• Sonuç bulunamadı

1. P, ZYE100 ve ZYE200 ile NKE100 ve NKE200 rasyonlarıyla besleme etlik piliçlerin 6. haftadaki canlı ağırlıklarını ve 0-6 haftalık dönemdeki canlı ağırlık artıĢlarını kontrol grubununkine nazaran önemli derecede artırmıĢtır. Buna karĢın tavukların 0-6 haftalık periyottaki yem tüketimleri deneme muamelelerinden önemli derecede etkilenmemiĢtir. Bununla beraber ZYE100, ZYE200 ve NKE200 rasyonlarıyla besleme tavukların yem değerlendirme sayılarını kontrol grubuna nazaran önemli derecede iyileĢmiĢtir.

2. NKE100 ve NKE200 rasyonlarıyla beslenen etlik piliçlerin serum HDL düzeyleri, ZYE200 rasyonunkiyle benzer ancak diğer muamele gruplarınınkine nazaran serum HDL düzeyini önemli derecede artırmıĢtır. ZYE200, NKE100 ve NKE200 rasyonları serum LDL düzeylerini diğer muamele gruplarına göre önemli derecede düĢürmüĢtür. 3. Toplam aerobik bakteri sayısı deneme muamelelerinden etkilenmezken, tüm muamele grupları kontrol rasyonuna nazaran ileum toplam koliform sayısını önemli derecede azaltmıĢtır. ÜÇE100 rasyonu hariç diğer tüm muamele grupları ileum E.coli sayısını KONT rasyonuna nazaran önemli derecede azaltmıĢtır. Etlik piliçler KONT, ÜÇE100 ve ÜÇE200 rasyonlarıyla beslendikleri zaman ileum laktobasillus sayısı diğer muamele gruplarınınkine nazaran önemli derecede azalmıĢtır.

4. ÜÇE100 ve ÜÇE200 rasyonlarıyla beslenen etlik piliçlerin sıcak ve soğuk karkas randımanları kontrol rasyonunkine benzer ancak diğer muamele gruplarınınkinden daha düĢük bulunmuĢtur.

5. Etlik piliçlerin etlerinin kuru madde içerikleri rasyon muamelelerinden etkilenmezken, ZYE200, ÜÇE100 ve NKE200 rasyonları etin ham protein içeriğinde önemli bir artıĢa yol açmıĢtır. Etin ham yağ içeriği NKE200 rasyonuyla artmasına rağmen, P, ÜÇE200, ZYE200 ve NKE200 rasyonlarıyla besleme etin ham kül içeriğini önemli derecede artırmıĢtır.

6. Sonuç olarak; mısır-soya küspesi esaslı etlik piliç karma yemlerine besi performansını olumsuz yönde etkilemeksizin doğal antimikrobiyal yem katkı maddesi olarak probiyotiğin yerine, 100 ve 200 ppm oleuropein temin edecek Ģekilde zeytin yaprağı ekstraktı ve 100 ve 200 ppm proantosiyanidin temin edecek Ģekilde nar kabuğu ekstraktı rahatlıkla kullanılabilir.

KAYNAKLAR

Alcaide, E.M. ve Nefzaoui, A., 1996. Recycling of olive oil by-products: possibilities of utilization in animal nutrition. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 38 (3-4): 227-235.

Alkhalf, A., Alhaj, M. ve Al-Homidan, I., 2010. Infleunce of probiotic supplementation on blood parameters and growth performance in broiler chickens. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 17 (3): 219-225.

Alzoreky, N.S., 2009. Antimicrobial activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit peels. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 13: 24-28.

Andreadou, I., Iliodromitis, E.K., Mikros, E., Constantinou, M., Agalis, A., Magiatis, P., Skaltsounis, L., Kamber, E., Tsantili-Kakoulidou, A. ve Kremastinos, DTh., 2006. The olive constituent oleuropein exhibits anti-ischemic antioxidative and hypolipidemic effects in anesthetized rabbits. Journal of Nutrition, 136: 2213-2219. Anonim, 1989. European table of energy values for poultry feedstuffs (3rd ed.). WPSA

Subcommittee, Beekbergen. The Netherlands.

Anonim, 1992. A possible way to count coliform bacteria groups and E. coli numbers in feedstuffs and diets: A possible number (EMS). Turkish Official Newspaper, an 21, No.21118.

Anonim, 1994. Release 6.1. Copyright © SPSS Inc., 1989-1994.

Anonim, 2007. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 18 th. Edition, W.D.C. USA.

Anonim, 2008. Meyve Suyu Endüstrisi Derneği, 2008, www.meyed.org.tr

Aziz, N.H., Farag, S.E., Mousa, L.A. ve Abo-Zaid, M.A., 1998. Comparative antibacterial and antifungal effects of some phenolic compounds. Microbios Journal, 93: 43-54.

Basmacıoğlu-Malayoğlu, H. ve AktaĢ, B., 2011. Zeytinyağı yan ürünlerinden zeytin yaprağı ile zeytin karasuyunun antimikrobiyal ve antioksidan etkileri. Hayvansal Üretim, 52 (1): 49-58.

Benavente-Garcia, O., Castillo, J., Lorento, J., Ortuno, A. ve Del Rio, J.A., 2000. Antioxidant activity of phenolics extracted from Olea europaea L. Leaves. Food Chemistry, 68: 457-462.

Bisignano, G., Tomaino, A., Lo Cascio, R., Crisafi, G., Uccella, N. ve Saija, A., 1999. On the in vitro antimicrobial activity of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 51: 971-974.

Brenes, A., Viveros, A., Goni, I., Centeno, C., Saura-Calixto, F. ve Arija, I., 2010. Effect of grape seed extract on growth performance, protein and polyphenol digestibilities, and antioxidant activity in chickens. Spanish Journal Agricultural Research, 8: 326-333.

Christaki, E.V., Bonos, E.M. ve Florou-Paneri, P.C., 2011a. Comparative evaluation of dietary oregano, anise and olive leaves in laying Japanese quails. Revista Brasileira de Ciencia Avicola, 13 (2).

Christaki, E., Bonos, E. ve Florou-Paneri, P., 2011b. Effect of dietary supplementation of olive leaves and/or tocopheryl acetate on performance and egg quality of laying Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 6: 1241-1248.

Chuachan, K., Kaen, K., Sasipreeyajan, J. ve Bunyapraphatsara, N., 2005. Minimal bactericidal concentration of pomegranate peel extract (punica granatum L.) on E. coli isolated from chickens. KKU Veterinary Journal, 1 (2): 1-7.

Coni, E., Benedetto, R. Di., Pasquale, M. Di., Masella, R., Modesti, D., Mattei, R. and Carlini, E.A., 2000. Protective effect of oleuropein, an olive oil biophenol, on low- density lipoprotein oxidizability in rabbits. Lipids, 35: 45-54.

Cross, D.E., Mcdevitt, R.M. ve Acamovic, T., 2004a. Phytochemicals in broiler diets and their effect on nutrient digestibility at 21 days of age. Spring Meeting of the WPSA UK Branch-Posters.

Cross, D.E., Acamovic, T. ve Mcdevitt, R.M., 2004b. The productive performance of chicks from 0-21 days, when fed diets containing secondary plant compounds in the presence of an enzyme, Spring Meeting of the WPSA UK Branch-Posters. Delgado-Pertinez, M., Gomez-Cabrera, A. ve Garrido, A., 2000. Predicting the

nutritive value of the olive leaf (Olea europaea): digestibility and chemistry composition and in vitro studies. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 87: 187- 201.

Devatkal, S.K., Jaiswal, P., Jha, S.N., Bharadwaj, R. ve Viswas, K.N., 2011. Antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of pomegranate peel against Pseudomonas stutzeri isolated from poultry meat. Journal of Food Science and Technology, DOI 10.1007/s13197-011-0351-y

Duncan, D. B., 1955. Multiple Range Test and Multiple F Tests, Biometrics, 11: 1-42. Fleming, H.P., Walter, W.M. Jr ve Etchellls, J.L., 1973. Antimicrobial properties of

oleuropein and products of its hydrolosis from green olives. Applied of Microbiology, 26 (5): 777-782.

Ganan, M., Martinez-Rodriguez, J. ve Carrascosa, A.V., 2009. Antimicrobial activity of phenolic compounds of wines against Campylobacter jejuni. Food Control, 20: 739-742.

Garcia-Ruiz, A., Bartolome, B., Martinez-Rodriguez, A.J., Puello, E., Martin-Alvarez, P.J. ve Moreno- Arribas, M.V., 2008. Potential of phenolic compounds for controlling lactic acid bacteria growth in wine. Food Control, 19: 835-841.

Gil, M. I., Tomas-Barberan, F. A., Hess-Pierce, B., Holcroft, D. M. ve Kader, A. A., 2000. Antioxidant activity of pomegranate juice and its relationship with phenolic 296 Inflammatory Bowel Disease composition and processing. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48 (10): 4581-4589.

Göktürk-Baydar, N., Özkan, G. ve Sagdic, O., 2004. Total phenolic contents and antibacterial activities of grape (vitis vinifera L.) extracts. Food Control, 15 (5): 335-339.

Göktürk Baydar, N., Sagdic, O., Ozkan, G. ve Cetin, S., 2006. Determination of antibacterial effects and total phenolic contents of grape (vitis vinifera L.) seed extracts. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 41: 799-804. Hervert- Hernandez, D., Pintado, C., Rotger, R. ve Goni, I., 2009. Stimulatory effect of

grape pomace polyphenols on Lactobacillus acidophilus growth. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 136: 119-122.

Hughes, R.J., Broker, J.D. ve Smyl, C., 2005. Growth rate of broiler chickens given condensed tannins extracted from grape seed. Pages 56-68 in Australian Poultry Science Symposium. Poultry Research Foundation, University of Sidney, Sidney, Australia.

Ibrahium, M.I., 2010. Efficiency of pomegranate peel extract as antimicrobial, antioxidant and protective agents. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 6 (4): 338-344.

IĢık, E.A., Yazıcı, K., ġahin, A. ve Kaya, N., 2011. Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de nar yetiĢtiriciliği. http://www.batem.gov.tr/ürünler/meyvelerimiz/nar/nar.htm

Jayaprakasha, G.K., Selvi, T. ve Sakariah, K.K., 2003. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of grape (vitis vinifera L.) seed extracts. Food Research International, 36: 117-122.

Jemai, H., Bouaziz, M., Fki, I., Feki, A. El. and Sayadi, S., 2008. Hypolipidimic and antioxidant activities of oleuropein and its hydrolysis derivative-rich extracts from Chemlali olive leaves. Chemico-Biological Interaction, 176: 88-98.

Kalavathy, R., Abdullah, N., Jalaludin, S. ve Ho, Y.W., 2003. Effects of Lactobacillus cultures on growth performance, abdominal fat deposition, serum lipids and weight of organs of broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 44: 139-144.

Kanatt, S.R, Chander, R. ve Sharma, A., 2010. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of pomegranate peel extract improves the shelf life of chicken products. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 45 (2): 216-222.

Karunakaran, R. ve Kadirvel, R., 2001. Sweet chestnut wood extract as feed additive in broiler ration. Cherion, 30: 108-109.

Keser, O. ve Bilal, T., 2010. Zeytin sanayi yan ürünlerinin hayvan beslemede kullanım olanakları. Hayvansal Üretim, 51 (1): 64-72.

Khaidarov, K., Mamazhanov, A.A., Kaimov, I.E. ve Kirakos’yants, M.K.H., 1991. Tannins from pomegranate rind wastes. Uzb Khim Zh, 6: 73-74

Korukluoglu, M., Sahan, Y., Yigit, A., Tumay Ozer, E. ve Gucer, S., 2004. In vitro antibacterial activity of olive leaf (olea europaea L.) extracts and their chemical characterization. Kusadasi-Aydın, 4 th Aegean Analytical Chemistry Days, Turkey. Korukluoglu, M., Sahan, Y. ve Yigit, A., 2008. Antifungal properties of olive leaf

extracts and their phenolic compounds. Journal of Food Safety, 28: 76-87.

Kotamballi, N.C.M., Guddadarangavvahally, K.J. ve Ravendra, P.S., 2002. Studies on antioxidant activity of pomegranate (punica granatum) peel extract using in vivo models. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50 (17): 4791-4795.

Lee, O.H. ve Lee, B.Y., 2010. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of individual and combined phenolics in Olea europaea leaf extract. Bioresource Technology, 101: 3751-3754.

Lutful Kabir, S.M., 2009. The role of probiotics in the poultry industry. International Journal of Molecular Science, 10 (8): 3531-3546.

Markin, D., Duek, L. ve Berdicevsky, I., 2003. In vitro antimicrobial activity of olive leaves. Mycoses, 46 (3-4): 132-136.

Mayahi, M., Razi-Jalali, M. ve Kiani, R., 2010. Effects of dietary probiotic supplementation on promoting performance and serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels in broiler chicks. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9 (43): 7383-7387. McCann, M.E.E., Newell, E., Preston, C. ve Forbes, K., 2006. The use of mannan-

oligosaccharides and/or tannin in broiler diets. International Journal of Poultry Science, 5 (9): 873-879.

Micol, V., Caturla, N., Perez-Fons, L., Mas, V. ve Perez-Estepa, A., 2005. The olive leaf extract exhibits antiviral activity against viral haemorhagic septicaemia rhabdovirus (VHSV). Antiviral Research, 66: 129-136.

Nakamura, Y. ve Tonogai, Y., 2002. Effect of grape seed polyphenols on serum and hepatic lipid contents and fecal steroid excretion in normal and hypercholesterolemic rats. Journal of Health Science, 48 (6): 570-578.

Navarro, V., Villarreal, Ma L., Rojas, G. ve Lozoya, X., 1996. Antimicrobial evaluation of some plants used in Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 53: 143-147.

Negi, P.S. ve Jayaprakasha, G.K., 2003. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Punica granatum peel extracts. Journal of Food Science, 68 (4): 1473-1477

Nerantzis, E.T. ve Tataridis, P., 2006. Integrated enology-utilization of winery by-

products into high added value products, e-journal of Science (e-jst.teiath.gr/issue_3_2006/Nerantzis_3.pdf).

Novak, R., Bogovic-Matijasic, B., Tercic, D., Cervek, M., Gorjanc, G., Holcman, A., Levart, A. ve Rogelj, I., 2011. Effects of two probiotic additives containing Bacillus spores on carcass characteristics, blood lipids and cecal volatile fatty acids in meat type chickens. Journal of Animal Physiology and Anima Nutrition, 95 (4): 424-433.

Opara, L.U., Al-Ani, M.R. ve Al-Shuabi, Y.S., 2009. Physico-chemical properties, vitamin C content and antimicrobial properties of pomegranate fruit (punica granatum L.). Food Bioprocess Technology, 2: 315-321.

Özdemir, P. ve Basmacıoğlu-Malayoğlu, H., 2011. Etlik piliç karma yemlerine ilave edilen esansiyel yağ karıĢımı ve üzüm çekirdeği ekstraktınn performans, besin madde sindirilebilirliği ve bağırsak mikrobiyolojisi üzerine etkileri. VI. Ulusal Hayvan Besleme Kongresi 29 Haziran- 2 Temmuz, Samsun, Türkiye, sayfa 118- 124.

Panichayupakaranant, P.; Tewtrakul, S. ve Yuenyongsawad, S., 2010. Antibacterial, antiinflammatory and anti-allergic activities of standardised pomegranate rind extract. Food Chemistry, 123 (2): 400-403.

Pereira, A.P., Ferreira, I.C.F.R., Marcelino, F., Valentao, P., Andrade, P.B., Seabra, R., Estevinho, L., Bento, A. ve Pereira, J.A., 2007. Phenolic compounds and antimicrobial activity of olive (Olea europaea L. Cv. Cobrançosa) leaves. Molecules, 12: 1153-1162.

Prasad, K. ve Karla, J., 1993. Oxygen free radicals and hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis. American Heart Journal, 125: 958-971.

Prashanth, D., Asha, M.K. ve Amit, A., 2001. Antibacterial activity of Punica granatum. Fitoterapia, 72: 171-173.

Rabayaa, E., Abo Omar, J.M. ve Othman, R.A., 2001. Utilization of olive pulp in broiler rations. An-Najah University Journal of Research, 15: 133-144.

Reddy, M., Gupta, S., Jacob, M., Khan, S. ve Ferreir, D., 2007. Antioxidant, antimalarial and antimicrobial activities of tanin-rich fractions, ellagitannins and phenolic acids from Punica granatum L. Plant Medicine, 73: 461-467.

Rodriguez-Vaquero, M.J., Alberto, M.R. ve Manca de Narda, M.C., 2007. Antibacterial effect of phenolic compounds from different wines. Food Control, 18: 93-101. Sarica, S., Ciftci A., Demir, E., Kilinc, K. ve Yildirim, Y., 2005. Use of antibiotics

growth promoter and two herbal natural feed additives with and without exogeneous enzymes in wheat based broiler diets. South African Journal of Animal Science, 3: 33-45.

Shabtay, A., Eitam, H., Tadmor, Y., Orlov, A., Meir, A., Weinberg, P., Weinverg, Z.G., Chen, Y., Borsh, A., Izhaki, I. ve Kerem, Z., 2008. Nutritive and antioxidative potential of fresh and stored pomegranate industrial byproduct as a novel beef cattle feed. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56 (21): 10063-10070. Shareef, A.M. ve Al-Dabbagh, A.S.A., 2009. Effect of probiotic (Saccharomyces

cerevisiae) on performance of broiler chicks. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 23 (1): 23-29.

Sudjana, A. N., D’Orazio, C., Ryan, V., Rasool, N., Ng, J., Islam, N., Riley, T. V. and Hammer, K. A., 2009. Antimicrobial activity of commercial Olea europaea (olive) leaf extract. International Journal Antimicrobial Agents, 33 (5): 461-463.

Vasconcelos, L.C., Sampaio, F.C., Sampaio, M., Pereira, C., Mdo, S., Higino, J.S. ve Peixoto, M.H., 2006. Minimum inhibitory concentration of adherence of Punica granatum L. (pomegranate) gel against S. Mutants, S. Mitis and C. Albicans. Brazilian Dental Journal, 17: 223-227.

Viveros, A., Chamomo, S., Brenes, A., Romero, C., Arija, I. ve Centeno, C., 2010. Effects of dietary grape seed polyphenols on plasma lipid and mineral contents, and intestinal microflora in broiler chicks. Poultry Science, 89 (Suppl. 1): 97-98.

Viveros, A., Chamorro, S., Pizarro, M., Arija, I., Centeno, C. ve Brenes, A., 2011. Effects of dietary polyphenol-rich grape products on intestinal microflora and gut morphology in broiler chicks. Poultry Science, 90: 566-578.

Wang, M.L., Suo, X., Gu, J.H., Zhang, W.W., Fang, Q ve Wang, X., 2008. Influence of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract in broiler chickens: effect of chicken coccidiosis and antioxidant status. Poultry Science, 87: 2273-2280.

Yakhkeshi, S., Rahimi, S. ve Naseri, K., 2011. The effects of comparison of herbal extracts, antibiotic, probiotic and organic acid on serum lipids, immune response, gastro intestinal tract microbial population, intestinal morphology and performance of broilers. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 10 (37): 80-95.

Yalçın, S., Çiftçi, Ġ., Önol, A.G. ve Yılmaz, A., 1996. Yem katkı maddelerinde geliĢmeler. Probiyotikler.3. Uluslar arası Yem Kongresi ve Yem Sergisi 1-3 Nisan Sheraton, Ankara. Sayfa: 30-33.

Zanichelli, D., Baker, T.A., Clifford, M.N. ve Adams, M.R., 2005. Inhibition of staphylococcus aureus by oleuropein is mediated by hydrogen peroxide. Journal of Food Protection, 68 (7): 1492-1496.

Zarei, M., Azizi, M. ve Bashır-Sadr, Z., 2011. Evaluation of physicochemical characteristics of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit during ripening. Fruits, 66 (2): 121-129.

Zrustova, J., Svoboda, K.P. ve Broker, J.D., 2005. Influence of secondary plant metabolites on growth of clostridium perfringens from chicken.

Benzer Belgeler