGDQ |QHPOLGLUOHU 'LQVHO LoH-ULNOL GHùHU VLVWHPOHUL GDYUDQ×ü JHOLüWLUPH VUHFLQGH EHOLUOH\LFL RODELOGLNOHUL LoLQ ELUH\OHU LoVHOOHüWLULOHQ GHùHUOHUH EDùO× RODUDN \DüDPD LOLüNLQ ELU EDN×ü Do×V× JHOLüWLUHELOLUOHU 'LQOHU DUDV×QGD ¶\DUDW×O×ü \DüDP×Q DQODP YH DPDF× ELUH\OHULQ X\PDV× JHUHNHQ HWLN GHùHUOHU VLVWHPL |OP YH |WHVL· JLEL NRQXODUGD ELUWDN×P IDUNO×O×NODU ROPDV×QD UDùPHQ WHPHO NRQXODUGD ROGXNoD ID]OD ELUELULQH EHQ]HU-OLNWHQ V|] HGLOHELOLU )DNDW KHU QH ROXUVD ROVXQ KHU GLQ KD\DW×Q DQODP×QD LOLüNLQ NRQXODUGD LQDQDQODU×Q×Q \DüDPODU×QD \|QHOLN ED]× Do×NODPDODUGD EXOXQDUDN RQODU×Q \DüDP IHOVHIHOHULQLQ ROXüXPXQD NDWN× VDùODPDNWDG×U
'HùHUOHU DLOH LoL LOLüNLOHU NRPüXOXN YH DUNDGDüO×N LOLüNLOHUL JLEL VRV\DOOHü-PH VUHoOHULQGH KHP oHYUHVHO IDNW|UOHU KHP GH EX VRV\DO |ùUHQVRV\DOOHü-PH \ROX\OD ND]DQ×ODELOLU %LUH\LQ GX\JX GüQFH LUDGH YLFGDQ YH GDYUDQ×üODU×Q× HWNLOH-\HQ GLQ LVH ELUH\OHULQ WRSOXPVDO GDYUDQ×üODU×Q×Q DKODNO×O×ù×Q× G]HQOHPH J-FQH VDKLSWLU %X VHEHSOH GLQL VDOW DQODPGD ELUWDN×P NRUNX YH HQGLüHOHUGHQ NXUWXOPDN \D GD ED]× GX\JXODU× WDWPLQ HWPHN LoLQ WHRORMLN LoHULNOL oHüLWOL ULW-HOOHUL \HULQH JHWLUPHN ELoLPLQGH DOJ×ODPDN ROGXNoD \DQO×üW×U2
1 )D]O× $UDEDF× ´dDùGDü 'HùHUOHU .DUü×V×QGD 'LQL'LQLOHüWLULOPLü 'HùHUOHU YH 1RUPODU×Q .×U×OPD 1RNWDODU×µ >LoLQGH@ 'LQ-.OWU YH dDùGDüO×N .XWOX 'RùXP 6HPSR]\XPX 7HEOLù YH 0]DNHUHOHUL $QNDUD 7UNL\H 'L\DQHW 9DNI× <D\×QODU× 2 1-2
2 %OHQW $NRW ´'HùHUOHU (ùLWLPL $o×V×QGDQ ͦQVDQ-× .kPLO 'üQFHVL YH *QP]GH .DUü×ODü×ODQ =RUOXNODUµ ͦVODPL $UDüW×UPDODU 'HUJLVL 21 21 -
'LQVHO HWNLQLQ IRUP GHùLüWLUGLùL PRGHUQ \DüDPGDNL ELUH\OHULQ VRV\DO LOLü-NL |UQWOHUL GLNNDWH DO×QG×ù×QGD JYHQH GD\DO× ELU SVLNR-VRV\DO LOLüLOLü-NL LKWL-\DF×Q×Q ROGXùX KHU JHoHQ JQ GDKD GD Do×N J|UOPHNWHGLU dRN-ER\XWOX ELU SVLNRORMLN ROJX RODUDN ¶JYHQ· NDYUDP×QD LOLüNLQ OLWHUDWUGH oHüLWOL EDN×ü Do×OD-U×QD J|UH oRN VD\×GD EHWLPOHPHOHU \DS×OP×üW×U gUQHùLQ &RRN :DOO 1 JYHQL ´ELUH\LQ |WHNLQLQ NHOLPHOHULQH YH GDYUDQ×üODU×QD L\L QL\HW DWIHWPH YH RQODUD LQDQPD LVWHùLµ RODUDN WDQ×PODUNHQ 0F$OOLVWHU 1 LVH ´ELUH\LQ |WH-NLQLQ V|]OHULQGHQ GDYUDQ×üODU×QGDQ YH NDUDUODU×QGDQ HPLQ ROPDV× YH EXQODUD J|UH KDUHNHW HWPH LVWHNOLOLùLµ RODUDN EHWLPOHPLüWLU gWH \DQGDQ VRV\DO LOLüNL-OHU \ROX\OD ROXüWXUXODQ JYHQ LNLOL LOLüNLLOLüNL-OHUOH VUGUOHQ YH EHOLUOL ELU ]DPDQ VUHFLQGH JHOLüHQ ELU ROJXGXU 'ROD\×V×\OD JYHQ GLQ YH GHùHUOHU SVLNRORMLVL EDùODP×QGD GHùHUOHQGLULOHFHN ROXUVD HQ JHQHO DQODP×\OD SHGDJR-VRV\R-WHROR-MLN LoHULNOL GUVWON YH GRùUXOXùD GD\DO× SVLNRORSHGDJR-VRV\R-WHROR-MLN ELU NDYUDP RODUDN DOJ×-ODQPDNWDG×U .RQX\OD LOJLOL \DS×ODQ oDO×üPDODU VRQXFXQGD ELUH\LQ \DüDP×QGD JHUHNOL RODQ JYHQ GX\JXVXQXQ N×VD VUHoWH ROXüWXUXODPD\×S X]XQ VUHOL YH |]YHULOL oDEDODU JHUHNWLUGLùL NRQXVXQGD RUWDN ELU OLWHUDO J|UüH YDU×OP×üW×U3
%LUH\LQ NRUNX oHNLQPH YH NXüNX GX\PDGDQ RUWD\D o×NDQ EDùODQPD GX\-JXVX LOH ¶LWLPDW \UHNOLOLN YH FHVDUHW· DQODP×QD JHOHQ JYHQ ROGX\-JXVX WHPHOGH ELU EHNOHQWL YH LQDQo LoHUPHNWHGLU 'ROD\×V×\OD ELUH\LQ NDUü× WDUDI×Q DGLO DK-ODNL NXUDOODUD X\JXQ YH |QJ|UOHELOLU ELoLPGH GDYUDQDFDù×QD LOLüNLQ LQDQF×Q× GD YXUJXOD\DQ JYHQ ELOLüVHO ELU NDYUD\×üWDQ |WH ELU üH\H EDùO×O×N LIDGH HGHQ LWLPDG×Q ELU ¶LQDQo· ELoLPLGLU *YHQ GX\JXVX ELUH\LQ NLüLOLN \DS×V×QD LOLüNLQ ELU |]HOOLN ROPDV× EDN×P×QGDQ SVLNRORMLN LoLQGH \DüDQ×ODQ WRSOXP WDUDI×QGDQ JYHQLOLU EXOXQPDN YH EDüNDODU×QD JYHQPHN EDN×P×QGDQ GD VRV\RORMLN ER-\XWODU× RODQ |QHPOL ELU ROJXGXU4
*HUHN GDYUDQ×ü ELOLPOHULQGH JHUHNVH GLQ ELOLPOHULQGH SVLNR-SHGDJRMLN YH VRV\R-WHRORMLN Do×GDQ JYHQ ROJXVX GLQ YH GHùHUOHU SVLNRORMLVL SHUVSHNWLÀ J|] DUG× HGLOHUHN VDùO×NO× ELoLPGH DQDOL] HGLOHPH] %X EDùODPGD EX PDNDOH-QLQ DPDF× SVLNR-SHGDJRMLN YH VRV\R-WHRORMLN Do×GDQ JYHQ ROJXVXQX GLQ YH GHùHUOHU SVLNRORMLVL SHUVSHNWLÀQGHQ WHRULN RODUDN DQDOL] HWPH\H oDO×üPDNW×U
3 - &RRN - 7 :DOO ´1HZ :RUN $WWLWXGH 0HDVXUHV RI 7UXst 2UJDQL]DWLRQDO &RPPLWPHQW DQG 3HUVRQDO 1HHG 1RQ-)XOILOPHQWµ Journal of Occupational Psychology 3 1 3 'DQLHO - McAllistHU ´AͿHcW DQG &RJQiWiRQ %DVHG 7UXst DV )RXQGDWiRQV RI ,QWHUSHUVRQDl &RRSHUDWiRQ iQ 2UJDQi]DWiRQVµ AcDGHP\ RI MDQDJHPHQW -RXUQDl 3 1 24 ͦUIDQ <D]×c×RùlX ´.RQDNlDPD ͦülHWPHlHUiQGH ͦü *|UHQlHUiQ gUJWVHl *YHQ 'X\JXlDU× ilH ͦü 7DWPiQi YH ͦüWHQ A\U×lPD 1i\HWlHUi h]HUiQH %iU AlDQ AUDüW×UPDV×µ Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 8/30 200 23
4 +D\DWi +|NHlHNli PsikoloMi Din Ye Eùitim <|nyle ͦnsani Deùerler ͦstDQEXl 'HP <D\×QlDU× 2013 20
0XVWDID.2d
7UN SViNRlRMi liWHUDWUQH EDN×lG×ù×QGD ¶JYHQ· RlJXVXQXQ GDKD oRN VRV\Dl SViNRlRMiN EDùlDPGD YH |UJWVHl/NXUXPVDl GDYUDQ×ü WHPHliQGH DQDli] HGilGiùi J|UlPHNWHGiU5 7UN GiQ YH GHùHUlHU SViNRlRMiVi liWHUDWUQH EDN×lG×ù×QGD iVH ´JYHQµ RlJXVX ]HUiQH üX DQD NDGDU \DS×lP×ü V×Q×Ul× G]H\GH \HUli VHPDQWiN DQDli] oDl×üPDlDU× RlGXùX J|UlPHNWHGiU6 'RlD\×V×\lD E|\lHVi liWHUDl EiU JHU-oHNliN EX oDl×üPD\× |QHPli N×lPDNWDG×U %XQXQ \DQ× V×UD DUDüW×UPDQ×Q V×Q×U-l×l×NlDU× Do×V×QGDQ HlH Dl×QDQ NDYUDPVDl oHUoHYH iVH GiQ YH GHùHUlHU SViNRlRMiVi EDùlDP×QGD ¶i SViNRlRMiN Do×GDQ JYHQ ii SHGDJRMiN Do×GDQ JYHQ iii VRV-\RlRMiN Do×GDQ JYHQ YH iY WHRlRMiN Do×GDQ JYHQ· üHNliQGH V×Q×UlDQG×U×lP×üW×U
D3VLNRORMLN$o×GDQ*YHQ
*YHQ NRQXVXQGD \DS×lDQ EiliPVHl DUDüW×UPDlDU |QcHliNlH JYHQiQ SViNRlRMiN EiU RlJX RlGXùX J|UüQGH EiUlHüPHNWHGiU AG× JHoHQ RlJX ]HUiQH ilN EiliPVHl oDl×üPDlDU NiüiliN WHRUiV\HQlHUi WDUDI×QGDQ JHUoHNlHüWiUilPiüWiU A\Q× ]DPDQGD EiUH\VHl ER\XWXQ \DQ× V×UD VRV\Dl \DüDPD GD HWNi HGHQ EiU RlJX RlDUDN JYHQ SViNRlRJlDU NDGDU VRV\RlRJlDU×Q VRV\Dl SViNRlRJlDU×Q Vi\DVHW EiliPcilHUiQ YH HNRQRPiVWlHUiQ GH ilJiViQi oHNPiüWiU %XQXQ \DQ×QGD |]HlliNlH 180 \×l× VRQ-UDV×QGD JYHQ NDYUDP× NXUXPVDl GDYUDQ×ü DlDQlDU×QGDNi DUDüW×UPDlDUD GD NRQX RlPD\D EDülDP×üW×U
'DYUDQ×ü EiliPlHUi liWHUDWUQGH JYHQ NDYUDP×Q× Do×NlDPDN ]HUH ´i NiüiVHl EHNlHQWilHU / iQGiYiGXDl H[SHcWDWiRQV ii NiüilHUDUDV× iliüNilHU / iQWHU-SHUVRQDl UHlDWiRQVKiSV iii HNRQRPiN iü iliüNilHUi / HcRQRPic WUDQVDcWiRQV YH iY VRV\Dl \DS× / VRciDl VWUXcWXUHVµ JiEi ED]× WHRUilHU JHliüWiUilPiüWiU7 AUDü-W×UPDc×lDU DUDV×QGD EiUH\VHl YH VRV\Dl Do×GDQ JYHQ RlJXVXQD iliüNiQ \DS×lDQ NDYUDPVDl WDQ×PlDPDlDUGD JHQHl EiU DQlDüPDQ×Q VDùlDQDPDG×ù× J|UlPHNWH-GiU .XllDQ×lDEiliU EiU NDYUDPVDl WDQ×PlDPD NRQXVXQGDNi HNViNliùiQ iNi WHPHl QHGHQi EXlXQPDNWDG×U %iUiQci QHGHQi JYHQ RlJXVXQXQ GRùDV× JHUHùi ¶iüEiU-liùi / cRRSHUDWiRQ iWiPDW / cRQÀGHQcH YH |QJ|UlHEilPH / SUHGicWDEiliW\· JiEi
5 %N 6 AU]X :Dsti YGùU ´gUJWH *YHQVi]liN .lWUlHUDUDV× 1iWHl %iU ÇDl×üPDµ 2'7h *HliüPH 'HUJiVi 40 2013 525-552 6HlPD .DUDWHSH ´ͦWiEDU <|QHWiPi +DlNlD ͦliüNilHUGH *YHQ <DUDWPDµ Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 7/23 2008 77-7 7XQcHU AVXQDNXWlX ´dDl×üDQlDU ilH <|QHWicilHU AUDV×QGD *YHQ 'X\JXVXQXQ AUDüW×U×lPDV× 7XUi]P 6HNW|UQGH %iU 8\JXlDPDµ Doku] Eyll hniYersitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstits Dergisi 8/4 2006 16-33 6 gUQHùiQ EN +|NHlHNli 3ViNRlRMi 'iQ YH (ùiWiP <|Q\lH ͦQVDQi 'HùHUlHU .HUiP <DYX]
´*QP]GH *YHQ 3URElHPi YH 'iQµ >ioiQGH@ Sosyal BilimlerGe *Yen HG ) (UGHP AQNDUD 9DGi <D\×QlDU× 2003 D\U×cD NUü AEGXUUDKPDQ .XUW ´6RV\Dl *YHQ YH 'iQµ 8luGaù hniYersitesi ͦlahiyat )akltesi Dergisi / 2000 277-28 (MGHU 2NXPXü *YHQ 7RSlXPX AQNDUD MDDUiI MHNWHSlHUi <D\×QlDU× 2017
7 A\U×QW×l× EilJi ioiQ EN 7KiHUU\ 9RlHU\ ´7KH 5RlH RI 7UXst iQ &UHDWiQJ (ͿHcWiYH AlliDQcHV A MDQDJHUiDl 3HUVSHcWiYHµ Journal of Business Ethics /10 18 17
EiUNDo NDYUDPlD HüDQlDPl× RlDUDN NXllDQ×lPDV×G×U ͦNiQci QHGHQ iVH NDYUDPD \|QHliN EiUoRN NXUDPVDl \DNlDü×P×Q JHliüWiUilPiü RlPDV×G×U8
*YHQ KHPHQ KHPHQ KHUNHV WDUDI×QGDQ DQlDü×lG×ù× GüQlHQ IDNDW Do×N-lDQPDV× YH\D WDQ×PDo×N-lDQPDV× ]RU RlDQ NDYUDPlDUGDQ EiUiGiU dRùX DUDüW×UPD-c× JYHQlH ilJili WDQ×PlDU×Q oRN VD\×GD YH IDUNl× ER\XWlDUGD RlGXùXQX V|\lH-PHNWHGiU 6HPDQWiN RlDUDN VRV\R-DQWURSR-SHGDJR-WHRlRMiN ER\XWlDU× GD RlDQ JYHQ RlJXVX |QcHliNlH SViNRlRMiN WHPHli RlDQ EiU NDYUDPG×U %X EDùlDPGD SViNRlRMiN RlDUDN EiU GX\JX GXUXPXQX GD ioHUHQ JYHQ GX\JXVX JHliüHQ WRS-lXPlDUGD |QcHliNli RlDUDN EiUH\iQ NHQGiQH RlDQ VD\J×V× DQlDP×QD JHlHQ ¶EHQliN VD\J×V× / VHlI-HVWHHP· ]HUiQGHQ GH iIDGH HGilPHNWHGiU 'DKD VRQUD iVH DilH \DN×Q oHYUH YH oDl×üPD RUWDP× JiEi EiUH\iQ G×ü oHYUHViQH \DQV×PDl× RlDUDN JHUi G|QPHNWHGiU *YHQ WHPHlGH EiU GX\JX Dl×üYHUiüi RlGXùX ioiQ EiUH\iQ NDUü×-V×QGDNi Niüi\H J|VWHUGiùi ioVHlliùiQiQ EiU WU R NiüiGHQ NHQGiViQH JHUi G|QPH-Vi GXUXPXGXU %iUH\iQ iVWHNlHUiQi GX\JX YH GüQcHlHUiQi iIDGH HWPH KDNN× RlDUDN JYHQ GX\JXVX EiUH\lHU DUDV× iliüNilHUiQ QiWHliùiQi YH VRQXolDU×Q× IDUN HGilHQGHQ oRN GDKD GHUiQ EioiPGH HWNilH\HEiliU %D]× GHùHUlHUiQi ND\EHWWiùi ]D-PDQ DQlD\DQ EiUH\lHU ioiQ JYHQiQ |QHPi ND\EHGilGiùi ]D]D-PDQ GDKD oRN DQ-lDü×l×U dQN JYHQ EiUH\lHU DUDV× iliüNilHUiQ WHPHl NRüXlXGXU 6Dùl×Nl× VRV\Dl iliüNi VUHciQGH |QHPi oRN ID]lD KiVVHGilPH\HQ JYHQ GX\JXVXQXQ GHùHUi ]HGHlHQiQcH YH/YH\D ND\EHGiliQcH GDKD oRN DQlDü×l×U9
gWH \DQGDQ *UiQ 1967 JYHQi ´UiVNli EiU GXUXPGD DU]XlDQDQ EiU DPDc× EDüDUPDN ioiQ EiU QHVQHQiQ KHUKDQJi EiU |]HlliùiQH EiU RlD\×Q RUWD\D o×NDcDù×QD YH\D EiUH\iQ GDYUDQ×ülDU×QD RlDQ iQDQoµ RlDUDN WDQ×PlDP×üW×U /XK-PDQ·D 1979 J|UH JYHQ ´EiUH\iQ NDUü× WDUDI×Q DGDlHWli HWiN NXUDllDUD X\JXQ YH |QJ|UlHEiliU EioiPGH GDYUDQDcDù×QD iliüNiQ iQDQc×Q× WHPVil HGHUµ +HiPR-YicV·H 1984 J|UH iVH JYHQ ´EiUH\iQ EDüND EiU EiUH\iQ YH\D JUXEXQ |]YHUili \D GD ID\GDl× RlDcDù×QD iliüNiQ EHNlHQWiViGiUµ &DUQDYDlH :HcKVlHU 1992 GH ´JYHQiQ EiU JUXEXQ YH\D EiUH\iQ GDYUDQ×ülDU× YH\D Qi\HWlHUiQH iQDQc× YH EDù-l×l×ù× DKlDNi NXUDllDUD GD\Dl× DGil YH \DS×c× GDYUDQ×ü EHNlHQWilHUiQi YH EDüNDlD-U×Q×Q KDNlDU×Q× GüQPH\iµ ioHUGiùiQi RUWD\D NR\PXüWXU gWH \DQGDQ MD\HU YH DUN 1995 iVH JYHQi ´EiU WDUDI×Q NDUü× WDUDI×Q GDYUDQ×ülDU×Q×Q |QHPli VR-QXolDU RUWD\D NR\DcDù× EHNlHQWiViQH EDùl× RlDUDN GX\DUl× GDYUDQPD iVWHNliliùiµ RlDUDN WDQ×PlDPDNWDG×U McAlliVWHU·D 1995 J|UH JYHQ ´EiUH\iQ EDüND
EiUH-8 AVXQDNXWlX ´dDl×üDQlDU ilH <|QHWicilHU AUDV×QGD *YHQ 'X\JXVXQXQ AUDüW×U×lPDV×µ 1EiUH-8-19 9 5 + <×lPD] 7ak×m hyelerinin *Yen Duygusu Ye 9erimlilikleri $ras×nGaki ͦliükileU
0XVWDID.2d 6
yiQ V|]lHUiQGHQ GDYUDQ×ülDU×QGDQ YH NDUDUlDU×QGDQ HPiQ RlPDV× YH EXQlDUD J|UH KDUHNHW HWPH iVWHNliliùiGiUµ10
%iUHyGHNi JYHQ GXyJXVXQXQ WDP ]×GG× iVH ¶JYHQVi]liN· GXyJXVXGXU *YHQVi]liN GXyJXVX / VHQVH RI PiVWUXVW ´EiU yHWHUVi]liN GXyJXVX |]-J-YHQ yRNVXQlXùX EDüD o×NPD yHWiViQGHQ yRNVXQlXN YH NiüiVHl KHGHÁHUi yH-WHQHNlHUi YHyD EDüNDlDU×ylD iliüNilHUi NRQXVXQGD JHQHl EHliUVi]liN YH NDyJ×ylD WDQ×PlDQDQ EiU GXyJX GXUXPXGXUµ 7HPHlGH EiUHyiQ DQQH-EDED JiEi EiUiQcil EDùlDQPD ÀJUlHUiylH iliüNiViQiQ ER]XlPDV×QGDQ YHyD ER]XlPD WHKGiGiQGHQ NDyQDNlDQDQ JYHQVi]liN GXyJXVX EiUoRN QHYURWiN UDKDWV×]l×NlDUD GD yRl DoD-EiliU11 %DüNDlDU×Q×Q V|]lHUiQH ioWHQliùiQH yD GD GRVWlXùXQD NDUü× NXüNX EHV-lHPH HùiliPi RlDUDN GD WDQ×PlDQDEilHcHN RlDQ JYHQVi]liN EiUHyiQ oHYUHViQH NDUü× QHGHQlHUi Do×N RlPDyDQ EiU NDyJ× WHGiUJiQliN iQDQoV×]l×N EHVlHPHVi YH JHUJiQliN GXyPDV×G×U .Do×QPD YH WHSNi N×V×WlDPDV× JiEi EHliUWilHUlH NHQGiQi J|VWHUHQ V|] NRQXVX EX HùiliP EiUHylHU DUDV× iliüNilHUH ]DUDU YHUHEiliU 'R-lDy×V×ylD EiUHylHUiQ EiUEiUlHUiQH JYHQ GXyPDG×ù× WRSlXPlDUGD NiüilHU DUDV× iliüNilHUGH VWUHV yN GDKD ID]lDG×U AilH EiUHylHUi DyQ× NXUXPGD oDl×üDQlDU y|QHWHQlHU YH y|QHWilHQlHU EiUEiUlHUiQH JYHQ GXyPD]lDU iVH VRQXo RlDUDN iliüNilHUiQGH GUVWlN YH Do×N V|]llùQ yHUiQi yDlDQ YH VDKWHNkUl×N DlDEi-liU %XQXQ yDQ× V×UD WRSlXPVDl iliüNilHUGH JYHQ RUWDP×Q×Q RlXüWXUXlDPDPD-V× DyQ× ]DPDQGD EiU ilHWiüiP HQJHli RlDUDN J|UlHEiliU %DüNDlDU×QD GXyXlDQ JYHQVi]liùiQ DQWURSRlRMiN RlDUDN ED]× PillHWlHUiQ NiüiliN |]HlliNlHUiQGHQ EiUi RlGXùX ilHUi VUlGù ioiQ WRSlXPVDl yDüDPGDNi iliüNilHUGH EX GXUXPXQ J|]lHPlHQHEilHcHùi EHliUWilPiüWiU12
'RùDl EiU VUHo ioiQGH EiUHylHUiQ EiUEiUiylH RlDQ iliüNilHUiQGHQ RUWDyD o×-NDQ JYHQ ´EiUHyiQ GiùHU EiUHyGHQ RlXPlX EiU EHNlHQWiyH VDKiS RlPDV× YH EX
10 .iP *UiͿiQ ´7KH &RQWUiEXWiRQ RI 6WXGiHV RI 6RXUcH &UHGiEiliWy WR A 7KHRUy RI ,QWHUSHUVRQDl 7UXst iQ WKH &RPPXQicDWiRQ 'HSDUWPHQWµ Psychological Bulletin 68 1967 104-120 1iNlDV /XKPDQQ Trust and Power, 1HZ <RUN -RKQ :ilHy 1979 5icKDUG ' +HiPRYicV ´7UXst DQG ,QÁXHQcH iQ AQ APEiJXRXV *URXS 6HWWiQJ iQ 6PDll *URXS %HKDYiRXUµ 15/4 1984 545-552 ' * &DUQDYDlH - % :HcKVlHU ´7UXst iQ WKH 3XElic 6HcWRUµ $dministration and Society 23 1992 471-494 5RJHU & MDyHU YGùU ´AQ ,QWHJUDWiYH MRGHl RI 2UJDQi]DWiRQDl 7UXstµ The $cademy of 0anagement 5eYiew 20 1995 709-734 McAllistHU AͿHcW DQG &RJQiWiRQ %DVHG 7UXst 24-59·GDQ DNW 1iJDU 'HPiUcDQ - AGQDQ &HylDQ ´gUJWVHl *YHQ .DYUDP× 1HGHQlHUi YH 6RQXolDU×µ <|netim Ye Ekonomi Dergisi 10/2 2003 140
11 6HloXN %XGDN ´*YHQVi]liN GXyJXVXµ PsikoloMi S|]lù AQNDUD %iliP YH 6DQDW <Dy×QlDU× 2000 349
12 AEGXUUDKPDQ .DVDSRùlX ´ͦlHWiüiPGH .DyQDù×Q *YHQiliUliùi ͦlDKi MHVDM×Q .DyQDù× .RQXPXQGDNi 3HyJDPEHUlHUGH *YHQiliUliN (VDV×µ .ahramanmaraü Sto ͦmam hniYersitesi ͦlahiyat )akltesi Dergisi 7 2006 127-128
EHNlHQWiyH iliüNiQ SViNRlRMiN EiU KDVVDViyHW J|VWHUPHViµ RlDUDN iIDGH HGilHEiliU AyU×cD JYHQ NDYUDP× EiUHylHU ioiQ VDPiPi EiU ilJiyi WHPVil HGHQ GXyJXVDl EiU EDùl×l×ù× GD ioHUPHNWHGiU13 *YHQ GXyJXVX V|] NRQXVX RlGXùXQGD ilN DNlD JHlHQ GXUXP iVH EDüNDlDU×QD JYHQPHNWiU .RQXylD ilJili yDS×lDQ oDl×ü-PDlDUGD EiUHyi JYHQiliU EXlPDN ioiQ oRùXQlXNlD ´D V|]Q WXWPDV× E GDYUDQ×üVDl EWQlN VHUJilHPHVi |] V|] EiU RlPDV× c EiU J|UHYi yDSDcDN yHWNiQliN YH EHcHUiyH VDKiS RlPDV× G GUVW RlPDV× H VRUXPlXlXN VDKiEi RlPDV× I EHNlHQWilHUi NDUü×lDPDV×µ JiEi |]HlliNlHUi WDü×PDV× JHUHNWiùi WHVSiW HGilPiüWiU14
+HU WUl UiVNiQ YH WHKliNH NRUNXVXQXQ yRNlXùX DQlDP×QD JHlHQ JYHQ GXyJXVXQGDNi GHùiüiNliNlHU EiUHyiQ VDKiS RlGXùX JYHQ GXyJXVXQGDNi GDl-JDlDQPDlDU×Q HùUiViQi WDNiS HGHU15 (Q WHPHl SViNRlRMiN iKWiyDolDU×QGDQ RlGX-ùX ioiQ EiUHylHU EWQ yDüDPlDU× ERyXQcD JYHQGH RlPDy× iVWHUlHU %HEHNliN G|QHPiQGHQ yDül×l×N G|QHPiQH NDGDU KHU JHliüiPVHl DüDPDGD JYHQ GXyJX-VXQXQ WDWPiQ HGilPHPHVi EiUHyGH ED]× SViNRlRMiN SURElHPlHU RUWDyD o×NDU-PDNWDG×U gUQHùiQ DQQHlHUi WDUDI×QGDQ yDüDPVDl iKWiyDolDU× NDUü×lDQPDyDQ EHEHNlHUGH ilHUiNi yDülDU×QGD EX HNViNliNlHUGHQ NDyQDNlDQDQ SDWRlRMiN WXWXP-lDU JHliüWiùi YH GDYUDQ×ü ER]XNlXNWXWXP-lDU×Q×Q RUWDyD o×NW×ù× SViNDQDliVWlHU WDUDI×Q-GDQ J|]lHQPiüWiU 8]PDQlDU yDüDP×Q EX ilN JQlHUiQGH HGiQilHQ YH ]DPDQlD EiliQoG×ü×QGD NDlDQ EX EilJilHUiQ ilHUi yDülDUGDNi Dl×üNDQl×N YH WXWXPlDU ]H-UiQGH |QHPli HWNilHU yDSDEilGiùiQi YXUJXlDP×ülDUG×U16 1HYURWiN ER]XNlXNlDU×Q WHPHl QHGHQlHUiQGHQ EiUi GH ¶JYHQVi]liN GXyJXVX·GXU 'RlDy×V×ylD oRcXùD JYHQ YHUiS RQX UDKDWlDWDQ üHy WHPHlGH DQQH VHYJiVi RlGXùXQD J|UH EX J-YHQVi]liùiQ VSHViÀN IRUPX iVH VHYJi YH üHINDW HNViNliùiQH EDùl× VHYJi YH üHI-NDW DU]XVXGXU dRcXùXQ KHU üHyGHQ |QcH VHYJi YH NRUXQPDyD iKWiyDc× YDUG×U 'RlDy×V×ylD VHYilGiùiQi YH NRUXQGXùXQX KiVVHGHQ oRcXN yDüDP×Q ]RUlXNlD-U×ylD EDüD o×NDEilHcHùiQGHQ JYHQli EDùlDQPD VUHciylH EiUliNWH UiVNH JiUHUHN oHYUHViQGH DUDüW×UPDlDU yDSDUDN yDüDPD GDKD NRlDy XyXP VDùlDyDEiliU17
13 AVXQDNXWlX ´dDl×üDQlDU ilH <|QHWicilHU AUDV×QGD *YHQ 'XyJXVXQXQ AUDüW×U×lPDV×µ 20 14 <×lPD] ´7DN×P hyHlHUiQiQ *YHQ 'XyJXVX YH 9HUiPliliNlHUi AUDV×QGDNi ͦliüNilHUµ 22 15 3DXl )RXlTXiH PedagoMi S|]lù WUc & .DUDNDyD ͦstDQEXl 6RVyDl <Dy×QlDU 1994 200 16 *DliS ͦVHQ - 9HyVHl %DWPD] %HQ YH 7RSlXP ͦstDQEXl 6DlyDQJR] <Dy×QlDU× 2006 38 7 %DùGX
*YHQVi]liN +iVVi YH .RQXW AlDQlDU×Q×Q AVNHUilHüPHVi 'iyDUEDN×U gUQHùi <Dy×QlDQPDP×ü <NVHN /iVDQV 7H]i 'iclH hQiYHUViWHVi 2010 61
0XVWDID.2d 8
%iUHyGHNi JYHQ GXyJXVXQXQ JHliüiP VUHciQGH oiIW y|Ql EiU PHNDQi]-PD iülHPHNWHGiU .DUü×l×Nl× RlPHNDQi]-PD üHNliQGH GH iIDGH HGilHEilHQ EX PHNDQi]PHNDQi]-PDGD JYHQHQ YH JYHQilHQ ilH NDUü×GDNiQH JYHQPH y|Q YDUG×U *YHQ RUWDP×Q×Q RlDEilPHVi ioiQ NDUü×GDNi EiUHy iyi WDQ×QPDl× YH EiUHyVHl |]HlliNlHUi KHU y|QylH RUWDyD NRQPDl×G×U %DüNDlDU×QD JYHQPHN EiUHyiQ ¶JHoPiü yDüDQW×lDU×· ilH ¶DQ-l×N GXUXP·XQ NDUü׶DQ-l×Nl× HWNilHüiPiQiQ EiU VRQXcXGXU %DüNDlDU×QD JYHQ GXy-PDN DüDù×GDNi IDNW|UlHUH EDùl× RlDUDN JHliüHEiliU YH/YHyD HQJHllHQHEiliU
D %HNlHQWilHU *YHQ oRùX NH] EHNlHQWilHUiQ NDUü×lDQPDV× RlDUDN GD WD-Q×PlDQDEilGiùiQH J|UH EiUHylHU JYHQ GXyGXNlDU× NiüilHUiQ NHQGi EHNlHQWilHUi-Qi NDUü×lDyDcDù×QD iQDQ×UlDU
E .iüiVHl |]HlliNlHU %iUHy JYHQiQi ND]DQDQ EiUHylHUiQ EHliUli |]HlliNlHUH VDKiS RlPDV×Q× iVWHU 6|] HGilHQ EX |]HlliNlHU ED]HQ VDGHcH EiliQHQ |]HlliNlHU RlDEiliU .DG×Q-HUNHN iliüNiViQGHNi JYHQ oRùXQlXNlD EX WHPHlH GDyDQ×U
c 'QyD J|Uü %iUHylHUiQ EDüNDlDU×QD JYHQ GHUHcHVi oRùXQlXNlD GQyDy× EDU×üD G|QN YHyD VDYDüD G|QN EiU RUWDP RlDUDN DlJ×lDPDlDU×QD EDù-l×G×U %X DlJ× oRùXQlXNlD KDyDW×Q ilN y×llDU×QGD üHNillHQiU %iUEiUiQi GHVWHNlHyi-ci DilH iliüNilHUiQH VDKiS RlDQ EiUHylHU JHQHlliNlH GQyDy× GRVWlXN iliüNilHUiQiQ NXUXlDEilHcHùi EDU×üo×l EiU RUWDP RlDUDN J|UUlHU ANVi GXUXPGD iVH GQyD JYHQVi] YH DlGDWPDyD KD]×U EiUHylHUlH GRlX EiU RUWDP RlDUDN DlJ×lDQ×U
G 5iVN *YHQ YH UiVN EiUEiUiQH EDùl× iNi RlJXGXU 6UHoWHQ HlGH HGilHcHN RlDQ VRQXo EiUHylHUH QH NDGDU ]DUDU YHUHcHNVH ´JYHQ GXyPDNµ R NDGDU ]RU-lDü×U
H d×NDUlDU d×NDUlDU RUWDN RlGXNoD JYHQ GXyPDN NRlDylDü×U d×NDUlDU IDUNl×lDüW×NoD JYHQVi]liN G]Hyi DUWDU
I 6RQXolDU %iUHyiQ V|ylHGiNlHUiQi yHUiQH JHWiUHQ YH VRQXo RlDUDN EHNlHQ-WilHUiQi NDUü×lDyDQ EiUHylHU NDUü× WDUDID GDKD JYHQiliU RlXUlDU
J %WQlN 'DYUDQ×ülDU× |QcHGHQ NHVWiUilHEilHQ GUVW DKlDNi GHùHUlHU-lH yDüDG×ù× EiliQHQ EiUHyGHùHUlHU-lHUH GDKD ID]lD JYHQiliU %XUDGD EWQlN GXUXPlDU-GDQ YH ]DPDQGXUXPlDU-GDQ EDù×PV×] EiU WXWDUl×l×ùD YXUJX yDSDU
K ͦlJi %iUHy EDüNDlDU×Q×Q NHQGi GXyJXlDU×Q× iKWiyDolDU×Q× KHVDED NDWW×ù×Q× YH ilJilHQGiùiQi IDUN HGHUVH RQD GDKD ID]lD JYHQ GXyDU ͦlJiVi]liN YH DlG×UPD]l×ù×Q IDUN HGilPHVi JYHQVi]liN GXyJXVXQX RUWDyD o×NDU×U18
18 <×lPD] ´7DN×P hyHlHUiQiQ *YHQ 'XyJXVX YH 9HUiPliliNlHUi AUDV×QGDNi ͦliüNilHUµ 21-24 DyU×cD üHPDWiN J|stHUiP ioiQ EN ûHNil-1
ûHNLO*YHQGX\JXVXQXQSVLNRORMLNJHOLüLPL
3ViNRlRMi liWHUDWUQH EDN×lG×ù×QGD JYHQ GXyJXVXQXQ SViNRlRMiQiQ oH-üiWli DlW GDllDU×QGDNi RUWDyD DW×lDQ NXUDPlDUGD |QHPli EiU IHQRPHQ RlDUDN oDl×ü×lG×ù× J|UlPHNWHGiU %X EDùlDPGD |]HlliNlH JHliüiP SViNRlRMiVi YH VRVyDl SViNRlRMi DlDQlDU×QGD JHliüWiUilHQ ED]× WHRUilHUGH EiUHyiQ UXK VDùl×ù× ioiQ VRQ GHUHcH |QHPli RlDQ JYHQ GXyJXVXQD GD yHU YHUilPiüWiU 6|] NRQXVX WHRUilHUGHQ EiUi %RZlEy 2005 WDUDI×QGDQ JHliüWiUilHQ ¶EDùlDQPD WHRUiVi / DW-WDcKPHQW WKHRUy·GiU19
6|] HGilHQ EX WHRUiyH J|UH JYHQ GXyJXVXQXQ SViNRlRMiN yRùXQlXùX RlDQ ¶EDùlDQPD· RlJXVXylD GD ilJiVi YDUG×U .XUDP×Q WHPHl QRNWDV× iVH DQQH-QiQ EHEHùiQH G×ü GQyDy× iQcHlHyHEilHcHùi YH JHUHNWiùiQGH HPQiyHW GXyJXlDU× ioiQGH JHUi G|QülHU yDSDEilHcHùi JYHQiliU EiU RUWDP RlXüWXUPDV×G×U20 6|] NRQXVX EX WHRUiyH J|UH JHQHl RlDUDN iNi EiUHy DUDV×QGDNi HWNilHüiP EDù×Q× SH-NiüWiUiS JolHQGiUGiùi DNWiI YH VHYHcHQ NDUü×l×Nl× EiU iliüNi RlDUDN WDQ×PlDQDQ EDùlDQPD oRcXùXQ EDüNDlDU×ylD DQQH-EDEDV× YHyD ²yHGHN EDùlDQPD ÀJU RlDUDN- EDN×c×lDU×ylD DQlDPl× GXyJXVDl iliüNilHU NXUDEilPH yHWiViGiU dRN N-oN yDülDUGD iKPDlH YH iVWiVPDUD XùUDyDQ oRcXNlDU ED]HQ DQlDPl× EDùlDU NXU-PDNWD ]RUlDQDEiliUlHU %X WiS EiUHylHUGH EDùlDQPD ER]XNlXNlDU× RUWDyD
o×NDEi-19 -RKQ %RZlEy $ Secure Base &linical $pplications of $ttachment Theory 9/393 7DylRU )UDQciV 2005
20 2lcDy 7]Q - .HPDl 6DyDU ´%DùlDQPD .XUDP× YH 3ViNRSDWRlRMiµ Dünen $dam 19/1 2006 25
0XVWDID.2d 10
liU21 %X GD EiUHylHUGH JYHQVi]liN GXyJXVXQX RUWDyD o×NDU×U .×VDcDV× JYen,
oocuùun kiüilik geliüiminin yan× s×ra sosyal Ye entelektel geliüimi ioin GH DQlDPl×
EiU yDüDPVDl GHùiüNHQGiU22
%RZlEy·H 2005 J|UH DQQH YH oRcXN DUDV×QGD NXUXlDQ JYHQli EiU EDùlDQ-PD iliüNiVi oRcXùD VDùl×Nl× SViNRlRMiN JHliüiP RlDQDù× VDùlDU 5KHVXV EDùlDQ- PDyPXQ-lDU×QGD J|]lHQHQ EX EDùlDQPD iliüNiVi ilH EiUHylHUGHNi ilN EDùlDQPD VUHolHUi DUDV×QGD EiU EHQ]HUliN RlGXùXQD iQDQDQ %RZlEy yDQl×ü JHliüPiü yD GD G|QHP-VHl NHViQWilHUH XùUDP×ü EDùlDQPD iliüNilHUiQiQ NiüiliN SURElHPlHUiQH YH ]iKiQG|QHP-VHl KDVWDl×NlDUD yRl DoDcDù×Q× iGGiD HWPHNWHGiU gUQHùiQ ´JYHQVi] EDùlDQPDµ EioiPlHUi QHYURWiN EiU NiüiliùiQ JHliüPHViQH ]HPiQ RlXüWXUDEiliU %DùlDQPD Ei-oiPlHUi DyQ× ]DPDQGD HUJHQliNWH SViNRSDWRlRMiyH yRl DoDQ IDNW|UlHUGHQ EiUi RlDUDN GHùHUlHQGiUilPHNWHGiU
%URZQ :UiJKW·×Q 2003 DUDüW×UPDV×QGD SViNRSDWRlRMi J|VWHUHQ YH SViNR-SDWRlRMi J|VWHUPHyHQ |UQHNlHPlHUH EDN×lG×ù×QGD SViNRSViNR-SDWRlRMi J|VWHUPHyHQ JUXEXQ 733· JYHQli EDùlDQPD WDU]×QD VDKiSNHQ SViNRSDWRlRMi J|VWHUHQ JUXEXQ VDGHcH 133·QQ JYHQli EDùlDQPDyD VDKiS RlGXùX J|UlPüWU <iQH DyQ× oDl×üPDGD NDUDUV×] EDùlDQPDV× RlDQ HUJHQlHUiQ VRUXQlDU×Q× DEDUWD-UDN ilJi oHNPHyH oDl×üW×ù× oHNiQJHQ HUJHQlHUiQ iVH VRUXQlDU×Q× J|UPH]GHQ JHl-PHyH HùiliPli RlGXùX EHliUWilPiüWiU %X GXUXPD EDùl× RlDUDN NDyJ× GHSUHVyRQ GüQcH ER]XNlXNlDU× YH VRVyDl NDEXl J|UPH JHUHNViQiPi NDUDUV×] EDùlDQPD WDU]×QD VDKiS RlDQ HUJHQlHUGH GiùHU JUXSlDUD J|UH GDKD oRN J|UlPHNWHGiU %X EDùlDQPD WDU]× DyQ× ]DPDQGD V×Q×U NiüiliN ER]XNlXùXQD VDKiS HUJHQlHUGH GDKD V×N J|UlU %XQXQ yDQ×QGD GDYUDQ×ü ER]XNlXùX PDGGH N|WyH NXl-lDQ×P× YH EXQlDUD EDùl× RlDUDN DQWi-VRVyDl NiüiliN ER]XNlXùX oHNiQJHQ EDù-lDQPD WDU]×QD VDKiS HUJHQlHUGH GDKD V×N J|UlHQ SViNRSDWRlRMi NDWHJRUilHUi DUDV×QGD yHU DlPDNWDG×U23
<XNDU×GD N×VDcD Do×NlDQDQ %RZlEiyHQ EDN×ü Do×V× V×Q×U NiüiliN ER]XNlX-ùXQXQ 6.% WHGDYiViQGH |QHPli EiU yDNlDü×P RUWDyD NRyPDNWDG×U 'DQ×üDQ |QcHliNlH JYHQli EDùlDQPDQ×Q HNViNliùiQi yDüDU Aü×U× XolDU×QGD NDUDUV×] yD GD NDo×QJDQ EDùlDQPD RlDV×G×U 'DQ×üDQ JHoPiüWH yDN×Q iliüNilHUiQiQ JHUHNWiU-Giùi |UVHlHQPHViQH NDUü× EiU VDYXQPD RlDUDN WHUDSiGH KHUKDQJi EiU GXyJXVDl iliüNiyi NDEXl HWPHyH NDUü× GiUHQiU WHUDSiVWi GH UDKDWV×] HGHQ EiU GXyJX ioiQGH
21 %XGDN PsikoloMi S|]lù 105-106
22 M 6 %HUQDWK - 1 ' )HVKEDcK ´&KilGUHQ·V 7UXst 7KHRUy AVVHVVPHQW 'HYHlRSPHQW DQG 5HVHDUcK 'iUHcWiRQVµ $pplied PreYentiYe Psychology 4 1995 1-19
23 / 6 %URZQ - - :UiJKW ´7KH 5HlDWiRQVKiS %HWZHHQ AWWDcKPHQW 6WUDWHJiHV DQG 3VycKRSDWRlRJy iQ AGRlHVHQcHµ 3VycKRlRJy DQG 3VycKRSDWRlRJy 76 2003 351-367
E×UDNDEiliU 6HoHQHN RlDUDN GDQ×üDQ GHùHUli yDüDP× ioiQ WHUDSiyH yDS×üDEiliU YH WHUDSiVWi RQlDU×Q KDyDW×Q× y|QHWPH JHUHNViQiPi NRQXVXQGD VXolXlXN YH ERùXlPXülXN GXyJXlDU×ylD E×UDNDEiliU24 %XUDGD JYHQli EDùlDQPD WUQQ |QHPi RUWDyD o×NPDNWDG×U *YHQli EDùlDQPD JHliüiP SViNRlRMiVi EDùlDP×QGD EHEHùiQ DV×l EDN×c×V×QGDQ NRlDycD DyU×lDEilGiùi YH G|QGùQGH DNWiI RlDUDN WHNUDUGDQ RQD y|QHlHEilGiùi VRVyDl SViNRlRMi EDùlDP×QGD iVH EiUHyiQ VRVyDl iliüNiGH EXlXQGXùX GiùHU EiUHylHUGHQ NRlDycD X]DNlDüDEilGiùi YH VRUXQVX] RlDUDN WHNUDUGDQ RQlDUlD EXlXüDEilPHlHUiQi YXUJXlDyDQ EiU EDùlDQPD oHüiGi-GiU %X WU EiU EDùlDQPDGD oRcXN yHQi RUWDPlDU× DUDüW×UPD NRQXVXQGD |UQH-ùiQ DQQHViQi EiU V RlDUDN NXllDQ×U AQQHViQGHQ DyU×lDUDN yDEDQc× RUWDPlDU× NHüIH o×NDQ oRcXN yiQH DQQHViQiQ yDQ×QD G|QHEiliU %X GXUXP VRQUDNi y×llDUGD JYHQ WHUN HGilPHyH DlG×UPDPD GHùHUliliN YH VHYilPH GXyJXlDU×QD VDùlDP EiU SViNRlRMiN WHPHl RlXüWXUXU25
+DyDWWD NDlPDyD G|QN EiU iKWiyDoWDQ NDyQDNlDQ×yRU RlVD GD EHEHNlHU DQQHlHUiQH JYHQiUlHU dRcXùXQ JYHQ GXyJXVX ND]DQDEilPHVi ioiQ WDQ×G×N-l×N WXWDUl×l×N YH VUHNliliN RlPDl×G×U gUQHùiQ oRcXùD EDNDQ Niüi V×N V×N GHùiü-PiyRUVD GDYUDQ×ülDU×QGD WXWDUl×l×N YH VUHNliliN YDUVD oRcXùXQ JYHQ GXy-JXVX HGiQPHVi NRlDylDüPDNWDG×U dRcXùXQ DQQH-EDEDV× YH GiùHU yHWiüNiQlHUlH JHliüWiUGiùi JYHQH GDyDl× iliüNilHUi JHliüiP VUHci ioHUiViQGHNi GiùHU VRVyDl iliüNilHUiQi GH HWNilHU AQQH-EDEDlDU×Q oRcXNlDU×Q× üHINDWlH VHYPHlHUi RQlDUD G]HQli EiU KDyDW yDüDWPDlDU× ¶·WHPHl JYHQ·· RlJXVXQXQ JHliüiPiQGH oRN |QHPli EiU yHU WXWDU g]HlliNlH DQQH ilH EHEHN DUDV×QGD RlXüDQ RlXPlX SViNR-lRMiN iliüNi EHEHNWHNi WHPHl JYHQ GXyJXVXQXQ oHNiUGHùiQi RlXüWXUXU AQQH EHEHùiQiQ yHWHUiQcH EDN×P×Q× yDSDUDN RQD VHYJi ilJi YH üHINDW J|VWHUiU YH RQX NRUXUVD EHEHùiQ À]yRlRMiN RlDUDN WP PHWDERli]PDV×Q×Q XyXPlX oDl×üPDV×Q× VDùlDyDcDNW×U %HEHN GH EXQD NDUü×l×N NHQGiQi JYHQli YH UDKDW KiVVHGHUHN DQ-QHVi DUDc×l×ù×ylD JHliüWiUGiùi JYHQH GDyDl× iliüNilHUiQi WRSlXPVDl VUHo ioHUiViQ-GH ioHUiViQ-GH ioHUiViQ-GHQHyiPlHU AQcDN DQQH-EHEHN DUDV×QGDNi iliüNi VDùl×NV×] iVH yDQi oHüiWli QHGHQlHUlH EHEHN DQQHVi WDUDI×QGDQ VDùlDQDQ XyDU×c×lDU× DlDPD]VD NHQGiViQi JYHQ YH UDKDWl×N ioiQGH KiVVHGHPHGiùiQGHQ EX NH] WRSlXPVDllDüPD VUHciQ-GH JYHQVi]liN GXyJXlDU×Q× Do×ùD o×NDUDEiliU %XQXQ yDQ× V×UD NRQXyD GiQ SVi-NRlRMiVi Do×V×QGDQ EDN×lG×ù×QGD iVH oRcXùXQ DilHGH HGiQGiùi WHPHl JYHQ yD GD JYHQVi]liN GXyJXlDU× RQXQ DüN×Q YDUl×ùD 7DQU×/AllDK NDUü× GXyGXùX JYHQ GXyJXVXQXQ NDliWHViQi GH HWNilHyHEiliU26
24 2lcDy - 6DyDU ´%DùlDQPD .XUDP× YH 3ViNRSDWRlRMiµ 28-38 25 %XGDN PsikoloMi S|]lù 348
0XVWDID.2d 12
ͦNiQci WHRUi iVH (UiNVRQ·XQ 1959 1963 1968 1984 ¶SViNR-VRVyDl JHliüiP WHRUiVi·GiU27 %iUHyiQ SViNR-VRVyDl DüDPDlDU ioiQGH JHliüiPiQi GHYDP HWWiUGiùiQi ilHUi VUGù WHRUiViQGH (UiNVRQ EiUHyiQ WHPHl NiüiliN |]HlliNlHUiQiQ VDGHcH yD-üDP×Q ilN y×llDU×QD EDùl× RlPDG×ù×Q× EiUHyVHl JHliüiPiQ EWQ yDüDP ERyXQcD GHYDP HWWiùiQi YXUJXlDPDNWDG×U %iUHyiQ JHliüiPiQGH KHP VRVyDl oHYUHQiQ KHP GH EiyRlRMiN WHPHlli GRùXüWDQ JHWiUilHQ ED]× |]HlliNlHUiQ URl YDUG×U (UiN-VRQ·D J|UH EiUHy yDüDP× ERyXQcD VHNi] JHliüiP G|QHPiQGHQ JHoPHNWHGiU +HU EiU JHliüiP G|QHPiQiQ NHQGiQH |]J IDUNl× JHliüiPVHl KHGHÁHUi YDUG×U 'RlDy×V×ylD EiUHy KHU JHliüiP G|QHPiQGH IDUNl× EiU oDW×üPD YHyD NDUPDüDylD NDUü×lDüDEiliU %iUHyiQ KHUKDQJi EiU JHliüiP G|QHPiQGHNi KHGHÁHUiQi JHUoHNlHü-WiUHEilPHVi ioiQ R G|QHPGH NDUü×lDüP×ü RlGXùX oDW×üPDlDUlD yD GD NDUPDüDlDU-lD EDüD o×NDEilPHVi JHUHNiU (UiNVRQ EiUHyiQ EX oDW×üPDNDUPDüDlDU-lDUNDUPDüDlDU-lD EDüD o×NDEilGiùi RUDQGD GDKD VDùl×Nl× EiU NiüiliN JHliüWiUHEilHcHùiQH iQDQ×U %|ylHcH EiUHy GDKD VRQUDNi JHliüiP G|QHPlHUiQGHNi NDUPDüDlDUlD GD EDüD o×NDEilPHN ioiQ VDKiS RlPDV× JHUHNHQ GRQDQ×P× ND]DQP×ü RlPDNWDG×U AQcDN EiU G|QHPGHNi oDW×ü-PDlDUlD EDüD o×NPD VUHciQGHNi yDüDQDQ EDüDU×V×]l×N VRQUDNi G|QHPlHUGH WHlDÀ HGilHEiliU 8yJXQ oHYUHVHl üDUWlDU YH NRüXllDU VDùlDQG×ù×QGD yDüDQ×lDQ EDüDU×V×]l×NlDU×Q NiüiliN JHliüiPi ]HUiQGHNi |UVHlHyici i]lHUi ViliQHEilHcHNWiU28
(UiNVRQ·XQ VHNi] SViNR-VRVyDl JHliüiP G|QHPlHUiQGHQ EiUiQciVi ´WHPHl JYHQH NDUü× JYHQVi]liN GXyJXVXµGXU 0-1 yDü DUDl×ù×Q× NDSVDyDQ EX JHli-üiPVHl G|QHPGH yDüDP×Q ilN y×l×QGD EDù×Pl× RlGXùX NiüilHUiQ EHEHùiQ WHPHl JHUHNViQiPlHUiQi G]HQli EiU EioiPGH NDUü×lDy×S NDUü×lDyDPDPDlDU× EHEHNWH ´JYHQµ GXyJXVXQXQ RUWDyD o×NPDV×QGD HWNili RlXU (ùHU G|QHP VDùl×Nl× JHoi-UiliUVH ´WHPHl JYHQµ GXyJXVX HGiQiliU 7HPHl JYHQ GXyJXVXQXQ HGiQilPHVi DQQHQiQ EHEHùH iKWiyDo GXyGXùX KX]XUX YHUPHVi EiUHyiQ iQDQc×QGD WXWDUl×l×N VHUJilHPHViQGH |QHPli URl RyQDPDNWDG×U '|QHPiQ VDùl×Nl× RlDUDN DWlDW×lPDV× EHEHNWH ´XPXWµ YH ´XyXPµ GXyJXVXQX JHliüWiUiU29 (UiNVRQ ´GiQVHl GXyJX-lDU×Qµ HGiQilPHViQiQ GH EX G|QHPlH ilJili RlGXùXQX GüQPüWU %HEHNWH WRSlXPVDl JYHQ GXyJXVXQXQ ilN EHliUWilHUi EHVlHQPH XyNX YH ViQGiUiP JiEi
27 (UiN + (UiNVRQ ,GHQWiWy DQG 7KH /iIH &yclH 6HlHcWHG 3DSHUV Psychological Issues-1 1959 1-71 (UiN + (UiNVRQ &hildhood and Society 1HZ <RUN 1RUWRQ 1963 (UiN + (UiNVRQ ,GHQWiWy <outh and &risis 1HZ <RUN 1RUWRQ 1968
28 AyU×cD EN 'RUHHQ A 5RVHQWKDl YGùU ´)URP 7UXst WR ,QWiPDcy A 1HZ ,QYHQWRUy IRU ([DPiQiQJ (UiNVRQ·V 6WDJHV RI 3VycKRVRciDl 'HYHlRSPHQWµ Journal of <outh and $dolescence 10/6 1981 525-537 3DWUicN + MXQlHy ´(UiN (UiNVRQ·V 7KHRUy RI 3VycKRVRciDl 'HYHlRSPHQW DQG 9RcDWiRQDl %HKDYiRUµ Journal of &ounseling Psychology 22/4 1975 314-319.
29 g]HlGH EX G|QHPH iliüNiQ JHliüWiUilHQ SViNRPHWUiN |loPH DUDc× ioiQ DyU×cD EN. 5RVHQWKDl YH DUN. )URP 7UXst WR ,QWiPDcy 525-537.
iülHYlHUGH G]HQ YH UDKDWl×ù×Q EXlXQXüXGXU. %X G|QHPGH EHEHN WPGHQ Dl×c× EiU yDS×GDG×U. %X Dl×c× yDS×yD NDUü× DQQHQiQ YHUici RlXüX NDUü×l×Nl× G]HQ YH GHQJH VDùlDPDNWDG×U. %|ylHcH EHEHùiQ ilN WRSlXPVDl EDüDU×V× EyN NDyJ× yD GD |INHyH NDS×lPDGDQ DQQHViQGHQ EHlli EiU VUH X]DN NDlPDV×QD GDyDQDEil-PHViGiU. %X EDüDU× EHEHùiQ EHQliùiQGH YDUl×ù× NHViQliN ND]DQP×ü EiU DQQHQiQ RlGXùXQX J|VWHUPHVi EDN×P×QGDQ |QHPliGiU.30
hoQc WHRUi iVH MDVlRZ 1970 WDUDI×QGDQ JHliüWiUilHQ ¶iKWiyDolDU KiyH-UDUüiVi WHRUiVi·GiU. ͦKWiyDolDU× KiyHUDUüiN EiU yDNlDü×PlD HlH DlDQ MDVlRZ 1970 HQ Jol iKWiyDo GXUXPXQGDNi À]yRlRMiN iKWiyDolDU×Q NDUü×lDQPDV×ylD GiùHU iKWiyDolDU×Q GD RUWDyD o×NDUDN RUJDQi]PDy× EDVN× DlW×QD DlG×NlDU×Q× YH EiUHy iKWiyDolDU×Q×Q J|UHcHli EiU EDVN×Ql×N KiyHUDUüiVi ioiQGH RUJDQi]H RlGXùXQX EH-liUWPHNWHGiU. %X KiyHUDUüi GH V×UDV×ylD À]yRlRMiN JYHQliN DiW RlPD YH VHY-Ji VDyJ× YH NHQGiQi JHUoHNlHüWiUPH iKWiyDolDU×QGDQ RlXüPDNWDG×U. ¶ͦKWiyDolDU KiyHUDUüiVi WHRUiVi·Qi JHliüWiUHQ MDVlRZ·D J|UH EiUHyiQ SViNRlRMiN iKWiyDolD-U×QGDQ EiUi GH NHQGiQi JYHQGH KiVVHWPH iKWiyDc×G×U. %iUHyiQ GRùDV×QGD YDU RlDQ JYHQiQ oHYUHVi WDUDI×QGDQ GHVWHNlHQGiNoH JHliüWiùiQi YXUJXlDyDQ MDV-lRZ iQVDQlDU× KDyYDQlDUGDQ Dy×UDQ JYHQliN DiW RlPD YH VDyJ× JiEi yNVHN G]Hyli iKWiyDolDU×Q×Q RlGXùXQX YH EX iKWiyDolDU×Q iVH DQcDN JHUHNli NlWUHl NRüXllDU×Q VDùlDQG×ù× RUWDPlDUGD NDUü×lDQDEilHcHùiQiQ DlW×Q× oi]PHNWHGiU. 2QD J|UH Dol×N VXVX]lXN YH ciQVHlliN JiEi À]yRlRMiN iKWiyDolDUGDQ KHPHQ VRQUD Ei-UHyiQ NHQGiQi JYHQGH KiVVHWPH iKWiyDc× JHliU. .HQGiQi JYHQGH KiVVHWPHyHQ EiUHyGH EHQliùi NRUXPD YH VDlG×UJDQl×N JiEi GDYUDQ×ü ER]XNlXNlDU× J|UlH-EiliU.31 'RlDy×V×ylD EiUHyiQ KDyDW× WHKliNHGHyVH |QcHliNlH EiUHy NHQGi yDüDP×-Q× JYHQcHyH DlPDN NHQGiQi NXUWDUPDN YH NRUXPDN iKWiyDc× KiVVHGHU. +HU-KDQJi EiU JYHQcHyH EDùl× RlDQ EiUHyiQ UXKVDl GXUXPXQX EHWiPlHyHQ JYHQ GXyJXVXQXQ GHYDP HWPHVi JYHQcHQiQ JDUDQWiViylH GH ilJiliGiU.32
30 (UiN +. (UiNVRQ ͦnsan×n Seki] Çaù× WUc. %. hstQ - 9. ûDU AQNDUD %iUHy YH 7RSlXP <Dy×QlDU× 1984 39-55 ͦEUDKiP *UVHV - M. ANiI .×lDYX] ´(UiNVRQ·XQ 3ViNR-6RVyDl *HliüiP '|QHPlHUi 7HRUiVi Ao×V×QGDQ .XüDNlDUDUDV× 'iQ (ùiWiPi YH ͦlHWiüiPiQiQ gQHPiµ 8ludaù hniYersitesi ͦlahiyat )akltesi Dergisi 20/2 2011 155-156 DyU×cD NUü. 'RQ (. +DPDcKHN ´(YDlXDWiQJ 6HlI-&RQcHSW DQG (JR 'HYHlRSPHQW :iWKiQ (UiNVRQ·V 3VycKRVRciDl )UDPHZRUN A )RUPXlDWiRQµ Journal of &ounseling and DeYelopment 66/8 1988 354-360 -RHl 5. 6QHHG YH DUN. ´7UXst ͦGHQWiWy DQG (JR ͦQWHJUiWy MRGHliQJ (UiNVRQ·V &RUH 6WDJHV 2YHU 34 <HDUVµ -RXUQDl RI AGXlW 'HYHlRSPHQW 13 2006 148²157.
31 AEUDKDP MDVlRZ 0otiYation and Personality 3. HG. +DUSHU - 5RZ 3XEliVKHUV 1HZ <RUN 1970 +|NHlHNli Psikoloji 'iQ YH (ùiWiP <|QylH ͦQVDQi 'HùHUlHU 214.
32 6lHyPDQ +DyUi %RlDy ´.iüiGH *YHQ 'XyJXVX YH ͦVlDPµ >ioiQGH@ .utlu Doùum +aftas× .onferanslar× 11-17 (NiP 1989 AQNDUD 7UNiyH 'iyDQHW 9DNI× <Dy×QlDU× 1989 159.
0XVWDID.2d 1
%iUHyiQ yDüDP×QD iliüNiQ EDN×ü×Q× YH DlJ×lDPDV×Q× HWNilHyHEilHQ |QHPli GH-ùiüNHQlHUGHQ EiUi GH ´SViNRlRMiN iKWiyDolDUG×U.µ *HUoHNliN WHUDSiVi YH NRQWURl/ VHoiP WHRUiViQH J|UH EiUHy iKWiyDolDU× NDUü×lDQG×ù× |loGH NHQGiViQi PXWlX yD GD PXWVX] KiVVHWPHNWHGiU. <DQi PXWlXlXN yD GD PXWVX]lXN EiUHyiQ iKWiyDolD-U×Q×Q NDUü×lDQPD |loVQ EHliUlHPHN ioiQ |QHPli EiU J|VWHUJH GXUXPXQGD-G×U. g]-EHliUlHPH NXUDP×QGD GD SViNRlRMiN iKWiyDolDU×Q NDUü×lDQG×ù× NRüXllDU DlW×QGD EiUHyiQ HQ YHUiPli JHliüiPi YH iyi-RlXüX JHUoHNlHüWiUHEilHcHùi YXUJX-lDQPDNWDG×U. 3ViNRlRMiN iKWiyDolDU NRQXVX EiUHy GDYUDQ×ülDU×Q×Q WHPHl EHliUlH-yicilHUiQGHQ EiUi RlPDV× QHGHQiylH SHN oRN NXUDPc×Q×Q ilJi RGDù× RlPXüWXU.33
<XNDU×GD EHliUWilHQ iKWiyDo NXUDP× J|UülHUiQH JHQHl RlDUDN EDN×lG×ù×QGD WHPHl À]yRlRMiN iKWiyDolDU ilH SViNRlRMiN iKWiyDolDU×Q HNViNliùi KiVVHGilGiùiQ-GH EiUHy GDYUDQ×ülDU×Q× JGlHyHQ YH y|QlHQGiUHQ ´Jolµ yDS×lDU RlGXùX J|UlPHNWHGiU. g]HlliNlH ´KDyDWWD NDlPD-À]yRlRMiN VHYJi-DiW RlPD-iliüNi Jol-EDVN×Q RlPD |]HUNliN-|]JUlN RyXQ-HùlHQPHµ JiEi iKWiyDolDU×Q EHQ-]HU SViNRlRMiN iKWiyDolDU RlDUDN EHQiPVHQGiùi GiNNDWi oHNPHNWHGiU. ͦKWiyDolD-U×Q NDUü×lDQPDV×ylD HlGH HGilHQ GRyXP GD EiUHyiQ |]QHl iyi-RlXüXQXQ yDQi PXWlXlXùXQXQ DUWPDV×QGD |QHPli EiU URl RyQDPDNWDG×U. <DS×lDQ DUDüW×U-PDlDU SViNRlRMiN iKWiyDolDU ilH |]QHl iyi-RlXü DUDV×QGDNi iliüNilHUiQ YDUl×ù×Q× GHVWHNlHU QiWHliNWHGiU. gUQHùiQ 7Dy 'iHQHU 2011 WDUDI×QGDQ 155 lNHGHQ GHQHNlHUiQ NDW×l×P×ylD JHUoHNlHüWiUilHQ JHQiü |UQHNlHPli EiU oDl×üPDGD WHPHl iKWiyDolDU YH SViNRlRMiN iKWiyDolDU ilH |]QHl iyi-RlXüXQ EiliüVHl XQVXUX RlDQ yDüDP GRyXPX YH GXyXüVDl XQVXUX RlDQ RlXPlX YH RlXPVX] GXyJXlDQ×P DUDV×QGDNi iliüNilHU RUWDyD NRQXlPXüWXU. 7UNiyH·GH yDS×lDQ ED]× oDl×üPD-lDUGD GD QiYHUViWH |ùUHQcilHUiQGH ¶|]HUNliN yHWHUliN iliüNi KDyDWWD NDlPD VHYJi-DiGiyHW Jo |]JUlN HùlHQPH iKWiyDolDU× ilH |]QHl iyi-RlXü· DUDV×QGD iliüNilHU EXlXQPXüWXU.34
gWH yDQGDQ EiUHyiQ NHQGiQH JYHQ GXyPDV× |QcHliNlH NHQGiViQi YH V×Q×UlDU×Q× NDEXl HWPHViylH EDülDU. %DüNDlDU×QD JYHQPHQiQ YH JYHQiliU RlPDQ×Q WHPHliQi RlXüWXUDQ NHQGiQH JYHQ EiUHyiQ WHPHl DKlDNi GHùHUlHUiQi
33 AV×P diYiWoi ´hQiYHUViWH gùUHQcilHUiQGH *HQHl <DüDP 'RyXPX YH 3ViNRlRMiN ͦKWiyDolDU AUDV×QGDNi ͦliüNilHUµ ÇukuroYa hniYersitesi Sosyal Bilimler EnΖits Dergisi 21/2 2012 323 DyU×cD NUü. %RE 3RstRQ ´MDVlRZ·V +iHUDUcKy RI 1HHGVµ 6XUJicDl 7HcKQRlRJist 41/8 2009 347-353.
34 diYiWoi ´hQiYHUViWH gùUHQcilHUiQGH *HQHl <DüDP 'RyXPX YH 3ViNRlRMiN ͦKWiyDolDUµ 324 DyU×cD EN. MDUN (. .RlWNR-5iYHUD ´5HGiVcRYHUiQJ WKH /DWHU 9HUViRQ RI MDVlRZ·V +iHUDUcKy RI 1HHGV 6HlI-7UDQVcHQGHQcH DQG 2SSRUWXQiWiHV IRU 7KHRUy 5HVHDUcK DQG 8QiIicDWiRQµ 5HYiHZ RI *HQHUDl 3VycKRlRJy 10/4 2006 302 MicKDHl 5. +DJHUWy ´7HstiQJ MDVlRZ·V +iHUDUcKy RI 1HHGV 1DWiRQDl 4XDliWy-RI-/iIH AcURVV 7iPHµ Social Indicators 5esearch 46/3 1999 249-271.
YH EX NRQXGDNi NDUDUl×l×ù×Q× NDSVDU. %XQXQ yDQ× V×UD EiUHyiQ EDüNDV×QD JYHQ GXyPDV× GD ²GDKD |QcH Do×NlDQG×ù× JiEi- EHNlHQWilHUH NiüiVHl |]HlliNlHUH GQ-yD J|UüQH UiVNlHUH YH o×NDUlDUD EDùl× NDUPDü×N EiU VUHo RlDUDN iIDGH HGilH-EiliU.35 'RlDy×V×ylD EiUHyGHNi JYHQ RlXüXPXQXQ YH GiùHU EiUHylHUlH NXUXlDQ iliüNilHUGH JYHQiQ QDV×l yRUXPlDQG×ù×Q×Q NlWUHl GHùHUlHUGHQ HWNilHQGiùi EiliQPHNWHGiU.36
3ViNRlRMi liWHUDWUQGH JYHQ ]HUiQH yDS×lDQ oDl×üPDlDUGD ´NiüiliùH GD-yDl× JYHQ YH VUHcH GDGD-yDl× JYHQµ RlPDN ]HUH iNi WiS JYHQ oHüiGi WHVSiW HGilPiüWiU. %XQlDUGDQ NiüiliùH GDyDl× yDNlDü×PGD JYHQ liGHUliNlH ilJili SHN oRN DUDüW×UPDGD RlGXùX JiEi NiüiliN |]Hlliùi RlDUDN GHùHUlHQGiUilPiüWiU. gU-QHùiQ GUVWlN KHUKDQJi EiUiQH JYHQPHyH yRl DoDQ EiU NiüiliN |]HlliùiGiU. <HWHQHNli RlGXùX GüQlHQ EiUHyH GDKD ID]lD JYHQ GXyPD HùiliPi YDUG×U. *YHQi JHliüWiUPHGH |QHPli EiU IDNW|U GH EiUHyiQ J|VWHUGiùi GDYUDQ×ülDU×Q×Q WXWDUl×l×ù×G×U. AGil YH WDUDIV×] RlDQ YHyD G|QüWUc liGHUliN GDYUDQ×ülDU× VHU-JilHyHQ EiUHylHUiQ JYHQ ND]DQPDV× GDKD RlDV× EiU GXUXPGXU.
6UHcH GDyDl× yDNlDü×PGD iVH JYHQ VRVyDl iliüNilHUiQ EiU VRQXcX RlDUDN J|UlU. 'RlDy×V×ylD JYHQ VDGHcH EiU WDUDI×Q GiùHUiQH NDUü× WHN-y|Ql EiU WX-WXPX RlPDy×S WDUDÁDU×Q NDUü×l×Nl× HWNilHüiPlHUi VRQXcXQGD RUWDyD o×NDQ SVi-NR-VRVyDl EiU GXUXPGXU. 'RlDy×V×ylD EX NDUü×l×Nl× yDNlDü×P HlH Dl×QG×ù×QGD ilHWiüiP WHNUDUl× VRVyDl HWNilHüiPlHU VUHViQcH JYHQiQ JHliüiPiQGH HQ |QHPli EHliUlHyiciGiU. <DQi JYHQ GXyJXVXQXQ JHliüiPiQGH |QHPli EHliUlHyicilHUiQGHQ EiUi GH NiüilHUDUDV× ilHWiüiPiQ Do×Nl×ù×G×U. Ao×N ilHWiüiPH EDùl× RlDUDN GiùHUlHUi-QiQ ÀNiUlHUiQi GiQlHPHN YH GHùHU YHUPHN GH JYHGiùHUlHUi-QiQ JHliüiPiQH NDWN× VDùlDU.37
E3HGDJRMLN$o×GDQ*YHQ
'HùHUlHUiQ oRùX EiUHyiQ NHQGiViylH ilJili iQDQolDU×Q× ioHUHQ GDYUDQ×ülDU×Q NRQW-URl PHNDQi]PDlDU×G×U. 'HùHUlHU GXyXüVDl DlDQ×Q NHQGi NHQGiQi NRQWNRQW-URl EHcH-UiViQi ioHUHQ EHliUlHQPiü DPDolDUD GRùUX yRl J|VWHUici SlDQlDQP×ü KDUHNHWlHUi YH WHSNilHUi y|QlHQGiUHQ |]HlliNlHUGiU. 'RlDy×V×ylD GHùHUlHU EiUHyiQ yDüDP×Q× NHQGiQH J|UH DQlDPl× N×lDQ YH JHlHcHùiQi üHNillHQGiUHQ ]iKiQVHl |ùUHQPHlHUiQ DUND SlDQ×Q× RlXüWXUDQ YH oRùX ]DPDQ EDüNDlDU× WDUDI×QGDQ QHW EiU üHNilGH Dl-J×lDQDPDyDQ GXUXPlDU× iIDGH HGHU.
35 AcDU %DlWDü Ekip Çal×ümas× Ye /iderliN ͦstDQEXl 5HP]i .iWDEHYi 2000 57-59 AVXQDNXWlX ´dDl×üDQlDU ilH <|QHWicilHU AUDV×QGD *YHQ 'XyJXVXQXQ AUDüW×U×lPDV×µ 17.
36 *. 'iHW] YH DUN. ´8QUDYHlliQJ WKH &RPSlH[iWiHV RI 7UXst DQG &XlWXUHµ >ioiQGH@ Organizational Trust $ &ultural PerspectiYe 3-41 HG. M. 6DXQGHUV Y.GùU. &DPEUiGJH &DPEUiGJH 8QiYHUViWy 3UHVV 2010 3-41 :Dsti Y.GùU. grgte *Yensizlik, 529.
0XVWDID.2d 16
%iUHyiQ VDKiS RlGXùX GHùHUlHU JHQHWiN RlDUDN DNWDU×lDPDy×S HùiWiP yRlXylD DNWDU×lDEiliUlHU. %X HùiWiP iVH yD ¶PRGHl DlPDylD yD GD WRSlXPVDl |ùUHQPHylH· JHUoHNlHüiU. <DüDP× |QHPli N×lDQ ´GRùUXlXN GUVWlN NHQGiQi iIDGH HWPH iQDQo iUDGH VHYJi VDyJ× JYHQ DKlkN |]JUlN JiEiµ NDYUDPlDU EiUHyiQ KHP NHQGi yDüDQW×V×Q× KHP GH oHYUHViQGHNilHUiQ yDüDQW×lDU×Q× DQlDP-lDQG×UDQ GHùHUlHU RlDUDN EX SHGDJRMiN VUHciQ ioiQGH yHU Dl×UlDU. %XQlDU×Q G×-ü×QGD EiUHyiQ NHQGiViQi JHliüWiUHEilPHVi ioiQ JHUHNli RlDQ ´PRWiYDVyRQ iQiViyD-WiI VDùGXyX VHEDW üHINDW oDED SURElHP o|]PHµ JiEi GHùHUlHU ilH WRSlXPVDl yDüDP×Q VDùl×Nl× EiU üHNilGH GHYDP HWPHVi ioiQ JHUHNli RlDQ ´iüEiUliùi SDylDü-PD HPSDWi IDUNl×l×NlDUD VDyJ×l× RlSDylDü-PD KRüJ|Uµ JiEi GHùHUlHUiQ GH oRcXNlXN G|QHPiQGHQ iWiEDUHQ EiUHylHUH ND]DQG×U×lPDV× |QHP DU] HWPHNWHGiU.
'HùHUlHU HùiWiPiQiQ ViVWHPli EiU üHNilGH yDS×lDEilPHVi ioiQ EHlli KHGHÁHUH VDKiS RlPDV× YH GRùUX DPDolDUD Ki]PHW HWPHVi JHUHNliGiU. %X DPDo YH KHGHÁHU EiUHyVHl WRSlXPVDl YH HYUHQVHl RlDUDN V×Q×ÁDQG×U×lDEiliU. 'HùHUlHU HùiWiPiQiQ EiUHy Do×V×QGDQ HQ |QHPli KHGHÀ EiUHyiQ NHQGiViQi WDQ×PlDPD DQlDPD YH WD-PDPlDPD JiEi SUDWiN VUHolHUGHQ JHoPHViQi VDùlDyDUDN NDEiliyHWlHUiQi HQ VW G]HyH o×NDUPDNW×U. AKlkNv ilNHlHUH GDyDl× EiU GHùHUlHU HùiWiPiQiQ EiUHylHUi HYUHQVHl YH NlWUHl GHùHUlHUiQ |QHPi ]HUiQH EiliQolHQGiUPHN GHPRNUDWiN WXWXPlDUlD NlWUlHU DUDV× KRüJ|Uy RlXüWXUPDN EWQ RlDylDU× EiUHyiQ YDUl×ù×Q× JHliüWiUPH |loWlHUiylH GHùHUlHQGiUPHN DKlkNv SURElHPlHUGHQ yRlD o×NDUDN KDyDW× EilJiyH YHyD EilJiyi KDyDWD G|QüWUPH JiEi IRQNViyRQlDU× Rl-PDl×G×U. 'HùHUlHU HùiWiPi Do×V×QGDQ DKlkN KHU üHyGHQ |QcH EiU |ùUHQPHGiU. <DQi EiUHyGH EiU WDN×P SViNRlRMiN PHNDQi]PDlDU×Q DNWiYH RlPDV× VRQXcXQGD ND]DQ×lDQ GDYUDQ×ü üHPDlDU×QGDQ RlXüXU. 6RQ y×llDUGD JiWWiNoH |QHP ND]DQ-PDyD EDülDyDQ DKlkN YH GHùHUlHU HùiWiPiQiQ QH üHNilGH yDS×lPDV× JHUHNWiùi liWHUDWUGH WDUW×ü×lDQ EiU NRQX GXUXPXQGDG×U. AKlkN HùiWiPi WDUiKiQ WP G|-QHPlHUiQGH EiliQHQ YH JQcHlliùiQi NRUXyDUDN WP GQyDGD ]HUiQGH GXUXlDQ EiU NRQXGXU.38
3HGDJRMiN Do×GDQ JYHQ RlJXVXQD EDN×lG×ù×QGD GiQ YH DKlDN WDEDQl× GH-ùHUlHU HùiWiPi EDùlDP×QGD |ùUHWilHEilHQ YH DNWDU×lDEilHQ EiU NDYUDP RlDUDN J|UlHEiliU. 6Dùl×Nl× RlDUDN DNWDU×lDcDN RlDQ HWiN GHùHUlHUiQ JYHQ RlXüXPX-QD RlXPlX NDWN× VDùlDyDcDù× Do×NW×U. AyU×cD HùiWiPlH yHWHQHNlHUi DUW×U×lP×ü YH HWiN GHùHUlHUi JHliüPiü EiUHylHUGHQ RlXüDQ EiU VRVyDl RUWDPGD JYHQ GXyJXVX
RlXüWXUPDN NRlDylDüPDNWD YH EXQD EDùl× RlDUDN NiüilHU DUDV× iliüNi SHUIRUPDQ-V× GD yNVHlPHNWHGiU.39
.RQXylD ilJili liWHUDWUH EDN×lG×ù×QGD SViNR-SHGDJRMiN Do×GDQ JYHQ NDyQDNlDU×Q×Q DUDüW×U×lPDV×QD y|QHliN DNDGHPiN ilJiQiQ VRQ y×llDUGD DUWW×ù× V|ylHQHEiliU. %X NDSVDPGD JYHQ IDyGDc× GDYUDQ×ü× WHüYiN HWPHyHQ YH JHQHl-lHüWiUilPiü EiU DKlDNi GDYUDQ×ü G]Hyi RlDUDN NDEXl HGilHEiliU. 6RVyDl SViNRlRMiN EDùlDPGD NiüilHUDUDV× iliüNilHU EDN×P×QGDQ DüDù×GD oHüiWlHUi YHUilHQ JYHQH y|QHliN üX SViNR-SHGDJRMiN GHùHUlHQGiUPHlHU yDS×lDEiliU
i-(QJHllHPHyH GDyDl× JYHQ %X JYHQ WU WXWDUl× GDYUDQ×ü VHUJilHQ-PHPHVi GXUXPXQGD cH]D WHKGiGiQH GDyDl×G×U. %X EDN×PGDQ UDVyRQHl JYHQ RlDUDN GD GHùHUlHQGiUilHEiliU.
ii-%ilJiyH GDyDl× JYHQ +HU iNi WDUDI×Q GD |WHNiQiQ GDYUDQ×ü×Q× GRùUX WDKPiQ HWPHVi NRQXVXQGD yHWHUli EilJiyH VDKiS RlPDV× GXUXPXQD YXUJX yDS-PDNWDG×U.
iii-.iPliùH GDyDl× JYHQ +HU EiU WDUDI×Q EDüNDlDU×Q×Q WHUciKlHUiQi WDP RlDUDN ioVHllHüWiUGiùi GXUXPGD RUWDyD o×NPDNWDG×U. %XQXQ VRQXcXQGD EiU WDUDI GiùHUiQiQ DMDQ× RlDUDN Ki]PHW VWlHQPHNWH YH GiùHU WDUDI× GD NHQGi o×NDUlDU×Q×Q NRUXQGXùXQD iNQD HWPHNWHGiU.
%iUHy YH JUXS GDYUDQ×ü×QGD JYHQiQ GDKD oRN EHNlHQWiVHl YH iliüNiVHl EDùlDP× |QH o×NPDNWDG×U. .DUü× WDUDI×Q HylHPlHUiQiQ ]DUDUl× RlDcDù×QGDQ oRN yDUDUl× RlDcDù×QD iliüNiQ EHNlHQWi RlDUDN GD EHWiPlHQHEilHQ JYHQ NDUü× WDUD-I×Q UiVN yDUDWPDyDcDù× YH HylHPlHUiQGHQ HPiQ RlXQDEilHcHùiQH y|QHliN iQDQc× GD iIDGH HWPHNWHGiU. %iU EDüNDV×Q×Q GDYUDQ×ülDU×ylD ilJili SR]iWiI EHNlHQWilHU NDUü× WDUDI×Q GDYUDQ×ülDU×QD JYHQPH YH RQD J|UH KDUHNHW HWPH J|Qlllù J|VWHUilPHViQH yRl DoPDNWDG×U.40
3HGDJRMiN EDùlDPGD JYHQ NDYUDP× EiU GHùHU RlDUDN ilN RlDUDN DilHGH |ùUHQiliU. 6RQUDV×QGD iVH RNXllDüPD VUHciylH EiUliNWH IRUPHl HùiWiPlH DNWDU×P VUHciQH JiUiliU. %X VUHcH EiUHyiQ VRVyDllHüPHViylH EiUliNWH VRVyDl |ùUHQPH GH HüliN HGHU. .XüNXVX] Ni DilHGH JYHQ GXyJXVXQXQ JHliüiPi VUHolHUiQGH HùiWiPiQGHQ |QcH SViNR-SHGDJRMiN RlDUDN oRcXùXQ |]-JYHQ JHliüiPiQH iKWiyDc× RlGXùXQGDQ KDUHNHWlH EX RlJX ]HUiQGH GXUXlPDV× JHUHNPHNWHGiU.
39 7XQcHU AVXQDNXWlX ´gUJWVHl *YHQiQ 2lXüWXUXlPDV×QD ͦliüNiQ 8QVXUlDU YH %iU 'HùHUlHQ-GiUPHµ 0uùla hniYersitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstits Dergisi 9 2002 11.
0XVWDID.2d 18
AilHGH |]-JYHQ JHliüWiUPH EDùlDP×QGD DQQH-EDEDlDU×Q oRcXNWD |]JYH-QiQ JHliüPHVi ioiQ WHPHlGH üX iNi NRQXyD GiNNDW HWPHVi JHUHNPHNWHGiU.
D dRcXùX EDüNDlDU×ylD N×yDVlDPDPDN %X GQyDGD KHU EiUHy EiUiciNWiU. 'RlDy×V×ylD oRcXùX EiU EDüNDV×ylD N×yDVlDPDN YH RQXQ GD EHQ]HUi QiWHliNlHUH VDKiS RlPDV×Q× iVWHPHN SViNR-SHGDJRMiN Do×GDQ oRcXùXQ NHQGiViQi GHùHUVi] YH yHWHUVi] KiVVHWPHViQH yRl DoDcDù× ioiQ |]-JYHQ GXyJXVXQX GD D]DlW×U. hV-WHliN oRcXN NHQGiViylH N×yDVlDQDQ |WHNiQH NDUü× GüPDQl×N GXyJXlDU× GD JH-liüWiUHEiliU. %DüNDlDU×ylD N×yDVlDPDN yHUiQH N×yDVlDPDy× oRcXùXQ NHQGi UXKVDl JHliüiPiQi J|] |QQGH EXlXQGXUDUDN yDSPDN NHQGiViylH yDU×üPDy× |ùUHWHcH-ùi ioiQ RQXQ ilHUlHPHViQi VDùlDyDEiliU. gUQH|ùUHWHcH-ùiQ ´VHQ GDKD |QcH üX JHliüPHlHUi yDüDG×Q üX iülHUi EDüDUG×Q üiPGi EXQGDQ GDKD ilHUi JiGHEiliUViQµ üHNliQGHNi SHGDJRMiN EiU y|QlHQGiUPH oRcXùX SR]iWiI y|QGH KDUHNHWH JHoiUHEiliU.
E 2lXPlX SHNiüWiUPH dRcXNWD |]-JYHQiQ JHliüPHViQi VDùlDPDN ioiQ RlXPlX SHNiüWiUPHyi yDQi |YJy oRNoD NXllDQPDN JHUHNHEiliU. 7DNGiU YH |YJ oRcXùXQ iü yDSW×ù× NRQXGDNi PRWiYDVyRQXQX SR]iWiI y|QGH DUW×U×U. AQcDN WDNGiU YH |YJQQ oRcXùXQ GDYUDQ×ülDU×ylD V×Q×Ul× NDlPDV× JHUHNiU. dRcXùXQ YDUl×ù×QD |QHP YHUilGiùi EDüDU×lDU×QGDQ oRN YDUl×ù×Q×Q YH NiüiliùiQiQ |QHPli RlGXùX i]lHQiPi YHUilHEiliU. AQcDN oRcXùXQ VUHNli NiüiliùiQi |YPHN GH SHGDJRMiN RlDUDN XyJXQ GHùilGiU. %|ylHVi EiU GXUXP oRcXNWD yDSDy EiU EHQliN üiüPHViQH QHGHQ RlDEiliU. AyQ× üHNilGH HlHüWiUiQiQ GH Niüiliùi GHùil yDQl×ü GDY-UDQ×ülDU× KHGHI DlPDV× JHUHNiU. +HU NRQXGD HlHüWiUilHQ yD GD Niüiliùi DüDù×lDQDQ EiU oRcXNWD |]-JYHQ GXyJXVX iVWHQilHQ G]HyGH JHliüHPH].41
'iQ YH GHùHUlHU SViNRlRMiVi EDùlDP×QGD *UVHV .×lDYX]·D 2011 J|UH (UiNVRQ·XQ JHliüiP G|QHPlHUiQi GiQVHl JHliüiPH XyDUlDPDN PPNQGU. .X-üDNlDUDUDV× GiQ SHGDJRMiVi Do×V×QGDQ EX J|UülHU HlH Dl×QG×ù×QGD oRcXNlDU×Q DQQH-EDEDlDU×ylD RlDQ iliüNilHUiQiQ |QHPli RlGXùX YH EiUHylHUiQ ilJilHUiQiQ YH iKWiyDolDU×Q×Q yDülD EiUliNWH GHùiüHEilGiùi VRQXcXQD XlDüPDN PPNQGU. (UiNVRQ·D J|UH oRcXùD EDN×PlD YHUilHQ JYHQ GXyJXVX RQGD GDKD VRQUD JHli-üHcHN RlDQ GiQGDUl×ù×Q HQ WHPHl WDü× NRQXPXQGDG×U. %WQ GiQlHUGH 7DQU×·yD y|QHliN EHlli DUDl×NlDUlD ´oRcXNVX EiU ERyXQ HùPH Gi] o|NPH YH VHcGH HWPHµ JiEi EiUHyiQ yHWHUVi]liùiQi VHPERli]H HGHQ GDYUDQ×ülDU EXlXQPDNWDG×U. (UiN-VRQ·D J|UH KDyDW×Q ilN y×llDU×QGD oRcXùXQ ilN GiQVHl GHQHyiPi DQQH-EDEDV×Q×Q VHYJiViylH ilJiliGiU. %X G|QHP oRcXNlDU× ilH DQQH-EDEDlDU× DUDV×QGDNi ilHWiüiP JYHQ YH PiW WHPHliQH GDyDQPDl×G×U. %X G|QHPGH oRN |QHPli RlDQ JYHQ IDNW|U PiGiQ JHliüPHViQGH Jol EiU GUWGU. *YHQ YH PiW iQDQc×Q
SDViWHViylH ilJiliGiU. %iUHyiQ yDüDP×QGD PiW RlDUDN EDülDyDQ üHy RlJXQ iQDQc×Q RlXüPDV×QD RlDQDN VDùlDyDEiliU. 'RlDy×V×ylD oRcXùXQ GiQGDUl×ù× DQQH-EDEDV×-QD GXyGXùX JYHQH NDGDU X]DDQQH-EDEDV×-QDEiliU. dRcXN |QcHliNlH DQQH-EDEDV×DQQH-EDEDV×-QD JYHQ GXyPDy× |ùUHQHUHN VRQUDNi DüDPDGD AllDK·D JYHQ GXyPDy× GD |ùUHQHEiliU.42
F6RV\RORMLN$o×GDQ*YHQ
6RVyRlRMiN RlDUDN EiU JHQHllHPH yDSPDN JHUHNiUVH WRSlXPX RlXüWXUDQ EWQ NXUXPlDU×Q VUHNliliùiQi VDùlDyDQ WHPHl XQVXUXQ ´JYHQ RUWDP×µ RlGXùXQX V|ylHPHN PPNQGU.43 MRGHUQ G|QHPiQ HQ |QHPli SURElHPlHUiQGHQ EiUi JYHQ WHPHliQH GDyDl× EiUliNWH yDüDyDPDPD VRUXQXGXU. 6RVyDl G]HQ NXUDl-lDU× iVH EiUliNWH yDüDPDy× DQlDPl× N×lPDyD y|QHliN G]HQlHQPiü |QlHPlHUGiU. 'iQ DKlkN YH KXNXN NXUDllDU× EiU y|QylH VRVyDl yDüDP× G]HQH NRyPDy× Ei-UHylHUiQ EiUEiUlHUiQH ]DUDU YHUPHGHQ KDWWD EiUEiUlHUiQGHQ GHVWHN DlDUDN yDüD-PDV×Q× VDùlDPDy× DPDolDU. *YHQVi]liN GXUXPX VHEHEiylH EiUHylHUiQ GHùHUlHU GQyDV×QGD GD DQlDP NDyPDlDU× RlDEiliU. *YHQ DKlkN× iVH ´HPkQHWµ GXyJX-VXylD EiUliNWH RUWDyD o×NDU.44
'HYDPl×l×N YH VUHNliliN ioHUHQ KHUKDQJi EiU iü yD GD NiüiVHl HWNilHüiPiQ WHPHli VDy×lDQ JYHQ SViNR-VRVyDl EiU VUHci YH JHlHcHùi NDSVDPDV× EDN×P×Q-GDQ |QHPliGiU. *YHQ KHP NiüilHU DUDV× iliüNilHUiQ EiU VRQXcX KHP GH NlWUH YH DKlDNi GHùHUlHUlH JQlN yDüDP YH iü GHQHyiPiQH J|UH GHùiüHQ GiQDPiN EiU RlJXGXU. %XQD J|UH JYHQ EiUHylHU DUDV× RlDy YH RlJXlDUGD UHVPi NXUDl YH G-]HQlHPH NRQXlDU× G×ü×QGD EiU DlDQGD VDPiPiyHWH yDN×Q DUNDGDül×ùD YH GRVW-lXùD GDyDQDQ EiU iliüNi WDU]×G×U. 6RVyRlRMiN Do×GDQ JYHQ yHlHUiQiQ RUWDNlDüD SDylDüW×ù× QRUPlDUD GDyDl× G]HQli GUVW YH iüEiUliùi y|QQGH GDYUDQDQ EiU WRSlXPGD RUWDyD o×NDQ EHNlHQWilHU RlDUDN iIDGH HGilHEiliU.45
6RVyRlRMiN EDùlDPGD JYHQ RlJXVXylD oRN yDN×Q EiU iliüNiVi RlDQ VRVyDl VHUPDyH ´lNHlHUiQ HNRQRPiN DNWiYiWHlHUiQH WRSlXPVDl KDyDW×Q HWNilHUiQi RU-WDyD NRyPDy× DPDolDyDQ VRVyDl ioHUiNli yHQi EiU iNWiVDGi NDYUDPG×U.µ (Q D] iNi Niüi DUDV×QGD JYHQH GDyDl× EiU üHNilGH NXUXlDEilHQ ilHWiüiP RlDQDù× DQlDP×QD JHlHQ VRVyDl VHUPDyHyi ´WRSlXPX RlXüWXUDQ EiUHylHU ilH ViYil WRSlXP
|UJW-42 *UVHV - .×lDYX] ´(UiNVRQ·XQ 3ViNR-6RVyDl *HliüiP '|QHPlHUi 7HRUiViµ 161.
43 gPHU MIWRùlX ´*YHQ 2UWDP×Q×Q %iU 7RSlXP ͦoiQ gQHPi YH %XQX (QJHllHyHQ )DNW|UlHUµ Din Bilimleri $kademik $raüt×rma Dergisi 5/2 2005 144 DyU×cD EN. (MGHU 2NXPXü *YHQ 7RSlXPX AQNDUD MDDUiI MHNWHSlHUi <Dy×QlDU× 2017.
44 ûDEDQ .DUDVDNDl ´.XU·kQ·D *|UH *YHQ AKlkN× MVklHPHµ <znc <×l hniYersitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstits Dergisi 14 2008 189-190 DyU×cD NUü. &RQstDQcH )lDQDJDQ ´7UXst ͦGHQWiWy DQG &iYic +RSHµ ASSliHG 'HYHlRSPHQWDl 6ciHQcH 7/3 2003 165-171. 45 +|NHlHNli Psikoloji 'iQ YH (ùiWiP <|QylH ͦQVDQi 'HùHUlHU 209.
0XVWDID.2d 20
lHUi YH NDPX NXUXPlDU× DUDV×QGDNi NRRUGiQDVyRQX NRlDylDüW×UDUDN WRSlXPXQ UHWNHQliùiQi DUWW×UDQ JYHQ QRUP YH ilHWiüiP Dù× |]HlliNlHUiµ üHNliQGH WD-Q×PlDPDN PPNQGU. 6RVyDl VHUPDyH NRQXVXQGD yDS×lDQ GHùHUlHQGiU-PHlHU JHQHl RlDUDN ilHWiüiP Dù× VRVyDl QRUPlDU YH JYHQ HNVHQi HWUDI×QGD yRùXQlDüPDNWDG×U. %X EDùlDPGD VRVyDl VHUPDyH RlJXVX WRSlXPD y|Q YHUHQ DKlDNi GHùHUlHUH NlWUHl YH ViyDVi yDS× ilH HùiWiPH J|UH üHNillHQPHNWHGiU. %X QHGHQlH DGDlHW J]HlliN iyiliN DUNDGDül×N YH JHlHcHùH GXyXlDQ JYHQ JiEi PDGGi RlPDyDQ SR]iWiI GHùHUlHUiQ WRSlXPGD RyQDG×ù× URlQ HWNiVi ID]lDG×U.46
%iUHylHUiQ RUWDN DPDolDU× ioiQ JUXSlDU yD GD RUJDQi]DVyRQlDU EioiPiQGH EiUliNWH oDl×üDEilPH yHWHQHùiQi iIDGH HGHQ VRVyDl VHUPDyH EyN |loGH Ei-UHylHUiQ EiUEiUlHUiQH RlDQ JYHQlHUi ]HUiQGHQ üHNillHQPHNWHGiU. %Hlli DPDolDU HWUDI×QGD EiU DUDyD JHlHEilPH yHWHQHùi WRSlXlXNlDU×Q QH |loGH QRUPlDU× YH GHùHUlHUi SDylDüDEilGiùiQH YH NiüiVHl o×NDUlDU× GDKD EyN |loHNWHNi JUXSlDUD EDùl× N×lDEilGiùiQH GDyDQ×U. 3DylDü×lDQ GHùHUlHUGHQ JYHQ RUWDyD o×NDU. 6RV-yR-HNRQRPiN iliüNilHUiQ VDùl×ù× ioiQ NUiWiN |QHPi RlDQ YH JYHQiQ HUiGiùi EiU SRWD RlDUDN VRVyDl VHUPDyH WRSlXPXQ N|NlHUiQH GDyDQ×U. 'RlDy×V×ylD HNRQR-PiN yDüDPGD NUiWiN |QHPi EXlXQDQ JYHQ GXyJXVX UDVyRQHl KHVDSlDPDlDU-GDQ GDKD oRN WDUiKVHl VUHoWH GiQVHl YH NlWUHl Dl×üNDQl×NlDUKHVDSlDPDlDU-GDQ GRùPXüWXU.47 /iWHUDWUH EDN×lG×ù×QGD VRVyRlRMiN EDùlDPGD JYHQiQ GDKD oRN NiüilHUD-UDV× iliüNilHU YH NXUXPVDl GDYUDQ×ülDU EDùlDP×QGD DQDli] HGilGiùi J|UlPHNWH-GiU.48 dDl×üDQlDU ilH y|QHWicilHU DUDV×QGDNi JYHQ GXyJXVX NXUXPVDl iliüNilHU Do×V×QGDQ EyN |QHP WDü×PDNWDG×U. 'RlDy×V×ylD NXUXPVDl EDüDU× oDl×üDQlDU DUDV×QGDNi iyi iliüNilHUGHQ HWNilHQPHNWHGiU. %X EDùlDPGD AVXQDNXWlX 2006 WDUDI×QGDQ yDS×lDQ DPSiUiN EiU oDl×üPDGD oDl×üDQlDU YH y|QHWicilHU DUDV×QGD JYHQ GXyJXVXQX HWNilHyHQ IDNW|UlHU DUDüW×U×lP×ü YH yRUXPlDQP×üW×U. gU-QHNlHP JUXEXQGDNi iülHWPHlHU Q 17 ]HUiQGH yDS×lDQ DUDüW×UPDGD NXUXP-VDl JYHQ ilH NXUXPNXUXP-VDl IDDliyHWlHUiQ yUWlGù RUWDP NXUXP oDl×üDQlDU× DUDV×QGDNi ilHWiüiP YH SHUVRQHliQ HùiWiPi DUDV×QGDNi iliüNilHU DQDli] HGilPiüWiU. 6RQXo RlDUDN oDl×üPDGD JYHQ ilH oDl×üDQlDUD VDùlDQDQ À]iNVHl RlDQDNlDU oDl×üPD PHNkQ×Q×Q VDùl×N Do×V×QGDQ XyJXQlXN GHUHcHVi oDl×üPD NXUDllDU×Q×Q
46 2(&' 7KH :Hll-%HiQJ RI 1DWiRQV 7KH 5RlH RI +XPDQ DQG 6RciDl &DSiWDl 2001 41·GHQ DNW. MHKPHW .DUDJl - MDKPXW MDVcD ´6RVyDl 6HUPDyH h]HUiQH %iU ͦQcHlHPHµ Ekonomik Ye Sosyal $raüt×rmalar Dergisi 1 2005 38-39.
47 .XUW ´6RVyDl *YHQ YH 'iQµ 284.
48 %N. 6. .XüoXlXRùlX 7KH 5RlHV RI 2UJDQi]DWiRQDl -XsticH 7UXstZRUWKiQHVV 7UXst DQG 3URSHQViWy RI 7UXst iQ WKH 5HlDWiRQVKiS RI lP[ :iWK 2cE DQG -RE 6DWiVIDcWiRQ <Dy×QlDQPDP×ü 'RNWRUD 7H]i MDUPDUD hQiYHUViWHVi 2008 1. %ilJiQ 7DU×PVDl .RRSHUDWiÁHUGH *YHQ 'XyJXVXQXQ 2UWDNlDU×Q .RRSHUDWiIH %Dùl×l×NlDU× YH 3HUIRUPDQV AlJ×lDU×QD (WNiVi 7DUiü·WH %iU 8yJXlDPD <Dy×QlDQPDP×ü 'RNWRUD 7H]i *HE]H <NVHN 7HNQRlRMi (QstiWV 2005.
HWNiQliN YH JYHQiliUliùi YH oDl×üDQlDU×Q NXUDllDUD XyXP VDùlDyDEilPH G]HylH-Ui y|QHWicilHUH GXyXlDQ JYHQ ]HUiQGH HWNili RlGXùX EXlXQPXüWXU. AyU×cD oD-l×üDQlDU×Q iü DUNDGDülDU×ylD YH y|QHWicilHUiylH NXUGXNlDU× ilHWiüiPiQ NDliWHViQiQ GH y|QHWicilHUiQH GXyGXNlDU× JYHQ ]HUiQGH HWNili RlGXùX EHliUlHQPiüWiU.49
*YHQ VRVyDl iliüNilHUiQ WHPHliQi RlXüWXUDQ EiU GXyJXGXU. %iUHy GRùXP-GDQ KDyDW×Q VRQD HUPHViQH NDGDU JYHQ iKWiyDc× ioHUiViQGHGiU. AilHGH RNXlGD DUNDGDül×N YH GRVWlXN iliüNilHUiQGH iü KDyDW×QGD YH HNRQRPiN iliüNilHUGH yDQi EiUHyiQ RlGXùX KHU yHUGH iQVDQlDU DUDV× DNlD JHlHEilHcHN KHU WUl iliüNiGH J-YHQ GXyJXVX |QHPli EiU yHUH VDKiSWiU. *J-YHQ GXyJXVX RlPDGDQ KioEiU iliüNi yUPH]. AUNDGDül×N GRVWlXN HYliliN Dl×üYHUiü YE. WP VRVyDl iliüNilHU JYHQH GDyDl×G×U. *YHQ iliüNiGH YDU RlPDV× JHUHNHQ ¶VHYJi VDyJ× VDGDNDW Do×Nl×N VDPiPiyHW GUVWlN DGDlHW· JiEi WP GHùHUlHUi ioHUiU. *YHQ PDGGi VRVyDl GXyJXVDl YH GüQVHl RlDUDN VDG×N NDlDEilPHNWiU. 7RSlXPVDl KDyDW×Q GDKD ND-liWHli RlPDV× ioiQ cDyG×U×c× |QlHPlHUGHQ oRN J|Qll iüEiUliùi JHUHNiU. *|Qll iüEiUliùi iVH RUWDN GHùHUlHUlH VDùlDQDEiliU. (Q EDüWD JHlHQ EiU RUWDN GHùHU RlDUDN JYHQ EiUHylHUi RlXPlX iliüNilHUH y|QlHQGiUPHNWH YH iyi WRSlXPXQ RlXüPDV×Q× NRlDylDüW×UPDNWDG×U. <DS×lDQ oDl×üPDlDU NiüilHU DUDV× JYHQ G]Hyi ilH lNHlH-UiQ JHliüPiüliN G]HylHUi DUDV×QGD |QHPli |loGH EiU iliüNi EXlXQGXùXQX J|V-WHUPiüWiU.50 7RSlXPVDl oHYUHViylH NXUGXùX VRVyDl iliüNilHU EiUHyiQ EiUoRN GXy-JXVXylD EiUliNWH JYHQ YH |]JYHQ EiliQciQi GH üHNillHQGiUPHNWHGiU.51
*YHQGH RlPD iKWiyDc×Q×Q iQVDQl×N WDUiKi NDGDU HVNi RlGXùX V|ylHQHEi-liU. <DS×lDQ DUNHRlRMiN oDl×üPDlDUGD RUWDyD o×NDQ EDU×QDN RlDUDN NXllDQ×lP×ü PDùDUDlDU ilH oHüiWli PDWHUyDllHUGHQ yDS×lP×ü VilDKlDU EiUHylHUiQ EDU×QPD YH DYlDQPD iKWiyDolDU×Q× JiGHUPHQiQ yDQ×QGD oHüiWli WHKGiWlHUH NDUü× NRUXQPD oDEDV× ioiQGH RlGXNlDU×Q× RUWDyD NRyPDNWDG×U. +HU DüDPDGD GHùiüHQ EDU×QPD üHNillHUi GH iQVDQl×ù×Q KHU G|QHPiQGH J|UlHQ YH GHùiüHQ JYHQliN iKWiyDc×QD J|QGHUPHGH EXlXQPDNWDG×U.52 ¶*YHQ· V|]cùQQ oDùU×ü×PlDU× RQXQ EiUHy YH WRSlXP yDüDP×QGDNi |QHPiQi Do×NoD RUWDyD NRyPDNWDG×U. ͦliüNilHUGH J-YHQiQ WHPHliQGH DyQ× ]DPDQGD NDUü×V×QGDNiQH GHùHU YHUPHN GH YDUG×U. <DQi EiUHyH JYHQPHN DyQ× ]DPDQGD RQD GHùHU YHUPHNWiU. .HQGiViQH GHùHU YHUil-GiùiQi J|UHQ EiUHy HliQGHQ JHlHQiQ HQ iyiViQi yDSPDyD oDl×ü×U.53
49 AVXQDNXWlX ´dDl×üDQlDU ilH <|QHWicilHU AUDV×QGD *YHQ 'XyJXVXQXQ AUDüW×U×lPDV×µ 16-33. 50 +|NHlHNli 3ViNRlRMi 'iQ YH (ùiWiP <|QylH ͦQVDQi 'HùHUlHU 211.
51 .XUW ´6RVyDl *YHQ YH 'iQµ 281.
52 %DùGX *Yensizlik +issi Ye .onut $lanlar×n×n $skerileümesi 61. 53 +|NHlHNli Psikoloji 'iQ YH (ùiWiP <|QylH ͦQVDQi 'HùHUlHU 211.
0XVWDID.2d 22
%iU oDl×üPD RUWDP×QGD iüEiUliùiQiQ QH |loGH JHUoHNlHüWiùiQi HWNilHyHQ JYHQ GXyJXVX VDùl×Nl× EiU HNiS oDl×üPDV×Q×Q WHPHliQi RlXüWXUXU. %X QHGHQ-lH WDN×PlDUGD EDüDU×l× EiU oDl×üPDQ×Q V×UU× JYHQ GXyJXVXQGDQ JHoPHNWHGiU. %XUDGD ´NHQGiQH JYHQ GXyPDN JYHQiliU RlPDN YH EDüNDlDU×QD JYHQ GXy-PDNµ üHNliQGHNi JYHQ GXyJXVXQXQ o ERyXWXQGDQ V|] HGilHEiliU. .XUXP-VDl RlDUDN JYHQ iliüNilHUi iQcHlHQGiùiQGH NXUXPGD J|UHY GDù×l×P× yDS×lP×ü yHlHUiQ iü J|UHY YH URl WDQ×PlDU× oHUoHYHViQGH EiUEiUlHUiylH IRUPHl YH VRVyDl HWNilHüiPlHUH EDùl× RlDUDN iQIRUPHl EioiPGH V×Q×Ul× YHyD yRùXQ EiU WHPDV ioHUi-ViQGH RlGXNlDU× J|UlPHNWHGiU. 6UGUlHQ EX HWNilHüiP oHUoHYHioHUi-ViQGH NXUXP yHlHUi JiGHUHN EiUEiUlHUi KDNN×QGD N×VPHQ GH RlVD EiU i]lHQiPH VDKiS RlXUlDU.54
7RSlXPVDl JYHQiQ WRSlXPVDl EWQlùH NDWN×V×QD HN RlDUDN iü EDüDU×V×-Q× DUWW×UG×ù× GD WHVSiW HGilPiüWiU. 6RVyRlRJlDU HNRQRPiN UHIDK×Q VDùlDQPDV×EDüDU×V×-Q× Dù×Ul×Nl× RlDUDN VRVyDl VHUPDyHyH YH EiU WRSlXPXQ EiUHylHUi DUDV×QGDNi JYHQ GXyJXVXQXQ yDyJ×Ql×ù×QD EDùlDPDNWDG×UlDU.55 'RlDy×V×ylD JYHQ WRSlXPX V|ylHGiNlHUiQGH JHUoHùH DyN×U× Kio EiU XQVXU EXlXQPDyDQ iolHUiQGHQ JHlGiNlH-Ui JiEi NRQXüDQ YH NRQXüWXNlDU×Q×Q DUNDV×QGD GXUDQ YHUGiNlHJHlGiNlH-Ui V|]lHJHlGiNlH-Ui EHGHl |GHPHN JHUHNVH EilH yHUlHUiQH JHWiUHQ YH EX NRQXGD KioEiU oHNiQcH J|VWHUPH-yHQ EiUHylHUGHQ RlXüXU.56
<NVHN ViQHUMiVi RlDQ WRSlXPlDUGD RlXüDQ VRVyDl NXUDllDU yDS×lDQlDU VR-QXQGD NDUü×l×Nl× yDUDU× JYHQcH DlW×QD DlPDyD GDyDl×G×U. 'üN ViQHUMili WRS-lXPlDUGD iVH WHN EiU NiüiQiQ yDUDU× GiùHUi ]HUiQGH ND]DQ×lDQ EiU ]DIHUH G|-QüPHNWHGiU. 6RQXoWD ]DIHUH XlDüDPDyDQ oRùXQlXNlDU EHcHUHEilGiNlHUi |loGH NRQXPlDU×Q× GHùiüWiUPHyH oDl×üPDNWDG×UlDU. %X QRNWDGDQ KDUHNHWlH NDUü×l×Nl× JYHQ GXyJXVXQXQ yDyJ×Q RlGXùX WRSlXPlDUGD yNVHN ViQHUMi RlXüPDV× YH EX VHEHSlH WDUDÁDU×Q JYHQ VRQXcXQGD yDUDU J|UPHlHUi V|] NRQXVX RlPDNWD-G×U. *YHQ GüNlù iVH WRSlXPVDl ViQHUMiQiQ JHUilHPHViQH YH WRSlXPX RlXü-WXUDQ EiUHylHUiQ EiU E|lPQQ ND]DQc×Q×Q GiùHUlHUiQiQ NDyE×QD G|QüPHVi-QH yRl DoDEilPHNWHGiU.57
*YHQVi]liN GXyJXVX iVH oDl×üPD RUWDP×QGDNi iliüNilHUi YH GRlDy×V×ylD GD iü YHUiPliliùiQi GüUU. .iüilHU DUDV× JYHQ RUWDP×Q×Q NDlPDG×ù× GXUXPlDU-GD EiUHylHUiQ HQHUMilHUiQi JHliüWiUPHN ioiQ GHùil GiùHUlHUiQi HQJHllHPHN ioiQ NXllDQG×NlDU× J|UlPüWU. *YHQ RlPDyDQ RUWDPGD EiUHylHU iülHUiQi yDSDUlDU
54 <×lPD] Tak×m hyelerinin *Yen Duygusu Ye 9erimlilikleri $ras×ndaki ͦliükiler, 19-20. 55 .XUW Sosyal *Yen Ye Din, 284.
56 'RùDQ &cHlRùlX $nlaml× Ye &oükulu Bir <aüam ͦoin SaYaüo× ͦstDQEXl 6istHP <Dy×QlDU× 2001 124 MIWRùlX ´*YHQ 2UWDP×Q×Q %iU 7RSlXP ͦoiQ gQHPiµ 157.
IDNDW ÀNiUlHUiQi cRüNXlDU×Q× YH UXKlDU×Q× RUWDyD NRyPD]lDU. <DQi JYHQVi]liN ]DPDQ YH HQHUMi NDyE×QD QHGHQ RlDEiliU. *YHQ EiU iliüNiGH VDGHcH DlGDWPD-PDN GHùilGiU. +HU yHQi iliüNi NDUü× WDUDIWDQ ]DUDU JHlPHyHcHùiQiQ NDEXlQH GDyDQDQ EiliQoli EiU iUDGHyH iKWiyDo GXyDU. =DUDU J|UPHPH NDEXl GRùUXlDQ-G×NoD YH WHNUDUlDQGRùUXlDQ-G×NoD Dl×üNDQl×ùD G|QüU. AQcDN EXUDGD yDüDQDQ KHUKDQJi EiU KDyDl N×U×Nl×ù× EiUHyiQ yHQi iliüNilHUiQGH GiNNDWli YH WHPNiQli GDYUDQPDV×-QD yRl DoDU. 6RVyDl iliüNilHUGH JYHQ EiUHyiQ NHQGiQi GRùDl RlDUDN PDVNH NXl-lDQPDGDQ RUWDyD NRyPDV×G×U. 'RlDy×V×ylD JYHQPHN UiVN DlPDN Do×N RlPDN YH iWiUDIWD EXlXQPDNW×U.58
6RVyDl SViNRlRMi liWHUDWUQGH NXUXPVDl JYHQ ilH ilHWiüiP DUDV×QGDNi iliüNilHUi DUDüW×UDQ oDl×üPDlDU EXlXQPDNWDG×U. *ilEHUW 7DQJ 1998 WDUDI×QGDQ yDS×lDQ EiU DUDüW×UPDGD NiüiVHl G]HyGH ilHWiüiP YH VHoilPiü GHPRJUDÀN GH-ùiüNHQlHU ilH NXUXPVDl JYHQ DUDV×QGDNi iliüNilHU DUDüW×U×lP×üW×U. %X oDl×üPDGD Do×N ilHWiüiP JYHQi EHliUlHyHQ G|UW WHPHl XQVXUGDQ EiUi RlDUDN iIDGH HGilPHN-WHGiU. ͦlHWiüiP NXUXPlDU Do×V×QGDQ EyN |QHP WDü×PDNWDG×U.59 Sosyolog ve eNoQoPisWleUiQ geliüWiUGiNleUi NXUDPlDUD g|Ue geQelGe gveQ ile Eilgi DN×P× DUDs×QGD So]iWiI EiU iliüNi EXlXQGXùX |Qg|UlPeNWeGiU. .XUXP ioiQGe sDùl×Nl× ileWiüiPiQ NXUXlDEilPesi yeleUiQ EiUEiUleUiQe y|QeliN gveQ GXygXlDU×Q× olXPlX y|QGe eWNileyeEileceNWiU. %X EDN×PGDQ ileWiüiP NDQDllDU×Q×Q Do×N ve NXllDQ×lDEiliU WXWXlPDs× |QePliGiU. .XUXP ioiQGe oDl×üDQlDU×Q y|QeWicileUiyle geliüWiUPiü olGXNlDU× ileWiüiPe y|QeliN GeùeUleQGiUPeleUi ve GeQeyiPleUi ge-Qel DQlDPGD KisseWWiNleUi gveQ G]eyiQi eWNilePeNWeGiU. AyU×cD iyi EiU ileWiüiP sisWePi sDyesiQGe NXUXPsDl SeUIoUPDQs×Q DUWPDs× ve oDl×üDQlDU×Q GDKD veUiP-li ve eWNiQ oDl×üPDlDU×Q×Q sDùlDQPDs× PPNQ olDEilPeNWeGiU. dDl×üDQlDUD NDUDU veUPe sUeciQGe GDKD ID]lD NDW×l×P olDQDù× sDùlDPD |QePli EilgileUi SDylDüPD Dlg×lDPD ve GXygXlDU×Q GoùUX SDylDü×P×ylD EiUliNWe Do×N ileWiüiP NXUXPlDUGD gveQi DUWW×U×c× |QePe sDKiS IDNW|UleU DUDs×QGD sDy×lPDNWDG×U.
%XQXQlD EiUliNWe oDl×üDQlDU×Q NXUXPD DiGiyeW GXygXlDU× iyi ileWiüiP NXU-PDlDU×QD y|QeliN sDKiS olGXNlDU× olDQDNlDUlD iliüNiliGiU. ͦleWiüiPiQ iyi olGXùX EiU sisWePGe oDl×üDQlDU DUDs×QGD XyXP ve iüEiUliùi geliüeEiliU. AyQ× ]DPDQ-GD iüEiUliùi ve yDUG×PlDüPD ile XyXP soUXQlDU× EyN |loGe o|]leEiliU ve oDl×üDQlDU×Q gveQ GeUeceleUi yNseleEiliU. %iUeyleUiQ iKWiyDo GXyXlGXùXQGD veUileQ s|]e gveQ GXyXS GXyPDyDcDù× |QceNi y×llDU ioiQGe NXUXlXüXQ Qe NDGDU gveQiliUliN geliüWiUPiü olGXùXQD EDùl×G×U. dDl×üDQlDU Do×s×QGDQ
NXUX-58 +|NeleNli Psikoloji 'iQ ve (ùiWiP <|Qyle ͦQsDQi 'eùeUleU 212.
59 -DcTXeliQe *ilEeUW - 7KoPDs 7DQg ´AQ ([DPiQDWioQ oI 2UgDQi]DWioQDl 7UXst AQWeceGeQWsµ PuElic Personal 0anagement 27/3 1998.
0XVWDID.2d 2
PXQ gveQiliUliùiQiQ eQ |QePli g|sWeUgesi WXWXlDEileceN s|]leUiQ veUilPesi ve EXQlDU×Q ]DPDQ×QGD yeUiQe geWiUilPesiGiU. ͦleWiüiPGe GiNNDW eGilPesi geUeNeQ EiU GiùeU QoNWD GD y] y]e ileWiüiPGiU. <] y]e iliüNileUle DQcDN EiUeyle-UiQ Dsl×QGD QDs×l GDvUDQG×NlDU×Q× g|UPeleUi ve EiUEiUleEiUeyle-UiQe gveQ GXyPDlDU× PPNQ olDEilPeNWeGiU.60
gWe yDQGDQ iWiEDU DyQ× ]DPDQGD gveQiliU olPDNW×U. *veQ EiUeyleUe ol-GXùX giEi NXUXPlDUD GD go ND]DQG×U×U. AQcDN gveQiliU olDEilPeN X]XQ EiU ]DPDQ ioiQGe elGe eGileEileQ GiùeU yDQGDQ ooN N×sD sUeGe yiWiUileEileQ yDQ×l-PD ve DlGDW×lyDQ×l-PD UisNiQi Ge ioeUGiùiQGeQ GolDy× N×U×lgDQ EiU GeùeUGiU. .XUXPsDl iWiEDU EDülDQg×oWD ileWiüiP GQyDs×QGD NoN EiU NDvUDP giEi NDEXl eGiliUNeQ PoGeUQ yDüDPGD ´WoSlXP ile NXUXPlDU DUDs×QGDNi gveQiQ siPgeleUiQe G|-QüPü eylePleU EWQµ olDUDN NDEXl eGilPeNWeGiU.61
%iU NXUXPGD EiUliNWe oDl×üPDN ]oUXQGD olDQ oDl×üDQlDU EiUEiUleUiQe g-veQiyoUlDUsD üSKesi] o iüi yUWPeQiQ PDliyeWi GDKD D] olXU. <NseN gveQ GXygXsX ooN oeüiWli NDSsDPGDNi sosyDl iliüNi WUleUiQiQ EeliUleQPesiQe i]iQ veUeceùi ioiQ E|yle EiU WoSlXP yeQiliNleU geWiUPeGe GDKD EDüDU×l× olDcDNW×U. %XQXQ WeUsiQe EiUEiUiQe gveQPeyeQ oDl×üDQlDU NeQGileUiQi yDlQ×]cD P]DNe-Ueye DQlDüPDyD ve GDvD eWPeye iWeQ EiU IoUPel NXUDllDU sisWePi DlDQGD EiUEiU-leUiyle iüEiUliùi yDSDEilGiNleUi EiU WoSlXPGD EXlDcDNlDUG×U. +DWWD ED]× GXUXP-lDUGD sisWeP oQlDU× EDsN×c× y|QWePleU NXllDQDUDN NeQGi NXUDllDU×QD XygXQ GDvUDQPDyD ]oUlDyDcDNW×U. 7oSlXPGDNi gveQiQ yeUiQi DlDQ EX yDsDl Dyg×W NDo×Q×lPD] EiU üeNilGe ¶·iüleP PDliyeWiQi·· Ge EeUDEeUiQGe geWiUeceNWiU.62
%iUeysel veyD NXUXPsDl G]eyGe olXüDQ gveQiQ IeGDNkUl×N EeNleQWisi veyD WXWDUl× GDvUDQ×ülDUlD iliüNili olGXùX s|yleQeEiliU. AyQ× ]DPDQGD gveQ NXUXPsDl NXUDllDU×Q UolleUiQ ve iliüNileUiQ NXUXPsDllDüPDs×G×U. %X DyQD ]D-PDQGD gveQiQ NXUXPGD yDS×lDQ ve yDS×lPDs× GeQeyiPleQeQ KeU üeyiQ ioiQ-Ge g|Pl olDUDN EXlXQGXùX DQlDP×QD GD geliU. .XUXPsDl gveQ NXUXP ioiQGe WP NXUXP yeleUiQiQ NDW×l×P×ylD yDUDW×lPDs× geUeNeQ SsiNoloMiN EiU oUWDP olDUDN GeùeUleQGiUileEiliU. %X oUWDP×Q yDUDW×lPDs×QGD y|QeWiP NDGePe-siQiQ yDNlDü×P× WePel EeliUleyici IDNW|U olDUDN g|UlPeNWeGiU. ͦliüNileUiQ GeUiQ-liùi Uol ve soUXPlXlXNlDU×Q WDP DQlDü×lPDs× ve oDl×üDQlDUGD iüi yDSDEilPe No-QXsXQGDNi yeWeUliliN NXUXPXQ gveQiliU EiU NlWUe sDKiS olPDs×Q× sDùlDyDQ |QePli XQsXUlDU DUDs×QGD yeU DlPDNWDG×U.
60 AsXQDNXWlX ´dDl×üDQlDU ile <|QeWicileU AUDs×QGD *veQ 'XygXsXQXQ AUDüW×U×lPDs×µ 24-25. 61 .DUDWeSe ´ͦWiEDU <|QeWiPiµ 84.
*veQiQ olXüWXUXlPDs× oUWDN GeùeUleUe GDyDQDQ NlWUQ yDUDW×lPDs×y-lD EDüyDUDW×lPDs×y-lDU. .XUXPsDl DQyDUDW×lPDs×y-lDPGD NlWU gveQe GDyDl× iliüNileUiQ olXüXPXQGD |QePli Uol oyQDPDNWDG×U. <NseN |loGe gveQ WePeliQe g|Ue olXüPXü EiU NX-UXPGD iü veUiPliliùi ve oDl×üDQ SeUIoUPDQslDU× olXPlX y|QGe eWNileQPeNWeGiU. 'üN GeUeceli gveQ oUWDP×QGD ise yNseN |loGe sWUes olXüPDNWD ve veUiP-liliN GüPeNWeGiU. AyU×cD gveQsi]liN oDl×üDQlDU×Q PoUDl-PoWivDsyoQXQX G-üUPeNWe ve iüe GevDP× D]DlWPDNWDG×U. .XUXPlDUGD gveQe GDyDl× iliüNileUiQ GeùiüiN WUleUi EXlXQPDNWDG×U. %DüDU×l× EiU oUgDQi]DsyoQ yDWDy GiNey ve G×ü-sDl gveQe GDyDl× EiU WePel ]eUiQe oWXUWXlPXüWXU. %XUDGD ´yDWDy DUNDGDülDU ve eüiW olDQlDU DUDs×QGDNi gveQ iliüNileUiQi GiNey DsW ve sW DUDs×QGDNi gveQ iliüNileUiQi G×üsDl ise NXUXP ile PüWeUileUi veyD WeGDUiNoileUi DUDs×QGDNi g-veQ iliüNileUiQiµ iIDGe eWPeNWeGiU.63
gWe yDQGDQ gveQ GXygXsX eNsiNliùi yD GD EDüND EiU iIDGeyle ¶gveQsi]-liN GXygXsX·QXQ |QePli EiU sosyoloMiN EoyXWX GDKD EXlXQPDNWDG×U. *veQ GXygXsXQXQ WDP WeUsi olDQ gveQsi]liN GXygXsX ¶EiUeyiQ sosyDl iliüNileUGe ve eWNileüiPleUGe yDüDG×ù× eQGiüe oeNiQPe yD GD NoUNX· olDUDN WDQ×PlDQDEiliU. )DUNl×lDüDQ PesleNleU ve PesleNi X]PDQlDüPD soQXcXQGD PoGeUQ WoSlXPlDU EiUeyiQ EiUEiUiQe GDKD ooN iKWiyDo GXyGXùX EiU GXUXPD gelPiüWiU. %X X]PDQ-lDüPD KeU EiUeyi GiùeUiyle NDUü×lDüW×U×lDPD] GXUXPD geWiUiS vD]geoilPe] N×l-PDNWD DPD DyQ× ]DPDQGD oQXQ EDüNDlDU×Q×Q eWNiQliNleUiQe GDKD EDù×Pl× ol-PDs×QD QeGeQ olPDNWDG×U. 'oùDl olDUDN EX GXUXP EiUeyiQ oDùc×l iKWiyDolDU×Q× NDUü×lDPDN ioiQ GDKD ooN Niüiyle iliüNi NXUPD eùiliPiQi DUWW×UPDNWDG×U. %X iliü-NileUiQ sUGUleEilPesiQGeNi esDs XQsXUlDUGDQ EiUi ise gveQ GXygXsXGXU. 1oUPDl NoüXllDUGD EiUey gveQ GXyGXùX EiUeyleUe yDNlDüPD ve eWNileüiPe giUPe gveQ GXyPDG×ù× EiUeyleUGeQ ise X]DNlDüPD eùiliPiQGeGiU. %X QeGeQ-le gveQiQ yDüDP Do×s×QGDQ esDs olGXùX ve EiUeyiQ |WeNileUe EeliUli G]ey-leUGe gveQPesi geUeNWiùi ve EX GXUXPXQ WeUsiQe WDP DQlDP×ylD EiU yDüDP×Q PPNQ olPDG×ù× WesSiWi olGXNoD GoùUXGXU.
SosyDl oevUeGe gveQ yD GD gveQsi]liN GXygXlDU× ´WDQ×ü×Nl×N-yDEDQc× ve sePSDWi-DQWiSDWiµ GiNoWoPileUiyle GoùUXGDQ EDùlDQW×l×G×U. 'olDy×s×ylD EiUey sDlW iKWiyDolDU×Q× NDUü×lDPDN DPDc×ylD olsD Eile oevUesiQGeNi |WeNileUe GeùiüeQ oUDQlDUGD GD olsD gveQ GXyPDN ]oUXQGDG×U. 1iWeNiP iKWiyDo GXyGXùX ve |WeNileU WDUDI×QGDQ sXQXlDQ UQ yD GD Ki]PeWi gveQ ve gveQsi]liN GXy-gXlDU×Q×Q s]geciQGeQ geoiUeUeN NDEXl yD GD UeW eWPeNWeGiU. MXWlDN gveQ yD GD gveQsi]liN yDüDP s×Q×UlDU×Q× GoùUXGDQ eWNileyeceùiQGeQ sosyDl yDüD-P×Q GevDP× iPNkQs×] olPDNWDG×U. %iUeyiQ sosyDl oevUesiQGe ooN yNseN yD