• Sonuç bulunamadı

Ölümcül sıcaklıklar ve soğuğa dayanımdaki farklılıklar farklı geliĢim evrelerinde gözlenmiĢtir. Gözlenen hasar çiçek tomurcuğu geliĢim evrelerine yüksek oranda bağlıdır. Tomurcukların düĢük sıcaklıklara karĢı artan bir hassasiyeti olduğu gözlenmiĢtir. Çiçek toleransı erken çiçek tomurcuğu evresi ve çiçeklenme boyunca sıcaklık dalgalanmasından etkilenir, sıcak Ģartlar çiçek hassasiyetini artırırken, düĢük sıcaklık bu Ģartı azaltır. Maksimum dayanıklılığın belirlenmesi genetik olarak elde edilebilmesine rağmen, iklimsel etkinin bir sonucu olarak daha fazla yıllar içerisinde süren gözlemlere ihtiyaç vardır. Dinlenme halindeki viĢne çiçek tomurcukları için öldürücü sıcaklık -16°C iken, açılmamıĢ çiçek tomurcuğu evresinde -11°C’ye doğru hızlı bir Ģekilde yükselmiĢtir.

Konya il merkezinde ekonomik viĢne yetiĢtiriciliğinde özellikle dinlenme döneminde meydana gelebilecek extrem düĢük sıcaklıklar bazı yıllarda viĢne çiçek tomurcuklarına zarar verebilir. Bu itibarla kapama bahçeler kurulurken mümkün olduğu kadar soğuk havanın biriktiği çukur alanlardan kaçınmak, mümkün olduğu kadar korunaklı alanların tercih edilmesi önerilebilir.

KAYNAKLAR

Ali, G., Srivastava, P. ve Iqbal, M., 1999, Proline accumulation, protein pattern and photosynthesis in Bacopa monniera regenerants grown under NaCl stress,

Biologia Plantarum, 42 (1), 89-95.

Ameglio, T., Cochard, H., Lacointe, A., Sauter, J., Evers, F., Martignac, M., 2001, Adaptation to cold temperature and response to freezing in walnut tree, Acta

Hort., 544: 247-254.

Andersen, C. C. ve L, R., 2001, Variable fruit set in self-fertile sweet cherry, Canadian

Journal of Plant Science, 81 (4), 753-760.

Andrews, P. ve Proebsting Jr, E., 1987, Effects of temperature on the deep supercooling characteristics of dormant and deacclimating sweet cherry flower buds, Journal

of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 112 (13), 334-340.

Anonim, 2018, FAO, www.fao.org, EriĢim tarihi: 31.12.2018.

Ashraf, M. ve Wu, L., 1994, Breeding for salinity tolerance in plants, Critical Reviews

in Plant Sciences, 13 (1), 17-42.

Ashworth, E., 1983, The freezing of water in woody tissues of apricot and peach and the relationship to freezing injury, J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 108, 299-303.

Ashworth, E. ve Wisniewski, M., 1991, Response of fruit tree tissues to freezing temperatures, HortScience, 26 (5), 501-504.

AslantaĢ, R., Karakurt, H. ve Karakurt, Y., 2010, Bitkilerin düĢük sıcaklıklara dayanımında hücresel ve moleküler mekanizmalar, Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat

Fakültesi Dergisi, 41 (2), 157-167.

AslantaĢ, R., Güleryüz, M., Turan, M. , 1999, Some chemical contents of selected almond (Prunus amygdalus Batsch.) types. XI. Grempa Meeting on Pistacios

and Almonds, Univ. of Harran, Faculty of Agric.-Pistacio Research and

Application Center 1-4 September 1999, ġanlıurfa (Turkey), , p: 347-350.

Atkinson, C., Brennan, R. ve Jones, H., 2013, Declining chilling and its impact on temperate perennial crops, Environmental and Experimental Botany, 91, 48-62. Baek, S.-H., Kwon, I.-S., Park, T.-I., Yun, S.-J., Kim, J.-K. ve Choi, K.-G., 2000,

Activities and isozyme profiles of antioxidant enzymes in intercellular compartment of overwintering barley leaves, BMB Reports, 33 (5), 385-390. Bartolini, S., Zanol, G. ve Viti, R., 2001, The cold hardiness of flower buds in two

apricot cultivars, XII International Symposium on Apricot Culture, 141-146. Bartolozzi, F. ve Fontanazza, G., 1999, Assessment of frost tolerance in olive (Olea

europaea L.), Scientia Horticulturae, 81 (3), 309-319.

Bates, L., Waldren, R. ve Teare, I., 1973, Rapid determination of free proline for water- stress studies, Plant and Soil, 39 (1), 205-207.

Bolat, I., 1993, The relationship between frost resistance and seasonal changes in carbohydrate contents in flower buds in apricot (cvs. Salak and Tebereze), X

International Symposium on Apricot Culture 384, 323-328.

Brasford, M., 1976, A rapid and sensitive method for quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding, Analytical

Biochemistry, 72, 248-254.

Buchner, O. ve Neuner, G., 2011, Winter frost resistance of Pinus cembra measured in situ at the alpine timberline as affected by temperature conditions, Tree

Burak, M., 1989, Marmara Bölgesinde YetiĢtirilen Önemli Bazı ġeftali ÇeĢitlerinin Dona Dayanımları Üzerinde AraĢtırmalar (BasılmamıĢ Doktora Tezi) Uludağ Üniv, Bahçe Bitkileri Bölümü, Bursa.

Campbell, R. W. ve Hadle, F. B., 1960, Winter injury to peaches and grapes,

Proceedings American Society for Horticultural Science, 332-337.

Caprio, J. ve Quamme, H., 2006, Influence of weather on apricot, peach and sweet cherry production in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia, Canadian

Journal of Plant Science, 86 (1), 259-267.

Cittadini, E. D., de Ridder, N., Peri, P. L. ve van Keulen, H., 2006, A method for assessing frost damage risk in sweet cherry orchards of South Patagonia,

Agricultural and forest meteorology, 141 (2-4), 235-243.

Dalmannsdóttir, S., Helgadóttir, Á. ve Gudleifsson, B. E., 2001, Fatty acid and sugar content in white clover in relation to frost tolerance and ice-encasement tolerance, Annals of Botany, 88 (suppl_1), 753-759.

Daniels, L., Hanson, R. S. ve Phillips, J. A., 2007, Chemical analysis, In: Methods for General and Molecular Microbiology, Third Edition, Eds: American Society of

Microbiology, p. 462-503.

Demirel, H., 1997, Erzincan Ovası’nda seçilen ve yetiĢtirilen bazı kayısı çeĢitleri ve zerdali tiplerinin dona dayanımları üzerine bir araĢtırma, Atatürk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Doktora Tezi, Erzurum.

Dexter, S., 1933, Decreasing hardiness of winter wheat in relation to photosynthesis, defoliation, and winter injury, Plant physiology, 8 (2), 297.

Doğru, ġ. ve Balkaya, A., 2015, Lahanalarda Tohum Üretim Süresini Kısaltmaya Yönelik Uygulamalar ve Etki Mekanizmaları, Alatarım, 14 (2), 29-37.

Edgerton, L., 1954, Fluctuations in the cold hardiness of peach flower buds during rest period and dormancy, Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural

Science, 175-180.

Edgerton, L. J., 1960, Studies on cold hardiness of peach trees, Bulletin. Cornell

University Agricultural Experiment Station, 958.

Erdem, E., AĢkın, M. A. ve Sarısu, H. C., 2015, Kayısı ve Kiraz Çiçek Tomurcukları Üzerine KıĢ Donlarının Etkileri Suleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi

Dergisi, 3 (1), 45 - 50.

EriĢ, A., 1982, Ankara koĢullarında yetiĢtirilen bazı üzüm çeĢitlerinin soğuk gereksinimleri ve dona dayanımlarının saptanması üzerinde araĢtırmalar, Ankara

Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları (856).

Ertürk, Y. ve Güleryüz, M., 2007, Erzincan koĢullarında bazı yerli ve yabancı kayısı çeĢitlerinin düĢük sıcaklıklara dayanım derecelerinin belirlenmesi (2003-2004 Dönemi), Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 13 (2), 128-136.

Felipe, A. J., 1977, Phenological states of almond (In Italian). Bari. p., Proceedings of

the Third GREMPA Colloquium, 101-103.

García-Montiel, F., Noreña, M. S., Romero, D. M. ve Ferrando, N. A., 2010, Factors influencing fruit set and quality in different sweet cherry cultivars, Spanish

Journal of Agricultural Research (4), 1118-1128.

Glozer, K., 2010, Dormancy, chill accumulation, rest-breaking and freeze damage-what are the risks, Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis http://fruitsandnuts. ucdavis. edu/files/74721. pdf.

Graham, P. ve Mullin, R., 1976, The determination of lethal freezing temperatures in buds and stems of deciduous azalea [Rhododendron] by a freezing curve method, Journal-American Society for Horticultural Science, 101 (1), 3-7.

Gray, G. R., Chauvin, L.-P., Sarhan, F. ve Huner, N. P., 1997, Cold acclimation and freezing tolerance (a complex interaction of light and temperature), Plant

physiology, 114 (2), 467-474.

Gusta, L. ve Fowler, D., 1976, Effects of temperature on dehardening and rehardening of winter cereals, Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 56 (3), 673-678.

Gusta, L. V. ve Wisniewski, M., 2013, Understanding plant cold hardiness: an opinion,

Physiologia Plantarum, 147 (1), 4-14.

Guy, C. L., 1990, Cold acclimation and freezing stress tolerance: role of protein metabolism, Annual review of plant biology, 41 (1), 187-223.

Hacker, J., Ladinig, U., Wagner, J. ve Neuner, G., 2011, Inflorescences of alpine cushion plants freeze autonomously and may survive subzero temperatures by supercooling, Plant Science, 180 (1), 149-156.

Hao, W., Arora, R., Yadav, A. K. ve Joshee, N., 2009, Freezing tolerance and cold acclimation in guava (Psidium guajava L.), HortScience, 44 (5), 1258-1266. Hare, P. ve Cress, W., 1997, Metabolic implications of stress-induced proline

accumulation in plants, Plant Growth Regulation, 21 (2), 79-102.

Hsu, S., Hsu, Y. ve Kao, C., 2003, The effect of polyethylene glycol on proline accumulation in rice leaves, Biologia Plantarum, 46 (1), 73-78.

Kalberer, S. R., Wisniewski, M. ve Arora, R., 2006, Deacclimation and reacclimation of cold-hardy plants: current understanding and emerging concepts, Plant Science, 171 (1), 3-16.

Ketchie, D., 1984, Cold resistance of apple trees through the year and its relationship to the physiological stages, II Symposium on Winter Hardiness in Woody

Perennials 168, 131-138.

Khanizadeh, S., Buszard, D. ve Zarkadas, C. G., 1992, Effect of crop load on hardiness, protein and amino acids content of apple flower buds at the wintering stage and the begining of the growth, Journal of plant nutrition, 15 (11), 2441-2455. Kishor, P. K., Sangam, S., Amrutha, R., Laxmi, P. S., Naidu, K., Rao, K., Rao, S.,

Reddy, K., Theriappan, P. ve Sreenivasulu, N., 2005, Regulation of proline biosynthesis, degradation, uptake and transport in higher plants: its implications in plant growth and abiotic stress tolerance, Current science, 424-438.

Klimov, S., Astakhova, N. ve Trunova, T., 1999, Changes in photosynthesis, dark respiration rates and photosynthetic carbon partitioning in winter rye and wheat seedlings during cold hardening, Journal of plant physiology, 155 (6), 734-739. Kocsy, G., Szalai, G., Vágújfalvi, A., Stéhli, L., Orosz, G. ve Galiba, G., 2000, Genetic

study of glutathione accumulation during cold hardening in wheat, Planta, 210 (2), 295-301.

Kovancı, Ġ. ve Köseoğlu, M., 1978, Manisa bölgesi Dixired ve Hale Haven çeĢidi Ģeftali yapraklarında N, P, K, Ca ve mg’un mevsimsel değiĢiminin incelenmesi, Bitki, 5(2).

Küden, A., PaydaĢ, S., KaĢka, N. ve Ġmrak, B., 1998, Bazı ılıman iklim meyve tür ve çeĢitlerinin soğuğa dayanıklılığı üzerinde çalıĢmalar, JTurkish Journal of

Agriculture and Forestry, 22 (2), 101-110.

Lapins, K., 1962, Cold hardiness of young apple trees originating from the juvenile and adult zones of seedlings, Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 42 (3), 521-526. Leece, D. R. ve Gilmour, A. R., 1974, Diagnostic leaf analysis for stone fruit, 2.

Seasonal changes in the leaf composition of peach, Australian Journal of

Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, 14(71), 822-827.

Levitt, J., 1980, Responses of Plants to Environmental Stresses. 2nd ed. Academic Press, New York, 2, 607.

Lezzoni, A. ve Hamilton, R., 1985, Differences in spring floral bud development among sour cherry cultivars, HortScience, 20 (5), 915-916.

Litvinova, O. H. a. L. R. P., 1974, Winter spring development of the flower buds in apricot and their winter hardiness, Plant Breeding Abstracts, 47 (2), 1567. Longstroth, M. ve Perry, R., 1996, Selecting the orchard site, orchard planning and

establishment, Cherries: Crop physiology, production and uses. CAB

International, Cambridge, UK, 203-221.

Longstroth, M., 2013, Assessing frost and freeze damage to flowers and buds of fruit trees, How to Assess the Impact of a Freeze on Early Fruit Development.

Michigan State University Extension (posted on May 14, 2013) Available in〈

http://msue. anr. msu. edu/news/assessing frost and freeze damage to flo wers and bud of fruit trees〉(09.04. 13).

Lösch, R., 2001, Wasserhaushalt der Pflanzen. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim, Germany, ISBN 3-8252-8141-8.

Lu, S., 1992, Factors related to freezing resistance in peach flowers, University of Georgia.

Ma, H., Lyu, D., Liu, G. ve Qin, S., 2013, Mitochondrial response in the apical and lateral flower buds of the Hanfu apple to cold stress during the dormancy stage,

Acta Ecologica Sinica, 33 (1), 52-58.

Marquat, C., Vandamme, M., Gendraud, M. ve Pétel, G., 1999, Dormancy in vegetative buds of peach: relation between carbohydrate absorption potentials and carbohydrate concentration in the bud during dormancy and its release, Scientia

Horticulturae, 79 (3-4), 151-162.

Martin, M., Gavazov, K., Körner, C., Hättenschwiler, S. ve Rixen, C., 2010, Reduced early growing season freezing resistance in alpine treeline plants under elevated atmospheric CO2, Global Change Biology, 16 (3), 1057-1070.

Mazur, P., 1969, Freezing injury in plants, Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 20 (1), 419-448.

Mertens, D., 2005, AOAC official method 975.03, Metal in Plants and Pet Foods.

Official Methods of Analysis, 18th edn. Horwitz, W., and GW Latimer,(Eds), 3-4.

Mexal, J. G., Sammis, T. W. ve Herrera, E. A., 1991, Cold-hardiness and dormancy of apple trees. What’s the difference, Frost Injury and Frost Control in Apple

Orchards Conf., Albuquerque, NM, 2-11.

Montano, J., Rebhuhn, M., Hummer, K. ve Lagerstedt, H., 1987, Differential thermal analysis for large-scale evaluation of pear cold hardiness, HortScience, 22 (6), 1335-1336.

Neilsen, G. H. ve Neilsen, D., 2003, Nutritional requirements of apple. Apples botany production and uses, (Ed. Ferree, D. Warington, I.) CAP Int., Wallingford, U.K. Nishida, I. ve Murata, N., 1996, Chilling sensitivity in plants and cyanobacteria: the

crucial contribution of membrane lipids, Annual review of plant biology, 47 (1), 541-568.

Nybom, H., 1992, Freeze damage to flower buds of some apple cultivars, Journal of

horticultural science, 67 (2), 171-177.

Özçağıran, R., Ünal, A., Özeker, E. ve Ġsfendiyaroğlu, M., 2003, Ilıman Ġklim Meyve Türleri,(Sert Çekirdekli Meyveler, Cilt-I.), Ege Üniv, Ziraat Fak. Yayınları, (553).

Öztürk, L. ve Demir, Y., 2002, In vivo and in vitro protective role of proline, Plant

Growth Regulation, 38 (3), 259-264.

Palonen, P. ve Buszard, D., 1997, Current state of cold hardiness research on fruit crops,

Palonen, P., 1999, Relationship of seasonal changes in carbohydrates and cold hardiness in canes and buds of three red raspberry cultivars, Journal of the American

Society for Horticultural Science, 124 (5), 507-513.

Pearce, R. S., 1999, Molecular analysis of acclimation to cold, Plant Growth

Regulation, 29 (1-2), 47-76.

Pearce, R. S., 2001, Plant freezing and damage, Annals of Botany, 87 (4), 417-424. Pırlak, L. ve EĢitken, A., 2004, Salinity effects on growth, proline and ion accumulation

in strawberry plants, Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B-Soil & Plant

Science, 54 (3), 189-192.

Pramsohler, M. ve Neuner, G., 2013, Dehydration and osmotic adjustment in apple stem tissue during winter as it relates to the frost resistance of buds, Tree physiology, 33 (8), 807-816.

Proebsting, E., 1963, The role of air temperatures and bud development in determining hardiness of dormant Elberta peach fruit buds, Proceedings of American Society

for Horticultural Sciences, 83, 259-269.

Proebsting, E. L. ve Mills, H., 1971, use of controlled freezing techniques for estimating critical temperatures for fruit buds, Wash Agr Exp Sta Circ.

Proebsting, E. L., 1982, Cold resistance of stone fruit flower buds, Washington State University Cooperative Extension, p.

Proebsting Jr, E. ve Fogle, H., 1956, An apparatus and method of analysis for studying fruit bud hardiness, Proceedings of American Society for Horticultural Sciences, 6-14.

Proebsting Jr, E., 1959, Cold hardiness of Elbelta peach fruit buds during four winters,

Proceedings of American Society for Horticultural Sciences, 144-153.

Proebsting Jr, E. ve Mills, H., 1978a, A synoptic analysis of peach and cherry flower bud hardiness [Elevation, soil type, cultural practices, cold resistance], Journal

American Society for Horticultural Science, 103, 842-845.

Proebsting Jr, E. ve Mills, H., 1978b, Low temperature resistance [frost hardiness] of developing flower buds of six deciduous fruit species, Journal-American Society

for Horticultural Science, 103 (2), 192-198.

Puhakainen, T., 2004, Physiological and molecular analyses of cold acclimation of plants. , Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Genetics

Faculty of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland., 194.

Quamme, H., Stushboff, C. ve Weiser, C., 1972a, Winter hardiness of several blueberry species and cultivars in Minnesota, HortScience, 500-502.

Quamme, H., Stushnoff, C. ve Weiser, C., 1972b, The relationship of exotherms to cold injury in apple stem tissues, Journal American Society for Horticultural Science, 97, 608-613.

Quamme, H., 1983, Relationship of air temperature to water content and supercooling of overwintering peach flower buds [Prunus persica, exotherm analyses, freezing resistance, winter hardiness], Journal American Society for Horticultural

Science, 108, 697-701.

Reig, G., Iglesias, I., Miranda, C., Gatius, F. ve Alegre, S., 2013, How does simulated frost treatment affect peach [Prunus persica (L.)] flowers of different cultivars from worldwide breeding programmes?, Scientia Horticulturae, 160, 70-77. Rodrigo, J., 2000, Spring frosts in deciduous fruit trees—morphological damage and

flower hardiness, Scientia Horticulturae, 85 (3), 155-173.

Rutkowski, K., Zydlik, Z. ve Pacholak, E., 2015, Effect of tree pruning intensity on the yield and fruit quality of the sour cherry, Zemdirbyste-Agriculture, 102 (4).

Sakai, A. ve Larcher, W., 2012, Frost survival of plants: responses and adaptation to freezing stress, Springer Science & Business Media, p.

Sakamoto, T. ve Murata, N., 2002, Regulation of the desaturation of fatty acids and its role in tolerance to cold and salt stress, Current opinion in microbiology, 5 (2), 206-210.

Scebba, F., Sebastiani, L. ve Vitagliano, C., 1998, Changes in activity of antioxidative enzymes in wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedlings under cold acclimation,

Physiologia Plantarum, 104 (4), 747-752.

Setter, T. ve Waters, I., 2003, Review of prospects for germplasm improvement for waterlogging tolerance in wheat, barley and oats, Plant and Soil, 253 (1), 1-34. Smallwood, M. ve Bowles, D. J., 2002, Plants in a cold climate, Philosophical

Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 357 (1423),

831-847.

Smeeton, R., 1963, Late spring frost damage to apple shoots in the nursery, Rep. E.

Mai-ling Res. Sta. for, 73-74.

Smirnoff, N., 1995, Environment and plant metabolism: flexibility and acclimation, BIOS Scientific publishers, p.

Snyder, R. ve Connell, J., 1993, Ground cover height affects pre-dawn orchard floor temperature, California Agriculture, 47 (1), 9-12.

Snyder, R., Abreu, J. d. M. ve Matulich, S., 2012, Frost protection: fundamentals, practice, and economics (Farsi ed.), Environment and Natural Resources

Management Series (Farsi ed.)(FAO) eng no. 10.

Solovieva, M., 1977, Winter hardiness and regeneration of frost injured fruit trees,

Symposium on Winterhardiness in Woody Perennials 81, 37-50.

Stancu, I., 1991, I. Stancu, Phys. Rev. D 43, 1283 (1991), Physiological Reviews, 43, 1283.

Steponkus, P. ve Webb, M., 1992, Freeze-induced dehydration and membrane destabilization in plants, In: Water and life, Eds: Springer, p. 338-362.

Stiles, W. C., 1994, Phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and sulfur soil management, tree fruit nutrition, Phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and sulfur soil management, tree fruit nutrition., Published by Good Fruit Grower, Yakima,

Washington, USA.

Szabó, Z., 1990, Evaluation of cold hardiness of peach cultivars based on freezing injury to twigs, Peach, XXIII IHC 315, 219-228.

Szalai, G., Janda, T., Páldi, E. ve Dubacq, J.-P., 2001, Changes in the fatty acid unsaturation after hardening in wheat chromosome substitution lines with different cold tolerance, Journal of plant physiology, 158 (5), 663-666.

Szymajda, M. ve Żurawicz, E., 2016, Tolerance of peach flower buds to low sub-zero temperatures in winter, Horticultural Science, 43 (3), 126-133.

Tamássy, I. ve Zayan, M., 1981, Critical temperatures in winter (after rest period) and in spring (at blooming time) for fruit buds and open flowers of some apricot varieties from different groups, VII Symposium on Apricot Culture and Decline

121, 63-68.

Tseng, M. ve Li, P., 1990, Alterations of gene expression in potato (Solanum commersonii) during cold acclimation, Physiologia Plantarum, 78 (4), 538-547. TUIK, 2018, www.tuik.gov.tr.

Uçgun, K., 2012, Elma Bahçelerinde Erken Dönemde Yapılan Yaprak Analizlerinin Yorumlanmasına Ġmkan Tanıyan Referans Eğrilerin OluĢturulması (Doktora Tezi), Selçuk Üniv. Fen. Bil. Ens. Toprak Bil. ve Bitki Bes. A.D. Konya, 148

Volk, G. M., Waddell, J., Towill, L. ve Grauke, L., 2009, Variation in low-temperature exotherms of pecan cultivar dormant twigs, HortScience, 44 (2), 317-321.

Weaver, G. ve Jackson, H., 1969, Assessment of winterhardiness in peach by a liquid nitrogen system, Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 49 (4), 459-463.

Westwood, M., 1978, Temperate Zone Pomology, WU Freeman and Company, San Francisco, USA, 427.

Westwood, M. N., 1993, Temperate-Zone Pomology: Physiology and Culture., Timber

Press, Madison, 536.

Wheeler, J., Hoch, G., Cortés, A. J., Sedlacek, J., Wipf, S. ve Rixen, C., 2014, Increased spring freezing vulnerability for alpine shrubs under early snowmelt, Oecologia, 175 (1), 219-229.

Wisniewski, M. ve Gusta, L. V., 2014, The biology of cold hardiness: Adaptive strategies, Environ Exp Bot, 106, 1-3.

Xin, Z., 1998, eskimo1 mutants of Arabidopsis are constitutively freezing-tolerant,

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 95 (13), 7799-7804.

Xin, Z. ve Browse, J., 2000, Cold comfort farm: the acclimation of plants to freezing temperatures, Plant, Cell & Environment, 23 (9), 893-902.

Yelenosky, G., 1979, Accumulation of free proline in citrus leaves during cold hardening of young trees in controlled temperature regimes, Plant physiology, 64 (3), 425-427.

Yeo, A. ve Flowers, T., 1989, breeding for salt tolerance, Plants under Stress:

Biochemistry, Physiology and Ecology and Their Application to Plant Improvement, 39, 217.

Yigit, D. ve Güleryüz, M., 1995, Farklı Doz ve Derinlikte Uygulanan Potasyum Sülfat Gübresinin Kütahya ViĢne ÇeĢidinin Soğuğa Dayanımına Etkisi Üzerinde Bir AraĢtırma, , Türkiye II Ulusal Bahce Bitkileri Kongresi, Cilt;l, 253-257.

Zavarzin, V., 1963, Concerning the frost resistance of stone fruit trees, Horticultural

ÖZGEÇMĠġ KĠġĠSEL BĠLGĠLER

Adı Soyadı : Omar Muhammed Ghanim ALNUAĠMĠ

Uyruğu : Irak

Doğum Yeri ve Tarihi : Kerkük 1992/02/14

Telefon : 0531-617-29-76

Faks :

e-mail : raffmegall@gmail.com

EĞĠTĠM

Derece Adı, Ġlçe, Ġl Bitirme Yılı

Lise : Siyah altın lisesi 2007-2011

Üniversite : Kerkük 2011-2015

Yüksek Lisans : Selçuk 2017- devamediyor

Doktora :

Ġġ DENEYĠMLERĠ

Yıl Kurum Görevi

UZMANLIK ALANI

Meyve YetiĢtirme ve Islahı

YABANCI DĠLLER

BELĠRTMEK ĠSTEĞĠNĠZ DĠĞER ÖZELLĠKLER YAYINLAR

Benzer Belgeler