Network Factor Impactto Muslim SMEs Success: Religious Practice as Moderator
Nadratun Nafisah Abdul Wahab*1, Muhammad Nasri Md Hussain2, Norlinda Mohd Rozar3,
Nursyamilah Annuar4, EmyEzura A. Jalil5
1Faculty of Management and Economics, Sultan Idris Education University (UPSI), Perak 2Islamic Business School, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, Kedah (UUM)
3Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), Kuala Nerus, Kuala Terengganu 4Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM), Perlis 5School of Technology Management and Logistics, Universiti Utara Malaysia 1nadratun@fpe.upsi.edu.my,2mnasri@uum.edu.my,3norlinda.rozar@umt.edu.my, nsyamilah.annuar@gmail.com, 5ezura@uum.edu.my
Article History: Received: 10 November 2020; Revised: 12 January 2021; Accepted: 27 January 2021; Published online: 05 April 2021
Abstract: This study set out to presents the results of an empirical study of the the relationship betweennetworking to
Muslim SMEs success and Islamic practice as moderator. Recent studies have not been able to establishIslamic practices as a moderator especially for Muslim SMEs success. Therefore, a study was conducted on 122 successful Muslim SMEs (business over three years) under PUNB (Perbadanan Entrepreneur Nasional Berhad) using simple random sampling method and data were analyzed using PLS software (Partial Least Squares). The results show that network factor have a relationship on the Muslim SMEs success and Islamic religious practice factor moderate this relationship. This finding has a significant impact on Muslim SMEs as network factors and religious practice factors need to be taken into consideration by entrepreneurs and agencies involved with SMEs.
Keywords: Networking, success, Muslim SMEs, religious practices, moderators
1. Introduction
The entrepreneurial world is always surrounded by endless opportunities and challenges. This has made entrepreneurship field change over time and is always in demand for new studies (Aminul, Aktaruzzaman, Abu, & Syed, 2011; Batra, 2012; Hassan & Abdullah, 2016; Stam, Arzlanian, & Elfring, 2014). In particular, the need for a successful Muslim SME (Small and Medium Enterprises) study is important to carry out empirically because of the lack references in this field. The success Muslim SMEs is still questionable and needs immediate attention (Nasri & Muhammad, 2012).
As known as a Muslim country, the demands of a specific study on the Muslim SMEs success are alarming. It has been reported that 97 percent of all businesses in Malaysia are from the SME sector. It accounted for 36 percent of the country's GDP in 2016, 65 percent of the employment sector and 18 percent of the country's exports (Bajet, 2017; SMECorp, 2017). Of the entire SME industry, only 37 percent are Muslim SMEs(Parlimen, 2016; SMECorp, 2016). This has led to the importance of SMEs role in the country. However, this phenomenon has not been successful for Muslim SMEs in Malaysia.
From the Islamic point of view, the failure of Muslim SMEs can affected the image of Muslims and the demands of fardhu kifayah in Islam not being met. In particular, success in Islamic entrepreneurship is a well-deserved success and has many benefits. However, the success of Muslim SMEs is still very low. Referring to the Quran there are verses that promote religious practice. These include:
“people whom neither commerce nor striving after profit diverts them from remembering Allah, from establishing Prayer, and from paying Zakah; people who dread the Day on which all hearts will be overturned and eyes will be petrified;”
(Translation surah al- Nuur 24:37)
Nevertheless, empirical studies on the Islamic pratice in Muslim SMEs are lacking and this has led to the need for more studies to be carried out in the future. ResearcherHisrich, Langan-fox and Grant (2007), stated in their findings that the factor of success was not sufficient to explain success. There are moderating factors to consider. Among the suggested factors are religious factors. Zulkifli dan Rosli (2013)on the other hand, suggested religious studies as a moderating factor. From these statements, this study aimed to determine the influence of Islamic religious practices as moderators.
Nadratun Nafisah Abdul Wahab*, Muhammad Nasri Md Hussain, Norlinda Mohd Rozar, Nursyamilah Annuar, Emy Ezura A. Jalil
Carlsson, & Lyytinen, 2013). Network factor focus on the relationship between humans. Examples of the strength of the relationship between owners / managers with the public and other parties such as suppliers, partners, customers, government agencies, trade organizations and social organizations determine accessibility from various sources(Salaff, 2003).
From an SMEs perspective, networking is a source of business investment(Hoyos-Ruperto, Romaguera, Carlsson, & Lyytinen, 2013; Dimitratos, Amoros, Etchebarne, & Felzensztein, 2014; Klyver & Foley, 2012; Tang, 2011; Yákara, Walter, & Viviane, 2016). In the early stages, smaller SMEs typically face market entry barriers compared to larger SMEs, especially in formal business relationships. For small SMEs, it was difficult to gain the recognition and trust of network partners (Zaheer & Bell, 2005; Zahra, 2012). The process that SMEs take in building, developing and maintaining relationships is important in fostering a level of trust between network partners and in turn leading to resource exchange(Dubini & Aldrich, 1991; Hoyos-ruperto et al., 2013). The benefits of exchanging information within the network, creating business opportunities and thus providing important and up-to-date market resources.
Network, in general, enable SMEs to leverage the power of information (Bratkovic, Antoncic, & DeNoble, 2012). It can reduce operating expenses by providing early information to plan actions, especially if there is a combination of information from multiple sources. In particular, for newly created SMEs, a combination of entrepreneurial personal networks and newly built networks at the start of the SMEs need to be developed since the start of the SMEs. (Agbim & Oriarewo, 2012).As the network began to contribute to the entrepreneurial goals, these relationships became the social capital for SMEs. The impact of network reputation stems from the network experience gained from the work environment before becoming an entrepreneur.Although, Kheng (2012)SMEs have found networking among Malay entrepreneurs in terms of finance, information and infrastructure facilities are not significant.
Dess (1996)However, it is found that there are two types of network relationships weak or strong relationships. A strong network is an entrepreneur who is constantly in touch (interacting regularly) with his network members. On the other hand, weak networks refer to entrepreneurs who rarely contact and interact with their network members. There are several types of networks that have been used to describe relationships in the entrepreneurial environment, namely social and informal networks that include relationships with family and friends.Andersson et al. (2015)suggest strategic networks are often used to assess relationships and create an SME. Assessments are made from sources and information from network members consisting of customers, distributors, suppliers and competitors(Venkatesh dan Bala, 2012).
While it is said that network activity is a factor in entrepreneurial success, a small number of SME entrepreneurs experience some negative effects from it (Tang, 2011). The negative effect is due to the dissatisfaction with the response to the kindness given to other members and the same thing happens often.Dalfsen (2012)its findings suggest that the structure of the network that is built can explain the pattern of relationships among members of the entrepreneur's personal network while the network of activities describes entrepreneurs' interactions with others such as government agencies, trade unions and social organizations.
Kheng (2012)stated that the book was not significantly correlated with success among the Malay entrepreneurs in Malaysia. This opinion is also supported byHoyos-ruperto, Romaguera, Carlsson, dan Lyytinen (2013)saying that the network factors studied can be a hindrance to success if they fail to exploit the opportunities they see. However Javed (2012)found that network factors benefit SMEs who are capable of accessing information from a variety of sources related to SMEs, and thus contribute to increased success.
In the context of this successful study of Muslim SMEs, a better entrepreneurial environment is that members networking effectively with each other. (Setyawati, 2012). While the Islamic practice is a moderating factor that need to be studied. As discussed above, this study focuses on the relationship between network success factorto the Muslim SMEs success and the Islamic practice as a moderator.
2. Research design
Referring to the objectives of the study, two hypotheses were developed:
H1: The network has a significant relationship with the success of Muslim SMEs
Figure 1.Theoretical Framework
The theoretical framework of Figure 1 was constructed in reference to the basic theory Resource-Based View (RBV) (Barney, 2001). The theoretical framework consists of internal and external factors that have been selected based on the characteristics of the variables that are compatible with VRIN (Value, Rarity, Imitability, Nonsubstitutable) and which are not infrequent with reference to RBV theory in forming a competitive firm (Kristandl & Bontis, 2007; Lockett, Thompson, & Morgenstern, 2009).
The dependent variable in this study was the success of Muslim SMEs. For this study, variables were measured by adapting the instrument used by Hazlina et al. (2011)come from Chandler dan Hanks (1993)in seeing success defined by Saunders et al. (2009). In addition, this studylooks at measuring the success of Muslim SMEs through financial, non-financial, business development and comparisons with competitors. There were 22 items in Bahasa Malaysia used using the five-point Likert scale (Table 1).
Table 1.Successful Measures of Muslim SME Studies Items (A)
1 PKS saya mendapatkeuntunganmengikutjangkaan 2 Jualanproduk/servis PKS saya menguntungkan 3 Perkembanganpusinganjualan saya memuaskan
4 PKS saya telah mencapai titikpulang modal (balik modal) 5 PKS saya berjayamemenuhipermintaanpasaran
6 Secara keseluruhannya, PKS saya adalahmemuaskan 7 PKS saya berkembangseiring dengan kerjaya saya 8 Pelangganberpuashati dengan produk/servis PKS saya 9 PKS saya mempunyaipelanggan-pelanggan yang setia 10 Pekerjaberpuashati dengan PKS saya
11 Hubungan PKS dengan pembekaladalahbaik 12 Imej PKS saya diterima oleh komuniti
13 Hubungan sesama PKS di kawasan saya adalahbaik
14 PKS saya membuatkankehidupan dan pekerjaan saya seimbang 15 PKS saya tidak menghadapimasalahpulangan ke atas jualan 16 Pusingan modal PKS saya adalahmencukupi
17 Untungbersih PKS saya adalahmencukupi
18 Segmenpasaransediaadaadalahmencukupi untuk PKS saya 19 Kadar pulangan modal PKS saya adalahbaik
Nadratun Nafisah Abdul Wahab*, Muhammad Nasri Md Hussain, Norlinda Mohd Rozar, Nursyamilah Annuar, Emy Ezura A. Jalil
20 Jumlahjualan PKS saya bertambahbaik 21 Segmenpasaran PKS saya bertambahbaik 22 Alirankewangan PKS saya adalahtetap Source: (Hazlina et al., 2011)
In this study, the definition of operation used is the relationship of networks within and outside of Muslim SMEs that support the success of Muslim SMEs. Network measurement is adapted from(Tang, 2011). Items expanded from Brislin(1970). The list of measurement items is in Bahasa Malaysia as follows Table2.
Table 2.Construction Network Study Measurement Dimensions and items (B)
1
Komitmen
Kepercayaan dan komitmenjangkapanjang di dalam hubungan PKS diutamakan 2 Masalah yang timbul dengan rakanniagadiselesaikan dengan cara yang fleksibel 3 Semasa menghadapikesukaran, sokonganrakankongsiadalahpenting
Strategi
4 Penilaian aktivitirangkaian PKS dibuatberdasarkankepada mencapai matlamat PKS 5 Pengaruh yang dimiliki oleh rakanniagadapatmembantu mencapai matlamat PKS 6 Halatujurangkaiandiperbaikisupayaselari dengan matlamat PKS
Keterbukaan
7 Hubungan dengan pembuat keputusan adalahpenting untuk PKS 8 PKS membuat kajian untuk penambahbaikanrangkaian
9 Hubungan PKS dengan rakanniagaadalahbaik
10 Hubungan PKS dengan rangkaiansetiappekerjaadalahbaik Source: (Tang, 2011)
Variables of Islamic religious practices are defined as practical things that are practiced in Muslim SMEs according to the teachings of Islamic religion such as ritual (Worship), forgiveness / forgiveness (al-A'fw), belief (Faith) and remembering Allah S.W.T (Zikrullah). The instrument used for this variable is adapted from (Fazl-Ul-Karim, 1993). Measurements of Islamic religious practices are adapted from(Naail, Ali, & Sulaiman, 2014). The list of items of this study is in Bahasa Malaysia as follows Table 3.
Table 3.Construction of Islamic Religious Practice Study Dimensions dan Items (C)
1
Perbuatan (Ibadat)
PKS menggalakkanpekerja-pekerja untuk berdoa bersama-samasebelummemulakan kerja
2 PKS menyediakan kemudahan surau kepada pekerja-pekerja
3 PKS menggalakkanpekerja-pekerja untuk menunaikansolatberjemaah 4 PKS menggalakkanmajlisberbukapuasa bersama-samakepadapekerja-pekerja 5 PKS menggalakkansolatistikharahkepadapekerja untuk membuatpilihan
Kemaafan (al-A’fw)
6 Wakil PKS saya
akansegeramemohonmaafkepadapekerja-pekerjaapabilamenyedaritelahmelakukankesalahan
7 PKS
mengamalkanbudayamemintamaafkepadapekerja-pekerjajikaberlakusebarangpenganiayaan
8 PKS mengamalkanurusan yang adil dan murahhati
9 PKS beroperasimengikutsyariat kerana Allah S.W.T sentiasamelihatsetiapperbuatan yang dilakukan
Kepercayaan (Iman)
10 PKS saya tidak menjalankankegiatan haram untuk mengelakkemurkaan Allah S.W.T 11 PKS memastikanpekerja-pekerja PKS menunaikansolat lima waktuwalaupun di dalam
12 PKS secara keseluruhannyamengamalkan amalan yang baik dan menyerahkankepada Allah S.W.T untuk menentukankejayaannya
13 PKS membantumenguruskan zakat gajipekerja-pekerja Mengingati Allah S.W.T (Zikrullah)
14 PKS menggalakkanpekerja-pekerja untuk berdoaapabilaberhadapan dengan masalah 15 PKS menggalakkanpekerja-pekerja untuk memintapertolongan Allah S.W.T dalam
membuat keputusan-keputusan penting
16 PKS menggalakkanpekerja-pekerja untuk memohonampunkepada Allah S.W.T apabilamelakukankesalahan
17 PKS menggalakkanpekerja-pekerja untuk memohonampunkepada Allah S.W.T apabilamelakukankesilapan
Source: (Naail et al., 2014)
3. Findings / Discussions
Table 4 shows the results of this independent sample t-test and shows that there is only a small difference in average scores between the initial and final groups for each construct. Thus, thisindicates that these respondents were free of bias feedback, and this fact is supported by the Levene
Test of Variance Equations in Table 5. The Levene test also shows that no significant construct means that there is no difference between the two groups and further emphasizes that there was no bias in the feedback in this study.
Table 4.Statistics for the Independent T-Test
Construct Group N Everage Std. Deviation t Value
Muslim SME Success First 61 3.8182 .56839 .07278
Second 61 3.7407 .50016 .06404
Networking First 61 4.3164 .55383 .07091
Second 61 4.1982 .59006 .07555
Islamic Practices First 61 4.2064 .48001 .06146
Second 61 4.1456 .50346 .06446
Table 5.Levene Test
Variables Varians t-testfor Mean
F Sig. t Df Sig. (2-tailed)
Muslim SME Success 1.082 .300 .799 120 .426
Networking .046 .831 1.141 120 .256
Islamic Practices .067 .796 .682 120 .496
*p<0.05 **p<0.01***p<0.001
4. Consistency Reliability and Convergent Validity
The next step for assessment is the ability to believe in internal consistency (CR)(Hair et al., 2014). The internal consistency reliability of the reflective model needs to be greater than 0.7 (Hair et al., 2014). The results from this study indicate that the composite value is 0.917 (SME Muslim success), 0.940 (networking) dan 0.928 (Islamic practices). This result shows that all variables have high value for internal consistency reliability. Table 6 shows the reliability values of the composite variables.
For reflective indicators, the validity of a construct can be measured by looking at the extent to which one indicator is related to another indicator in the same construct. Hair et al. (2014)proposes three forecasting methods for measuring convergence validity, namely item factor loadings, average extracted variance (AVE) and
Nadratun Nafisah Abdul Wahab*, Muhammad Nasri Md Hussain, Norlinda Mohd Rozar, Nursyamilah Annuar, Emy Ezura A. Jalil
composite reliability. At the beginning stage, the factor loadings of the items are seen first. Factor load value should be greater than 0.70, while value less than 0.40 should be dropped.
While factor loadings of 0.40-0.70 should be considered to be dropped if increasing the composite reliability and average extracted variability. In addition, the average value of the extracted variant should be greater than 0.50 to indicate that the counter can explain half of the variance indicator. Furthermore, in order to measure convergence validity, the composite reliability value should be greater than 0.70 (Hair et al., 2014). Items dropped are A1, A3, A4, A9, A15, A16, A17, A18, C2, C3, C4 dan C17.
Table 6.Conclusion of Model Measurement Findings Latent
Variables
Predictors Loading Composit
Reliability AVE Convergence Validity Kejayaan PKS (A) Kejayaan PKS 2 0.618 0.917 0.502 Ya Kejayaan PKS 5 0.734 Kejayaan PKS 6 0.784 Kejayaan PKS 7 0.692 Kejayaan PKS 8 0.767 Kejayaan PKS 10 0.692 Kejayaan PKS 11 0.757 Kejayaan PKS 12 0.775 Kejayaan PKS 13 0.709 Kejayaan PKS 14 0.64 Kejayaan PKS 19 0.599 Rangkaian (B) Rangkaian 1 0.778 0.94 0.614 Ya Rangkaian 2 0.791 Rangkaian 3 0.64 Rangkaian 4 0.859 Rangkaian 5 0.73 Rangkaian 6 0.855 Rangkaian 7 0.768 Rangkaian 8 0.779 Rangkaian 9 0.793 Rangkaian 10 0.817 Amalan agama Islam (C)
Amalan agama Islam 1 0.627 0.928 0.501 Ya
Amalan agama Islam 5 0.598 Amalan agama Islam 6 0.79 Amalan agama Islam 7 0.808 Amalan agama Islam 8 0.758 Amalan agama Islam 9 0.713 Amalan agama Islam 10 0.629 Amalan agama Islam 11 0.667 Amalan agama Islam 12 0.636 Amalan agama Islam 13 0.704 Amalan agama Islam 14 0.755 Amalan agama Islam 15 0.737
Amalan agama Islam 16 0.738
When evaluating the hypothesis determination, the determination is made to the coefficient path for the model structure. The authors used a bootstrapping procedure with 122 cases and 500 samples to identify significant levels and route coefficients.The coefficient curves are shown in Table 7. Most of the critical values used to identify the significance level of the two-tailed t-values are 1.65 (10% significance level), 1.96 (significance level = 1 percent) (Ramayah, 2014). From the table, it can be seen that the network t-value is reported as 1.826 and the p value of 0.068 is significant.
Table7.Estimated PLS Route Coefficient Model and p-value
Hiphotesis Relationship PathCoefficien
t
t-value p-value Result
H1 Network → success among
Muslim SME entrepreneurs is significant
0.188 1.826 0.068 Supported
Ha hypothesis states that the effectiveness of Islamic religious practices moderates the relationship between the success factor of network (Table 8) SMEs and the Muslim SMEs success. This relationship is stronger (i.e. more positive) when SMEs have a network success factor with moderators than success factors without moderators. As expected, the results shown in Table 8 indicate that the network factors with moderate Islamic religious practices (β = 0.321, t = 2.286, p <0.05) were statistically significant.
Information from the coefficients used in the moderating effect of Islamic practice on the relationship between network SME success factors and Muslim SME success is shown in Figure 2. The procedure used is as suggested by Aiken and West (1993), Dawson and Richter(2002) and Dawson ( Marcus et al., 2002). The figure shows that the network relationship and success of Muslim SMEs is moderated by religious practices where religious practices always support this relationship to be positive (Dawson, 2014). The conclusion of the hypothesis is shown in Table 9.
Table 8.Direct and Indirect Effect
Hipotesis Hubungan
Kesan Tidak Terus
Keputusan LaluanKoefisyen Nilai t Nilai p
Ha Networks * Islamic religious practices →
success of Muslim SMEs 0.321 2.286 0.023 Supported
Figure 2.The effect of Islamic religion on the relationship of the success factor of SMEs to the success of Muslim SMEs
Table 9.Results of the Hypothesis
Hipothesis Variables Result
H1 The network has a significant connection with the success of Muslim SMEs Supported Ha The practice of Islam has a moderating effect on the network and success of
Muslim SMEs Supported 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 Low RGK High RGK SUC C Moderator Low AGA High AGA
Nadratun Nafisah Abdul Wahab*, Muhammad Nasri Md Hussain, Norlinda Mohd Rozar, Nursyamilah Annuar, Emy Ezura A. Jalil
The hypothesis H1 is supported.There arerelationship between the network and Muslim SMEssucess. In the second stage for hypothesis Ha involves the moderation of Islamic practice to the relationship of network and Muslim SMEs success also supported. This is because SMEs have access to information from various network sources. In addition, network factors play a role in facilitating or controlling information and resources so that they can turn into good opportunities. The importance of the network begins with the construction phase of the SME, which is a combination of the existing personal network of entrepreneurs before starting a new business and network. As the network began to contribute to the entrepreneurial goals, these relationships became an asset to SMEs.Thus, the findings show that Muslim SMEs need to prioritize the practice of Islam in order to succeedand build a network for their SMEs. For future study is suggestto be carried out using other methods such as qualitative methods and interview techniques so that the study can be carried out in more depth.
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