6) MMP-1, AST/ALT oranı ve toplam metabolik sendrom puanı değişkenlerinin dahil edilmesiyle elde edilen yeni skor, hem fibrozis evresi
≥ 2 olan hastaları diğer noninvaziv testler ve MRE’ye göre daha yüksek bir tanısal doğruluk oranıyla saptayabilmekte(AUROC 0.88, %95 GA 0.79 – 0.97), hem de ileri fibrozisi(fibrozis evresi ≥ 3) olan hastaları bu testlere yakın ve MRE’den yüksek bir tanısal doğruluk oranıyla(AUROC 0.95, %95 GA 0.90 – 1.00) tespit edebilmektedir.
7) Yeni skor için belirlenen 2.37 cut-off değeri ile ileri fibrozis hastalarında
%100 spesifisite ve %100 pozitif prediktif değere ulaşılmıştır. Bu sonucun F3 ve F4 gruplarına daha fazla sayıda hastanın dahil edildiği validasyon çalışmaları ile doğrulanması halinde, yeni skorlamada skoru > 2.37 olan hastalarda ikinci bir noninvaziv teste ya da görüntülemeye gerek kalmaksızın ileri fibrozis tanısı konulmasının mümkün olabileceği ve diagnostik algoritmalarda ilk basamakta bu yeni skora yer verilmesinin ihtimal dahilinde olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu sayede karaciğer biyopsisine duyulan ihtiyacın da önemli ölçüde azalabileceği öngörülmektedir.
KAYNAKLAR
1. Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE, Charlton M, Cusi K, Rinella M, et al. The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2018;67(1):328-57. Epub
2017/07/18.
2. Cariou B, Byrne CD, Loomba R, Sanyal AJ. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as a metabolic disease in humans: A literature review. Diabetes, obesity & metabolism. 2021.
Epub 2021/01/20.
3. Younossi Z, Anstee QM, Marietti M, Hardy T, Henry L, Eslam M, et al. Global burden of NAFLD and NASH: trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention. Nature reviews Gastroenterology & hepatology. 2018;15(1):11-20. Epub 2017/09/21.
4. Younossi ZM. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease - A global public health perspective.
Journal of hepatology. 2019;70(3):531-44. Epub 2018/11/12.
5. Singh S, Allen AM, Wang Z, Prokop LJ, Murad MH, Loomba R. Fibrosis progression in nonalcoholic fatty liver vs nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of paired-biopsy studies. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association. 2015;13(4):643-54 e1-9; quiz e39-40. Epub 2014/04/29.
6. Noureddin M, Vipani A, Bresee C, Todo T, Kim IK, Alkhouri N, et al. NASH Leading Cause of Liver Transplant in Women: Updated Analysis of Indications For Liver Transplant and Ethnic and Gender Variances. The American journal of gastroenterology.
2018;113(11):1649-59. Epub 2018/06/09.
7. Davison BA, Harrison SA, Cotter G, Alkhouri N, Sanyal A, Edwards C, et al.
Suboptimal reliability of liver biopsy evaluation has implications for randomized clinical trials. Journal of hepatology. 2020;73(6):1322-32. Epub 2020/07/02.
8. Ratziu V, Charlotte F, Heurtier A, Gombert S, Giral P, Bruckert E, et al. Sampling variability of liver biopsy in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology.
2005;128(7):1898-906. Epub 2005/06/09.
9. Kaya E, Yilmaz Y. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A growing public health problem in Turkey. The Turkish journal of gastroenterology : the official journal of Turkish Society of Gastroenterology. 2019;30(10):865-71. Epub 2019/07/02.
10. Leoni S, Tovoli F, Napoli L, Serio I, Ferri S, Bolondi L. Current guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review with comparative analysis. World journal of gastroenterology. 2018;24(30):3361-73. Epub 2018/08/21.
11. Amacher DE, Chalasani N. Drug-induced hepatic steatosis. Seminars in liver disease.
2014;34(2):205-14. Epub 2014/06/01.
12. Dyson JK, Anstee QM, McPherson S. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a practical approach to diagnosis and staging. Frontline gastroenterology. 2014;5(3):211-8. Epub 2014/07/16.
13. Bedossa P. Pathology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver. 2017;37 Suppl 1:85-9.
Epub 2017/01/05.
14. Kleiner DE, Brunt EM, Van Natta M, Behling C, Contos MJ, Cummings OW, et al.
Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Hepatology. 2005;41(6):1313-21. Epub 2005/05/26.
15. Polyzos SA, Kountouras J, Mantzoros CS. Obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: From pathophysiology to therapeutics. Metabolism: clinical and experimental.
2019;92:82-97. Epub 2018/12/07.
16. Birkenfeld AL, Shulman GI. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatic insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. Hepatology. 2014;59(2):713-23. Epub 2013/08/10.
17. Younossi ZM, Golabi P, de Avila L, Paik JM, Srishord M, Fukui N, et al. The global epidemiology of NAFLD and NASH in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of hepatology. 2019;71(4):793-801. Epub 2019/07/08.
18. Stepanova M, Rafiq N, Younossi ZM. Components of metabolic syndrome are independent predictors of mortality in patients with chronic liver disease: a population-based study. Gut. 2010;59(10):1410-5. Epub 2010/07/28.
19. Eguchi Y, Hyogo H, Ono M, Mizuta T, Ono N, Fujimoto K, et al. Prevalence and associated metabolic factors of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the general population from 2009 to 2010 in Japan: a multicenter large retrospective study. Journal of
gastroenterology. 2012;47(5):586-95. Epub 2012/02/14.
20. Younes R, Bugianesi E. NASH in Lean Individuals. Seminars in liver disease.
2019;39(1):86-95. Epub 2019/01/18.
21. Chrysavgis L, Ztriva E, Protopapas A, Tziomalos K, Cholongitas E. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in lean subjects: Prognosis, outcomes and management. World journal of gastroenterology. 2020;26(42):6514-28. Epub 2020/12/04.
22. Calzadilla Bertot L, Adams LA. The Natural Course of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. International journal of molecular sciences. 2016;17(5). Epub 2016/05/24.
23. Ekstedt M, Nasr P, Kechagias S. Natural History of NAFLD/NASH. Current hepatology reports. 2017;16(4):391-7. Epub 2017/01/01.
24. Hagstrom H, Nasr P, Ekstedt M, Hammar U, Stal P, Hultcrantz R, et al. Fibrosis stage but not NASH predicts mortality and time to development of severe liver disease in biopsy-proven NAFLD. Journal of hepatology. 2017;67(6):1265-73. Epub 2017/08/15.
25. Ekstedt M, Hagstrom H, Nasr P, Fredrikson M, Stal P, Kechagias S, et al. Fibrosis stage is the strongest predictor for disease-specific mortality in NAFLD after up to 33 years of follow-up. Hepatology. 2015;61(5):1547-54. Epub 2014/08/16.
26. Wree A, Broderick L, Canbay A, Hoffman HM, Feldstein AE. From NAFLD to NASH to cirrhosis-new insights into disease mechanisms. Nature reviews Gastroenterology &
hepatology. 2013;10(11):627-36. Epub 2013/08/21.
27. Diehl AM, Day C. Cause, Pathogenesis, and Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. The New England journal of medicine. 2017;377(21):2063-72. Epub 2017/11/23.
28. Younossi ZM, Otgonsuren M, Henry L, Venkatesan C, Mishra A, Erario M, et al.
Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the United States from 2004 to 2009. Hepatology. 2015;62(6):1723-30. Epub 2015/08/15.
29. Starley BQ, Calcagno CJ, Harrison SA. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma: a weighty connection. Hepatology. 2010;51(5):1820-32. Epub 2010/05/01.
30. Ertle J, Dechene A, Sowa JP, Penndorf V, Herzer K, Kaiser G, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease progresses to hepatocellular carcinoma in the absence of apparent cirrhosis. International journal of cancer. 2011;128(10):2436-43. Epub 2010/12/04.
31. Anstee QM, Targher G, Day CP. Progression of NAFLD to diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease or cirrhosis. Nature reviews Gastroenterology & hepatology.
2013;10(6):330-44. Epub 2013/03/20.
32. Targher G, Chonchol M, Miele L, Zoppini G, Pichiri I, Muggeo M. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as a contributor to hypercoagulation and thrombophilia in the metabolic syndrome. Seminars in thrombosis and hemostasis. 2009;35(3):277-87. Epub 2009/05/20.
33. Sung KC, Wild SH, Kwag HJ, Byrne CD. Fatty liver, insulin resistance, and features of metabolic syndrome: relationships with coronary artery calcium in 10,153 people. Diabetes care. 2012;35(11):2359-64. Epub 2012/07/26.
34. Goland S, Shimoni S, Zornitzki T, Knobler H, Azoulai O, Lutaty G, et al. Cardiac abnormalities as a new manifestation of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: echocardiographic and tissue Doppler imaging assessment. Journal of clinical gastroenterology.
2006;40(10):949-55. Epub 2006/10/26.
35. Hallsworth K, Hollingsworth KG, Thoma C, Jakovljevic D, MacGowan GA, Anstee QM, et al. Cardiac structure and function are altered in adults with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Journal of hepatology. 2013;58(4):757-62. Epub 2012/11/28.
36. Lin B, Ma Y, Wu S, Liu Y, Liu L, Wu L. Novel Serum Biomarkers for Noninvasive Diagnosis and Screening of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-Related Hepatic Fibrosis. Omics : a journal of integrative biology. 2019;23(4):181-9. Epub 2019/04/02.
37. Naveau S, Poynard T, Benattar C, Bedossa P, Chaput JC. Alpha-2-macroglobulin and hepatic fibrosis. Diagnostic interest. Digestive diseases and sciences. 1994;39(11):2426-32.
Epub 1994/11/01.
38. Kawser CA, Iredale JP, Winwood PJ, Arthur MJ. Rat hepatic stellate cell expression of alpha2-macroglobulin is a feature of cellular activation: implications for matrix
remodelling in hepatic fibrosis. Clinical science. 1998;95(2):179-86. Epub 1998/07/29.
39. Poynard T, Imbert-Bismut F, Munteanu M, Messous D, Myers RP, Thabut D, et al.
Overview of the diagnostic value of biochemical markers of liver fibrosis (FibroTest, HCV FibroSure) and necrosis (ActiTest) in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Comparative hepatology. 2004;3(1):8. Epub 2004/09/25.
40. Becker L, Salameh W, Sferruzza A, Zhang K, ng Chen R, Malik R, et al. Validation of hepascore, compared with simple indices of fibrosis, in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection in United States. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association. 2009;7(6):696-701. Epub 2009/06/11.
41. Zaman A, Rosen HR, Ingram K, Corless CL, Oh E, Smith K. Assessment of FIBROSpect II to detect hepatic fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C patients. The American journal of
medicine. 2007;120(3):280 e9-14. Epub 2007/03/14.
42. Cales P, Oberti F, Michalak S, Hubert-Fouchard I, Rousselet MC, Konate A, et al. A novel panel of blood markers to assess the degree of liver fibrosis. Hepatology.
2005;42(6):1373-81. Epub 2005/12/01.
43. Harrison SA, Ratziu V, Boursier J, Francque S, Bedossa P, Majd Z, et al. A blood-based biomarker panel (NIS4) for non-invasive diagnosis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis: a prospective derivation and global validation study. The lancet Gastroenterology & hepatology. 2020;5(11):970-85. Epub 2020/08/09.
44. McGary CT, Raja RH, Weigel PH. Endocytosis of hyaluronic acid by rat liver endothelial cells. Evidence for receptor recycling. The Biochemical journal.
1989;257(3):875-84. Epub 1989/02/01.
45. Rostami S, Parsian H. Hyaluronic Acid: from biochemical characteristics to its clinical translation in assessment of liver fibrosis. Hepatitis monthly. 2013;13(12):e13787. Epub 2014/01/10.
46. Rossi E, Adams LA, Bulsara M, Jeffrey GP. Assessing liver fibrosis with serum marker models. The Clinical biochemist Reviews. 2007;28(1):3-10. Epub 2007/07/03.
47. Halfon P, Bourliere M, Penaranda G, Deydier R, Renou C, Botta-Fridlund D, et al.
Accuracy of hyaluronic acid level for predicting liver fibrosis stages in patients with hepatitis C virus. Comparative hepatology. 2005;4:6. Epub 2005/07/13.
48. Babaei Z, Parsian H. Hyaluronic acid algorithm-based models for assessment of liver fibrosis: translation from basic science to clinical application. Hepatobiliary & pancreatic diseases international : HBPD INT. 2016;15(2):131-40. Epub 2016/03/30.
49. Patel PJ, Connoley D, Rhodes F, Srivastava A, Rosenberg W. A review of the clinical utility of the Enhanced Liver Fibrosis test in multiple aetiologies of chronic liver disease.
Annals of clinical biochemistry. 2020;57(1):36-43. Epub 2019/09/19.
50. Oram JF. ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 and cholesterol trafficking. Current opinion in lipidology. 2002;13(4):373-81. Epub 2002/08/02.
51. Liu W, Qin L, Yu H, Lv F, Wang Y. Apolipoprotein A-I and adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter A1 expression alleviates lipid accumulation in hepatocytes.
Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology. 2014;29(3):614-22. Epub 2013/11/14.
52. Ma D, Liu W, Wang Y. ApoA-I or ABCA1 expression suppresses fatty acid synthesis by reducing 27-hydroxycholesterol levels. Biochimie. 2014;103:101-8. Epub 2014/05/06.
53. Rossi E, Adams L, Prins A, Bulsara M, de Boer B, Garas G, et al. Validation of the FibroTest biochemical markers score in assessing liver fibrosis in hepatitis C patients.
Clinical chemistry. 2003;49(3):450-4. Epub 2003/02/26.
54. Bedossa P, Poynard T, Abella A, Aubert A, Pignon JP, Naveau S, et al. Apolipoprotein AI is a serum and tissue marker of liver fibrosis in alcoholic patients. Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research. 1989;13(6):829-33. Epub 1989/12/01.
55. Ratziu V, Massard J, Charlotte F, Messous D, Imbert-Bismut F, Bonyhay L, et al.
Diagnostic value of biochemical markers (FibroTest-FibroSURE) for the prediction of liver fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. BMC gastroenterology. 2006;6:6.
Epub 2006/03/01.
56. Naim A, Pan Q, Baig MS. Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) in Liver Diseases.
Journal of clinical and experimental hepatology. 2017;7(4):367-72. Epub 2017/12/14.
57. Iimuro Y, Nishio T, Morimoto T, Nitta T, Stefanovic B, Choi SK, et al. Delivery of matrix metalloproteinase-1 attenuates established liver fibrosis in the rat.
Gastroenterology. 2003;124(2):445-58. Epub 2003/01/31.
58. Roderfeld M. Matrix metalloproteinase functions in hepatic injury and fibrosis.
Matrix biology : journal of the International Society for Matrix Biology. 2018;68-69:452-62.
Epub 2017/12/10.
59. Yokomori H, Oda M, Ando W, Inagaki Y, Okazaki I. Hepatic progenitor cell expansion in early-stage nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: evidence from immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy of matrix metalloproteinase-1. Medical molecular morphology. 2017;50(4):238-42. Epub 2017/06/04.
60. Ando W, Yokomori H, Tsutsui N, Yamanouchi E, Suzuki Y, Oda M, et al. Serum matrix metalloproteinase-1 level represents disease activity as opposed to fibrosis in patients with histologically proven nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Clinical and molecular hepatology.
2018;24(1):61-76. Epub 2017/11/21.
61. Folseraas T, Karlsen TH. To MMP or not to MMP: a role for matrix
metalloproteinase 3 in primary sclerosing cholangitis? Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver. 2011;31(6):751-4. Epub
2011/06/08.
62. Geervliet E, Bansal R. Matrix Metalloproteinases as Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Liver Diseases. Cells. 2020;9(5). Epub 2020/05/18.
63. Wong VW, Adams LA, de Ledinghen V, Wong GL, Sookoian S. Noninvasive biomarkers in NAFLD and NASH - current progress and future promise. Nature reviews Gastroenterology & hepatology. 2018;15(8):461-78. Epub 2018/05/31.
64. Hemmann S, Graf J, Roderfeld M, Roeb E. Expression of MMPs and TIMPs in liver fibrosis - a systematic review with special emphasis on anti-fibrotic strategies. Journal of hepatology. 2007;46(5):955-75. Epub 2007/03/27.
65. Abdelaziz R, Elbasel M, Esmat S, Essam K, Abdelaaty S. Tissue Inhibitors of
Metalloproteinase-1 and 2 and Obesity Related Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Is There a Relationship. Digestion. 2015;92(3):130-7. Epub 2015/09/04.
66. Li YW, Zhu CL, Gao RT, Pan JH. [Determination and clinical significance of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 and -2 in serum of children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease]. Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics.
2010;12(6):455-8. Epub 2010/06/15.
67. Koivisto H, Hietala J, Niemela O. An inverse relationship between markers of fibrogenesis and collagen degradation in patients with or without alcoholic liver disease.
The American journal of gastroenterology. 2007;102(4):773-9. Epub 2007/01/16.
68. Tanwar S, Trembling PM, Guha IN, Parkes J, Kaye P, Burt AD, et al. Validation of terminal peptide of procollagen III for the detection and assessment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology.
2013;57(1):103-11. Epub 2012/08/30.
69. Ajmera V, Loomba R. Imaging biomarkers of NAFLD, NASH, and fibrosis. Molecular metabolism. 2021:101167. Epub 2021/01/19.
70. Stine JG, Munaganuru N, Barnard A, Wang JL, Kaulback K, Argo CK, et al. Change in MRI-PDFF and Histologic Response in Patients With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association. 2020. Epub 2020/09/04.
71. Park CC, Nguyen P, Hernandez C, Bettencourt R, Ramirez K, Fortney L, et al.
Magnetic Resonance Elastography vs Transient Elastography in Detection of Fibrosis and Noninvasive Measurement of Steatosis in Patients With Biopsy-Proven Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(3):598-607 e2. Epub 2016/12/03.
72. Musso G, Cassader M, Rosina F, Gambino R. Impact of current treatments on liver disease, glucose metabolism and cardiovascular risk in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. Diabetologia.
2012;55(4):885-904. Epub 2012/01/27.
73. Vilar-Gomez E, Martinez-Perez Y, Calzadilla-Bertot L, Torres-Gonzalez A, Gra-Oramas B, Gonzalez-Fabian L, et al. Weight Loss Through Lifestyle Modification Significantly Reduces Features of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology. 2015;149(2):367-78 e5; quiz e14-5. Epub 2015/04/14.
74. Mantovani A, Dalbeni A. Treatments for NAFLD: State of Art. International journal of molecular sciences. 2021;22(5). Epub 2021/03/04.
75. Vuppalanchi R, Noureddin M, Alkhouri N, Sanyal AJ. Therapeutic pipeline in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Nature reviews Gastroenterology & hepatology. 2021. Epub 2021/02/12.
76. Adams LA, Chan WK. Noninvasive Tests in the Assessment of NASH and NAFLD Fibrosis: Now and Into the Future. Seminars in liver disease. 2020;40(4):331-8. Epub 2020/06/12.
77. Loomba R, Jain A, Diehl AM, Guy CD, Portenier D, Sudan R, et al. Validation of Serum Test for Advanced Liver Fibrosis in Patients With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis.