5.1. Sonuç
Sonuç olarak; organik ve inorganik formlarda olmak üzere kullanılan iki farklı Se kaynağı ve ilave edilen Vitamin E; yem tüketimi, yumurta ağırlığı, plazma GPX konsantrasyonu ve karaciğer GPX konsantrasyonu parametrelerini istatistiki açıdan önemli ölçüde etkilememiştir.
Diğer parametrelerde ise; en yüksek yumurta ağırlığının vitamin E ilave edilen 0.8 mg/kg. konsantrasyonunda organik Se kullanılan gruplarda, yumurta kitlesinin ilave vitamin E den etkilenmeyip organik Se‟un 0.8 mg/kg konsantrasyonunda kullanıldığı gruplarda, yem değerlendirme katsayısının ilave vitamin E kullanılan ve inorganik Se kaynağı kullanılan gruplarda, yumurta Se konsantrasyonunun ilave vitamin E kullanılmayan 0.8 mg/kg konsantrasyonunda organik Se kullanılan gruplarda, karaciğer Se konsantrasyonunun organik Se kullanılan ve 0.8 mg/kg Se ilave edilen gruplarda ve yine plazma Se konsantrasyonunun ilave vitamin E kullanılmayan 0.6 mg/kg konsantrasyonunda organik Se kullanılan gruplarda en yüksek ortalamaları sağlamıştır.
5.2. Öneriler
Özellikle Se‟lu yumurta üreten işletmelere bilimsel veri olması ve canlı diyetinin önemli bir unsuru olan yumurtada Se‟un miktarını artırmak amacıyla yapılan bu çalışma sonucunda ;
Yumurtacı tavuk rasyonlarına 0.8 mg/kg seviyesine kadar ilave edilen organik ve inorganik Se preperatlarının, genel verim parametrelerine ( yem tüketimi, yumurta verimi, yumurta ağırlığı, yemden yararlanma oranı, yumurta kitlesi, ölüm oranı) ve yine plazma ve karaciğer doku GPX aktivitesi ve Se konsantrasyonuna olumsuz herhangi bir etkisi olmadan yumurta Se konsantrasyonunu artırabileceği; Se metabolizması için destek ve tasarruf sağlaması amacı ile ilave edilen Vitamin E‟ ye ise bu amaçla hazırlanan rasyonlarda gerek olmadığı sonucu ortaya konulmuştur.
106
KAYNAKLAR
Aggett, P.J.1985. Physiology and Metabolism of Essential Trace Elements: An Outline, Clin Endocrinol Metab 14: 513-543.
Ali, J.2000a. Selenium requirements of turkey poults fed corn-soybean meal based diets from day 1 to 21 , raised in stainles steel batteries.Doctoral Dissertation, University of Missouri_Colombia.
Ali, J. 2000b. Selenium requirements of turkey poults fed corn-soybean meal based diets from day 1 to 21, raised on litter. Doctoral Dissertation, Universty of Missouri-Columbia.
Ali, J. 2000c. Selenium requirements of turkey poults fed corn-soybean meal based diets from day 1 to 42, raised on litter. Doctoral Dissertation, Universty of Missouri-Columbia
Ali, J. 2000d. Selenium requirements of broiler chicks fed corn-soybean meal based diets from day 1 to 21, raised in stainless steel batteries. Doctoral Dissertation, Universty of Missouri-Columbia.
Ali, J. 2000e. Selenium requirements of broilers fed corn-soybean meal based diets from day 1 to 42, raised on litter. Doctoral Dissertation, Universty of Missouri- Columbia.
Anonim.2001. Doktor Balıklar, http://tuvpo.com/fish/dfisht.html.
Anonim.2006 a.Selenium and Livestock Metabolism, Toxicity and Deficiency. Erişim:http://www.ansci.cornelLedu/plants/toxicaqents/selenium/selenium.html Erişim Tarihi: (11.04.2006).
Anonim.2006 b. Trace Minerals for Beef Cattle,
Erişim:http://www.aqr.qov.sk.ca/DOCS/livestock/beef/feeds and nutrition/traceminerls.asp. Erişim Tarihi: (11.04.2006).
Anonim.2006 c. Trace Minerals for California Beef Cattle. Selenium. University of California, Cooperative Extension. http://animalscience.ucdavis.edu/ MineralProject/ reference_page.htm] Erişim Tarihi: (01.05.2006).
Arduser, F., Wolffram S. ve Scharrer, E. 1985. Active absorption of selenate by ileum. J. Nutr. 115:1203-1208.
Arthur, J.R., Nicol, F., Hutchinson, A.R., Beckett, G.J.1990.The Effects of Selenium Depletion And Repletion on The Metabolism Of Thyroid Hormones in The Rat. Inorg Biochem 39: 101-108.
Aytuğ, C.N., Alaçam E, Görgül S, 1991. Sığır Hastalıkları. Revize Edilmiş ve Genişletilmiş İkinci Baskı. İstanbul: Tüm Vet Hayvancılık ve Veteriner Hizmetleri San Tic Ltd Şti.
Badwey, J. A., ve Karnovsky, M. L . 1980. Vitamin E and selenium deficiencies increase indices of lipit peroxidation in muscle tissue of ruminant calves. Int. J. Vit. Res. 63, 78-85.
Barceloux, D.G,. 1999 .Selenium. Clin Toxicol, 37: 145-172
Bauer, F,. 1997. Selenium and Soils in the Western United States. Electronic Green Journal, 1(7), . Retrieved from: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/0856v8tw
Beaglehole, R.,Jackson R; Stewart A; 1990. Trends in coronary heart disease mortality and morbidity in Auckland, New Zealand. International journal of epidemiology 19(2): 279-83.
Beck, M. A. Levander Orville A.2003.Handy Jean Selenium deficiency and viral infection. The Journal of nutrition ;133.
Behne,D., Walters,W.1983. Distribution of Selenıum and Gluthatione Peroxidase in the rat.J.Nutr.113:456-461
Behne, D,.Höfer-Bosse.1984. Effects of low selenium status on the distribution and retention of selenium in the rats. J. Nutr, 114:1289–1296.
Behne D., Kyriakopoulos A., Meinhold H., Kohrie J. 1990.Identification of type I iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase as a selenoenzyme. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 173:1143-1149
Bısbjerg, B., Gissel-Nıelsen,G.1969.The Uptake of Applied Selenium by Agricultural Plants, Plant and Soil, No:2.
Blood, D.C., Radostits, O.M..1989.Veterinary Medicine. London, Philadelphia, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Bailliere Tindall, 1187-1202.
Brown, M.R., Cohen, H.J., Lyons, J.M., Curtis, T.W., Thumberg, B., Cochran, W.J., Klish, W.J., 1986.Proximal Muscle Weakness and Selenium Deficiency Associated with Long Term Parenteral Nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 43: 549- 554. Brown, M.R., Kolbeck, P.C., Rohn, L.H., Qing, S., Morris, V.C., Levander, O.A.1994.
Increased Virulence of A Human Enterovirus (Coxsackievirus B3) in Selenium- Deficient Mice. J Infec Dis 170:351-357.
Budağ, C.1997. Van Gölü Çevresinde Farklı Yerlerden Toplanan Çayır Otlarının Besin Maddeleri ile Selenyum İçeriklerinin İncelenmesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Y.Y.Ü. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Van.
Buergelt, C.D., Sisk, D., Chenovveth, P.J., Gamboa, J., Nagus, R.1996. Nutritional Myodegeneration Associated with Dorsal Scapular Displacement in Beef Heifers. J. Comp. Pathol., 114: 445-450.
Campa, A., Shor-Posner, G., Indacochea, F.1999. Mortality Risk in Selenium-Deficient HIV-Positive Children. J Acquir Immun Defic Synd 20: 508-513.
108 Cankur, O.1998. Buğdayda, Toprakta ve Yaprak Ekstraktlarında Eser Elementlerin Aletli Nötron Aktivasyon Analizi ve Atomik Absorbsiyon Spektrometrisi ile Tayini, Kimya Programı Bilim Uzmanlığı Tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
Cantor, A. H., Lengevin, M. L., Noguchi, T. ve Scott, M. L. 1975a. Biological availability of selenium in feedstuffs and selenium compounds for prevention of exudative diathesis in chicks. J. Nutr. 105:106-111.
Cantor, A. H., Scott, M. L. ve Noguchi, T. 1975b. Biological availability of selenium in feedstuffs and selenium compounds for prevention of exudative diathesis in chicks. J. Nutr. 105:96-105.
Cantor, A.H., Moorhead, P.D. ve Brown, K. I. 1978. Influence of dietary selenium upon reproductive performance of male and female breeder turkeys. Poult. Sci. 57:1337-1345.
Cantor A.H., Moorhead P.D. and Musser M.A.1982. Comparative effects of sodium selenite and selenomethionine upon nutritional muscular dystrophyi selenium- dependent glutathione peroxidase and tissue selenium concentrations of turkey poults. Poult. Sci. 61:478-484.
Cantor, A.H..1997.The role of selenium in poultry nutrition.Biotechnology in the feed industry, proceedings of Alltechs thirteen annual symposium edited by TP Lyons and K.A.Jacques
Chanoine, J.P., Leonard, J.I., Braverman, L.E.1993. Selenium, lodine and The Thyroid. lodine Deficiency in Europe'da (Eds F Delange, JT Dunn, A Glinoer), Nato ASI Series Vol 241 Plenum Press, New York P 71-77.
Choct M., Naylor A.J. and Reinke N.2004. The effect of dietary source and level of selenium on male broiler performance. British Poultry Sci. 45:1-7.
Chow C.K., Tappel A.L.1974. Response of glutathione peroxidase to dietary selenium in rats, J. Nutr. 104 (444-451).
Clark, L.C., Combs, G.F., Turnbull, B.W., Slate, E.H., Chalker, D.K., Chow, J., Davis, L.S., Glover, R.A., Graham, G.F., Gross, E.G., Krongrad, A., Lesher, J.L, Park, H.K., Sanders, B.B,. Smith, C.L, Taylor, J.R.1996. Effects of Selenium Supplementation for Cancer Prevention in Patients with Carsinoma of The Skin. JAMA 276:1957-1963.
Collins, V.C.,Cantor, A.H., Ford, M.J. ve Straw, M.L.1993.Bioavailability of selenium in selenized yeast for broiler chickens .Poultry Sci. 72 (Suppl.1) 85.
Combs, G.F., Combs, S.B.1986a. Selenium and Cancer. The Role of Selenium in Nutrition (Ed. G.F. Combs, S.B. Combs). Academic Press, Orlando, Florida, S. 413-461.
Combs, G.F., Combs, S.B.1986b. Absorption, Excretion, and Metabolism of Selenium. The Role of Selenium in Nutrition (Ed GF Combs, SB Combs). Academic Press, Orlando, Florida, S179-184.
Combs, G.F., 2001a. Impact of Selenium and Cancer-Prevention Findings on The Nutrition Health Paradigm. Nutr Cancer 40: 6-11 .
Combs, G.F.2001b. Selenium in Global Food System. Br J Nutr 85: 517-547.
Çetin, M., Deniz, G., Polat, Ü. ve Yalçın, A. 2002. Broylerlerde inorganik ve organik selenyum ilavesinin biyokimyasal kan parametreleri üzerine etkisi Uludağ Üniv.J.Fac.Med.21:59-63.
Dabak, M., Karataş, F., Gül, Y. Ve Kızıl, Ö. 2002. Besi sığırlarında selenyum ve vitamin E2 nin yetersizliğinin araştırılması. Turk J.Vet.Anim.Sci.26: 741-746. Dağdaş B. ve Yıldız A.Ö. 2004. Broyler rasyonlarına ilave edilen organik selenyum ve
vitamin E‟nin performans, karkas karakterleri ve bazı dokularda selenyum konsantrasyonuna etkileri. S.Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 18(34):94-100.
Dargatz, D.A., Ross, P.F.1996. Blood Selenium Concentrations in Cows and Heifers on 253 Cow-Calf Operation in 18 States. J. Am. Sci., 74, 2891.
DeVore V.R., Colnage G.L., Jensen L.S. and Grene B.E.1983. Thiobarbiuric acid values and glutathione peroxidase activity in meat from chickens fed a selenium- supplemented diet. J.Food. Sci. 48:300-301.
Dietary Reference Values for Food Energy and Nutrients for The UK.1991.Commitee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy (Report on Health and Social Subjects Number 41) London, HM Stationary Office.
Doğan,.O.,Yıldız,G.,Ok, S.,Hıncal,F.,Sel, T.,Küçükersan,S.2006.Türkiyenin Bazı Bölgelerinde Toprak, Bitki, Su, Hayvan ve İnsanlarda Selenyum Düzeyleri.TUBİTAK.TOGTAG-3061
Donaldson, W.E. ve Mcgowan, C. 1989. Lead toxicity in chickens. Interactions with toxic dietary levels of selenium. Biological trace element research. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 20:127-133.
Donaldson, M.S.2004. Nutrition and Cancer: A Revievv of The Evidence for An Anti- Cancer Diet. Nutr J 3:1-21.
Düzgüneş, O. 1975. İstatistik metodları. A. Ü. Zir. Fak. Yayınları: 578, A.Ü. Basımevi, Ankara.
Edens F.W.1997. Potential for organic selenium to replace selenite in poultry diets. Zootecnica International 20:28-31.
Edens, F.W., Parkhust. C.R. and Sefton, A.E. 2000. Carcass yield from broilers fed either sodium selenite or selenium yeast.Poultry Science P 79:118.
Edens F. W. 2001. Involvement of Sel-Plex in physiological stability and performance of broiler chickens. In: Science and Technology in Feed Industry. Proc. Of the
110 17thAnnual Symposium (T. P. Lyons and K. A. Jacques, eds.). Nottingham University Pres, Nottingham NG11 0AX, United Kingdom. 17:349-376.
Edwards, N.J., Abraham, E.A., Fenton, M.L, Mc, Farlane, J.D., Craig A.D., Hocking Edwards, J.E.2004. Cobalt, Selenium And Copper Responses In Sheep Grazing Şaline Land İn The Upper South East Of South Australia. Animal Production in Australia 25, 236.
Erdik, E. ve Sarıkaya, Y. 2000. Temel Üniversite Kimyası. Gazi kitabevi. s: 134-135 Ergün, A., Tuncer, Ş.D., Çolpan, L, Yalçın, S., Yıldız, G., Küçükersan, M.K.,
Küçükersan, S., Şehu, A. 2006. Hayvan Besleme ve Beslenme Hastalıkları. 3. Baskı. Pozitif Matbaa, Ankara.
Esworthy, R.S., Swiderek, K.M., Ho, Y.S., Chu, F.L.1998. Selenium dependent Glutasyon Peroksidaz-GI in Majör Glutasyon Peroksidaz Activîty in The Mucosal Epithelium of Rodent Intestine, Biochem. Biophys, Açta, 1381:213-226.
Evenson, J. K., ve Sunde, R. A. 1988. Selenium incorporation into selenoproteins in the Se-adequate and Se-deficient rat. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 187:169-180.
FAO.1985. Irrigation and Drainage Paper, 29 Rev.1. Water Quality for Agriculture. FAO.1992. Status of Cadmium, Lead, Cobalt and Selenium in Soils and Plants of Thirty
Countries, FAO Soil Bulletin, 65. Rome.
Flohe, L, Gunzler, W.A., Schock, H.H.,(1973). Glutatyon Peroksidaz: A Selenoenzyme, FEBS Letters, 32:132-134,.
Ganther, H. E., Goudie C., Sunde, M. L., Kopecky, M. J. ve Wagner, P. 1972. Selenium relation to decreased toxicity of methylmercury added to diets containing tuna. Science 175:1122-1124.
Gardiner, M. R., Nicole, H. 1971. Cobalt-selenium interactions in the nutrition of the rat. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 49:291-296.
Gerken, Jr. H.J.2006. Selenium Toxicosis. Erişim: [www.neosoft.com/~iaep/pages/ nutrition/toxicosis/seleniumtox.html - 20k]
Gerloff, B.J.1992. Effects of Selenium Supplementation on Dairy Cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 70: 3934-3940.
Giray, B.1999. Selenyum ve Organizmanın Antioksidan Kapasitesi ve Tiroid Hormon Metabolizması Arasındaki İlişkilerin Araştırılması, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Farmasötik Toksikoloji Programı Doktora Tezi, Ankara.
Godeas, C, Sandri, G., Panfili, E.1994. Distribution of Phospholipid Hydroperoxide Glutasyon Peroksidaz (Phgpx) in Rat Testis Mitochondria, Biochem Biophys Açta, 1191:147-150.
Goldhaber, S.B.2003. Trace Element Risk Assessment: Essentially vs Toxicity. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 38: 232-242.
Golubkına, N.A., Alfthan, G.V.1999. The Human Selenium Status in 27 Regions of Rusia. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology. Vol. 13, pp 15-20. Gowdy K.M. and Edens F.W.2003. Organic selenium affects broiler responses to
immunostimulation. Poultry Sci. 82 (Suppl.1):10.
Grieve, C.M., Suarez, D.L, Shannon, M.C.1999. Effect of saline Water Composition on Selenyum Accumulation by Wheat. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 22:(9) 1443-1450. USA.
Halilova, H.1973. Azerbeycan Büyük Kafkas Bölgesindeki Yazlık ve Kışlık Otlaklarda Toprak ve Bitkilerde Selenyum Miktarları Doktora Tezi. Moskova.
Halilova, H., Sözüdoğru O., S.2000. Selenyum Elementinin Biyojeokimyası. Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı, TOK Dergisi, Temmuz-Ağustos Sayısı. Sayı: 134, Ankara. Halliwell, B., Guttridge, J. M. C. 1994. The definition and measurment of antioxidants
in biological systems (coment). Free Radic. Biol. Med. 16(1):135-137.
Hashina, Y., Ichija, S., Takahaki, E.1989. Studies on Serum Tocopherol, Selenium Levels and Blood Gluthathion Peroxidase Activities in Calves With White Muscle Disease, Jpn J Vet Sci, 40,310-318.
Hazlet, M., Bateman, K., Caslick, R., Van Draumel, T.2006. Nutritional Myopathy in a Group of Feedlot Steers, AHL Newsletter, Volume 4, Issue 4. CATTLE. [http://www.uoguelph.ca/ahl/News4-4/Cattle.htm]
Hill, C. H. 1974. Influence of high levels of minerals on the susceptibility of chicks to Salmonella gallinarum. J. Nutr. 104(10):1221-1226.
Hoff, B., Schrier, N., Boermans, H., Faulkner, H.2001. Assessment of Trace Mineral and Vitamin E Status in Beef Cows in Ontario. Can Vet J, 42:384-385.
Hoffman, D. J., Caroline, J., Sanderson, C. J., LeCapton, L. J., Cromartie, E. ve Pendelton, G. W. 1991. Interactive effects of boron, selenium and dietary protein on survival, growth and physiology in mallard ducklings. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 20:288-294.
Hoffman, D. J., Caroline, J., Sanderson, C. J., LeCapton, L. J., Cromartie, E. ve Pendelton, G. W. 1992. Interactive effects of arsenate, selenium and dietary protein on survival, growth and physiology in mallard ducklings. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 22:55-62.
Imaı, H., Nakagawa, Y., 2003. Biological Significance of Phospholipid Hydroperoxide Glutathione Peroxidase (Phgpx, Gpx4) in Mammalian Celis. Free Radic Biol Med,34:145-169.
Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board.2000. Dietary Reference Intakes, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium and Carotenoids. National Academy Press, Washington DC
112
Itoh, M., Suzuki, K.T.1997. Effects of Dose on The Metylation of Selenium to Monomethylselenol and Trimermethylselenonium lon in Rats. Arch Toxicol 71: 461-466.
Janghorbani, M., ve Young, V. R. 1987. Selenium metabolism in North Americans: studies based on stable isotope tracers. In: Combs, G. F. J., J. E. Spallholz, O. A. Jensen, L. S. 1975. Modification of a selenium toxicity in chicks by dietary silver and
copper. J. Nutr. 105(6):769-775.
Jiakui, L. and Xiaolong. W. ,2004. Effect of dietary organic versus inorganic selenıum in layıngs hens on the productıvıty, selenıum distrıbution in egg and selenıum content in blood, liver and kıdney.Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 18: 65-68
Kaçar, B., Katkat, A.V.1998. Bitki Besleme. Uludağ Üniv. Güçlendirme Vakfı Yayın No: 127. Bursa.
Kaeck, M., Lu, J., Strange, R., İp, C, Ganther, H.E., Thompson, H.J.1997. Differential Induction of Growth Arrest Inducible Genes by Selenium Compounds. Biochem Pharmacol, 53: 921-926.
Kelly, M.P. ve Power, R. F. 1995. Fractionation and identification of the major selenium containing compounds in selenized yeast. J. Dairy Sci. 78( Suppl. 1): 237.
Keshan Disease Research Group of The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.1979a. Epidemiologic Studies of The Etiologic Relationship of Selenium and Keshan Disease. Clin Med J 92:477-482 .
Keshan Disease Research Group of The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.1979b Observations of Effects of Sodium Selenite in Prevention of Keshan Disease Clin Med J 92: 471-472 .
Kiremidjian-Schumacher, L, Roy, M., Wishe, H.I., Cohen, M.W., Stotzky,.1994. Supplementation with Selenium and Human Immune Cell Functions. Biol Trace Elem ; -41: 115-127.
Kizil, S., Altıntaş, A.2001. Vitamin A, Vitamin E and Selenium Levels in Blood and Milk Sera of Cattle with Foot and Mouth Disease, Tr J Vet Anim Sci, 25 (6), 961- 969.
Kır, A.1993. Çöp Gübresinde Selenyum (Se) ve Civa (Hg) Miktarlarına Ait Değişimin İncelenmesi. Ege Üniv. Fen Bil. Enst. Toprak Bölümü Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İzmir. Kohrle, J.1999. The Trace Element Selenium and Thyroid Gland. Biochimie 81: 527-
533.
Ku, P. K., Ely, W. T., Groce, A. W. ve Ullrey, D. E. 1972. Natural dietary selenium, alpha –tocopherol and effect on tissue selenium. J. Anim. Sci. P 34:208
Kurt, D., Denli, O., Kanay, Z., Güzel, C, Ceylan, K.2001. Diyarbakır Bölgesi Akkaraman Koyunlarında Kan Serumunda Cu, Zn, Se ve Yünde Cu, Zn Düzeylerinin Araştırılması, Türk J Vet Anim Sci, 25, 431-436.
Lakın, R.W. 1972. Selenium accumulation in soils and its absorption by plants and animals. Geol Soc Am Bull 83: P 181.
Langlands, J.P., Donald, G.E., Bovvles, J.E., Smith, A.J.1989. Selenium Concentration in The Blood of Ruminants Grazing in Northern New South Wales. 3. Relationship Betvveen Blood Concentration and The Response in Liveweight of Grazing Cattle Given A Selenium Supplement, Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 40(5): P 1075 - 1083.
Larsen, H.J.1988. Influence of Selenium on Antibody Production in Sheep, Res. Vet. Sci., 45: 4.
Latshavv, J D.1975. Natural and Selenite Selenium in The Hen and Egg, J Nutr, 105:32- 37.
Levander, O. A. 1977. Metabolic interrelationship between arsenic and selenium. Environ Health Perspect. 19:159-164.
Lockitch, G.1989. Selenium Clinical Significance Analytical Concepts. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 27: 483-541.
Mahan, D.C. 1994. Organic selenium sources for swine-how do they compare to inorganic selenium sources. Biotechnology in the feed industry. Proceedings of Alltech‟s Tenth Annual Symposium. Nottigham Universty Press, United Kingdom. P. 323-334.
Mahmoud K.Z. and Edens F.W. 2003. Influence of selenium sources on age-related and mild heat stres-related changes of blood and liver glutathione redox cycle in broiler chickens (Gallus domesticus). Comp. Biochem. Physiol B. 136:921-934. McConnell, K. P., ve Roth, G. J. 1966. Respiratory excretion of selenium. Proc. Soc.
Exp. Biol. Med. 123:919-921.
McDowell, L. R., Froseth, J. A., Piper, R. C., Dyer, I. A. ve Kroening, G. H. 1977. Tissue selenium and serum tocopherol concentrations in selenium-vitamin E deficient pigs fed peas (pisum sativum). J. Anim. Sci. 45(6):1326-1333.
McDowell, L. R., 1992. Minerals in Animal and Human Nutrition. Academic Pres Inc., San Diego, CA.
McDowell, L. R. 2000. Vitamins in Animal Nutrition. Academic Pres Inc., Ames, Iowa. s: 93-131.
McGregor, R.A.1998. The Geochemistry of Selenium in Sedimentary Environments, Examples from the UK and Jordan, Diss. Postgraduate Research Institute for Sedimentology, Reading University .
114 Miller, E.R., Leı, X., Ullrey, D.E.1991. Trace Elements in Animal Nutrition. p:593-662.
İn Micronutrients in Agriculture. 2nd
Ed. (Mortvedt, J.J., Cox, F.R., Shuman, L.M. and Welch R.M. eds.). SSSA Book Series No:4. Madison, Wl: USA.
Miller, G.Y., Bartlett, P.C., Erskine, R.J., Smith, K.L.1995. Factors Affecting Serum Selenium and Vitamin E Concentrations in Dairy Cows. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc, 206(9): 1369-1373.
Mills, G.C.1957. Hemoglobin Catabolism. I. Glutasyon Peroksidaz, An Erythrocyte Enzyme Which Protects Hemoglobin from Oxidative Breakdovvn, J Biol Chem, 229:189-197.
Moksnes, K., Northeim, G. 1982. Selenium concentration in tissues and eggs of growing and laying chicken fed sodium selenite at different levels. Acta Vet. Scand. 23: 368-379.
Moksnes, K. 1983. Selenium deposition in tissues and eggs of laying hens given surplus of selenium as selenomethionine. Acta Vet. Scand. 24: 34-44.
Moksnes, K., Northeim, G. 1986. A comparison of selenomethionine and sodium selenate as a supplement in chicken feeds. Acta Vet. Scand.27: 103-114.
Motsenbocker, M.A., Tappel, A.L, A 1982. Selenocysteine-Containing Selenium- Transport Protein in Rat Plasma, Biochem Biophys Açta, 719:147-153.
Mykkanen, H. M., ve Wasserman, R. H. 1990. Relationship of membrane-bound sulfhydryl groups to vitamin D-stimulated uptake of [75Se] selenite by the brush border membrane vesicles from chick duodenum. J. Nutr. 120:882-888.
Naylor A.J., Choct M. and Jacques K.A. (2000). Effect of feeding Sel-Plex Organic Selenium in Diets of Broiler Chickens on liver selenium concentration. Southem Poultry Science, Atlanta, Georgia.
Naziroğlu, M., Çay, M., Karataş, F., Çimtay, I., Aksakal, M.1998. Plasma Levels of Some Vitamins and Elements in Aborted Ewes in Elazığ Region, Tr. J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 22(1), 171-174.
Neve, J.1996. Selenium as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Diseases. J Cardiovasc Risk 3: 42-47.
Northwest, .2009. NWLSSTM Glutasyone Peroxidase Assay (NWK-GPX01) manual NRC. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th. Rev. Ed. National Academy Press,
Washington DC.
Olson, O. E., Novacek, E. J., Whitehead, E.I. ve Palmer, I. S. 1970. İnvestigation on selenium in wheat. Phytochemistry 9:1181-1188
Oster, O., Prellvvitz, W., 1990.Selenium and Cardiovascular Disease. Biol Trace Elem Res 24: 91-103.
Pamukçu, T., Sel, T., Yarım, G.I.2001. Blood Serum Concentrations of Selenium and Glutasyon Peroksidaz Activity in Akkaraman Sheep. Türk J Vet Anim Sci, 25: 731-734.
Pappas, A.C, Karadaş, F.,Suraı, P.F.,Speake, B.K., Sparks, N.H.C. ,2005a.Supplemantatıon of broıler breeder diet with organo-selenıum compounds increases selenıum concentratıon ın the egg membranes and shell .Proceedings of the 21st annual symposıum. may 22-25.
Pappas, A.C, Karadaş,F.,Suraı,P.F.,Speake,B.K., Sparks,N.H.C.,2005b.The effect of Selenıum supplemantatıon in avian maternal nutrıtıon on selenıum accumulatıon in the breast muscle tıssue of progency Proceedings of the 21st annual symposıum. may 22-25.
Paton, N.D. 2001. Organik selenıum in the nutrıtıon of layıng hens : Effects on egg selenıum content, egg qualıty and transfer to developıng chıck embryo .Doctoral Dissertatıon, Unıversıty of Kentucky.Lexıngton, Kentucky.
Pavlata, L, lllek, J., Pechovâ, A., Matejfcek, M.2002. Selenium Status of Cattle in The Czech Republic, AÇTA Vet, BRNO, 71:3-8.
Payne, R.L. 2004. The effects of inorganic and organic selenium sources on grovvth performance, Carcass Traits, Tissue Mineral Concentrations, and Enzyme Activity in Poultry, Dissertation Thesis. Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), Louisiana State University Electronic Thesis and Dissertation. Erişim: http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-07052004-121943.
Payne R. L., and Southern L. L.2005. Comparison of inorganic and organic selenium sources for broilers. Poult. Sci. 84:1268-1276.
Pedersen, N.D., VVhanger, P.D., Weswig, P.H., Muth, O.H.1972. Selenium Binding Proteins in Tissues of Normal and Selenium-Responsive Myopathic Lambs, Bioinorg Chem, 2:33-45.
Perry, T.W., Caldvvell, D.M., Peterson, R.C.1976. Selenium Content of Feeds and Effect of Dietary Selenium on Hair and Blood Serum, J Dairy Sci, 59(4):760-763. Peterson, E.L.,Milstry,R. And Stokstad, E.L.R. 1957. Effect of selenium in preventing
exudative diathesisi in chicks.Proc.Soc.Exp.Biol.Med.95:615
Petrovıc V.,.Boldizarova K,.Faix S, Mellen M., Arpasova H.,.Leng L. 2006. Antıoksıdant and selenıum status of layıng hens fed with diets supplemented with selenıte or Se-yeast.Journıal of Anımal and Feed scıence ,15,435-444
Puthpongsiriporn, U., Scheideler, S. E., Sell, J. L. ve Beck, M. M. 2001. Effects of vitamin E and supplementation on performance, in vitro lymphocyte proliferation, and antioxidant status of laying hens during heat stress. Poult. Sci., 80:1190-1200. Rayman, M.P.,2000. The Importance of Selenium to Human Health. Lancet 356: 233-
116 Reilly, C, .1996. Selenium in Food and Health. Blackie Academic and Professional,
London .
Robinson, M. F., Rea, H. M., G. M. Friend, Stewart, R. D. H., Scow, P.C. ve Thompson, C. D. 1978. On supplementing the selenium intake of New Zealanders. 2. Prolonged Metabolic experiments with daily supplements of selenomethionine, selenite and fish. Br. J. Nutr. 39:589.
Rotruck, J.T., Pope, A.L., Ganther, H.E., Svvanson, A.B., Hafeman, D.G., Hoekstra,