• Sonuç bulunamadı

Başlık: Yazılı basın haber söylemlerinde Cumhuriyet MitingleriYazar(lar):AYGÜN, EsinCilt: 6 Sayı: 2 Sayfa: 049-106 DOI: 10.1501/Iltaras_0000000064 Yayın Tarihi: 2008 PDF

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "Başlık: Yazılı basın haber söylemlerinde Cumhuriyet MitingleriYazar(lar):AYGÜN, EsinCilt: 6 Sayı: 2 Sayfa: 049-106 DOI: 10.1501/Iltaras_0000000064 Yayın Tarihi: 2008 PDF"

Copied!
58
0
0

Yükleniyor.... (view fulltext now)

Tam metin

(1)

<D]×O×%DV×Q+DEHU6|\OHPOHULQGH

&XPKXUL\HW0LWLQJOHUL

LOHWLÁLPDUDÁW¿UPDODU¿‡‹‡   Esin Aygün Özet VRQUDV×QGDPRGHUQXOXVGHYOHWOHUELUNUL]OHNDUù×NDUù×\DNDOP×ùW×U%XNUL]LQ7UNL\H·GHNL\DQV×PDV× \LQHVRQUDV×QGDHWQLNN|NHQOL.UWKDUHNHWLLOHGLQLND\QDNO×÷VODPF×KDUHNHWLQ\NVHOLùL\OH7UNL\H·QLQ NXUXFXLGHRORMLVLRODQ.HPDOL]P·LQPHùUXL\HWNUL]LQLQRUWD\Do×NPDV×ùHNOLQGHROPXùWXU%XEDöODPGD &XPKXUL\HWPLWLQJOHULoHUoHYHVLQGHPHG\DGDJ|UQUKDOHJHOHQ.HPDOL]PYH÷VODPF×O×NDUDV×QGDNL oDW×ùPDQ×Q7UNL\H·GHVL\DVHWLNXWXSODùW×UDUDNoRöXOFXELUGHPRNUDWLNNOWUHQJHOOHGLöLVDYXQXOPDNWDG×U 'ROD\×V×\OD.HPDOLVWYH÷VODPF×V|\OHPGHKHJHPRQ\DPFDGHOHVLQLQJHUoHNOHùPHELoLPLQLQRUWD\DVHULOPHVL DPDoODQPDNWDG×U%XDo×GDQoDO×ùPDQ×QNRQXVX+UUL\HW&XPKXUL\HW$NùDP=DPDQ<HQLøDIDNYH6WDU JD]HWHOHULQGH\×O×LoLQGHG]HQOHQHQ©&XPKXUL\HW0LWLQJOHULªQLQQDV×OKDEHUOHùWLULOGLöLYHV|]NRQXVX KDEHUOHUGHNLV|\OHPVHOVWUDWHMLOHUGLU%XEDN×PGDQEXLGHRORMLOHULQKDEHUOHUGHQDV×OVXQXOGXöX9DQ'LMN·×Q HOHùWLUHOV|\OHPo|]POHPHVL\|QWHPLNXOODQ×ODUDNDQODù×OPD\DoDO×ù×OP×ùW×U Anahtar Sözcükler:.HPDOL]P÷VODPF×O×N+HJHPRQ\D÷GHRORML(OHùWLUHO6|\OHPd|]POHPHVL Republic Demonstrations on The Print Media News Discourse Abstract $IWHUVWKHPRGHUQQDWLRQVWDWHVIDFHGZLWKDOHJLWLPDF\FULVLV7KHHPHUJHQFHRIWKH.HPDOLVW OHJLWLPDF\FULVLVRULJLQDWHGIURPWKH.XUGLVKDQG,VODPLFPRYHPHQWV,QWKLVFRQWH[WWKHSUREOHPRIWKLV VWXG\LVWKHSRODUL]DWLRQRISROLWLFVLVRFFXUUHGEHFDXVHRIWKHFRQIOLFWEHWZHHQ.HPDOLVPDQG,VODPLVP 7KXVWKHSXUSRVHRIWKHVLVLVWRGHILQHWKHKHJHPRQLFVWUXJJOHDERXW.HPDOLVWDQG,VODPLVWGLVFRXUVH ZKLFKWUDQVPLWWHGWKURXJKPHGLD,QWKLVVWXG\LQ+XUUL\HW&XPKXUL\HW$NùDP=DPDQ<HQLøDIDNYH6WDU LQWKH\HDURIZDVDQDO\]HGWRUHYHDOKRZ&XPKXUL\HW0LWLQJOHULWRRNSODFHLQWKHPHGLDDQGWKH GLVFXUVLYHVWUDWHJLHVDUHXVHGLQWKHQHZV,QWKLVUHJDUGWKHVHLGHRORJLHVZDVWULHGWRDQDO\]HWKURXJK 9DQ'LMN·VFULWLFDOGLVFRXUVHDQDO\VLVPHWKRGRORJ\

(2)

<$=,/,%$6,1+$%(56g</(0/(5ú1'(&80+85ú<(70ú7ú1*/(5ú1

Yeni cumhuriyetin kuruOXüX\OD ELUOLNWH úVODPF×O×N YH .HPDOL]P NDUü×WO×ù× 7UNL\H VL\DVHWLQGH |QHPOL ELU WDUW×üPD NRQXVX ROPXüWXU &XPKXUL\HW PLWLQJOHUL GH  \]\×OGD EX GXUXPXQ NULVWDOOHüWLùL ELU QRNWDRODUDNNDUü×P×]Do×NPDNWDG×U$\Q×NXWXSODüPDQ×QPHG\DWDUD- I×QGDQGDVUHNOL\HQLGHQUHWLOGLùLV|\OHQHELOLU2\VDoDW×üPDQ×QG×ü-ODQPDV× YH LNL NXWEXQ GD NDUü×V×QGDNLQL NHQGL LoLQGH HULWPH oDEDV× DVO×QGDGHPRNUDWLNELUNOWU\DUDW×OPDV×Do×V×QGDQWHKOLNHOLGLUdQN 0RXIIH·XQ   GD EHOLUWWLùL JLEL GHPRNUDVL WDUW×üPDV×] ELU GRùUX RODUDNNDEXOHGLOHPH]YHEXDo×GDQELUNRQVHQVVRODUDNGDGüQOH-PH]   %XQD EDùO× RODUDN EX oDO×üPDGD EX LNLOL NXWXSODüPDQ×Q 7UNL\H·GHoRùXOFXVL\DVHWLHQJHOOHGLùLVDYXQXOPDNWDG×U

0RGHUQOHüPH VUHFLQLQ HJHPHQ N×OG×ù× XOXV GHYOHW DQOD\×ü× ·OHU VRQUDV×QGD NUHVHOOHüPHQLQ GH HWNLVL\OH LQVDQ KDNODU× VLYLO WRSOXPYHGHPRNUDWLNOHüPHV|\OHPOHULoHUoHYHVLQGHIDUNO×NLPOLNOHULQ GHPRNUDWLNWDOHSOHULLOHQHROLEHUDOSROLWLNDODUDX\XPVUHFLQLQ\DUDW- W×ù×WDKULEDWQHGHQL\OHELUNUL]OHNDUü×NDUü×\DNDOP×üW×U%XNUL]LQ7U- NL\H·GHNL\DQV×PDV×GD\LQHVRQUDV×QGDHWQLNN|NHQOL.UWKDUH- NHWLLOHGLQLND\QDNO×úVODPF×KDUHNHWLQ\NVHOLüL\OH7UNL\H·QLQNXUX- FXLGHRORMLVLRODUDNNDEXOHGLOHQ.HPDOL]P·LQPHüUXL\HWNUL]LQLQJQ-GHPH JHOPHVL üHNOLQGH ROPXüWXU .HPDOL]P·LQ PHüUXL\HW NUL]LQLQ WHPHOLQGHWRSOXPX´LPWL\D]V×]V×Q×IV×]ND\QDüP×üELUEWQµRODUDN  %X oDO×üPD  \×O×QGD $QNDUD hQLYHUVLWHVL 6RV\DO %LOLPOHU (QVWLWV *D]HWHFLOLN $QDELOLP'DO×·QGDWDPDPODQDQ´<D]×O×%DV×Q+DEHU6|\OHPOHULQGH&XPKXUL\HW0L-WLQJOHULµDGO×<NVHN/LVDQV7H]LQGHQKD]×UODQP×üW×U

<D]×O×%DV×Q+DEHU6|\OHPOHULQGH

&XPKXUL\HW0LWLQJOHUL

1

(3)

J|UHQXOXVWDVDYYXUXQXQ.UWYHúVODPF×KDUHNHWOHULQRUWD\Do×N×ü×\OD DVO×QGD GHYOHWLQ UHVPL V|\OHPLQGH DQODW×ODJHOGLùL ELoLPGH WUGHü ROPDG×ù×Q×Q IDUN HGLOPHVL \DWPDNWDG×U %|\OHFH XOXV|WHVL PRGHUQOLN V|\OHPOHULQGHNLGHùLüLPOHUOHELUOLNWHPRGHUQOLùHGDLUIDUNO×\RUXPOD-U×RODQJUXSODU\HQLV|\OHPVHOPHüUXL\HWDUDoODU×QDVDKLSROPXüODUG×U %XoHUoHYHGH·ODUGDúVODPF×ODUYHODLNJUXSODUNHQGLOHULQLPRGHUQ YHPHüUXRODUDNNRQXPODQG×U×UNHQGLùHUOHULQLGHPRGHUQG×ü×YHPDU-MLQDO J|VWHUPHN LoLQ IDUNO× PRGHUQOLN V|\OHPOHULQGHQ \DUDUODQP×üODU-G×U %XUDGDQ KDUHNHWOH úVODPF×ODU EDVN×ODQG×NODU×Q× LIDGH HWPHN LoLQ GHPRNUDVLYHLQVDQKDNODU×V|\OHPOHULQLEROFDNXOODQP×üODUG×U g]\-UHN 

'LùHUWDUDIWDQ.HPDOLVWHOLWOHU\DüDQDQEXVDUV×QW×NDUü×V×QGDRWR-ULWHUOHüPH HùLOLPL J|VWHUPLüOHUGLU %X oHUoHYHGH  DVNHUL GDUEHVL VRQUDV×QGDúVODPF×KDUHNHWHYFLOOHüWLULOLSVLVWHPLoLQHoHNLOLUNHQ.UW VRUXQXGDVDGHFHDVNHULWHGELUOHUOHo|]PHXODüW×U×OPD\DoDO×ü×OP×üW×U .|NHU   g]HOOLNOH  VRQUDV× 5HIDK 3DUWLVL\OH WHPVLO ROXQDQ úVODPF×O×NûXEDWVUHFL\OHVHUWELUELoLPGHEDVW×U×OP×üYHUHVPLLGH- RORMLQLQPHüUXOXNWHPHOLNRUXQPD\DoDO×ü×OP×üW×U%XG|QHPGH.HPD-OLVW VL\DVHWoLOHU YH \XUWWDüODU FXPKXUL\HWLQ LON \×OODU×QD QRVWDOMLN ELU |]OHP JHOLüWLUPH\H EDüODP×üODUG×U úVODPF×ODU LVH EXQD NDUü× LNL IDUNO× WDU]GD WHSNL JHOLüWLUPLüOHUGLU %XQODUGDQ LONL úVODPL\HWLQ UHVPL GLQ ROGXùX2VPDQO×G|QHPLQL|]OHPOHDQPDNLNLQFLVLLVHûXEDW.DUDU-ODU× VRQUDV× VL\DVHWLQ PHüUX V×Q×UODU×Q×Q GDUDOG×ù× RUWDPGD NXUXOXü G|QHPLQLQ GLQL \|QOHULQL YXUJXOD\DUDN G×üODQG×NODU× PHüUX VL\DVDO

(4)

DODQD\HQLGHQGDKLOROPD\DoDO×üPDNROPXüWXU g]\UHN  <LQH &XPKXUL\HW PLWLQJOHULQLQ JHUoHNOHüWLULOGLùL G|QHPGH $.3·GH VRPXWODQDQ úVODPF× NLPOLN  1LVDQ HPXKW×UDV×\OD EDVN× DOW×QD DO×Q-PD\D oDO×ü×OP×üW×U 7P EXQODU 7UNL\H·GH VL\DVHWLQ NXWXSODüPDV×Q× SHNLüWLUPLüWLU

 \×O×QGD JHUoHNOHüWLULOHQ .HPDOLVW LGHRORMLQLQ EHOLUOH\LFLVL ROGXùX &XPKXUL\HW PLWLQJOHUL GH úVODPF×O×N LOH .HPDOL]P·LQ KHJH- PRQ\DPFDGHOHVLQLQDo×ùDo×NW×ù×ELUROD\ROPXüWXU$QFDNLNLLGHR-ORML DUDV×QGDNL KHJHPRQ\D PFDGHOHVL VDGHFH EX G|QHPGH RUWD\D o×NPDP×üW×U7UNL\H&XPKXUL\HWL·QLQNXUXOXüX\ODELUOLNWHGLQELUOL- ùLQHGD\DQDQYHPPHWoLOLNDQOD\×ü×Q×QKkNLPROGXùX2VPDQO×WRSOX-PX \HULQGHQ HGLOHUHN \HULQH ´PXDV×U PHGHQL\HWH HULüPHµ KHGHIL GRùUXOWXVXQGD WRSOXPVDO \DS× \HQLGHQ LQüD HGLOPLüWLU %X \HQLGHQ \DS×ODQPDGDúVODPF×O×ù×QúVODPLNXUDOODUDGD\DO×ELUGHYOHWNXUPDELU EDüND LIDGH\OH üHULDW G]HQL JHWLUPH DU]XVX QHGHQL\OH \HQL UHMLPH NDUü×ELUWHKGLWXQVXUXRODUDNDOJ×ODQPDV×.HPDOLVWODLNOLNLONHVLWHPH-OLQGHúVODP·×QELU\DQGDQNDPXVDODODQGDQG×üODQPDV×ELU\DQGDQGD GHYOHWLQV×N×GHQHWLPLDOW×QDDO×QPDV×VRQXFXQXGRùXUPXüWXU

dRN SDUWLOL KD\DWD JHoLüOH ELUOLNWH .HPDOL]P·LQ \XPXüDPDV×\OD úVODPF×O×N VL\DVL DODQGD J|UQU KDOH JHOPLüWLU  DVNHUL GDUEHVL VRQUDV× 7UNúVODP VHQWH]L V|\OHPL HWUDI×QGD GHYOHWOH HNOHPOHQHQ úVODPF×O×N ·ODUGD LON GHID úVODPF× NLPOLùLQ ROXüWXUGXùX ELU SDUWL RODQ5HIDK3DUWLVL·\OHLNWLGDUDJHOPLüWLU%XROD\.HPDOL]PYHúVODPF×-O×N DUDV×QGD \DüDQDQ KHJHPRQ\D PFDGHOHVLQGH |QHPOL ELU N×U×OPD QRNWDV×Q×ROXüWXUPXüWXU$QFDNúVODPF×O×ù×Q\NVHOLüL.HPDOLVWHOLWOHU WDUDI×QGDQGHYOHWLQPHüUXOXNWHPHOLQHELUWHKGLWROXüWXUGXùXJHUHNoH- VL\OHNDUDUO×ELUüHNLOGHEDVW×U×OPD\DoDO×ü×OP×üW×UúUWLFDLIDDOL\HWJ|VWHU-GLùL JHUHNoHVL\OH 5HIDK 3DUWLVL RUGX WDUDI×QGDQ VL\DVHW DODQ×QGDQ VLOLQPLüWLU 6RQUDNL G|QHPGH LVH  YH  JHQHO VHoLPOHUL\OH úVODPF× NLPOLùH VDKLS $.3·QLQ JoO ELU üHNLOGH LNWLGDUD JHOPHVLQL .HPDOLVWHOLWOHU\LQHUHMLPHNDUü×ELUWHKGLWRODUDNDOJ×ODP×üODUG×U

&XPKXUL\HW PLWLQJOHUL  1LVDQ0D\×V D\ODU× LoLQGH $QNDUD 7DQGRùDQúVWDQEXOdDùOD\DQdDQDNNDOH0DQLVDú]PLUYH6DPVXQ·GD

(5)

úVODPF×RODUDNWDQ×PODQDQLNWLGDUSDUWLVL$.3·QLQ\LQHNHQGLLoLQGHQ úVODPL NLPOLùH VDKLS ELU NLüL\L FXPKXUEDüNDQ× VHoPHPHVL WDOHEL\OH JHUoHNOHüWLULOPLüWLU

0LWLQJOHU V×UDV×QGD RUGX LQWHUQHW VLWHVLQGHQ LNWLGDUD NDUü× ELU X\DU× \D\×QODP×üW×U (PXKW×UD RODUDN DGODQG×U×ODQ EX X\DU×GD RUGX ODLNOLN NDUü×W× IDDOL\HWOHUGHQ UDKDWV×]O×N GX\GXùXQX VRQ JQOHUGH FXPKXUEDüNDQO×ù×VHoLPVUHFLQGHRUWD\Do×NDQODLNOLNWDUW×üPDODU×Q×Q HQGLüHLOHL]OHQGLùLQL7UN6LODKO×.XYYHWOHUL·QLQ 76. ODLNOLùLQNHVLQ VDYXQXFXVXROPDV×oHUoHYHVLQGHEXWDUW×üPDODU×QGDELUWDUDI×ROGXùX-QXYHEXQHGHQOHGHV|]NRQXVXWDUW×üPDODU×QYHROXPVX]\RUXPODU×Q NDUü×V×QGDROGXùXQXJHUHNWLùLQGHWDYU×Q×QHWELUüHNLOGHRUWD\DNR\- PDNWDQNDo×QPD\DFDù×Q×EHOLUWPLüWLU%XDo×NODPD\ODELUOLNWHFXPKXU-EDüNDQO×ù× VHoLP VUHFLQGHNL WDUW×üPDODU JHQHO RODUDN ODLNOLN LONHVL HWUDI×QGDüHNLOOHQPLüWLU%XDQODPGD.HPDOL]PYHúVODPF×O×NDUDV×QGD-NL KHJHPRQ\D PFDGHOHVLQLQ ODLNOLN HNVHQLQGH GHYDP HWWLùL J|UO-PHNWHGLU

%X PFDGHOHGH .HPDOLVW HOLWOHU úVODPF×O×ù× VL\DVL NRQXPODU×QD NDUü×ELUWHKGLWRODUDNDOJ×ODP×üODUG×U%|\OHFH.HPDOL]P·LQPLOOL\HWoL-OLN YH KDONo×O×N LONHOHULQH \DVODQDQ KRPRMHQ WRSOXP WDKD\\OQQ Dü×QG×ù×EXG|QHPGHULQELUNUL]HLüDUHWHWPHNWHGLUúüWH&XPKXUL\HW PLWLQJOHULGH.HPDOLVWHOLWOHULQEXNUL]HYHUGLùLELUWHSNLRODUDNRUWD\D o×NP×üW×U%XDQODPGD.HPDOLVWLGHRORMLQLQEHOLUOH\LFLVLROGXùX&XP-KXUL\HW PLWLQJOHUL úVODPF×O×N LOH .HPDOL]P·LQ KHJHPRQ\D PFDGHOH-VLQGHQ ND\QDNODQDQ ELU oDW×üPDQ×Q \HQLGHQ J|UQU ROGXùX EX G|QHPGH GHYOHW LoLQGHNL \DU×OPDODU×Q VHUJLOHQPHVL YH .HPDOL]P·LQ \DüDG×ù× PHüUXL\HW NUL]LQLQ J|UQU ROPDV× Do×V×QGDQ GLNNDW oHNLFL ROPXüWXU%XEDN×PGDQoDO×üPDGD\DüDQDQNUL]LQELUJ|UQJVROD- UDN.HPDOLVWYHúVODPF×V|\OHPGHKHJHPRQ\DPFDGHOHVLQLQJHUoHN- OHüPHELoLPLQLQRUWD\DVHULOPHVLDPDoODQPDNWDG×U%XDPDoGRùUXOWX-VXQGD &XPKXUL\HW PLWLQJOHUL HNVHQLQGH EX PFDGHOHQLQ PHG\DGD KDQJLPHNDQL]PDODUODJ|UQUKDOHJHOGLùLQLDUDüW×UPDN|QHPOLKDOH JHOPHNWHGLU

(6)

dDO×üPDQ×Q NRQXVX +UUL\HW &XPKXUL\HW $NüDP =DPDQ <HQL

ûDIDNYH6WDUROPDN]HUHDOW×JD]HWHGH\×O×LoHULVLQGHG]HQOHQHQ

&XPKXUL\HWPLWLQJOHULQLQQDV×OKDEHUOHüWLULOGLùLYHV|]NRQXVXKDEHU-OHUGHNL V|\OHPVHO VWUDWHMLOHUGLU %X oHUoHYHGH DQODPODU×Q UHWLPLQGH oRN|QHPOLRODQPLWLQJOHUOHLOJLOLKDEHUOHUGHoHUoHYHOHQGLUPHQLQQDV×O ROXüWXUXOGXùXQX NLPOHULQ oHUoHYHOHULQLQ KDEHUOHUGH NXOODQ×OG×ù×Q× KDQJLNDUü×WO×NODU×QNXUXOGXùXQXQHWUPHüUXODüW×UPDODU\DS×OG×ù×Q× V|]FNVHoLPOHUL\OHQHOHULQYXUJXODQG×ù×Q×RUWD\Do×NDUDELOPHNDPD-F×\OD PLWLQJOHULQ JHUoHNOHüWLùL LON WDULK RODQ  1LVDQ  LOH VRQ PLWLQJGHQELUJQVRQUDNLWDULKRODQ0D\×VWDULKOHULDUDV×QGD

+UUL\HW&XPKXUL\HW$NüDP=DPDQ<HQLûDIDNYH6WDUJD]HWHOHULDQDOL]

HGLOHFHNWLU%XDQDOL]VRQXFXQGD.HPDOLVWYHúVODPF×LGHRORMLOHULQV|\-OHPVHO VWUDWHMLOHULQLQ J|UOPHVL Do×V×QGDQ &XPKXUL\HW PLWLQJOHULQLQ VHoLOHQ JD]HWHOHUGH QDV×O IDUNO× YH\D EHQ]HU ELoLPOHUGH NXUXOGXùXQX J|UPHNPPNQRODFDNW×U

/DLNOLNYH0LOOL\HWoLOLN÷ONHOHULdHUoHYHVLQGH

.HPDOL]PYH÷VODPF×O×N$UDV×QGDNL*HULOLP

1RNWDODU×

·ODUGDRUWD\Do×NDQ7UNL\H·QLQNXUXFXLGHRORMLVLRODUDNNDEXO HGLOHQ .HPDOL]P ELU VUHo LoHULVLQGH GRùDO üHNLOGH YH \DYDü \DYDü JHOLüPLüWLU.HPDOL]P·LROXüWXUDQWXWXPYHNDQ×ODU×QD\U×QW×O×ELUWDQ×-P×KLoELU]DPDQ\DS×OPDP×üW×U6RQXoWD.HPDOL]PHVQHNELUNDYUDP RODUDNGQ\DJ|UüOHULoRNIDUNO×RODQLQVDQODUWDUDI×QGDQVDYXQXOD-ELOPLü YH EX NLüLOHU NHQGLOHULQL .HPDOLVW RODUDN QLWHOH\HELOPLüOHUGLU =UFKHU dHOLN·HJ|UH´²DUDV×QGDPLWVHOELUX]DP RODUDNRUWD\Do×NDQ.HPDOL]P2VPDQO×úPSDUDWRUOXùX·QXQo|NüQ L]OH\HQ \DS×VDO \HULQGHQ ROXüODU×Q VRQXoODU×Q× G]HOWHFHN \HQL ELU G]HQDQOD\×ü×Q×WHPVLOHGHUµ  

0RGHUQ DQODPGD WRSOXPVDO VL\DVDO ELU SURJUDP× LIDGH HWPHVL |OoVQGHELU´LGHRORMLµRODQ.HPDOL]PGHYOHWLXOXVLOHGHYOHWLQELU-OLùL WHPHOLQGH \HQLGHQ NXUPD\× DPDoOD\DQ ELU SURMHGLU %X Do×GDQ

(7)

7UNL\H WRSOXPX YH VL\DVHWL LOH LOJLOHQHQ ELUoRN DUDüW×UPDF× LoLQ .HPDOL]P·LQ NXUGXùX \HQL GHYOHWLQ 2VPDQO×·GDQ WDP ELU NRSXüX VLPJHOHGLùLVDYXQXOPXüWXU

.HPDOLVWLGHRORMLQLQJ|VWHUGLùLKHGHI´PRGHUQOHüPHNµ\DQL7U-NL\H WRSOXPXQX HNRQRPLN NOWUHO YH VL\DVL G]H\OHUGH ´PXDV×U PHGHQL\HWVHYL\HVLµQLQVWQHo×NDUWPDNW×U .|NHU .HPD-OLVWOHU PRGHUQOHüPH\L %DW×O×ODüPD\OD $YUXSD X\JDUO×ù×QGD ELU \HU HGLQPHNOH |]GHüOHüWLUPLüOHUGLU .HPDOLVWOHUH J|UH PRGHUQOLN $YUXSD·\× PRGHUQ N×ODQ NOWUHO ER\XWODU×Q WPQ LoVHOOHüWLUHQ EWQVHOELUSURMHGLU%XQXQLoLQGHVDGHFHDN×OF×O×ù×EURNUDWLNOHüPH-\L YH |UJWVHO HWNLQOLùL DUW×UPDNOD \HWLQLOPHPLü WRSOXPVDO \DüDP× HWNLOH\HQKDWWD\DüDPSUDWLNOHULQLWPGHQGHùLüWLUHQODLNOLùLELUH\LQ |]HUNOLùLQL YH NDG×Q HUNHN HüLWOLùLQL VDùODPDN LoLQ GH ELU WRSOXPVDO G|QüPGHJHUHNOLJ|UPüOHUGLU .H\GHU %XQODUODELUOLN-WHGüQOGùQGHJHQHORODUDNPRGHUQOHüPHQLQVL\DVLHNRQRPLN VRV\DOYHNOWUHORODUDNG|UWWHPHOVUHoLoHUGLùLQGHQEDKVHGLOHELOLU /DLNOLNYHPRGHUQXOXVGHYOHWVL\DVLPRGHUQOHüPHQLQ|QHPOLER\XWOD- 7UN WDULK \D]×P×QGD PRGHUQOLùH EDüODQJ×o NRQXVXQGD VUHNOLOLN YH NRSXü WHRULVL

RODUDNLNLIDUNO×J|UüWHQEDKVHGLOPHNWHGLU%XQDJ|UHUHVPLWDULKV|\OHPLQGH%LULQFL 'Q\D6DYDü×|QFHVLLOH\×O×QGD&XPKXUL\HWLQNXUXOPDV×QGDQVRQUDNLG|QHP ELUELULQGHQNHVLQoL]JLOHUOHD\U×OPDNWDG×UYH\×O×PRGHUQGHYOHWLQNXUXOXüXQD EDüODQJ×oRODUDNNDEXOHGLOLU%XQDJ|UH%LULQFL'Q\D6DYDü×|QFHVLG|QHP´2VPDQ-O×úPSDUDWRUOXùXµRODUDNDGODQG×U×O×UNHQVRQUDV×´7UNL\H&XPKXUL\HWLµRODUDN DGODQG×U×OPDNWDG×U0RGHUQOLùLQEDüODQJ×F×Q×WDULKLRODUDNHOHDODQ\DNODü×PGD VDOWDQDW×QNDOG×U×O×S&XPKXUL\HWLQLODQHGLOPHVL\OHPRQDUüLQLQVRQDHUPHVLYXUJX-ODQDUDN VL\DVDO DQODPGD N|NWHQ ELU GHùLüLNOLùLQ JHUoHNOHüWLùLQLQ DOW× oL]LOPHNWHGLU $\U×FDHPSHU\DOLVWPGDKDOHOHUHVRQYHULOHUHNHNRQRPLGHEDù×PV×]O×ùDNDYXüXOPD-V×\OD EX DODQGD GD N|NWHQ ELU GHùLüLP ROGXùX YXUJXODQPDNWDG×U 6UHNOLOLN WH]LQL VDYXQDQODULVH\HQLOLNKDUHNHWOHULQLQ2VPDQO×G|QHPLQGHEDüODG×ù×´PRGHUQOHüPH HùLOLPLJ|VWHUHQEURNUDVLJLELNXUXPODU×QVUHNOLOLùLQLNRUXGXùXµJ|UüQSD\-ODüPDNWDG×UODU .DQVX² .DQVXLVH  PRGHUQ7UNL\HWDULKLQL 0HüUXWL\HW 'HYULPL·QH GD\DQG×UPDNWDG×U %XQD J|UH JHOHQHNVHO GHYOHWWHQ PRGHUQ GHYOHWHJHoLüGHYULPLYHVRQUDV×QGDJHUoHNOHüWLULOHQUHIRUPODUODJHUoHNOHüPLü ·WH LVH EXQXQ DG× NRQDUDN UHIRUPODU×Q GHYDP× VDùODQP×üW×U /DoLQHU   =UFKHU %XoDO×üPDNDSVDP×QGDGD2VPDQO×'HYOHWLLOH7UNL\H&XPKX-UL\HWL DUDV×QGD ELU VUHNOLOLN ROGXùX  GHYULPLQLQ |QHPL WHVOLP HGLOHUHN NDEXO HGLOPHNWHGLU

(8)

U×G×U(NRQRPLNPRGHUQOHüPHLVHKHPNDSLWDOLVWOLEHUDOVHUEHVWSD]DU HNRQRPLVLQL KHP GH HQGVWULVDQD\L WRSOXPX YH NOWUQH LüDUHW HWPHNWHGLU *QON \DüDP SUDWLNOHUL EX VUHoOHULQ LoLQGH JHUoHNOHüL-\RUVDPRGHUQOHüLOPLüGHPHNWLU dHWLQVD\D² 

7XQoD\ \HQLOLNOHULQ KDON×Q \HUOHüLN JHOHQHNVHO GHùHUOHULQLQ J|U-PH]GHQJHOLQHUHNGD\DW×OG×ù×QDLüDUHWHGHUHN7UNL\H·GHNLWRSOXPVDO VRUXQODU×QoRùXQXQND\QDù×Q×QGDNLWOHOHUHPDOHGLOPH\HoDO×ü×ODQEX \HQLOLNOHULQ \HUOHüLN JHOHQHNVHO G]HQGH \DUDWW×ù× WHSNLOHU ROGXùXQX YXUJXODPDNWDG×U%XWHSNLOHU´JHULFLOLNµRODUDNQLWHOHQHUHN´LOHULµELU G]HQH JHoLüL HQJHOOHGLNOHUL JHUHNoHVL\OH \RN HGLOPHN LVWHQPLüWLU  %XQHGHQOHPRGHUQOHüPHVUHFLQGH.HPDOL]PYHúVODPF×- O×NDUDV×QGDGHYDPHGHQPFDGHOHLoLQGHúVODPF×O×ù×Q.HPDOLVWLONHOH-UH JHWLUGLùL HOHüWLULOHU Do×V×QGDQ NXUXFX LONHOHUL DQODPDN |QHPOLGLU &XPKXUL\HWLQNXUXOXüX\ODELUOLNWHODLNOLNLONHVLWHPHOLQGHJHUoHNOHüWL-ULOHQ UHIRUPODUOD úVODP·×Q VL\DVDO DODQGDQ G×üODQPDV× YH WRSOXPVDO DODQGDGDGHQHWLPDOW×QDDO×QPDV×PFDGHOHQLQ|]HOOLNOHODLNOLNHNVH-QLQH RWXUPDV×Q× EHUDEHULQGH JHWLUPLüWLU $UDüW×UPDQ×Q |UQHN ROD\× RODUDN&XPKXUL\HWPLWLQJOHULQLQJHUoHNOHüWLùLG|QHPGHEXPFDGHOH-QLQ VLYULOGLùL J|UOPüWU .HPDOLVW LGHRORMLRODUDN&XPKXUL\HWPLWLQJOHULQLQJHUoHNOHüWLùLG|QHPGHEXPFDGHOH-QLQ EHOLUOH\LFLVL ROGXùX &XPKXUL\HW PLWLQJOHULQGH ODLNOLN ELU NH] GDKD úVODPF×O×N YH .HPD-OL]PDUDV×QGDNLWHPHOoDW×üPDQRNWDV×Q×ROXüWXUPXüWXU%XEDN×PGDQ ODLNOLNLONHVLQLPLOOL\HWoLOLNLONHVL\OHELUOLNWHGüQPHNJHUHNPHNWHGLU

0LOOL\HWoLOLùLQROXüXPXQGDPLOOLGHYOHWLQNXUXOXüVUHFLROGXNoD EHOLUOH\LFLELU|QHPHVDKLSWLUdQNPLOOL\HWoLOLùLQROXüXPHYUHVLQGH-NLV|\OHPOHULPJHOHUDQODW×ODU×üHNLOOHQGLUHUHNPLOOLNLPOLùLGHWDVYLU HGHQ PLOOL GHYOHW YH RQXQOD ELUOLNWH WHüHNNO HGHQ PRGHUQ LNWLGDU D\J×W×G×U ´úNWLGDU LFUDDWL\OH YH V|\OHPL\OH ELU PLOOHW YH ELU NLPOLN NXUDU ¶DVO×QGD NLPL]"· YH ¶QDV×O ROPDO×\×]"· VRUXODU×Q×Q FHYDSODU×Q× VDELWOHUµ %RUD    0LOOL\HWoL .HPDOLVW LGHRORML HVNL GHYOHWLQ GLQHGD\DO×JHOHQHNVHO\DS×V×Q×RUWDGDQNDOG×UG×NWDQVRQUDEHQLPVHGL-ùLXOXVGHYOHWoHUoHYHVLQGH%DW×PRGHOLQHX\JXQRODUDN´ODLNWHPHOH GD\DO× WUGHü KRPRMHQ  ELU XOXV WRSOXPX ROXüWXUDFDN ELoLPGH \HQL-GHQ |UJWOHPH\Hµ JLULüPLüWLU .HPDOLVW PLOOL\HWoL LGHRORML WRSOXPX

(9)

\HQLGHQ\DS×ODQG×U×UNHQNXUPDNLVWHGLùLXOXVWRSOXPXQXGLQHGD\DQ-PDNWDQNXUWDUPDNLoLQELU\DQGDQODLNOLNSROLWLNDODU×Q×X\JXODUNHQELU \DQGDQ GD \×NW×ù× HVNL WHPHOLQ \HULQH \HQLVLQL NR\PDN JHUHNWLùLQL IDUN×QGD\G×%XDPDoODGDGLOYHWDULKNRQXODU×Q×XOXVODüW×UPDoDEDV×-QDJLULüPLüWLU 2UDQ² /DLNOLNLONHVLPRGHUQELUXOXVYH XOXVDONLPOLNROXüWXUPDWDVDU×V×Q×QD\U×OPD]ELUSDUoDV×\G×&XPKXUL-\HWLQ KHGHIOHGLùL VL\DVDO NLPOLN DUW×N WHUHGGWV] XOXVDO NLPOLN ROPXüWXUúVODPL\HWNDo×Q×OPD]RODUDNEXNLPOLùLQDVOLXQVXUXROPD\D GHYDP HWVH GH &XPKXUL\HWLQ VL\DVDO HOLWOHUL XOXVDO NLPOLùL VHNOHU oHUoHYHGHWDQ×PODPD\ROXQDJLWPLüOHUGLU 0HUW /DLNOLNYH PLOOL\HWoLOLN ,, 0HüUXWL\HW G|QHPL LGHRORMLVLQLQ EHOLUJLQ |]HOOLNOHUL DUDV×QGD\HUDOP×üW×U$QFDNRG|QHPGHJHoHUOLRODQ7UNoON\HWH-  \×O×QGD 7UN 'LOL 7HWNLN &HPL\HWL 7UN 'LO .XUXPX ·QLQ NXUXOPDV×\OD

2V-PDQO×GLOL\HULQHNR\PDNLoLQ´OHKoHOHUGHQYHHVNLHGHELND\QDNODUGDQKDWWD2UWD $V\D·GDNL 7UNL GLOOHULQGHQ V|]FNOHUµ ELU DUD\D JHWLUPH\H EDüODQP×üW×U ·GD UHVPHQNDEXOHGLOHQEWQGLOOHULQ2UWD$V\D·GDNRQXüXODQHVNLWDULKLG|QHPOHUH DLWWHNELUGLOGHQo×NW×ù×7UNoHQLQGHEWQGLOOHULoLQGHEXGLOHHQ\DN×QROGXùX YHEWQGLOOHULQ7UNoHGHQJHoHUHNEXHQHVNLGLOGHQJHOLüPLüROGXùXQXVDYXQDQ *QHü'LO7HRULVLGHGLOGHGLOLXOXVODüW×UPDoDEDODU×Q×QELUSDUoDV×ROPXüWXUGLùHU WDUDIWDQ·GHNXUXODQ7UN7DULKL7HWNLN&HPL\HWL·QLQ 7UN7DULK.XUXPX RU-WD\DDWW×ù×´7UN7DULK7H]LµGHEXWDULKLXOXVODüW×UPDoDEDV×Q×QELU|UQHùLROPXüWXU EXNXUDPDJ|UH´2UWD$V\D·Q×QEH\D] DU\DQ VDNLQOHULQLQWRUXQODU×µ\NHQVRQUDGDQ EDüND\HUOHUHJ|oHWPLüOHUGLU%XWDULKDQOD\×ü×7UNOHULQ+LWLWOHUYH6PHUOHUJLEL GQ\DQ×Q\NVHNX\JDUO×NODU×Q×\DUDWW×ù×Q×VDYXQPDNWDG×U%|\OHFH7UNOHUH2VPDQ-O×G×ü×QGDQELU|YQoND\QDù×VDùOD\DUDN´HVNLµGHQNRSXüXVDùODPDGDEXNXUDPD EDüYXUXOPXüWXU%|\OHFH*QHü'LO7HRULVLYH7UN7DULK7H]L.HPDOL]P·LQ´\HQLELU XOXVDONLPOLNYHJoOELUXOXVDOELUOLNNXUPDµDPDF×QGDNXOODQG×ù×DUDoODUROPXüWXU =UFKHU²   %RUDPLOOLNLPOLùLQROXüWXUXOPDV×QGDNLOLWLüOHYLRODQgWHNLLPJHVLQLüHNLOOHQGLUHQLQ 7UNL\H·QLQWDULKVHOWRSOXPVDOJHUoHNOLùLQHLoVHORODUDN´(VNL7UNL\Hµ\DQLGLQVHO GQ\D J|Uü\OH oHUoHYHOHQHQ ´2VPDQO×µ ROGXùXQX V|\OHPHNWHGLU 0LOOL NLPOLùLQ gWHNLLPJHVLRODUDN´HVNLµ\LNR\PDV×HVNLNLPOLùHGDLUELUWDQ×PODPD\×GDEHUDEH- ULQGHJHWLUPHNWHGLU%X´HVNLNLPOLùLQµ\HQLGHQWDVDUODQ×ü×QGD2VPDQO×7UN·QED-üDU×ODU×Q×QHQJHORODUDNJ|UOPHNWHGLU%XoHUoHYHGHúVODPGDEXHVNLPHGHQL\HWYH 2VPDQO× NDO×QW×V×Q× EXQD J|UH GH LUWLFD WHKOLNHVLQL  WHPVLO HGHQH LüDUHW HWPHNWHGLU úVODP KHP ´EDW× PHGHQL\HWLQLQ HYUHQVHOOLùLQLQµ KHP GH ´7UN NLPOLùLQLQ |]JQ-OùQQµG×ü×QGDE×UDN×OP×üW×Ug\OH\VHDQFDNHYUHQVHOPHGHQL\HW|OoOHULQH \DQL VHNOHU ELU YDUROXüD  YH ´7UNµ NLPOLùLQH X\DUODQDUDNµ PHüUXODüDELOHFHNWLU %RUD ² 

(10)

ULQFH VHNOHUOHüPHPLüWLU %X EDN×PGDQ EX G|QHPGH PLOOL NLPOLN WDQ×PODU× úVODPL LoHULNOL NDOP×üW×U =UFKHU    &XPKXUL\HW G|QHPLQHJHOLQGLùLQGHLVH7UNOùELUXOXVDONLPOLNRODUDNWDQ×POD-\DQRUWDNGLORUWDNWDULKRUWDNYDWDQRUWDNN|NHQJLEL|ùHOHUDUDV×QGD GLQ\RNWX dHOLN  .HPDOLVWPLOOL\HWoLOLNNLPOLNLQüDV×QGDV×Q×IV×]LPWL\D]V×]KRPR-MHQELUXOXVROXüWXUPD\×KHGHIOH\HUHNEXQX7UNONVWNLPOLùLDOW×QD WRSODPD\×DPDoODP×üW×U%XQHGHQOHGLQV×Q×IHWQLNWHPHOOLNLPOLNOHUL GHYOHWLQ EHNDV× NDUü×V×QGD ELU WHKGLW XQVXUX RODUDN J|UHUHN NDPXVDO DODQGDQ G×üODP×üW×U .HPDOLVW PLOOL\HWoLOLùLQ \HNSDUH WRSOXP LGHDOL NDUü×V×QGD úQVHO·LQ EHOLUWWLùL ]HUH    ILLOHQ KLoELU WRSOXPXQ |]HOLNOH GH HWQLN YH NOWUHO ND\QDNODU× J|] |QQH DO×QG×ù×QGD 7UNL\H·QLQ\HNSDUHROPDV×Q×QSHNPPNQJ|UQPHPHNWHYHWDP GDEXQRNWDGDPHüUXL\HWNUL]LRUWD\Do×NPDNWDG×U%XEDùODPGDPHü-UXOXùXQX ´WUGHü ELU NOWUHOHNRQRPLN EWQON RODUDN NDYUDPDN YH ROXüWXUXOPDN LVWHQHQ ¶XOXVDO ELUOLN· HVDV×QD RWXUWPD\× KHGHIOH\HQ &XPKXUL\HW·LQWRSOXPXQUHVPLV|\OHPFHVXQXOGXùXJLEL¶LPWL\D]V×] V×Q×IV×]ND\QDüP×üELUNLWOH·ROPDG×ù×Q×Do×ùDo×NDUDQEHOLUWLOHUNDUü×V×Q-GDµ .HPDOLVW HOLWOHULQ J|VWHUGLùL WHSNLOHU DVO×QGD PHüUXL\HW NUL]LQH EDùO×G×U .|NHU    7XUDQ GD EHQ]HU QRNWD\D LüDUHW HGHUHN |]HOOLNOH úVODPF×O×N YH .UW KDUHNHWLQLQ \NVHOPHVL\OH WRSOXPXQ KRPRMHQELUEWQROPDG×ù×QRNWDV×QGD´XOXVGHYOHWOHULQWHPVLOHWWLùL ELUOLN HVDV×QD GD\DQDQ PHüUXOXNµ VDUV×OPD\D EDüODP×üW×U    %XDo×GDQGHùHUOHQGLULOGLùLQGH&XPKXUL\HWPLWLQJOHULQLGHVRQ- UDV×QGD\NVHOLüHJHoHQúVODPF×O×ùDNDUü×.HPDOLVWGHYOHWLQNDUü×ODüW×-ù×PHüUXL\HWNUL]LQHNDUü×ELUWHSNLRODUDNRNXPDNPPNQGU

&XPKXUL\HW UHIRUPODU× |QFHOLNOH PRGHUQ ELU WRSOXP LQüDV×QD WHPHOWHüNLOHGHQNXUXPVDOYHWRSOXPVDOG|QüPOHULQWPQH]HPLQ 

7UNRODUDNWDQ×PODQDQODUDUDV×QGDNHQGLQL´0VOPDQµRODUDNDOJ×OD\DQODUROGX- ùXJLEL´.UWµRODUDNDOJ×OD\DQODUGDYDUG×UYHKDWWD´\HUHOYDUROXüODU×YHEHQOLNOH-UL\OHµNHQGLQLWDQ×POD\DQODUGDEXOXQPDNWDG×U %RUD 

(11)

KD]×UODPD\× KHGHIOHPLü GLQVHO NXUXP YH KL\HUDUüLOHUOH ELUOLNWH JHOH-QHNVHO WRSOXPD |]J WP NXUXP YH KL\HUDUüLOHUL GH RUWDGDQ NDOG×U-P×üW×U /DLNOLN LONHVL EX \|Q\OH .HPDOLVW LGHRORMLGH JHOHQHNVHO WRS-OXPGDQ PRGHUQ ELU WRSOXPD G|QüPQ oHUoHYHVLQL EHOLUOHPLüWLU 0HUW 

.HPDOLVW ODLNOLN DQOD\×ü×Q×Q LNL WHPHO ER\XWX YDUG×U úON RODUDN WRSOXPGDKXNXNHùLWLPJLELDODQODUGDROXüPXüRODQLNLOLNOHULNDOG×U-PDQ×Q DPDoODQPDV×G×U ûD\ODQ    %XQD J|UH ODLNOLN V|\OHPL ´ELUH\OHUL %DW×O× KPDQLVW D\G×QODQPDF× GHùHUOHUL EHQLPVHPH\H GüQPH YH PXKDNHPH HWPH WDU]×Q× ELOLPVHOOLN YH UDV\RQHOOLN |Oo-WQGH GHùLüWLUPH\H KDON×Q GüQü WDU]×Q× EHOLUOHGLùL GüQOHQ KXUDIHYHLQDQoODU×N|NQGHQ\RNHWPH\HYH\HQLWRSOXPXQWHPHOLQH SR]LWLI YH GHQH\VHO ELOLPOHULQ EDN×ü Do×V×Q× \HUOHüWLUPH\H G|QN ELU WDVDU×G×Uµ dHOLN    .HPDOL]P WRSOXPVDO YH VL\DVDO DODQGD ODLNGLQVHONDUü×WO×ù×NXUDUDNODLNOLNYHRQXQODLOLüNLOLNDYUDPODU×ROXP- ODUNHQGLQVHORODQ×ROXPVX]ODPDNWDG×U.HPDOL]P·LQGLQVHORODQ×G×ü-ODPD\D G|QN SROLWLNDODU× úVODPF× V|\OHPOH NDUü×WO×ù×Q×Q WHPHOLQL ROXüWXUPXüWXU %X QHGHQOH KHP .HPDOLVW PRGHUQOHüPHFL HOLWOHULQ KHPGHRQODU×QODLNOLNSROLWLNDODU×Q×QúVODPF×ODUWDUDI×QGDQGLQVL]OLNOH VXoODQPDV×.HPDOL]P·OHúVODPF×O×NDUDV×QGD|QHPOLELUJHULOLPQRNWDV× ROPXüWXU 7XQD\D 

úNLQFLER\XWúVODPL\HW·LVL\DVLLNWLGDU×QPHüUXL\HWND\QDù×ROPDN-WDQ o×NDUPDV× oHUoHYHVLQGH .HPDOLVW LGHRORML ´NDUü× GHYULPLQ HVDV RODUDNGLQVHOLGHRORMLELoLPLQGHRUWD\Do×NDFDù×QDLüDUHWHWPLüWLU «  .HPDOLVW ODLNOLN DQOD\×ü× LoLQGH GLQ VLYLO WRSOXPD E×UDN×ODQ JHQLü ELU |]JUON DODQ× RODUDN \RUXPODQPDP×ü DNVLQH V×N× GHYOHW GHQHWLPL DOW×QD VRNXOPXüWXUµ ûD\ODQ    =UFKHU·H J|UH GH \XNDU×GD EDKVHGLOHQYHODLNOLNLONHVL\ROXQGDLONG]HQOHPHOHURODQNXWVDOJ|U- OHQüH\KOLVODPO×NPDNDP×Q×QYHûHUL\HYH(YNDI9HNkOHWLQLQNDOG×U×-ODUDN \HULQH NXUXODQ 'L\DQHW úüOHUL 5HLVOLùL LOH (YNDI 8PXP 0GUOù·QQGRùUXGDQ%DüEDNDQO×ùDEDùODQPDV×.HPDOLVWODLNOLN

(12)

DQOD\×ü×Q×Q GHYOHWOH GLQLQ WDPDPHQ D\U×OPDV× DQODP×QD JHOPHGLùLQL GDKDoRNGHYOHWLQGLQ]HULQGHNLGHQHWLPLQLLODQHWWLùLQLDo×NoDJ|V-termekteGLU  

dLùGHP·HJ|UH&XPKXUL\HWG|QHPLQGHNLúVODPF×O×NGLQLYHGQ-\HYL RODQ DUDV×QGDNL D\U×P×Q ROXüWXUGXùX JHULOLPLQ UHGGLQH GD\DQ-PDNWDG×U %XQD J|UH EX G|QHPGH úVODPF×O×ù×Q URO üHULDW LONHOHULQLQ 

0LFKHO/DLVL]PODLNOHüPHYHODLNOLNNDYUDPODU×Q×QNoNDQODPIDUNO×O×NODU×\ODNXO-ODQ×OG×ù×Q×V|\OHPHNWHGLU<D]DU×QEHOLUWWLùLQHJ|UH´ODLNOHüPHVLYLOWRSOXPGDLQVDQ \DüDP×Q×QoHüLWOLGXUXPODU×Q×QGLQWDUDI×QGDQ\|QOHQGLULOPHVLQLQVRQDHUGLùLVUHoµ RODUDNNDEXOHGLOPHNWHGLU7RSOXPGDODLNOHüPH\ROXQGDJHUoHNOHüWLULOHQGHùLüLPOHU ED]× NLüLOHU WDUDI×QGDQ 7UNL\H HNVHQLQGH GüQGùP]GH .HPDOL]P·L EXUDGD NRQXPODQG×UDELOLUL] ´FDKLOOLNWHQELOJL\HEDW×OLQDQoWDQELOPH\HoRFXNOXNWDQROJXQ-OXùDGRùUXµELUJHOLüLPRODUDNROXPOXNDUü×ODQPDNWDG×U%DüNDODU×LVH úVODPF×O×NGD EXUDGDNRQXPODQ×\RUJ|UQPHNWHGLU$QFDNEXUDGDEHOLUWLOPHVLJHUHNHQJQP]- GHúVODPF×O×NDN×P×Q×QODLNOLùLHOHüWLUPHNWHQ]L\DGH.HPDOLVWODLNOLNDQOD\×ü×Q×HOHü-WLUPH\HEDüODP×üROPDV×G×U ´LQDQoWDQDPDoV×]O×ùDDo×NO×NWDQNDUPDü×NO×ùDPXWODN GHùHUOHULQ NHVLQOLùLQGHQ J|UHFHOLùH GRùUX ELUµ G|QüP RODUDN ODLNOHüPH VUHFLQL ROXPVX]ODPDNWDG×U /DLNOHüPH VRQXFXQGD ROXüDQ ODLNOLN NDYUDP× LVH ´%LUH\LQ GLQ RWRULWHVLQLQH]DPDQQDV×OYHKDQJLGXUXPGDNDEXOHGHFHùLQHYHGLQELOJLQOHULWDUD-I×QGDQ WHPVLO HGLOHQ X\JXODPD YH GHùHUOHULQ KDQJLOHULQL EHQLPVH\HFHùLQH NHQGLVL-QLQµNDUDUYHUPHVLGLU/DLNOHüPHQLQGLQHND\×WV×]NDOPDNWDQoRNWDPDPHQNDUü×ELU LGHRORMLKDOLQHJHOPHVLLVHODLVL]PRODUDNWDQ×PODQPDNWDG×U ² dHoHQ   .×üODO×   JLEL ED]× .HPDOLVW \D]DUODU úVODPF× HOHüWLULOHUGH .HPDOL]P·LQ GLQHNDUü×ROGXùXYHELUH\OHULQGLQLJHUHNOHUL\HULQHJHWLUPHOHULQLQHQJHOOHQGLùLVDY-ODU×QD NDUü× EX DQODPGD ODLVLVW  .HPDOL]P·LQ GLQH NDUü× ROPDG×ù× GLQL \DüDQDEL-OLUN×OG×ù×Q×VDYXQPDNWDG×UODUdHoHQ  .HPDOL]P·LQODLNOLNYHGLQSROLWLNDV×Q× úVODPL\HW·WH UXKEDQ V×Q×I× ROPDG×ù× LoLQKHU LQVDQ×Q JHUoHùH YH ELOLPH XODüPDV× JH-UHNOLOLùLQHGHQL\OHELUH\OHULQúVODP·×\DüDUNHQELOLPLYHGLQLDQODPD\DQKRFDN×O×NO× FDKLOOHUGHQ]L\DGHJHUoHNGLQDGDPODU×Q×GLQOHPHVLJHUHNWLùL´7UNXOXVXQXQGLQ-GDUO×ù×DQFDNVDGHELU\DüDPoHUoHYHVLQGHDODELOHFHùLµVDoPDVDSDQERüLQDQoODUD LQDQ×OPDPDV× JHUHNWLùL RODUDN Do×NODPDNWDG×U $\U×FD 'L\DQHW úüOHUL %DüNDQO×ù×·Q×Q NXUXOPDV×\OD GD GLQLQ PHüUXODüW×ù×Q× EX QRNWDGD .HPDOL]P·LQ JHUoHN GLQH |QHP YHUGLùLQL YXUJXODPDNWDG×U .×üODO×    0XVWDID .HPDO·LQ GLQH NDUü× ROPDG×-ù× VDGHFH GLQGH UHIRUP \DSPDN LVWHGLùLQL EHOLUWPHNWHGLU .×O×oED\ LVH GDKD IDUNO× ELUJ|Uü|QHVUPHNWH´'L\DQHWúüOHULQLQODùYHGLOPHVLGLQVHONRQXODU×QG]HQOHQ-PHVLQLQFHPDDWOHUHE×UDN×OPDV×KHUWUGLQRNXOXQXQNXUXOPDYHLüOHWLOPHVLLüLQLQ FHPDDWOHUHE×UDN×OPDV×GLQDGDP×NDGURODU×Q×QODùYHGLOPHVLµJLELGHùLüLPOHULQJHU-oHNOHüWLNWHQVRQUDELUEDüNDLIDGH\OHGHYOHWLQGLQ]HULQGHNLNRQWUROQQWDPDPHQ NDOG×U×OPDV×QGDQVRQUDDQFDNODLNROXQDELOHFHùLQLYXUJXODPDNWDG×U ² 

(13)

JHoHUOL RODFDù× ELU VL\DVDO G]HQL KD\DWD JHoLUPH oDEDV×QGDQ ]L\DGH GLQVHOOLùLNRUX\DELOPHNLoLQGLQVHORODQ×QJQGHOLNYHNXUXPVDORODUDN PPNQ RODELOGLùLQFH X\JXODQDELOLUOLùLQLQ VDùODQPDV×QD oDO×üPDNW×U  %HQ]HUüHNLOGH'XUDQGD&XPKXUL\HWG|QHPLQGHNLúVODP- F×O×ù×QHQ|QHPOLQRNWDODU×QGDQELULQLQ´VL\DVDOGLOLQµ\LWLULOPHVLROGX- ùXQXYXUJXODP×üW×U  dQN&XPKXUL\HWLQúVODPF×O×ù×|WHNL-VLRODUDNWDQ×PODPDV×J|UGùKHU\HUGHH]HUHNEDVN×F×ELU\DNODü×P VHUJLOHPHVL úVODPF× KDUHNHWOHULQ GDKD WHGELUOL oHNLQJHQ ELU VOXSOD KDUHNHWHWPHOHULQH\RODoP×üW×U%XWHGELUJHOHQHùLQLQ\DUDWW×ù×oHNLQ- JHQOLNúVODPF×O×ù×QNHQGLVLQLVDùF×KDUHNHWOHULoLQGHYH\DEDüNDVL\D-VDOO×NODU]HULQGHQWHPVLOHWPHVLQLGHEHUDEHULQGHJHWLUPLüWLU <×OPD]  dHOLN·HJ|UH.HPDOL]PWRSOXPVDOGLQLDODQ×QoRùXOOXùXQX ELUEWQGH\HQLGHQLQüDHWPHGHEDüDU×V×]ROPDV×úVODP·×QHNOHPOHQH- ELOHFHùL\ROODU×oHüLWOHQGLUPLüYHúVODP·×NDPXVDODODQGDQVLOPHJLULüL-PLúVODP·×VL\DVDOODüW×UP×üW×U   &XPKXUL\HWLQ%DW×O×ODüPD\D\|QHOLNX\JXODPDODU×Q×NHQGL\DüDP WDU]ODU×QDELUWHKGLWRODUDNDOJ×OD\DQYHNHQGLOHULQLúVODPLNLPOLNWHPH-OLQGHWDQ×POD\DQN|\OHVQDIYHHüUDIWDQROXüDQJHOHQHNVHOWRSOXPVDO \DS×Q×QGDKDVRQUDNLúVODPF×ROXüXPODUDGLQVHONLPOLNOHULQLQHQJHO- OHQPHVLQRNWDV×QGDPDùGXUOXNPD]OXPOXNJLELELUVHQVLELOLWHVDùODG×-ù×J|UOPHNWHGLU dLùGHP  .×O×NN×\DIHWWHYHNOWUHOKD\D-W×QGLùHUDODQODU×QGD%DW×O×ODüPDPXKDID]DNkUD\G×QODUYHGLQGDUKDON NHVLPOHUL WDUDI×QGDQ EDü×QGDQ LWLEDUHQ %DW×·\D NRüXOVX] WHVOLPL\HW RODUDNJ|UOPüWU.|NOHUL'3G|QHPLQHGD\DQDQVDùPXKDID]DNkU ODLNOLN\RUXPXGHYOHWLQGLQHPGDKDOHVLQLN×V×WODPDJD\UHWLüHNOLQGH ELU \DQGDQ GLQ YH LQDQo |]JUOù V|\OHPLQH Dù×UO×N YHUHUHN$QJOR 6DNVRQVHNODUL]PLQLJQGHPHJHWLULUNHQGLùHU\DQGDQGDGLQLPLOOL NLPOLùLQYD]JHoLOPH]ELUSDUoDV×RODUDNWDQ×POD\DUDNGLQLPLOOLOHüWLU-PHJD\UHWLJ|VWHUPLüWLU 0HUW %|\OHFHELU\DQGD´]D\×IDPD 

g]HOOLNOH\×O×LoLQGHFXPKXUEDüNDQO×ù×VHoLPVUHFLQGH$.3·QLQGLQVHONLP-OLùL |QH o×NDU×ü×QD NDUü× JHUoHNOHüWLULOHQ HOHüWLULOHU JHUHN 76.·QLQ  1LVDQ·GDNL HPXKW×UDV×YHJHUHNVH&XPKXUL\HW0LWLQJOHULQLQV|\OHPLNDUü×V×QGD$.3EXVHQ-VLELOLWHGHQ\DUDUODQDUDNPDùGXUYHPD]OXPWDUDI×R\QDP×üYHVHoLPOHUVRQXFXQGD \LQHWHNEDü×QDLNWLGDUDJHOHELOPLüWLU

(14)

HWNLQELUD]×QO×ù×QEURNUDVL\OHELUOLNWHDQ×ODQ%DW×O×ODüP×üODLNNOW-Uµ GLùHU \DQGD LVH ´KDON NLWOHOHULQLQ úVODP·OD ELUOLNWH DQ×ODQ \HUOL NOWUµúüWHúNLQFL'Q\D6DYDü×VRQUDV×7UNL\H·GHoRNSDUWLOLKD\D- WDJHoLOPHVL\OHELUOLNWHEX\DEDQF×ODüPD'3WDUDI×QGDQL\LGHùHUOHQGL-ULOHUHNLNWLGDUROPD\ROXQGDJHUHNOLNLWOHGHVWHùLQLVDùODP×üW×U%XROD\ GD HWNLVL JQP]GH KDOD KLVVHGLOHQ úVODPL X\DQ×ü×Q EDüODPDV×QGD HWNLOLROPXüWXU $KPDG 

6RQUDV×÷VODPF×O×ö×Q<NVHOLùLYH

.HPDOL]P·LQ5HYL]\RQX

ûHULDW WHKGLGL RODUDN WDQ×PODQDQ YH 7UNL\H·GH GLQ NXUDOODU×Q×Q JHoHUOLRODFDù×ELUGHYOHWNXUPDLVWHùLROGXùXVDY×\HQLRUWD\Do×NP×ü ELUGXUXPGHùLOGLU'DKD|QFHúVODPL\DüDPWDU]×EHQLPVH\HQELUNHVL- PLQYDUO×ù×V|]NRQXVX\GX$QFDNEXNHVLPGHQHWLPDOW×QGDWXWXOGX-ùX VUHFH LNWLGDU VDKLEL JoOHU ELU EDüND LIDGH\OH .HPDOLVW VL\DVDO HOLWOHU WDUDI×QGDQ ELU WHKGLW RODUDN DOJ×ODQPDP×üW×U$QFDN ·OHUGH 'HPRNUDW3DUWLG|QHPLQGH\HüHUPH\HEDüOD\DQEXLVWHN\×O×QGD 5HIDK 3DUWLVL·QLQ LNWLGDUD JHOHUHN Jo ND]DQPDV×\OD .HPDOLVW JoOHU Do×V×QGDQELUWHKGLWROXüWXUPXüWXU

·OHUGHoRNSDUWLOLKD\DWDJHoLOPHVL\OHV×Q×UO×GDROVDNDW×O×PF× VL\DVHWLQ JHUoHNOHüPHVL úVODPF×O×ù×Q NDPXVDO KD\DWD QIX] HWPHVL\OH VRQXoODQP×üW×U·GHoRNSDUWLOLVLVWHPHG|QNVL\DVDODo×O×PúVODP-F×O×ù×QVLVWHPHNDW×OPDV×QGD|QHPOLELULüOHYJ|UPüWUGDUEHVL VRQUDV×ROXüWXUXODQ$QD\DVDQ×QGHUQHNOHüPH\HJHQLüELURODQDNWDQ×- PDV×\ODVL\DVDODODQSDUWLOHULQWHNHOLQGHQo×NPD\DEDüODP×üW×UúVODPF×-O×N EX G|QHPGH GHUQHNOHüPHGHQ oRN SDUWL VL\DVHWLQH \|QHOPLüWLU <DYX] $QFDN&XPKXUL\HWG|QHPLQGHGHYOHWLQGHQHWLPLYH EDVN×V× QHGHQL\OH JD\U×PHüUX LODQ HGLOHQ úVODPF×O×N VL\DVDO VLVWHPH GRùUXGDQNHQGLNXUGXùXúVODPF×ELUSDUWL\OHNDW×OPDN\HULQHVDùSDU-WLOHULoLQGHSROLWLND\DSPDN]RUXQGDNDOP×üW×U <×OPD] '3 KHP VHoPHQ WDEDQ×Q× JHQLüOHWPH DPDF×QD VDKLS ROPDV× KHP GH VDù \HOSD]HGH\HUDOPDV×EDN×P×QGDQúVODPF×O×NLoLQX\JXQELU]HPLQROD-

(15)

UDNJ|UOPüWUúNWLGDUG|QHPLQGH'3NHQWOHUGHNLLüDGDP×GHUQHN-OHUL DüLUHWOHU LOH 1XUFX YH 1DNüLEHQGL JUXSODU JLEL VLYLO WRSOXPXQ WHPVLO HGLOGLùL ELU VL\DVDO ROXüXP KDOLQH JHOPLüWLU %|\OHFH VHoPHQ WDEDQ×Q×JHQLüOHWPHNLVWH\HQ'3KNPHWL1XUFXODUYH1DNüLEHQGLOHU JLELEHOOLúVODPLJUXSODU×VL\DVDOVLVWHPHHNOHPOHPLüWLU%XJHOLüPHOHUOH '3LGDUHVLDOW×QGDGHYOHWúVODP·×Q|QHPLQLIDUNHGHUHNúVODPF×\DS×-ODQPDODUDNDUü×SROLWLNDODU×QGDELU´QRUPDOOHüPH\HµJLWPLüWLU <DYX]  

·OHUGH ´úVODPF×O×ù×Q X\DQ×ü×µ RODUDN GHùHUOHQGLULOHQ úVODPF× KDUHNHWOHULQ \NVHOLüH JHoPHVLQGH G×ü ND\QDNO× ELUoRN ROD\×Q HWNLVL ROPXüWXU2UWDGRùX·GDHOLWNDUDNWHUHVDKLS%DW×O×ODüPDKDUHNHWOHULQLQ LIODV×$UDS²úVUDLOoDW×üPDV×Q×QWHWLNOHGLùLJHOLüPHOHU·GD6RY\HW 5XV\D·Q×Q$IJDQLVWDQ·×LüJDOHWPHVLúUDQ·GDNLúVODP'HYULPLEXROD\-ODUD|UQHNWLUúUDQ'HYULPL%DW×·Q×QPWHIILNLROVDGDYH\DoRNJoO ROVD GD ELU VL\DVL UHMLPLQ úVODPF×O×N WDUDI×QGDQ WDVIL\H HGHELOHFHùLQL J|VWHUPHVL Do×V×QGDQ |QHPOL ROPXüWXU 7UNL\H·GH EX \×OODUGD DUWDQ NDUPDüD RUWDP× VRQXFX DVNHUL GDUEH JHUoHNOHüPLüWLU <×OPD]   

GDUEHVL7UNL\H·GHVL\DVDOYHVRV\DOE|OQPHOHULQVWHVLQ- GHQJHOPHNYHHNRQRPL\HELULVWLNUDUVDùODPDNDPDF×\OD,0)|QF-OùQGHNL QHROLEHUDO SROLWLNDODU oHUoHYHVLQGH \DS×VDO X\XP SURJUD-P×Q× X\JXODPDN LVWH\HQ RUGX WDUDI×QGDQ JHUoHNOHüWLULOPLüWLU %X G|QHPGHRUGXNHQGLRWRULWHVLQHHQE\NWHKGLWRODUDNJ|UGùVROFX JUXSODU× EDVW×UPDN LoLQ úVODP× GHYOHWOH HNOHPOH\HQ ´7UNúVODP 6HQWH]LµQL GHVWHNOHPLüWLU %|\OHFH RUGXQXQ úVODP·D NDUü× NDW× WDYU× N×U×OP×üW×U %X G|QHPGH .XUDQ NXUVODU× Do×OP×ü GLQ |ùUHQLPL GHYOHW RNXOODU×QGD]RUXQOXKDOHJHWLULOPLüYH\HQLúPDP+DWLSRNXOODU×Do×O-P×üW×U <DYX]² 'LùHUWDUDIWDQ·OHUGHúVODPF×O×ù×Q HWNLOL ROPD\D EDüODPDV×QGD ´·OHUGH JHFHNRQGXODUGD NHQWOHULQ YDURüODU×QGD YH KDWWD N|\OHUGH KDOND N×VPHQ LQPH\L EDüDUDQµ VRO·XQ  \×O×QGDNXUXODQ$\G×QODU2FDù×WDUDI×QGDQJHOLüWLULOHUHN7UNL\H·QLQVL\DVDOKD-\DW×QDJLUHQ7UNúVODPVHQWH]LGDUEHVLVRQUDV×QGDVL\DVDOYHWRSOXPVDODODQGD EHOLUOLELUJoND]DQDUDNKHJHPRQLNOHüPH\H\|QHOHQELULGHRORMLGLU 'XUVXQ  %XLGHRORMLQLQWHPHONDUDNWHULVWLùLúVODPL\HW·LQ7UNRODELOPHQLQNRüXOXQXQúV- ODPL\HWROPDV×G×U%LUEDüNDLIDGHKDNLP|ùHPLOOL\HWoLOLNWHQoRNúVODPF×O×NW×U%|\OH-FHGLQLNLPOLNPLOOLNLPOLùHEDVN×QN×O×QP×üW×U 'XUVXQ 

(16)

GDUEH VRQXFX ERüDODQ \HULQL GROGXUDELOPHVL HWNLOL ROPXüWXU dDKD    %|\OHFH úVODPF×O×N 7UNL\H·GH \RNVXOODU×Q V|]FV UROQ VWOHQPH\HoDO×üP×üW×U%XQXEDüDUDELOPHOHULQLQQHGHQLN×VPHQ(YUHQ YHg]DOKNPHWOHULQLQúVODPF×JUXSODUODHWNLOHüLPLoLQHJLUHUHNRQODUD ELUPHüUXL\HWND]DQG×UPDODU×ROPXüWXU =UFKHU 

 VRQUDV×$1$3 LNWLGDU× G|QHPLQGH QHROLEHUDO X\XP VUHFL oHUoHYHVLQGH X\JXODQDQ SROLWLNDODUOD ELUOLNWH úVODPF×O×ù×Q WDEDQ×Q× ROXüWXUDQWRSOXPVDONHVLPOHULQHNRQRPLNJFQDUWW×UG×ù×J|UOPü- WUg]HOOHüWLUPHSROLWLNDV×\ODHùLWLPVDùO×NNOWUYHVDQDWDODQODU×Q-GD úVODPF×O×ùD ELU LYPH ND]DQG×UP×üW×U g]HOOLNOH HùLWLP DODQ×QGDNL |]HOOHüWLUPHOHUúVODPLJUXSODU×QEXDODQDJLUPHVL\OHVRQXoODQP×üYHEX GDúVODPLJUXSODUDKHPHNRQRPLNGHùHUKHPGHQLWHOLNND]DQG×UP×üW×U dDKD .UHVHOOHüPH\OHELUOLNWHGQ\DSD]DUODU×QDGDXODü×-ODELOPHVL\OH VHUPD\H XOXV GHYOHW NRQWUROQ N×UDUDN KDUHNHWOHULQGH EHOOLELUVHUEHVWOLNVDùODQP×üW×U´$QDGROXNDSODQODU×µRODUDNDGODQG×U×-ODQ úVODPL WDEDQ×Q K×]O× JHOLüLPL ´\HüLO VHUPD\HµQLQ ROXüXPXQX YH JoOHQPHVLQLVDùODP×üYHV|]NRQXVXHNRQRPLNJFQELUJ|VWHUJHVL RODUDN úVODPL EXUMXYD]LQLQ GRùXüXQX VLPJHOH\HQ 0h6ú$' kurul-PXüWXUSURJUDP×\ODELUOLNWH7UNL\H·GHELUELUL\OHoDW×üDQLNLD\U× EXUMXYD]L ROXüPXüWXU %XQODU ELU WDUDIWDQ ´SL\DVD SD\ODU× ]HULQGH UHNDEHWHWPHNOHNDOPD\×SD\Q×]DPDQGDONHQLQLGHRORMLNYHNOWUHO \|QHOLPL ]HULQGH GHµ ELU PFDGHOH LoLQGHGLUOHU %X \HQL EXUMXYD]L úVODPLGHùHUOHUHGDKDoRNGHùHUYHUHQYHGDKDD]GHYOHWPGDKDOHVL LVWHPHNWH YH GDKD ID]OD GHPRNUDVL WDOHS HWPHNWHGLU <DYX]  ² %XJHOLüPHOHUVRQXFXQGDúVODPF×VHUPD\HHOLQGHEXOXQGXU-GXùXHNRQRPLNJoRUDQ×QGDVL\DVLJFHGHRUWDNROPDNLVWHPLüWLU

7DPEXQRNWDGDLNLEXUMXYD]LDUDV×QGDNLoDW×üPDQ×Q&XPKXUL\HW 0LWLQJOHUL·QGHGHJ|UQUROGXùXQXV|\OHPHN\HULQGHRODFDNW×U%RUD  0h6ú$' 0VWDNLO6DQD\LFLYHúüDGDPODU×'HUQHùL \×O×QGDGHYOHWWDUDI×QGDQ D\U×FDO×N VDùODQDQ YH 7h6ú$' WDUDI×QGDQ WHPVLO HGLOHQ ELU N×V×P LüDGDP×QD NDUü× PFDGHOH HGHELOPHN LoLQ NXUXOPXüWXU %\N VHUPD\H\H YHULOHQ GHYOHW GHVWHùL\OH UHNDEHWLQ|QOHQGLùLELUDODQDNDUü×0h6ú$'HNRQRPLQLQWDPDPHQGHYOHWPGDKD-OHVLQGHQ DU×QG×U×ODUDN OLEHUDOOHüWLULOPHVLQL YH |]HOOHüWLULOPHVLQL VDYXQPDNWDG×U <D-YX] 

(17)

 ´üHKLUOLWDKVLOOLODLNRUWDV×Q×IODU×QLNWLVDGLYHWRSOXPVDOVWDW-OHULQL ND\EHWPH HQGLüHVLµQLQ EX PLWLQJOHULQ JHUoHNOHüWLULOPHVLQGH HWNLOL ROGXùXQX V|\OHPHNWHGLU %XQD J|UH úVODPF× NLPOLùLQ HNRQRPL-GHQNOWUHKHUDODQDQIX]HWPHVLQHGHQL\OHNHQGLOHULQLWRSOXPXQHOLW NHVLPLRODUDNDOJ×ODU×]D\×IODPDNWDG×U%XGXUXPGDHOLWNRQXPODU×Q×Q GDUDOPDV×QD\RODoDQYH´\R]ODüPDµGDQVRUXPOXWXWXODQELUGüPDQ ILJU RODUDN úVODPF×O×ùD NDUü× ELU K×Qo GX\JXVXQXQ ROXüPDV×QD \RO DoP×üW×U

7XùDO LNWLGDU LOLüNLOHULQLQ PHNDQGDNL ROXüXPXQD GLNNDW oHNHUHN KHJHPRQ\DQ×QNXUXOXüXQGDPLNURPHNDQ×Q|QHPLQHYXUJX\DSPDN-WDG×U %XQD J|UH KHJHPRQ\DF× SURMHOHU HüLWVL]OLNOHUL YH WDKDNNP GRùDOODüW×UPDNLoLQWRSOXPVDOPHNDQ×NXOODQPDNWDG×UODU Yeni kuru-ODQ FXPKXUL\HWLQ ELU DPDF× GD LGHDO NHQW \XUWWDüODU×Q×Q \DUDW×OPDV× ROPXüWXU%XEDùODPGDODLNYHNHQWOLROPD\DQGDYUDQ×üODU×QGDNHQGL- QHX\JXQ\HUOHUEHOLUOHQPLüWLU'LùHUWDUDIWDQ$.3·\OHELUOLNWHúVODPF×- ODUWDüUDO×NLWOHOHULüHKLUOHUOHEWQOHüWLUHUHNYHEXEWQOHüPHVUHFLQ- GHüHKLUOHULG|QüWUHUHNWDüUDGDNLYHVHPWWHNL\RNVXONLWOHOHULND]DQD-ELOPLüOHUGLU %X VUHoWH 53·QLQ úVODPLOHüWLUGLùL NHQW PHNDQ×Q×Q JHQHO J|UQWV VHNOHUOHüWLULOPLü DPD úVODPL Lü\HUOHULQLQ WNHWLFLOHULQ YH \DüDPWDU]ODU×Q×QGDKLOHGLOPHVL\OHüHKLUOHUD\Q×]DPDQGDN×VPHQúVOD-PLOHüWLULOPLüWLU  gUQHùLQ´$QDGROXLQVDQ×Q×QµGDXoDNOD VH\DKDW HGHELOPHVL \D GD E\N DO×üYHULü PHUNH]OHULQGH ´KHUNHVµLQ JH]HELOPHVL´HOLWµOLNNRQXPODU×Q×QWHKOLNHGHROGXùXDOJ×V×Q×\DUDWP×ü-W×U %RUD 

 .HLWK YH 3LOH PHNDQ×Q VL\DVDOO×ù×Q× YXUJXODPDNWDG×UODU dQN PHNDQ HüLWVL] Jo LOLüNLOHULQLQELUDUDF×YHLIDGHVLGLU7RSOXPVDOoHOLüNLOHUPHNDQGDV×UDGDQODüW×U×OPDN-WDJL]OHQPHNWHYHJQGHOLN\DüDP×QLoLQGHHULWLOPHNWHGLU  0HNDQYHNLPOLN oDO×üPDODU×QGD JoLNWLGDU×Q |QHPVHPHGLùL YH WRSOXPVDO G]HQ DG×QD PDUMLQGH N×\×GDNHQDUGD  WXWXOPD\D oDO×ü×ODQ WRSOXPVDO DNW|UOHULQ PHNDQVDO SUDWLNOHUL LOH EX NLPOLNOHUOH LOLüNLOL RODUDN UHWLOHQ SROLWLNDODU LQFHOHQPHNWHGLU 6DUJ×Q    .DUDPDQ·×Q   GH\LüL\OH ´PDUMLQOHU PHUNH]GHNL EWQOHüPLü YH KHJHPRQLN PHNkQODUDGLUHQLüYHNDUü×NR\PDSUDWLNOHUL\OHELUüHNLOGHPH\GDQRNXQDQNHQDUGD-NLNDUüײKHJHPRQLNPHNkQODUµRODUDNHOHDO×QPDNWDG×UODU  /HIHEYUHPHNDQ×Q \DQV×]YHHGLOJHQROPDG×ù×Q×VDYXQPDNWDG×U0HNDQUHWLOLUYH\HQLGHQUHWLOLUEX Do×GDQELUPFDGHOHDODQ×Q×WHPVLOHWPHNWHGLU  

(18)

<LQH %RUD·Q×Q   oRN \HULQGH YHUGLùL ELU |UQHN  *HQHO 6HoLPOHULQLQ\D]D\×QGD\DS×O×\RUROPDV×QD.HPDOLVWHOLWOHULQYHUGLùL WHSNL\OHLOJLOLGLU´&XPKXUL\HWHVDKLSo×NPDV×EHNOHQHQOHULQ « WDWLO \DSPDKDNN×QDVDKLSLPWL\D]O×]PUHOHUROGXùX&XPKXUL\HWLWHKGLW HWWLùLGüQOHQUH\SRWDQVL\HOLQLQLVH]DWHQWDWLOHJLWPH\HQJLGHPH-\HQOHUH GD\DQG×ù×µQ× LPD HWPHNWHGLU %RUD  ²  %|\OHFH .HPDOLVW HOLWOHU úVODPL NLPOLùH VDKLS$.3·QLQ LNWLGDU×Q× KHP HNRQR-PLN DODQGDNL o×NDUODU×QD KHP GH WRSOXPVDO DODQGDNL D\U×FDO×NODU×QD NDUü×ELUWHKGLWRODUDNDOJ×ODP×üODUG×U ·ODU×QEDüODU×7UNL\H·GHVL\DVDODODQGDNL\DU×OPDODU×QDUWW×ù× \×OODUROPXüWXU%XoHUoHYHGHODLNOHUOHúVODPF×ODUDUDV×QGDNLNXWXSODü-PDGDK×]ODQP×üW×U%XNXWXSODüPDLoLQGHED]×HQWHOHNWHOOHU EXQODU DUDV×QGDELUoRNHVNLOLEHUDOYHKDWWDVRV\DOLVWGH\HUDOP×üW×U úVODPF×O×-ù×QNHQGL\DüDPELoLPOHULQLWHKGLWHWWLùLQRNWDV×QGDNODVLN.HPDOL]P·H G|QPH\L|QHUPLüOHUGLU'LùHUWDUDIWDQVL\DVDOSDUWLOHUGHGHELUE|OQ-PHEDüJ|VWHUPLüWLU0+3·QLQGLQGDUNDQDG×VD\×ODQELUJUXSD\U×ODUDN %\N%LUOLN3DUWLVL·QLNXUPXü'HQL]%D\NDO·×Q&+3·\LWHNUDUNXUPD-V×6+3·GHELUE|OQPH\DUDWP×üW×U =UFKHU²  %XGHùLüLPOHUOHELUOLNWHPRGHUQOLNGHùHUOHUL\OHúVODPF×O×NDUDV×Q-GDELUHWNLOHüLPPH\GDQDJHOPLüYHúVODPF×O×NPRGHUQOLNGHùHUOHULQL NHQGL V|\OHPLQH HNOHPOHPH\L EDüDUP×üW×U g]HOOLNOH  ûXEDW VRQUDV× VUHoWH úVODPF×O×N HVNL V|\OHPLQL WHUN HGHUHN %DW×O× NDYUDPODU× KHJH-PRQ\D PFDGHOHVLQH HNOHPOHPLüWLU ·O× \×OODUOD ELUOLNWH 5HIDK 3DUWLVL·QLQ LoLQGH PH\GDQD JHOHQ ´JHOHQHNoLOHUµ YH ´\HQLOLNoLOHUµ E|OQPHVL EX GHùLüLPL HWNLOH\HQ ELU ROD\G×U %|\OHFH úVODPF×O×N ·ODU×QVRQODU×QDNDGDUVHUWELUPXKDOHIHWJ|VWHUGLùLPRGHUQOHüPH $% $%' NDUü×V×QGDNL WXWXPXQX GHùLüWLUPHN GXUXPXQGD NDOP×üW×U 5HIDK 3DUWLVL LNWLGDU× G|QHPLQGH %DW× DOH\KLQGHNL GüPDQFD WDY×U 7UNL\H·QLQ\]Q$UDSONHOHULQHG|QPHVLYHE|\OHFH+×ULVWL\DQ $YUXSD·\DNDUü×0VOPDQ'RùX·\XJoOHQGLUPHoDEDV×V|]NRQXVX  (UEDNDQEDüEDNDQRODUDNLON]L\DUHWLQLúUDQ·D\DSDUNHQELUVRQUDNLWXULoLQLONGXUDN RODUDN0×V×UYH/LE\D·\×WHUFLKHWPLüWLU+HUKDQJLELU%DWׁONHVLQL]L\DUHWHGHPHGHQ GHLNWLGDUGDQGüPüWU dDN×U² 

(19)

ROPXüWXU  ûXEDW VRQUDV×QGD NHQGL LoLQGH ELU |]HOHüWLUL JHOLüWLUHQ úVODPF× KDUHNHWWH ELU E|OQPH \DüDQP×üW×U %X E|OQPH\OH ED]×ODU× ´GLOOHULQL×O×PO×ODüW×U×SXOXVDOYHXOXVODUDUDV×VLVWHPOHUHHQWHJUHROPDµ oDEDV× LoLQH JLUHUNHQ EX oDED LoLQGH ´OLEHUDOµ ELU úVODPF× V|\OHP EHQLPVHPH\ROXQDJLWPLüOHUGLU<LQHEX\×OODU×QEDüODU×QGD5HFHS7D\-\LS (UGRùDQ OLGHUOLùLQGH RUWD\D o×NDQ ´\HQLOLNoL DN×Pµ úVODPF×O×N NLPOLùLNRUXQDUDNELUNLWOHSDWLVLKDOLQHJHOLQHELOPHVLLoLQELUKDUHNHW EDüODWP×üW×U%XJHOLüPHOHUVRQXFXQGD7HPPX]·GHJHOHQHNoL-OHULQ5HFDL.XWDQ·×QJHQHOEDüNDQO×ù×QGD6DDGHW3DUWLVL·QLNXUPDV×LOH $ùXVWRV·GH(UGRùDQ·×QEDüNDQO×ù×QGD\HQLOLNoLOHULQ$GDOHWYH .DON×QPD 3DUWLVL·QL NXUPDV×\OD úVODPF×O×N NHQGL LoLQGH E|OQPüWU dDN×U² ûXEDWVRQUDV×5HIDK3DUWLVLGHQH\LPLQLL\L GHùHUOHQGLUHQ$.3$YUXSD·\DNDUü×WXWXPXQXWHUVLELU\|QGHGHùLüWLU-PLüWLU7UNL\H·QLQ|QQGH|QHPOLELUKHGHIRODQ$%·\HJLULüVUHFLEX WXWXPXQROXPOXROPDV×Q×ROGXNoDHWNLOHPLüWLU%XVUHoWHNLGHPRNUD-WLNOHüPH SDNHWOHUL ELU \DQGDQ NLPOLN IDUNO×O×NODU×QD oHüLWOL LPNkQODU YHUPHVLDo×V×QGDQGLùHU\DQGDQGD7UNL\H·GHRUGXQXQVL\DVDODODQ- GDNLHWNLVLQLN×V×WODPDV×úVODPF×O×ùD.HPDOL]P·L\×SUDWPDRODQDù×WDQ×-PDNWDG×U%|\OHFHJHUHNúVODPF×O×ù×Q$%\HOLNVUHFLQLGHVWHNOHPHVL  53%DüNDQ×(UEDNDQ·×Q%DW×NDUü×V×QGDELUJoROXüWXUPDNLoLQ%DW×·GDNLNXUXPODU×Q EHQ]HUOHULQL0VOPDQGQ\DV×QGDJHUoHNOHüWLUPH\H\|QHOLNGüQFHOHUHVDKLSWL 0VOPDQhONHOHUL%LUOHüPLü0LOOHWOHU7HüNLODW× %0 0VOPDQhONHOHUH6DYXQPD úüELUOLùL7HüNLODW× 1$72 0VOPDQhONHOHU2UWDN3D]DU7HüNLODW×YH%LUOLùL $%  0VOPDQhONHOHU2UWDN3DUD%LULPL (XUR YH0VOPDQhONHOHU.OWUúüELUOLùL 7HüNLODW× 81(6&2 EXNXUXPODUDUDV×QGDG×U dDN×U   %XUDGDDOW×oL]LOPHVLJHUHNHQQRNWDGHYOHWLQHWNLVLQLQJLGHUHND]DOW×OPDV×Q×Q\XUW-WDüODUDo×V×QGDQVL\DVDONDW×O×P\ROODU×Q×QDo×OPDV×YHVLYLOWRSOXPXQJHOLüWLULOPHVL DQODP×Q×WDü×PDPDV×G×U.HPDOLVWEORNNDUü×V×QGDúVODPLGHùHUOHUHVDKLSNHVLPLQ JoND]DQPDV×DPDoODQPDNWDG×U  +ROODQGDO×+×ULVWL\DQ'HPRNUDWJUXS\HVLSDUODPHQWHU$ULH2RVWODQGHUWDUDI×QGDQ KD]×UODQDQ \×OO×N 7UNL\H 5DSRUX·QGD .HPDOL]P·LQ$% VUHFLQGH LOHUOHPH\H HQJHO WHüNLOHWWLùLüXLIDGHOHUOH\HUDOP×üW×U¶·7UNGHYOHWLQLQWHPHOIHOVHIHVLRODQ.HPDOL]P 7UNGHYOHWLQLQEWQOùQH\|QHOLN|OoV]ELUHQGLüHND\QDù×ROX\RU.HPDOL]P 7UNNOWUQQYHPLOOL\HWoLOLùLQLQKRPRMHQOLùL]HULQGHGXUX\RU'HYOHWoLOLNRU- GXQXQJoOUROGLQHNDUü×oRNNDW×ELUWDY×UJLEL\DNODü×PODUD|QFHOLNYHUHQ.H-PDOL]PIHOVHIHVL7UNL\H·QLQ$%·\HNDW×O×P×QDN|VWHNROXüWXUX\RU·· KWWSZZZ WHNDGDPGHYULPLFRPWHNDGDPGHYULPLWDGBPDNDOHWDGBPDNDOHBGLJHUBKWP 

(20)

JHUHN$%·QLQ7UNL\H·QLQUHVPLLGHRORMLVLRODUDN.HPDOL]P·LID]ODVHUW EXODUDN\XPXüDWPDoDEDV×.HPDOLVWHOLWOHUL$%NDUü×W×ELUWXWXPWDN×Q-PD\D LWHUNHQ úVODPF×ODU LVH %DW×·\D X\XP VDùODPD \ROXQD JLWPLüOHU-GLUg]\UHN·LQGHEHOLUWWLùLJLELSHNoRN.HPDOLVW\XUWWDü$YUXSD·Q×Q \HQL PRGHUQOLN WDQ×P×Q× EHQLPVHPHPHNWHGLU %X NHVLPOHU $% YH $%'·QLQ7UNL\H·GHNL.UWVRUXQXYHLQVDQKDNODU×LKODOOHULNRQXVXQ-GDNL \DNODü×P×QD \|QHOWLOHQ HOHüWLULOHUL 7UNL\H·QLQ NHQGL Lo LüOHUL PHVHOHOHULQHGRùUXGDQPGDKDOHRODUDNDOJ×ODPDNWDG×UODU  

%|\OHFH $.3 GHQH\LPL 0LOOL *|Uü·Q NHQGL LoLQGH E|OQHUHN LoLQGHQo×NDQELUJUXEXQLNWLGDUGD×O×PO×ODüPDV×\ODNHQGLQLLGHRORMLN RODUDNG|QüWUPHVLVUHFLQLLoHUPHNWHGLUúNLQFLDüDPDGDLVHOLEHUDO-OHUOHROXüWXUXODQKHJHPRQLNEORNDUDF×O×ù×\OD.HPDOL]P·LQYHGHYOHWoL DQOD\×ü×Q G|QüWUOHUHN NUHVHOOHüPH VUHFLQH X\PD\DQ \|QOHULQLQ WDVIL\HHGLOPHVLJHUHùLNRQXüXOPD\DEDüODQP×üW×U 8]JHO 

 (\OO UHMLPLQLQ 7UN úVODP VHQWH]L PRGHOLQL GHVWHNOHPHVL YH QHROLEHUDOSROLWLNDODUD\RODo×OPDV×LOHELUOLNWH.HPDOLVWoHYUHOHULQLVH GHYOHWH NDUü× GX\GXNODU× JYHQ D]DOP×üW×U %XQXQ VRQXFXQGD QHR .HPDOLVW RODUDN DGODQG×U×ODELOHFHN ELU DN×P×Q GRùGXùX V|\OHQHELOLU 1HR.HPDOL]PLQoHOLüNLVLKHPGHYOHWLLoLQGHEXOXQGXùX]RUOXNODUGDQ NXUWDUPDNLoLQRUGX\XJ|UHYHoDù×UPDKHPGHVLYLOWRSOXPXQFXP-KXUL\HWDG×QDKDUHNHWHJHoPHVLQLLVWHPHVLQGH\DWPDNWDG×U (UGRùDQ  6LYLOWRSOXPXQKDUHNHWHoDù×U×ODUDNGHYOHWLLoLQGHEXOXQ-GXùX ]RUOXNWDQ NXUWDUPDGD ELU URO YHULOPHVL UHVPL LGHRORMLQLQ DUW×N VLYLOWRSOXPDGD\D\×OPDV×QD\RODoP×üW×U´%|\OHFHLNWLGDU]RUODPDF× YH H]LFL ROGXùX G|QHPGHQ GDKD \HUOHüLN ELU KDOH EUQPüWUµ <Dü×Q 'LùHUWDUDIWDQGDNXUXOXüJQOHULQHQRVWDOMLNELUEDù- 7XùDOUDGLNDOúVODPF×O×ù×QEXüHNLOGHG]HQ\DQO×V×KDUHNHWOHUHG|QüPQQKHU

QHNDGDU´VDùO×NO×ELUHYULPELU|ùUHQPHVUHFLX\XPVDùODPDDNOLOHüPHLüELUOLùL VHNOHUOHüPHYHGHPRNUDWLNOHüPHµRODUDNJ|UOHELOPHVLQLQUDùPHQEXVUHFL´KH-JHPRQ\DQ×Q NXUXOXüX YH UDGLNDOL]PLQ PDVVHGLOLüL RODUDN GHùHUOHQGLUPHNWH YH úV- ODPF×O×ù×QJHoLUGLùLEXG|QüP*UDPVFL·GHQDO×NR\GXùXSDVLIGHYULPNDYUDP×\-ODDo×NODPD\DJLULüPHNWHGLU$\U×FD$.3·QLQH\OHPOHULQGHYHVHPEROOHULQGHúVODPL |ùHOHUOHPRGHUQ|ùHOHULQELUDUDGDROPDV×JHUoHNúVODPF×O×ù×JL]OH\HQELUWDNL\\HJL-ULüLPLQGHQ]L\DGHDOWHUQDWLIELUPRGHUQOLùLQROXüWXUXOPDoDEDV×Q×QLüDUHWLGLU   

(21)

O×O×ù× LIDGH HGHQ V×UDGDQ \XUWWDüODU×Q UHVPL LGHRORMLQLQ VHPEROOHULQL Lü\HUOHUL YH HYOHU JLEL |]HO DODQODUD WDü×PDV×\OD .HPDOL]P NDPXVDO DODQ×WHUNHWPHGHQ|]HODODQDWDü×QP×üW×U %XDQODPGD.HPDOLVWHOLW- OHULOHEXQODU×QVLYLOGHVWHNoLOHULúVODPF×O×ùDNDUü×WRODUDNNHQGLLGHROR- MLYHNRQXPODU×Q×NRUXPDNDPDF×\ODGHYOHWRWRULWHVLG×ü×QGDNLVHPERO-OHUGHQ EROFD \DUDUODQP×üODUG×U %|\OHFH EX \HQL VHPEROLN G]HQ YH |]HOOHüWLUPHOHU.HPDOL]P·H\HQLELUPHüUXL\HWND]DQG×UP×üW×U g]\-UHN    úQVDQODU×Q YFXWODU×QD \DSW×UG×NODU× .HPDO $WDWUN G|YPHOHULQGHQ DUDEDODUD \DS×üW×U×ODQ .HPDOL]P HWLNHWOHULQH NDGDU JQGHOLNKD\DWDJLUHQSHNoRNVHPERO.HPDOLVWLGHRORMLQLQSRSOHU-OHüPHVLQLQ J|VWHUJHVL RODUDN NDEXO HGLOHELOLU %XQX ´1RVWDOMLN .HPD-OL]Pµ RODUDN WDQ×POD\DQ g]\UHN ·ODU 7UNL\HVLQH \RùXQ ELU LOJL\L LIDGH HGHQ EX J|UQPQ DVO×QGD NODVLN DQODPGD .HPDOLVW LONHOHULQKHJHPRQ\DV×Q×QVRQXRODUDNRNXQDELOHFHùLQHLüDUHWHWPHNWH-GLU %XQD J|UH .HPDOL]P DUW×N PXWODN YH KHJHPRQLN ROPDNWDQ oRN \XUWWDüODU×Q NRUXQPDV×QD LKWL\Do GX\DQ JoV] ELU LGHRORMLGLU EX QRNWDGD.HPDOLVW\XUWWDüODULGHRORMLOHULQLULWHOOHULQLYHVHPEROOHULQL NXUXPODU×Q×QYHHYOHULQLQPDKUHPDODQODU×QDKDWWDEHGHQOHULQHWDü×\D-UDNELUVDYXQPDELoLPLJHOLüWLUPLüOHUGLU   7UNL\H&XPKXUL\HWL·QLQNXUXOXüXQGDQEX\DQDúVODPF×O×N]DPDQ LoLQGHGHULQG|QüPOHUJHoLUPLüWLU<XNDU×GDNLDo×NODPDODU×ü×ù×QGD EXVUHFLVDGHFH.HPDOL]P·OHNDUü×WO×NLOLüNLVLLoLQGHQDQODPDN]RUGXU $\Q×üHNLOGHúVODPF×O×ù×QEXG|QüPVUHFLQLRQODU×QOLEHUDOOHüPHYH GHPRNUDWLNOHüPHOHULQHEDùODPDNGD\HWHUVL]NDODFDNW×UdQNúVODP- F×ODU×QJHUHN.UWVRUXQX\ODLOJLOLSROLWLNDODU×QDYHJHUHNVHGHPRNUD-WLNOHüPH oDEDODU×QD EDN×OG×ù×QGD WRSOXPXQ WRSWDQ |]JUOHüPHVLQGH ]L\DGHúVODPLNHVLPOHUH|]JUELUKDUHNHWDODQ×VDùODPDoDEDV×GLNNDW oHNPHNWHGLU 'LùHU WDUDIWDQ ·OHU VRQUDV×QGD NUHVHOOHüPHQLQ GH HWNLVL\OHúVODPF×O×ù×QV|\OHPVHOPFDGHOHVWUDWHMLOHULLQVDQKDNODU×YH  ´/DLN UHMLP NXUXFX OLGHU 0XVWDID .HPDO$WDWUN·Q NDUL]PDV×Q×Q UXWLQOHüPHVLQH GD\DO×EURNUDWLNELUPHNDQL]PDLQüDHWPLüWL'HYOHWGDLUHOHULRNXOODUYHWPNDPX-VDODODQODU$WDWUNKH\NHOOHULEVWOHULYHSRUWUHOHUL\OHGRQDW×OP×üW×úONRQ\×OODUGD UHMLPLQWDü×\×F×ODU×RODQ|ùUHWPHQOHUQLYHUVLWHYHHGHEL\DWoHYUHOHULDYXNDWODUN- oNPHPXUODUKHU]DPDQ$WDWUN·QSROLWLNDODU×Q×QYHLPJHOHULQLQüHPVL\HVLDOW×Q-GDNL\HUHORWRULWHÀJUOHULROPXüODUG×µ 7XùDO 

(22)

GHPRNUDWLNOHüPH V|\OHPOHULQGHQ EHVOHQLUNHQ IDUNO× NLPOLNOHULQ GHPRNUDWLNWDOHSOHULLOHQHROLEHUDOSROLWLNDODUDX\XPVUHFL\OHELUOLNWH GHULQELUNUL]HJLUHQ.HPDOL]PLVHPFDGHOHVWUDWHMLOHULQLGHùLüWLUPH\H \|QHOPLü VLYLO WRSOXP V|\OHPL\OH ELUOLNWH VLYLOOHüPH oDEDODU× |QHP ND]DQP×üW×U7XùDO·×QGDEHOLUWWLùL]HUH7UNL\H·GHNLVL\DVLWDUW×üPDODU LVH úVODPF×ODU×Q \DüDG×ù× oRN ER\XWOX G|QüP OLEHUDOOHüPH YH GHPRNUDWLNOHüPH\OH Do×NOD\DQ GLùHU \DQGDQ LVH úVODPF×O×ù×Q WDN×\\H \DSDUDNJL]OLELUDMDQGDV×ROGXùXQXYXUJXOD\DQo×N×üV×]ELUNDUü×WO×ùD KDSVROPXüGXUXPGDG×U  

+DEHU6|\OHPLYH$QODP×Q÷QùDV×

.OWUHO oDO×üPDODU \DNODü×P× LoLQGH NRQXPODQDQ HOHüWLUHO KDEHU DQDOL]OHULQGH KDEHU QH OLEHUDO oRùXOFX \DNODü×PGDNL JLEL ´JHUoHùL ROGXùXJLEL\DQV×WDQµELUROJXQHGH´HJHPHQHOLWOHULQo×NDUODU×GRù- UXOWXVXQGDoDUS×W×OP×üµELOJLGLU7PEXQODU×Q|WHVLQGHKDEHUNHQGL-QH|]J\DS×ODQPDV×RODQNDUPDü×NELUVUHoVRQXQGDROXüPDNWDG×U +DOO YG·QH J|UH GH PHG\D EDVLWoH KDEHU GHùHUL WDü×\DQ ROD\ODU×Q DNWDU×F×V×GHùLOGLUDVO×QGD+DEHUOHUVLVWHPDWLNELUV×Q×IODPD\DYHWRS- OXPVDORODUDNLQüDHGLOHQNDWHJRULOHUHJ|UHNRQXYHROD\ODU×QVHoLOPH-VL\OHEDüOD\DQNDUPDü×NELUVUHFLQUQGU  

7XFKPDQ   YH +DOOLQ·LQ   V|\OHGLNOHULQH EDNW×ù×P×]GD KDEHULQ VDGHFH ROD\ YH ROJXODUOD LOJLOL ELOJLOHU LoHUPHGLùLQL YH IDNDW GQ\DGD\DüDQDQODULOHEXGQ\DGDNLEL]YHGLùHUOHUL\OHLOJLOLWDQ×P-ODU×GDLoHUGLùLQLo×NDUVD\DELOLUL]'ROD\×V×\ODKDEHUWRSOXPVDOELOJLQLQ UHWLOGLùLELUDODQG×U%XUDGDPHG\D\ODLOJLOLRODUDNKDEHUPHWLQOHULQLQ LoHULùLQLEHOLUOHPHELUEDüNDLIDGH\OHELOJL\LGHQHWOHPHJFELULNWLGDU X\JXODPDELoLPLRODUDNJ|UOHELOLU%XQDJ|UHKDEHUV|\OHPOHULQLNLP- OHULQROXüWXUGXùXNLPOHULQEXV|\OHPOHUHXODüDELOGLùL\DGDXODüDPD-G×ù×|QHPOLKDOHJHOPHNWHGLU*HQHORODUDNV|\OHQGLNWHoHüLWOLV|\OHP ELoLPOHULQHYHLIDGHOHULQHHULüLPGHIDUNO×O×NROXüWXUXODUDNGROD\O×ROD- UDNELULNWLGDUX\JXODQDELOLU+DEHUV|\OHPOHULQGHELOJLQLQGHQHWLPL- QLQKDEHULQ\DS×ODQ×ü×\DQLEDüO×NVHoLPOHULQH\LQQDV×OV|\OHQHFHùL-QLQEHOLUOHQPHVLND\QDNVHoLPLYE\ROX\ODVDùODQG×ù×Q×J|UPHNWH\L] 9DQ'LMN 

(23)

*HQHO RODUDN EDN×OG×ù×QGD ROD\×Q ]DPDQVDO RODUDN EHNOHQPHGLN ROPDV× LOH JD]HWHFLOHULQ ROD\ o×NW×ù× DQGD ROD\ \HULQH XODüDELOPH LPNkQV×]O×ù× JD]HWHFLOLN SUDWLNOHUL ]HULQGH EDVN× \DUDWDQ XQVXUODU RODUDNJ|UOPHNWHGLU%XEDVN×PXKDELUOHULQROD\o×NW×ù×DQGDXODüD-ELOPHOHUL LoLQ EHOOL \HUOHUGH PHFOLV DGOL\H YE \HU WXWPD JHUHùLQL ROXüWXUPXüWXU7XFKPDQ·DJ|UHPXKDELUOHULQDùELoLPLQGHNLGDù×O×P× KDEHULQ \DS×V×Q×Q DQDKWDU |ùHVL ROPDV× Do×V×QGDQ WHRULN |QHPGHGLU 0HUNH]LOHüWLULOPLü NXUXPVDO PHYNLOHUGH KDEHU Dù×Q×Q X]DP× VDELWOH-PHVL KDEHU RODQ JQON ´JHUoHNOLùLQµ V×Q×UODU×Q× GD EHOLUOHPHNWHGLU %LU GLùHU |QHPOL VRQXFX LVH PXKDELUOHULQ EXUDODUGD \HU WXWPDV× EX NXUXPODU×Q ROD\OD LOJLOL WDQ×PODU×Q×Q KDEHUH JLUPHVL\OH VRQXoODQDUDN NXUXPXQNDPXGDNLPHüUXL\HWLQLGHJoOHQGLUPHNWHGLU ²  0RORWFKYH/HVWHUROD\ODU×Qo|QHPOLDNW|UWDUDI×QGDQROXüWXUXO-GXùXQXV|\OHPHNWHGLU%LULQFLVLELUROD\×EHOLUOH\HQKDEHUWHüYLNoLOHUL QHZV SURPRWHUV  LNLQFLVL KDEHU WHüYLNoLOHULQLQ VDùODG×ù× PDO]HPH\L NDPXVDO ROD\ KDOLQH JHWLULS \D\×POD\DQ KDEHU DNWDU×F×ODU× QHZV DVVHPEOHUV YHVRQXQFXVXGDKDEHUWNHWLFLOHULRODUDNRNX\XFXL]OH\L-FLGLU QHZVFRQVXPHU   

.OWUHO oDO×üPDODU \DNODü×P×Q×Q |QGH JHOHQ LVLPOHULQGHQ 6WXDUW +DOOGDKDEHUV|\OHPLQLQJD]HWHFLOLùLQJQONSUDWLNOHULLoLQGHROXüWX-ùXQX YH KDEHU UHWLP VUHFLQGHNL ]DPDQVDO YH PHNDQVDO N×V×WO×O×ù×Q ELUoRN|QHPOLNRQXYHROD\GDELULQFLOND\QDNODU×QJ|UüOHULQLQKDEHUH JLUPHVLQHQHGHQROGXùXQXEHOLUWHUHN7XFKPDQYH0RORWFKYH/HVWHU·×Q EXOJXODU×Q× GHVWHNOHPLüWLU +DOO YGQLQ KDEHU ND\QDNODU×Q× ´ELULQFLO WDQ×POD\×F×ODUµRODUDNJ|UUNHQJD]HWHFLOHULGHDNWDUDQROPDNWDQ]L\D-GH SURIHV\RQHO QRUPODU LoLQWDQ×POD\×F×ODUµRODUDNJ|UUNHQJD]HWHFLOHULGHDNWDUDQROPDNWDQ]L\D-GH ROD\ YH ROJXODU× \HQLGHQ WDQ×POD\DQ ´LNLQFLO WDQ×POD\×F×ODUµ RODUDN HOH DOPDODU× Do×V×QGDQ GDKD DNWLI ELU NRQXPD \HUOHüWLUGLNOHUL J|UOPHNWHGLU +DOO YG    %HQ]HU üHNLOGH+DFNHWWGD  KDEHUPHG\DV×Q×QWRSOXPVDOVUHoOHULLQFH- OHPHNYHEXVUHoOHULPHüUXODüW×UPDNELoLPLQGHJHUoHNOLùLQNXUXOPD-V×QGDDNWLIELUUROROGXùXQXYXUJXODP×üW×U+DOO·DJ|UH  üH\OHULQ QDV×OWDQ×PODQG×ù×U×]DQ×QUHWLPLQGH|QHPOLGLU$QFDNEXPHG\DQ×Q üH\OHULROGXùXJLELDNWDUG×ù×J|Uü\OHDQODü×ODPD]%XQXQLoLQüHIIDI GLODQOD\×ü×Q×QVRUJXODQPDV×JHUHNLUdQN

(24)

«JHUoHNOLNEDVLWoHYHULOLELUROJXODUGL]LVLRODUDNJ|UOHPH]JHUoHNJHUoHN- OLùLQEHOLUOLELUWDU]GDNXUXOPDV×G×UPHG\DJHUoHNOLùL\DOQ×]FD\HQLGHQUHW-PH] D\Q× ]DPDQGD WDQ×PODU *HUoHNOLN WDQ×PODU× WP ELU JHQLü DQODPGD  GLOVHOSUDWLNOHU\ROX\ODGHVWHNOHQLSUHWLOL\RUGXYHEXGLOVHOSUDWLNOHUDUDF×O×- ù×\ODJHUoHN·LQVHoLOPLüWDQ×PODU×WHPVLOHGLOL\RUGX$PDWHPVLOHWPH\DQV×W- PDGDQoRNIDUNO×ELUQRV\RQ7HPVLOHWPHDNWLIELUVHoPHYHVXQPD\DS×ODQ-G×UPDYHELoLPOHQGLUPHLüLQLLPDHGHU<DOQ×]FD]DWHQYDURODQDNWDUPDGHùLO DPDGDKDDNWLIELUüH\OHUHDQODPYHUPHLüLQLLPDHGHU +DOO  %XQDJ|UHGLOLQDQODPODU×QDNWDU×F×V×ROPDG×ù×EXQXQ\HULQHGLOLQ NXOODQ×P×LoLQGHDQODPODU×QROXüWXUXOGXùXQDYXUJXODQPDNWDG×U +DOOYG·QH  J|UHELUROD\×DGODQG×UPDNROGXNoD|QHPOLGLU dQNELUDGODQG×UPDRROD\×GHùHUOHQGLUPHNOHNDOPD]EHOOLELUEDù- ODPDGDRWXUWXU9HEXQGDQVRQUDNLWPD\Q×DGODQG×UPDODU×QNXOOD-Q×OG×ù× ROD\ODUGD EX EDùODP WP DQODP YH \DQ DQODPODU×\OD KDW×UOD-Q×U <D]DUODU×Q GLOL\OH LIDGHOHQGLULUVHN ´0HG\D QH EDVLWoH KDEHUL \DSDUQHGHNRPSORFXELUVOXSODV|\OHQLUVHHJHPHQV×Q×I×QLGHRORMLVL-QLDNWDU×U0HG\DDo×NoDELULQFLOWDQ×POD\×F×GHùLOGLUDQFDNPHG\DYH JoLNWLGDU DUDV×QGDNL \DS×ODQP×ü LOLüNL LoLQGH PHG\D\D HULüLPGH |QFHOLNOLNRQXPDVDKLSDNUHGLWHND\QDNODU×QGXUXPWDQ×PODU×Q×\HQL-GHQ UHWHUHN ROGXNoD |QHPOL LNLQFLO ELU URO R\QDUµ %|\OHFH PHG\D LNLQFLOWDQ×POD\×F×NRQXPXQGDG×U +DOOYG 

 +DOOYGQLQoDO×üPDV×QGD´PXJJLQJµ VR\JXQ NDYUDP×Q×QúQJLOL]PHG\DV×QGDNXO-ODQ×OPDV×Q×Q VDGHFH EDVLW ELU VR\JXQ DQODP×QGDQ ]L\DGH GDKD JHQLü \DQ DQODPODU LoHUHQNXOODQ×P×ROGXùXQXEHOLUWLOPHNWHGLU%XQDJ|UHNDYUDP·ODUGDVR\JXQ ELUNLüL\LJDVSHWPHJLELDQODPODUDVDKLSNHQNDYUDP×QGDKDJHQLüELUEDùODPDJ|Q-GHUPH\DSDUKDOHJHOPHVL$%'·GHJHUoHNOHüHQELUG|QüPOHROPXüWXU·ODUOD ELUOLNWH$PHULND·GD´PXJJLQJµEDVLWoHELUDGOLVXoXDQODWDQELUNDYUDPRODUDNJ|- UOPHNWHQo×NDUDNJHQHORODUDNVRV\DOYHVL\DVDOKD\DW×NXüDWP×üJHULOLPYHSUREOHP-OHULoLQPHUNH]LELUVLPJHKDOLQHJHOPLüWLU'ROD\×V×\OD´PXJJLQJµNDYUDP×$PHULND WRSOXPXQXQNUL]LQL\DQV×WDQVRV\DOWHPDODU×QWPELUNRPSOHNVLQLLIDGHHGHUKDOH JHOPLüWLU%XWHPDODUDUDV×QGD×UNo×O×NX\XüWXUXFXJLWWLNoHNHVNLQOHüHQVL\DVDOJHUL-OLPOHUYHSURWHVWRKDUHNHWOHULYEVD\PDNPPNQúüWHúQJLOWHUH·QLQ$PHULND·GDQ LWKDOHWWLùL´PXJJLQJµNDYUDP×VDGHFHDGOLELUVXoXQWDQ×P×RODUDNGHùLOWPEDù-ODP×YHLoHUGLùL\DQDQODPODU×\ODELUOLNWHJHOPLüWLU%|\OHFH$PHULND·GDQQDNOHGLOHQ NDYUDPOD ELUOLNWH úQJLOWHUH VDGHFH VR\JXQ NRUNXVXQX GHùLO VL\DKODU X\XüWXUXFX PLOLWDQKDUHNHWOHULQ\NVHOLüLNDUü×V×QGD$PHULND·Q×Q\DüDG×ù×NRUNXYHSDQLùLGH LWKDOHWPLüWLU +DOOYG² 

(25)

g]HWOHHOHüWLUHOKDEHUDQDOL]OHULQGHKDEHUEHOOLELUNLüLYH\DJUX-EXQJ|UüOHULQL\DQV×WDQELUDUDoRODUDNGHùLOoHüLWOLo×NDUODU×Q\HQLGHQ UHWLOGLùLYHNXUXOGXùX\DS×ODQP×üELUV|\OHPRODUDNHOHDO×QPDNWDG×U +DEHUPHG\DNXUXPODU×Q×QHNRQRPLSROLWLùLLOHJD]HWHFLOLùLQJQON SUDWLNOHULLoLQGHROXüPDNWDG×U%LU\DQGDQJQONUXWLQLoLQGH]DPDQ YHPHNDQN×V×WO×O×ù×ELU\DQGDQGDQHVQHOOLNWDUDIV×]O×NGHQJHOLOLNJLEL JD]HWHFLOLNSURIHV\RQHOHWLNNRGODU×ND\QDNEDù×PO×O×ù×Q×\DUDW×U%|\-OHFH EDKVHGLOHQ oDO×üPDODUGD GD EHOLUWLOGLùL JLEL WRSOXPGD EHOOL ELU JFHVDKLSNLüLYHNXUXPODU×QV|\OHPOHULKDEHULoLQGH\HQLGHQNXUX-OXU 'ROD\×V×\OD EX JHOHQHN LoLQGH XOXVDO YH HOLW KDEHU NXUXPODU× YH JD]HWHFLOLùLQHJHPHQLGHRORMLOHULLQüDHWPHGHYHDQODPODQG×UPDGDNL URO]HULQGHGXUPXüODUG×U -RUJHQVHQYH+DQLW]VFK 'ROD\×-V×\ODWRSOXPVDOLNWLGDU×QNXUXOGXùXYHVUGUOGù\HURODQKDEHU V|\OHPLQLQDQODü×ODELOPHVLLoLQKDEHULQGLOLQLDQDOL]HWPHN|QHPOLGLU %X Do×GDQ 9DQ 'LMN·×Q |QHUGLùL KDEHULQ PDNUR YH PLNUR \DS×ODU×Q×Q o|]POHPHVLQL LoHUHQ V|\OHP o|]POHPHVL PRGHOL KDEHULQ \DS×ODü-PDV×Q× RUWD\D o×NDUPDN Do×V×QGDQ EWQONO ELU \DNODü×P RODUDN J|UQPHNWHGLU

 $QFDNJQP]GHNUHVHOJoLOLüNLOHULQLQNDUPDü×NO×ù×YHo×NDUODU×Q×QDOG×ù×ELoLP ·OHUYH·OHUGHKDNLPRODQJD]HWHFLOLNoDO×üPDODU×QD|QHPOLELUPH\GDQRNXPD RODUDNRUWD\Do×NP×üW×U%XQXQODELUOLNWHJD]HWHFLOLNoDO×üPDODU×Q×Q|]HOGHGHKDEHU oDO×üPDODU×Q×Q GDU DODQGDQ o×NDUDN GDKD JHQLü ELU DODQD EDNPDV× JHUHNOLOLùL V×NoD YXUJXODQPD\DEDüODP×üW×U%XEDN×PGDQKDEHUSUDWLNOHULQLQXOXVODUDUDV×NDUü×ODü- W×UPDO×oDO×ü×OPDV×ROGXNoD|QHPOLGLU %LUG %XQXQELUDQODP×GDDUDüW×U-PDF×ODU×Q$QDDN×P JD]HWHFLOLùLQ LOJLOHQGLùL |UQHùLQ HOLW XOXVODU LOHUL JHOHQ KDEHU NXUXOXüODU×YH|QHo×NDQJD]HWHOHUG×ü×QGDEXQODU×Q|WHVLQHEDNPDNW×U%XEDùODPGD \HUHOKDEHUNXUXOXüODU×Q×QKDEHUSUDWLNOHULDOWHUQDWLIPHG\DKDEHU\DSPDELoLPOHUL LQFHOHQHELOLUdQNHOLWKDEHUNXUXOXüODU×Q×QKDEHUSUDWLNOHULQHEDNDUDNJHQHOOHPH \DSPDN YH ´SD\ODü×ODQ ELU NOWUµ ROXüWXUPDN \HUHO YH DOWHUQDWLI KDEHU SUDWLNOHUL DUDV×QGD D\U×P \DSPD\× ]RUODüW×UPDNWDG×U -RUJHQVHQ YH +DQLW]VFK   %X JH-OLüPHOHUOHELUOLNWH|QFHGHQKDEHU\DS×ODU×Q×QEHQ]HUOLùL]HULQGHGXUXUOXUNHQ\HQL JHOLüPHOHUOH KDEHU \DS×ODU×Q×Q IDUNO×O×ù× DUDüW×U×OPD\D EDüODQP×üW×U +DEHULQ NOWU LoLQGHROXüWXùXYHNOWUHOELUROJXROGXùXYXUJXODQPD\DEDüODP×üEXQXQODELUOLN-WHGHSUIHV\RQHOLGHRORML\OHELUOLNWH´KDEHURGDODU×Q×QNOWUµQDQODPDN|QHPOL KDOHJHOPLüWLU%XDQODPGDKDEHUoDO×üPDODU×QGDVRV\RORMLNDo×NODPDODUGDQNOWUHO SHUVSHNWLÁHUHJHoLüROGXùXJ|UOPHNWHGLU %HUNRZLW] 

(26)

9DQ 'LMN \D]×O× EDV×Q KDEHUOHULQLQ o|]POHQPHVL LoLQ ELU PRGHO ROXüWXUGXùX 1HZV DV 'LVFRXUVH   DGO× oDO×üPDV×QGD KDEHUOHUL NDPXV|\OHPLQLQELUIRUPXRODUDNHOHDO×U+DEHUOHULELUV|\OHPELoLPL RODUDN WDQ×POD\DQ YDQ 'LMN KDEHU V|\OHPLQLQ o|]POHQPHVLQLQ GH GLVLSOLQOHUDUDV×ELUoDO×üPDROGXùXQDYXUJX\DSDU

<DS×ODFDN DQDOL]GH 9DQ 'LMN·×Q V|\OHP o|]POHPHVL PRGHOLQGH \DSW×ù× D\U×PGD KDEHUOHULQ PDNUR YH PLNUR \DS×ODU× LQFHOHQHFHNWLU 0DNUR \DS×ODU DQDOL] HGLOLUNHQ VW EDüO×N EDüO×N DOW EDüO×N VSRW YH KDEHU JLULüOHUL LQFHOHQHUHN ROD\D YH DNW|UOHUH GDLU KDQJL WHPDODU×Q KDEHUOHUGH\HUDOG×ù×YHKDQJLWHPDODU×Q|QHo×NW×ù×ELUEDüNDLIDGH\OH KDEHUOHULQKDQJLWHPDODUHWUDI×QGDNDSDQG×ù×QDEDN×ODFDNW×U+DEHULQ PLNUR\DS×V×RODQV|]FNVHoLPOHULLOHDQODPLQüDODU×RUWD\Do×NDU×OPD-\DoDO×ü×OP×üW×U

6|]FN VHoLPOHUL PLNUR \DS×Q×Q o|]POHQPHVLQGH HQ |QHPOL E|OPOHUGHQELULGLUdQNYDQ'LMN·DJ|UHEXWUVHoLPOHULQVRV\DO YHLGHRORMLNLPDODU×oRNDo×NRODELOLUD\U×FDPXKDELULQKDEHUDNW|UOHUL YHKDEHUROD\ODU×KDNN×QGDNLJ|UüOHULQLQLüDUHWLGHRODELOLU   $\Q×NLüLQLQWHU|ULVWYH\D|]JUONVDYDüo×V×RODUDNWDQ×PODQPDV× YDQ 'LMN \DGDELUSURWHVWRJ|VWHULVLQLQ´GHPRNUDWLNKDNDUD\×ü×µ \DGD´PDUMLQDOµRODUDNQLWHOHQGLULOPHVL|UQHNRODUDNYHULOHELOLU'LùHU WDUDIWDQ &XPKXUL\HW PLWLQJOHULQLQ RWXUWXOGXùX EDùODP×Q KDQJL ND\-QDNODU×Q NXOODQ×OPDV×\OD NXUXOGXùXQX GD DQDOL] HWPHN oDO×üPDQ×Q DPDF× Do×V×QGDQ |QHP WDü×PDNWDG×U %XQD J|UH WHPDWLN KL\HUDUüLGH |QHo×NDQWHPDODU×QNLPOHULQoHUoHYHOHUL\OHNXUXOGXùXQDEDN×OP×üW×U

&XPKXUL\HWPLWLQJOHULQLQPHG\DGDQDV×OVXQXOGXùXQDEDN×ODFDù× EX DUDüW×UPDGD 7UNL\H·GH PHG\DQ×Q \HQL \DS×V× LoLQGH LQFHOHQHFHN JD]HWHOHU DLW ROGXNODU× VHUPD\H JUXSODU× LOH EDùO× ROGXNODU× LGHRORMLN \DS× J|] |QQH DO×QDUDN VHoLOPLüWLU %XQD J|UH 'RùDQ *UXEX·QD DLW

+UUL\HW LOH dXNXURYD *UXEX·QD DLW $NüDP JD]HWHOHUL VDù SRSOHU

GHùHUOHUL WHPVLO HWPHVL <HQL *Q +DEHU $MDQV× %DV×Q YH <D\×QF×O×N $û·\LWHPVLOHQ&XPKXUL\HW9DNI×DG×QD2UKDQ(ULQo·LQLPWL\D]VDKLEL

(27)

ROGXùX&XPKXUL\HWJD]HWHVLILNLUJD]HWHFLOLùLQLYH.HPDOLVWGHùHUOHUL WHPVLOHQ )H]D *D]HWHFLOLN DG×QD$OL$NEXOXW·XQ VDKLEL ROGXùX )HW- KXOODK*OHQFHPDDWLQH\DN×Q=DPDQYH%DüEDNDQ(UGRùDQ·D\DN×QO×- ù×\ODELOLQHQ$OED\UDN*UXEX·QDDLW<HQLûDIDNLOHPLWLQJOHUJHUoHNOHü-WLULOLUNHQ $OL g]PHQ 6DID·Q×Q VDKLEL ROGXùX 6WDU JD]HWHOHUL úVODPL PXKDID]DNkUGHùHUOHULWHPVLOHQVHoLOPLüWLU

+DEHUOHUGH.XOODQ×ODQ.D\QDNODU

+DEHU]HULQH\DS×ODQELUoRNoDO×üPDGDLNWLGDUX\JXOD\×F×ODU×Q×Q KDEHUND\QDù×RODUDNNXOODQ×OG×ù×RUWD\DNRQXOPXüWXU +DOORUDQ(OOLRW YH 0XUGRFN  *80*  +DOO YG  0RORWFK YH /HVWHU   'ROD\×V×\OD WRSOXP LoLQGH EHOOL ELU VWDW\H VDKLS YH EHOOL ELU JF HOLQGH WXWDQ NLüL JUXS YHYH\D NXUXPODU×Q ROD\ODUOD LOJLOL GüQFHOHUL\RUXPODU×YHGXUXPWDQ×PODU×KDEHUOHUGHWHPVLORODQDù× EXOPDNWDG×U +DQJL KDEHU ND\QDù×Q×Q NXOODQ×ODFDù×QD LVH JD]HWHQLQ \D\×Q SROLWLNDV×QD YH EDùO× ROGXùX LGHRORMLN \DS×\D J|UH NDUDU YHULO-PHNWHGLU+DEHUND\QDù×Q×QV|]OHULKDEHUPHWQLLoLQGHYHULOHELOHFHùL JLEL KDEHULQ EDüO×ù×QGD GD NXOODQ×ODELOLU úQFHOHQHQ WP JD]HWHOHUGH J|UüOHULQH\HUYHULOHQNLüLOHULQV|]OHULoRùXQOXNODKDEHUOHULQEDüO×ù×-QD o×NDU×ODUDN Do×NODPDODU×Q JHUL NDODQ×J|UüOHULQH\HUYHULOHQNLüLOHULQV|]OHULoRùXQOXNODKDEHUOHULQEDüO×ù×-QD KDEHU PHWQLQGH \HU YHULO-PLüWLU

+DEHUOHUGHJ|UüOHULQH\HUYHULOHQKDEHUND\QDNODU×Q×QLIDGHOHUL LNLELoLPGHEDüO×NWDNXOODQ×OP×üW×UúONELoLPGHNXOODQ×ODQLIDGHOHULQELU  &XPKXUL\HW *D]HWHVL·QGH RUWDNODU×Q SD\ODU×Q×Q QH NDGDU ROGXùX Do×NODQPDVD GD ELU N×VP×Q×Q &LQHU·H ELU N×VP×Q LVH .DUDPHKPHW·H DLW ROGXùX V|\OHQPHNWHGLU 7R-SX] %LUGLùHUV|\OHQWLGH$\G×Q'RùDQ·×QGDSD\×ROGXùXGXU $\NRO  +UUL\HW*D]HWHVL·QGHLüWHQo×NDU×ODQ(PLQd|ODüDQGDVRQUDGDQo×NDUG×ù×NLWDE×QGD $\G×Q'RùDQ·×Q&XPKXUL\HW*D]HWHVL·QHPDGGLNDWN×GDEXOXQGXùXLoLQRUDGDoDO×ü-W×U×OPDNLVWHQPHGLùLQLEHOLUWPLüWLU  

 CuPKXUL\HW *D]HWHVL  0D\×V D\×QGD 0XVWDID .HPDO·LQ LVWHùL GRùUXOWXVXQGD \DN×Q DUNDGDü× <XQXV 1DGL WDUDI×QGDQ NXUXOPXüWXU úVWDQEXO PHUNH]OL EX JD]HWH ´FXPKXUL\HWUHMLPLQLQHQ\HWNLOLV|]FVµROPXüYHEXUHMLPLKDONDVHYGLUPHNYH FXPKXUL\HWUHIRUPODU×Q×EHQLPVHWPHUROVWOHQPLüWLU 7RSX] %XJQH NDGDUGD\D\×QSROLWLNDV×QGD.HPDOLVWGHùHUOHULQVDYXQXFXOXùXQXoHüLWOLNHVLQWLOH-UHUDùPHQVUGUPüWU

(28)

NLüL\HDLWROGXùXDQODü×O×UNHQLNLQFLNXOODQ×PWUQGHDO×QW×Q×QNLPGHQ \DS×OG×ù× EHOOL ROPDPDNWDG×U ´0LOOHW WHKOLNH\L J|UGµ &XPKXUL\HW 

1LVDQ ´3DNHU.UVGHNLOHUKDON×QWHPVLOFLVLGHùLO =DPDQ0D\×V   EDüO×NODU×QD EDN×OG×ù×QGD JHUHN \DS×ODQ DO×QW×Q×Q W×UQDN LoLQH

DO×QPDV×YHJHUHNVHEDüO×NWDDO×QW×\DS×ODQNLüLQLQDG×Q×QEHOLUWLOPHVL\-

OHEDüO×ù×QELUNLüLQLQJ|UüROGXùXEHOOLROPDNWDG×U$QFDN0H\GDQ-GDNLNDODEDO×ùDGHùLONUVQQDUNDV×QGDNLRUJDQL]HJoOHUHGLNNDW =DPDQ 0D\×V $\G×QO×NUHMLPLQELUUHoHWHVL &XPKXUL\HW1LVDQ

|UQHNOHULQGH EDüO×ù×Q DO×QW× ROGXùX KLoELU üHNLOGH DQODü×OPDPDNWDG×U %|\OHOLNOH LGHRORMLN ELU WHUFLKOH EDüO×NWD EHOLUWLOHQ J|UüOHU JD]HWHOHU WDUDI×QGDQVDQNLNHQGL\RUXPODU×\P×üoDV×QDLoVHOOHüWLULOPLüWLU

úQFHOHQHQJD]HWHOHUGHKDEHUHNRQXRODQROD\×QWDQ×PODQPDV×QGD VL\DVHWoLOHUVLYLOWRSOXPNXUXOXüX\HWNLOLOHULPLWLQJRUJDQL]DW|UOHULYH PLWLQJOHUGH NRQXüPD \DSDQODU ED]× JD]HWHFL YH \D]DUODU JYHQOLN JoOHULLOH\DEDQF×UHVPL\HWNLOLOHUKDEHUND\QDù×RODUDNNXOODQ×OP×üW×U 0LWLQJOHUH NDW×ODQ YDWDQGDüODU×Q J|UüOHUL LVH KLoELU JD]HWHGH \HU DOPDP×üW×U6DGHFHPLWLQJOHUGHDW×ODQVORJDQODUYHWDü×QDQSDQNDUWODUD DW×I \DS×OP×üW×U $QFDN EX DNWDU×PODU×Q ROD\OD LOJLOL JHQHO oHUoHYH\L EHOLUOH\HQJHQHOWHPD\DYXUJX\DSPDODU×J|]|QQGHEXOXQGXUXOPD- V×JHUHNHQELUD\U×QW×G×U&XPKXUL\HWPLWLQJOHULQLQLQFHOHQGLùLJD]HWH-OHUGH DNUHGLWH ND\QDNODUD ROD\ODU× oHUoHYHOH\HFHN ELoLPGH \HU YHULO- PLüWLU'ROD\×V×\OD+DOOYHGLùHUOHULQLQGHEHOLUWWLùLJLELELULQFLOWDQ×P-OD\×F×ODU EX JD]HWHOHUGH GH HOH DO×QDQ NRQX\X WDQ×POD\DUDN VRUXQXQ oHUoHYHVLQLROXüWXUPXüODUG×UYHGHYDP×QGDROD\ODLOJLOLWDUW×üPDODUEX VRUXQHWUDI×QGDHOHDO×QP×üW×U +DOOYG 

+DEHU ND\QDNODU×Q×Q NXOODQ×P×QGD ELU GLùHU |QHPOL QRNWD GD KDEHU ND\QDNODU×Q×Q KDQJL Do×NODPDODU×Q×Q YXUJXODQG×ù×G×U dQN DQDOL] HGLOHQ JD]HWHOHUGH IDUNO× JD]HWHOHULQ D\Q× ND\QDù×Q \DSW×ù× D\Q×Do×NODPDQ×QIDUNO×N×V×PODU×Q×EDüO×ùDWDü×PDV×\ODIDUNO×DQODPODU ROXüPXüWXU´6L]LVWHGLQL]EL]ELUOHüWLNV×UDVL]GH\UHNVROGDµ +UUL\HW

0D\×V   ´%L] ELUOHüWLN V×UD PLOOHWWHµ &XPKXUL\HW  0D\×V   ´%D\NDO%LUOHüWLN6H]HU%LUOHüPHGLNµ <HQLûDIDN0D\×V ´úNLOLGHU PLWLQJ \ROXQGD IDUNO× NRQXüWX %D\NDO ¶%LUOHüWLN J|UHY PLOOHWWH· 6H]HU LVH ¶%LUOHüPHGHùLO'63VHoLPHNDW×OPDPDWDYU×Q×RUWD\DNR\GX·GHGLµ 6WDU

Referanslar

Benzer Belgeler

But two months dead: nay, not so much; not two, (1.. When it comes to dealing with the social-cultural, politicall and historical events and their results in Turkey, a new

The EMS upheavals of 1992-3, far from undermining the case for EMU as a widely supposed, simply highlight the shortcomings of interdependent nations attemting to make monetary

Bu araştırma, Marmara Üniversitesi Pendik Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi kayıtlarında bulunan ve evde bakıma ihtiyacı olan hastaların bakım verenlerinin

Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus 91 National Scientific and Educational Centre for Particle and High Energy Physics, Minsk,

tün insanlar yönünden tatminkâr ve herkesi mutlu kılacak biçimde dü- zenlenmmesi anlamına gelen adalet, toplumsal mutluluk olarak nitele­ nebilir. Oysa ki bu anlamda adil,

16µl luminol ve 5µl FMLP eklenerek nötrofil agregasyon ve kemiluminesansı değerlendirildi Çalışmanın üçüncü aşamasında aktif nötrofillerden elde

kullanılarak uygulanması sonucu elde edilen ortalama ROC sonuçları..39 Çizelge 4.6 Farklı benzerlik metriklerinin kesişim gen listesi kullanılarak LAST_DE parmak

The prevalence of adrenal insufficiency (AI) has been reported to be 66% in decompensated cirrhosis, 33% in acute liver failure, 72% in patients in transplantation centers, 51%