CONTRACT) ON PROVISIONS OF DIVORCE
3. Sahih Halvet
Neste estudo, foi desenvolvida uma estratégia de obtenção de partículas poliméricas com tamanho submicrométrico, baseada num sistema por atomização para geração das gotículas de monômero durante polimerizações em suspensão e em miniemulsão. Tal sistema apresenta o caráter inovador de inserção do monômero, o que o diferencia dos sistemas clássicos por agitação e ultrassom. A evolução do presente trabalho ocorreu em diferentes etapas buscando-se a melhoria dos resultados com o sistema proposto.
A avaliação do sistema de reação de polimerização por atomização de monômero permitiu considerar os seguintes aspectos.
• Foi possível obter partículas poliméricas em escala submicrométrica usando o sistema proposto;
• Diferentes materiais foram produzidos com tal técnica, sendo: PMMA, PS e copolímero STMMA;
• As partículas submicrométricas foram obtidas através de polimerizações com formulações em miniemulsão e em suspensão;
• Em relação aos efeitos das variáveis estudadas, observou-se que, em geral, a variação do tempo de reação não muda o tamanho da partícula, mas o aumento da pressão de atomização e o aumento da concentração de estabilizante levam a uma redução no tamanho da partícula. Quando avaliando estatisticamente os dados das polimerizações em miniemulsão e suspensão obtidos durante a Etapa II, observou-se que as variáveis estudadas apresentam uma correspondência com o diâmetro da partícula na forma combinada de efeitos múltiplos;
• A técnica proposta neste trabalho é simples e utiliza poucos dispositivos. Além disso, pode ser facilmente adaptada para sistemas em larga escala. Tal característica é bastante relevante frente às outras técnicas convencionais, que fazem uso de dispositivos com certas limitações para serem implementados em sistemas de grande escala, como por exemplo, homogeinizadores mecânicos de alto cisalhamento e sondas ultrassônicas. Adicionalmente, tais dispositivos apresentam consumo energético superior ao sistema de atomização. Tal fato denota que, a esta técnica poderá suprir a carência real no cenário mercadológico e atender a demanda de dispersores eficientes, de baixo custo e de fácil adaptação para escala de produção industrial;
• Foi possível verificar que houve significativa perda de monômero no processo de atomização, principalmente do MMA por ser mais volátil que o St, denotando que a presente técnica ainda precisa ser otimizada no uso de monômeros mais voláteis. Por fim, a técnica proposta neste trabalho é capaz de obter partículas poliméricas nanométricas. Embora as polimerizações de teste realizadas com a presença de óleo de moringa para formação de partículas carreadoras não tenham confirmado o carreamento, é possível que esta técnica seja promissora também na produção de tais partículas.
5.1.1 - Sugestões para trabalhos futuros
Como neste trabalho foram obtidos os primeiros resultados da técnica proposta, diferentes estudos exploratórios podem ser realizados com esta técnica e são descritos aqui como sugestões para a realização de trabalhos futuros:
• Avaliar a influência das concentrações dos reagentes nas formulações das suspensões e miniemulsões. Cabe aqui salientar que, as formulações utilizadas neste estudo foram reproduzidas de trabalhos da literatura e foram otimizadas para uso em sistemas convencionais. Portanto, é interessante avaliar uma condição ótima de formulação para o sistema por atomização;
• Avaliar a formação de partículas poliméricas com uso de outros tipos de monômeros, iniciadores e estabilizantes;
• Avaliar, por diferentes técnicas de análise, o carreamento de diversos materiais em partículas poliméricas formadas pelo sistema de atomização.
Referências bibliográficas
ABISMAÏL, B.; CANSELIER, J. P.; WILHELM, A. M.; DELMAS, H.; GOURDON, C. Emulsification by ultrasound: drop size distribution and stability. Ultrason. Sonochem., v. 6,
p. 75-83, 1999.
AKAGI, T.; KANEKO, T.; KIDA, T.; AKASHI, M. Preparation and characterization of biodegradable nanoparticles based on poly(γ-glutamic acid) with L-phenylalanine as a protein carrier. J. Control. Release, v. 108, p. 226-236, 2005.
ALI, M. E. & LAMPRECHT, A. Polyethylene glycol as an alternative polymer solvent for nanoparticle preparation. Int. J. Pharm., v. 456, n. 1, p. 135-142, 2013.
ALLÉMANN, E.; GURNY, R.; DOELKER, E. Preparation of aqueous polymeric nanodispersions by a reversible salting-out process: influence of process parameters on particle size. Int. J. Pharm., v. 87, p. 247-253, 1992.
ALLÉMANN, E.; LEROUX, J. C.; GURNY, R.; DOELKER, E. In Vitro Extended-Release Properties of Drug-Loaded Poly(DL-Lactic Acid) Nanoparticles Produced by a Salting-out Procedure. Pharm. Res., v. 10, n. 12, p. 1732-1737, 1993.
ALLOUCHE, J. Synthesis of Organic and Bioorganic Nanoparticles: An Overview of the Preparation Methods In: BRAYNER, R. et al. Nanomaterials: A Danger or a Promise?
London: Springer, p. 27-74, 2013.
ANTONIETTI, M. & LANDFESTER, K. Polyreactions in miniemulsions, Prog. Polym. Sci.
v. 27, p. 689-757, 2002.
ARSHADY, R. Suspension, emulsion, and dispersion polymerization: A methodological survey. Colloid. Polym. Sci., v. 270, p. 717-732, 1992.
ASUA, J. M. Miniemulsion polymerization. Prog. Polym. Sci., v. 27, p. 1283-1346, 2002.
BABA, K. & NISHIDA, K. Calpain inhibitor nanocrystals prepared using Nano Spray Dryer B-90. Nanoscale Res. Lett., v. 7, p. 436, 2012.
BABA, K. & NISHIDA, K. Steroid Nanocrystals Prepared Using the Nano Spray Dryer B-90.
Pharmaceutics, v. 5, p. 107-114, 2013.
BABAÇ, C.; GÜVEN, G.; DAVID, G.; SIMIONESCU, B. C.; PIŞKIN, E. Production of nanoparticles of methyl methacrylate and butyl methacrylate copolymers by microemulsion polymerization in the presence of maleic acid terminated poly(N-acetylethylenimine) macromonomers as cosurfactant. Eur. Polym. J., v. 40, n. 8,
p. 1947-1952, 2004.
BARICHELLO, J. M.; MORISHITA, M.; TAKAYAMA, K.; NAGAI, T. Encapsulation of hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs in PLGA nanoparticles by the nanoprecipitation method.
Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm., v. 25, p. 471-476, 1999.
BECK-BROICHSITTER, M.; RYTTING, E.; LEBHARDT, T.; WANG, X.; KISSEL, T. Preparation of nanoparticles by solvent displacement for drug delivery: a shift in the ouzo region upon drug loading. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., v. 41, n. 2, p. 244-253, 2010.
BEHREND, O.; AX, K.; SCHUBERT, H. Influence of continuous phase viscosity on emulsification by ultrasound. Ultrason. Sonochem. v. 7, p. 77-85, 2000.
BERNARDY, N. Estudo cinético da polimerização em miniemulsão visando a nanoencapsulação da quercetina. 2009. 83f. Dissertação (Dissertação de Mestrado em
Engenharia Química) - Centro Tecnológico Departamento de Engenharia Química e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina.
BERNARDY, N; ROMIO, A. P.; BARCELOS, E. I. ; PIZZOL, C. D.; DORA, C. L.; LEMOS-SENNA, E.; ARAUJO, P. H. H. ; SAYER, C. Nanoencapsulation of Quercetin via Miniemulsion Polymerization. J. Biomed. Nanotech., v. 6, p. 181-186, 2010.
BESTETI, M. D. Produção e caracterização de partículas casca-núcleo obtidas pela polimerização simultânea em suspensão e emulsão. 2009. 178f. Dissertação (Dissertação de
Mestrado em Engenharia Química) - COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.
BESTETI, M. D.; SOUZA, F. G.; FREIRE, D. M. G.; PINTO, J. C. Production of core-shell polymer particles-containing cardanol by semibatch combined suspension/emulsion polymerization. Polym. Eng. Sci., v. 54, p. 1222-1229, 2013.
BILATI, U.; ALLÉMANN, E.; DOELKER, E. Development of a nanoprecipitation method intended for the entrapment of hydrophilic drugs into nanoparticles. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., v. 24,
p. 67-75, 2005.
BINDSCHAEDLER C.; GURNY R.; DOELKER, E. Process for preparing a powder of water-insoluble polymer which can be redispersed in a liquid phase, the resulting powder and utilization thereof. Priority country: Switzerland, October 20, 1988. Patent WO 88/08011, 1988.
BINDSCHAEDLER, C.; GURNY, R.; DOELKER, E. Process for preparing a powder of water-insoluble polymer which can be redispersed in a liquid phase, the resulting powder and utilization thereof. US Patent, 4968350, 1990.
BLASIG, A.; SHI, C.; ENICK, R. M.; THIES, M. C. Effect of Concentration and Degree of Saturation on RESS of a CO2-Soluble Fluoropolymer. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., v. 41, p. 4976-
4983, 2002.
BLOUZA, I. L.; CHARCOSSET, C.; SFAR, S.; FESSI, H. Preparation and characterization of spirolactone-loaded nanocapsules for paediatric use. Pharm. Nanotechnol., v. 325, p. 124-
131, 2006.
BODMEIER, R. & MCGINITY, J. W. The preparation and evaluation of drug-containing poly(dl-lactide) microspheres formed by the solvent evaporation method. Pharm. Res., n. 4, p.
BODMEIER, R. & CHEN, H. Indomethacin polymeric nanosuspensions prepared by microfluidization. J. Control. Release, v.12, n. 3, p. 223-233, 1990.
BONDY, C. & SÖLLNER, K. On the mechanism of emulsification by ultrasonic waves.
Trans. Faraday Soc., v. 31, p. 835-842, 1935.
BROOKS, B. W. Basic aspects and recent developments in suspension polymerization.
Makromol. Chem., Macromol. Symp., v. 35-36, 121-140, 1990.
BROOKS, B. W. Suspension polymerization processes. Chem. Eng. Tech., v. 33. n. 11, p.
1737-1734, 2010.
BRUNEL, F.; VÉRON, L.; DAVID, L.; DOMARD, A.; VERRIER, B.; DELAIR, T. Self- assemblies on chitosan nanohydrogels. Macromol. Biosci., v. 10, p. 424-432, 2010.
CALVO, P.; REMUNAN-LOPEZ, C.; VILA-JATO, J. L.; ALONSO, M. J. Novel hydrophilic chitosan-polyethylene oxide nanoparticles as protein carriers. J. Appl. Polymer Sci., v. 63, p. 125-132, 1997a.
CALVO, P.; REMUNAN-LOPEZ, C.; VILA-JATO, J. L.; ALONSO, M. J. Chitosan and chitosan/ethylene oxide-propyleneoxide block copolymer nanoparticles as novel carriers for proteins and vaccines. Pharm. Res., v. 14, p. 1431-1436, 1997b.
CANFAROTTA, F.; WHITCOMBE, M. J.; PILETSKY, S. A. Polymeric nanoparticles for optical sensing. Biotechnol. Adv., v. 31, p. 1585-1599, 2013.
CHEN, J.; LI, Y.; ZHONG, W.; HOU, Q.; WANG, H.; SUN, X.; YI, P. Novel fluorescent polymeric nanoparticles for highly selective recognition of copper ion and sulfide anion in water. Sens. Actuators B, v. 206, p. 230-238, 2015.
CHEN, W.; LIU, X.; LIU, Y.; BANG, Y.; KIM, H. Synthesis of PMMA and PMMA/PS nanoparticles by microemulsion polymerization with a new vapor monomer feeding system.
CHEN, Y.; LIU, H.; ZHANG, Z.; WANG, S. Preparation of polymeric nanocapsules by radiation induced miniemulsion polymerization. Eur. Polym. J., v. 43, n. 7,
p. 2848-2855, 2007.
CHERNYAK, Y; HENON, F; HARRIS, R. B.; GOULD, R. D.; FRANKLIN, R. K.; EDWARDS, J. R.; DESIMONE, J. M.; CARBONELL, R. G. Formation of perfluoropolyether coatings by the rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS) process. Part 1: experimental results. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., v. 40, p. 6118-6126, 2001.
CHATTERJEE, A. & MISHRA, S. Novel synthesis of crystalline polystyrene nanoparticles (nPS) by monomer atomization in microemulsion and their effect on thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP). Macromol. Res., v. 20, p. 780-788, 2012.
CHATTERJEE, A. & MISHRA, S. Novel synthesis with an atomized microemulsion technique and characterization of nano-calcium carbonate (CaCO3)/poly(methyl methacrylate)
core-shell nanoparticles, Particuology, v. 11, p. 760-767, 2013.
CHATTERJEE, A. & MISHRA, S. Nano-Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)/Polystyrene (PS) core-
shell nanoparticle: It’s effect on physical and mechanical properties of high impact polystyrene (HIPS). J. Polym. Res., v. 20, n. 249, 2013.
CHATTERJEE, A. & MISHRA, S. Rheological, thermal and mechanical properties of nano- calcium carbonate (CaCO3)/Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) core-shell nanoparticles
reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites Macromolecular Research. v. 21, n. 5, p. 474-483, 2013.
CHICOMA, D. L.; CARRANZA, V.; GIUDICI, R. Synthesis of Core-Shell Particles of Polystyrene and Poly(methyl methacrylate) Using Emulsion Photopolymerization. Macromol. Symp., v. 324, p. 124-133, 2013.
CHOGNOT, D.; LÉONARD, M.; SIX, J.; DELLACHERIE, E. Surfactive water-soluble copolymers for the preparation of controlled surface nanoparticles by double emulsion/solvent evaporation. Colloids Surf., B, v. 51, p. 86-92, 2006.
CRESPY, D.; MUSYANOVYCH, A.; LANDFESTER, K. Synthesis of polymer particles and nanocapsules stabilized with PEO/PPO containing polymerizable surfactants in miniemulsion.
Colloid Polym. Sci., v. 284, p. 780-787, 2006.
CUNNINGHAM, M. F. Microsuspension polymerization of methyl methacrylate. Polym. React. Eng., v. 7, n. 2, 231-257, 1999.
DANHIER, F.; ANSORENA, E.; SILVA, J. M.; COCO, R.; BRETON, A. L.; PRÉAT, V. PLGA-based nanoparticles: an overview of biomedical applications. J. Control. Release, v.
161, n. 2, 2012.
DAO, T. D.; ERDENEDELGER, G.; JEONG, H. M. Water-dispersible graphene designed as a Pickering stabilizer for the suspension polymerization of poly(methyl methacrylate)/graphene core-shell microsphere exhibiting ultra-low percolation threshold of electrical conductivity. Polymer, v. 55, n. 18, p. 4709-4719, 2014.
DAVIS, F. J. Polymer Chemistry - A Practical Approach in Chemistry. New York: Oxford
University Press, 2004.
DE JAEGHERE, F; ALLÉMANN, E; LEROUX, J-C.; STEVELS, W.; FEIJEN, J.; DOELKER, E.; GURNY, R. Formulation and lyoprotection of poly(Lactic acid-co-ethylene oxide) nanoparticles: influence on physical stability and in vitro cell uptake. Pharm. Res., v.
16, p. 859-866, 1999.
DIEBOLD, Y. & CALONGE, M. Applications of nanoparticles in ophthalmology. Prog. Ret. Eye Res. v. 29, p. 596-609, 2010.
DIXIT, M.; KULKARNI, P. K.; KINI, A. G.; SHIVAKUMAR, H. G. Spray drying: a crystallization technique: a review. Int. J. Drug Form. Res., v. 1 (II), p. 1-29, 2010.
DONG, Y.; NG, W. K.; SHEN, S.; KIM, S.; TAN, R. B. H. Scalable ionic gelation synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles for drug delivery in static mixers. Carbohyd. Polym., v. 94, n. 2, p.
DONNELLY, T. D.; HOGAN, J.; MUGLER, A.; SCHUBMEHL, M.; SCHOMMER, N.; BERNOFF, A. J.; FORREST, B. An experimental study of micron-scale droplet aerosols produced via ultrasonic atomization. Phys. Fluid., v. 16, n. 8, p. 2843-2851, 2004.
DONNELLY, T. D.; HOGAN, J.; MUGLER, A.; SCHUBMEHL, M.; SCHOMMER, N.; BERNOFF, A. J.; DASNURKAR, S.; DITMIRE, T. Using ultrasonic atomization to produce an aerosol of micron-scale particles. Rev. Sci. Instrum., v. 76, p. 113-301, 2005.
DOTSON, N. A.; GALVÁN, R.; LAURENCE, R. L.; TIRREL, M. Polymerization Process Modeling. New York: VCH, 1996.
DOUNIGHI, N. M.; ESKANDARI, R.; AVADI, M. R.; ZOLFAGHARIAN, H.; SADEGHI, A. M. M.; REZAYAT, M. Preparation and in vitro characterization of chitosan nanoparticles containing Mesobuthus eupeus scorpion venom as an antigen delivery system. J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis., v. 18, 2012.
FERNANDES, L. S. L.; CELLET, T. S. P.; SOUZA, E. M. B. D.; SAYER, C.; RUBIRA, A. F.; DARIVA, C.; OLIVEIRA , J. A. Colloid Surf. A, n. 451, p. 1-6, 2014.
FERREIRA, G. R.; BRAQUEHAIS, J. R.; SILVA, W. N.; MACHADO, F. Synthesis of soybean oil-based polymer lattices via emulsion polymerization process. Ind. Crop. Prod., v.
65, p. 14-20, 2015.
FESSI, H.; PUISIEUX, F.; DEVISSAGUET, J. P. Procédé de préparation de systèmes colloidaux dispersibles d'une substance sous forme de nanocapsules. Eur. Pat. Appl., 0274961
A1, 1988.
FESSI, H.; PUISIEUX, F.; DEVISSAGUET, J. P.; AMMOURY, N.; BENITA, S. Nanocapsule formation by interfacial deposition following solvent displacement. Int. J. Pharm., v. 55, p. R1-R4, 1989.
FESSI, H.; DEVISSAGUET, J. P.; PUISIEUX, F.; THIES, C. Process for the preparation of dispersible colloidal systems of a substance in the form of nanoparticles, US Patent, v. 593, n.
FILKOVÁ, I.; HUANG, L. X.; MUJUMDAR, A. S. Industrial Spray drying Systems. In: MUJUMDAR, A. S. Handbook of industrial drying. 3. ed. USA: CRC Press, 2006. P. 215-
254.
FONSECA, L. B.; VIÇOSA, A. L.; MATTOS, A. A.; COELHO, P. M. Z.; ARAÚJO, N.; ZAMITH, H. P. S.; VOLPATO, N. M.; NELE, M.; PINTO, J. C. C. S. Desenvolvimento de um medicamento brasileiro nanoencapsulado para o tratamento da esquistossomose. Vigil. Sanit. Debate, v. 1, p. 85-91, 2013a.
FONSECA, L. B.; NELE, M.; VOLPATO, N. M.; SEICEIRA, R. C.; PINTO, J. C. Production of PMMA Nanoparticles Loaded with Praziquantel Through In Situ Miniemulsion Polymerization. Macromol. React. Eng., v. 7, p. 54-63, 2013b.
GALINDO-RODRÍGUEZ, S. A.; ALLÉMANN, E.; FESSI, H.; DOELKER, E. Physicochemical Parameters Associated with Nanoparticle Formation in the Salting-out, Emulsification-Diffusion, and Nanoprecipitation Methods. Pharm. Res., v. 21, n. 8, 2004.
GALINDO-RODRÍGUEZ, S. A.; ALLÉMANN, E.; FESSI, H.; DOELKER, E. Polymeric Nanoparticles for Oral Delivery of Drugs and Vaccines: A Critical Evaluation of In Vivo
Studies. Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst., v. 22, n. 5,
p. 419-463, 2005.
GANACHAUD, F. & KATZ, J. L. Nanoparticles and nanocapsules created using the ouzo effect: spontaneous emulsification as an alternative to ultrasonic and high-shear devices.
Chem. Phys. Chem., v. 6, p. 209-216, 2005.
GEORGIADOU, S. & BROOKS, B. W. Suspension polymerization of methyl methacrylate using sodium polymethacrylate as a suspending agent. Chem. Eng. Sci.,
v. 60, p. 7137-7152, 2005.
GEORGIADOU, S. & BROOKS, B. W. Suspension polymerization of methyl methacrylate using ammonium polymethacrylate as a suspending agent. Chem. Eng. Sci., v. 61, n. 21, p.
GONÇALVES, O. H.; NOGUEIRA, A. L.; SCHILISCHTING, R.; COAN, T.; SANCHES, A. F. A. MACHADO, R. A. F. Methyl Methacrylate Suspension Polymerization: Strategies On Particle Size Distribution. In: ENPROMER, 2005, RJ.
GONÇALVES, O. H.; LEIMANN, F. V.; ARAUJO, P. H. H.; MACHADO, R. A. F. Expansion of core-shell PS/PMMA particles. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., v. 130, p. 4521-4527, 2013.
GOVENDER, T.; STOLNIK, S.; GARNETT, M. C.; ILLUM, L.; DAVIS, S. S. PLGA nanoparticles prepared by nanoprecipitation: drug loading and release studies of a water soluble drug. J. Control. Rel., v. 57, p. 171-185, 1999.
GUPTA, S. K. & KUMAR, A. Reaction Engineering of Step Growth Polymerization. New
York: Plenum Press, 1987.
GURAV, A.; KODAS, T.; PLUYM, T.; XIONG, Y. Aerosol processing of materials. Aerosol Sci. Technol., v. 19, n. 4, p. 411-452, 1993.
GUTERRES, S. S.; BECK, R. C. R.; POHLMANN, A. R. Spray-drying technique to prepare innovative nanoparticulated formulations for drug administration: a brief overview. Braz. J. Phys., v. 39, n. 1A, 2009.
GUYOT, A.; GRAILLAT, C.; FAVERO, C. Anionic surfmers in mini-emulsion polymerization. C. R. Chim., v. 6, p. 1319-1327, 2003.
GYERGYEK, S.; MAKOVEC, D.; MERTELJ, A.; HUSKICÍ, M.; DROFENIK, M. Super paramagnetic nanocomposite particles synthesized using the mini-emulsion technique.
Colloid. Surf. A, v. 366, p. 113-119, 2010.
HOA, L. T. M.; CHI, N. T.; TRIET, N. M.; NHAN, L. N. T.; CHIEN, D. M. Preparation of drug nanoparticles by emulsion evaporation method. J. Physic. Conf. Ser., v. 187, 2009.
HORNIG, S.; HEINZE, T.; BECER, C. R.; SCHUBERT, U. S. Synthetic polymeric nanoparticles by nanoprecipitation. J. Mater. Chem., v. 19, p. 3838-3840, 2009.
HU, X.; GUO, Y.; WANG, L.; HUA, D.; HONG, Y.; LI, J. Coenzyme Q10 nanoparticles prepared by a supercritical fluid-based method. J. Supercrit. Fluid., v. 57, p. 66-72, 2011.
HUANG, J. & MORIYOSHI, T. Preparation of stabilized lidocaine particles by a combination of supercritical CO2 technique and particle surface control. J. Mater. Sci., v. 43,
p. 2323-2327, 2008.
HUANG, J.; ZHANG, H.; YU, Y.; CHEN, Y.; WANG, D.; ZHANG, G.; ZHOU, G.; LIU, J.; SUN, Z.; SUN, D.; LU, Y.; ZHONG,Y. Biodegradable self-assembled nanoparticles of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide)/hyaluronic acid block copolymers for target delivery of docetaxel to breast cancer. Biomaterials, v. 35, n. 1, p. 550-566, 2014.
IBRAHIM, H.; BINDSCHAEDLER, C.; DOELKER, E.; BURI, P.; GURNY, R. Aqueous nanodispersions prepared by a salting-out process. Int. J. Pharm., v. 87,
p. 239-246, 1992.
ISLAM, M. S.; DAS, A. K.; YEUM, J. H. Synthesis of poly(vinyl acetate-methyl methacrylate) copolymer microspheres using suspension polymerization. J. Colloid Interf. Sci., v. 368, n. 1, p. 400-405, 2012.
IWATA, M. & MCGINITY, J. W. Preparation of multi-phase microspheres of poly(D,L- lactic acid) and poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) containing a W/O emulsion by a multiple emulsion solvent evaporation technique. J. Microencapsul., v. 9, n. 2,
p. 201-214, 1992.
JAFARI, S. M.; HE, Y.; BHANDARI, B. Nano-emulsion production by sonication and microfluidization - a comparison. Int. J. Food Prop., v. 9, p. 475-485, 2006.
JAHANZAD, F.; SAJJADI, S.; BROOKS, B. W. Characteristic intervals in suspension polymerization reactors. Chem. Eng. Sci., v. 60, p. 5574-5589, 2005.
JAHANZAD, F.; SAJJADI, S.; YIANNESKIS, M.; BROOKS, B. W. In situ mass-suspension polymerization. Chem. Eng. Sci., v. 63, p. 4412- 4417, 2008.
JANES, K. A.; CALVO, P.; ALONSO, M. J. Polysaccharide colloidal particles as delivery systems for macromolecules. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., v. 47, p. 83-97, 2001.
JEFFERY, H.; DAVIS, S. S.; O’HAGAN, D. T. The preparation and characterization of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles. I: Oil-in-water emulsion solvent evaporation. Int. J. Pharm., v. 77, p. 169-175, 1991.
JENSEN, A. T.; SAYER, C.; ARAÚJO, P. H. H.; MACHADO, F. Emulsion copolymerization of styrene and acrylated methyl oleate. Eur. J. Lipid. Sci. Tech.,
v. 116, p. 37-43, 2014.
KAYSER, O.; LEMKE, A.; HERNÁNDEZ-TREJO, N. The Impact of Nanobiotechnology on the Development of New Drug Delivery Systems. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol., v. 6, n. 3, p. 3-5,
2005.
KENTISH, S.; WOOSTER, T. J.; ASHOKKUMAR, M.; BALACHANDRAN, S.; MAWSON, R.; SIMONS, L. The use of ultrasonics for nanoemulsion preparation. Innovat. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol., v. 9, p. 170-175, 2008.
KONAN, Y. N.; GURNY, R.; ALLÉMANN, E. Preparation and characterization of sterile and freeze-dried sub-200 nm nanoparticles. Int. J. Pharm., v. 233, p. 239-252, 2002.
KOSTAG, M.; KÖHLER, S.; LIEBERT, T.; HEINZE, T. Pure cellulose nanoparticles from trimethylsilyl cellulose. Macromol. Symp., v. 294, n. 2, p. 96-106, 2010.
KRUKONIS, V. J.; MCHUGH, M. A.; SECHNER, J. Xenon as a supercritical solvent. J. Phys. Chem., v. 88, n. 13, p. 2687-2689, 1984.
KUMARI, A.; YADAV, S. K.; YADAV, S. C. Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles based drug delivery systems. Colloids Surf. B, v. 75, n. 1, 2010.
LAN, D. N. U.; HADANO, S.; BAKAR, A. A.; AZAHARI, B.; ARIFF, Z. M.; CHUJO, Y. Preparation of poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene-composite-filled porous epoxy
microparticles via in-situ suspension polymerization. Polym. Test., v. 30, n. 8,
p. 841-847, 2011.
LANDFESTER, K.; BECHTHOLD, N.; TIARKS, F.; ANTONIETTI, M. Miniemulsion polymerization with cationic and nonionic surfactants: a very efficient use of surfactants for heterophase polymerization. Macromolecules, v. 32, n. 8, p. 2679-2683, 1999.
LANDFESTER, K. Synthesis of colloidal particles in miniemulsions. Annu. Rev. Mater. Res.,
v. 36, p. 231-279, 2006.
LEE, S. H.; HENG, D.; NG, W. K.; CHAN, H.; TAN, R. B. H. Nano spray drying: a novel method for preparing protein nanoparticles for protein therapy. Int. J. Pharm.,
v. 403, p. 192-200, 2011.
LEE, Y. K. & KOPELMAN, R. Optical nanoparticle sensors for quantitative intracellular imaging. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol., v. 1, n. 1, p. 98-110, 2009.
LEGRAND, P.; LESIEUR, S.; BOCHOT, A.; GREF, R.; RAATJES, W.; BARRATT, G.; VAUTHIER, C. Influence of polymer behaviour in organic solution on the production of polylactide nanoparticles by nanoprecipitation. Int. J. Pharm., v. 344,
p. 33-43, 2007.
LEIMANN, F. V.; CARDOZO, L.; SAYER, C.; ARAÚJO, P. H. H. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co-3-hydroxyvalerate) nanoparticles prepared by a miniemulsion/solvent evaporation technique: effect of PHBV molar mass and concentration. Braz. J. Chem. Eng., v. 30, p. 369-
377, 2013.
LENZI, M. K.; MACHADO, S. F.; LIMA, E. L.; PINTO, J. C. Semibatch styrene suspension polymerization processes. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., v. 89, p. 3021-3038, 2003.
LEONG, T. S. H.; WOOSTER, T. J.; KENTISH, S. E.; ASHOKKUMAR, M. Minimizing oil droplet size using ultrasonic emulsification. Ultrason. Sonochem., v. 16, p. 721-727, 2009.
LEROUX, J. C.; ALLÉMANN, E.; DOELKER, E.; GURNY, R. New approach for the preparation of nanoparticles by an emulsification-diffusion method. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., v. 41, p. 14-18, 1995.
LI, T.; SHI, X. W.; DU, Y. M.; TANG, Y. F. Quaternized chitosan/alginate nanoparticles for protein delivery. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A., v. 83, p. 383-390, 2007.
LI, X.; ANTON, N.; ARPAGAUS, C.; BELLETEIX, F.; VANDAMME, T. F. Nanoparticles by spray drying using innovative new technology: The Büchi Nano Spray Dryer B-90. J. Control. Rel., v. 147, p. 304-310, 2010.
LIU, M.; ZHOU, Z.; WANG, X.; XU, J.; YANG, K.; CUI, Q.; CHEN, X.; CAO, M.; WENG, J.; ZHANG, Q. Formation of poly(L,D-lactide) spheres with controlled size by direct dialysis.
Polymer, v. 48, p. 5767-5779, 2007.
LOKHANDE, A. B.; MISHRA, S.; KULKARNI, R. D.; NAIK, J. B. Preparation and characterization of repaglinide loaded ethylcellulose nanoparticles by solvent diffusion technique using high pressure homogenizer. J. Pharm., Res., v. 6, n. 7, p. 421-426, 2013.
LORCA, B. S. S.; BESSA, E. S.; NELE, M.; SANTOS, E. P.; PINTO, J. C. Preparation of PMMA Nanoparticles Loaded with Benzophenone-3 through Miniemulsion Polymerization.
Macromol. Symp., v. 319, p. 246-250, 2012.
MACHADO, F.; LIMA, E.; PINTO, J. Revisão sobre os processos de polimerização em suspensão. Polímeros, v. 17, n. 2, p. 166-179, 2007.
MAKARUCHA, A. J.; TODOROVA; N.; YAROVSKY, I. Nanomaterials in biological environment: a review of computer modelling studies. Eur. Biophys. J., v. 40, p. 103-
115, 2011.
MENDOZA-MUÑOZ, N; QUINTANAR-GUERRERO, D; ALLÉMANN, E. The impact of the salting-out technique on the preparation of colloidal particulate systems for pharmaceutical applications. Recent Pat. Drug Deliv. Formul., v. 6, n. 3, p. 236-49, 2012.
MISHRA, B.; PATEL, B. B.; TIWARI, S. Colloidal nanocarriers: a review on formulation technology, types and applications toward targeted drug delivery. Nanomed. Nanotech. Biol. Med., v. 6, p. 9-24, 2010.
MISHRA, S. & CHATTERJEE, A. Novel synthesis of polymer and copolymer nanoparticles by atomized microemulsion technique and its characterization. Polym. Advan. Technol., v. 22,
p. 1593-1601, 2011.
MISHRA, S.; CHATTERJEE, A.; SINGH, R. P. Novel synthesis of nano-calcium carbonate (CaCO3)/polystyrene (PS) core-shell nanoparticles by atomized microemulsion technique and
its effect on properties of polypropylene (PP) composites. Polym. Advan. Technol., v. 22, p.
2571-2582, 2011.
MOLPECERES, J.; GUZMAN, M.; ABERTURAS, M. R.; CHACON, M.; BERGES, L. Application of central composite designs to the preparation of polycaprolactone nanoparticles by solvent displacement. J. Pharm. Sci., v. 85, n. 2, p. 206-213, 1996.
MOHANRAJ, V. J. & CHEN, Y. Nanoparticles - A Review. Trop. J. Pharm. Res., v. 5, n. 1,
2006.
MORITZA, M. & GESZKE-MORITZ, M. The newest achievements in synthesis, immobilization and practical applications of antibacterial nanoparticles. Chem. Eng. J., v.
228, p. 596-613, 2013.
MUJUMDAR, S.; KUMAR, P. S.; PANDIT, A. B. Emulsification by ultrasound: relation between intensity and emulsion quality. Indian J. Chem. Technol., v. 4,
p. 277-284, 1997.
MURAKAMI, H.; KOBAYASHI, M.; TAKEUCHI, H.; KAWASHIMA, Y. Preparation of poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles by modified spontaneous emulsification solvent diffusion method. Int. J. Pharma., v. 187, p. 143-152, 1999.
MURAKAMI, H.; KOBAYASHI, M.; TAKEUCHI, H.; KAWASHIMA, Y. Further application of a modified spontaneous emulsification solvent diffusion method to various
types of PLGA and PLA polymers for preparation of nanoparticles. Powder Technol., v. 107,
p. 137-143, 2000.
NAGAVARMA, B. V. N.; HEMANT, K. S. Y.; AYAZ, A.; VASUDHA, L. S.; SHIVAKUMAR, H. G. Different techniques for preparation of polymeric nanoparticles - a review. Asian J. Pharmaceut. Clin. Res., v. 5, n. 3, p. 16-23, 2012.
NATSUKI, J. & ABE, T. Synthesis of pure colloidal silver nanoparticles with high electroconductivity for printed electronic circuits: The effect of amines on their formation in aqueous media. J. Colloid Interf. Sci., v. 359, p. 19-23, 2011.
NEVES, A. L. P.; MILIOLI, C. C.; MÜLLER, L.; RIELLA, H. G.; KUHNEN, N. C.; STULZER, H. K. Factorial design as tool in chitosan nanoparticles development by ionic gelation technique. Colloid. Surf. A, v. 445, p. 34-39, 2014.
NGUYEN, C. A.; KONAN-KOUAKOU ,Y. N.; ALLÉMANN , E.; DOELKER, E.; QUINTANAR-GUERRERO, D.; FESSI, H.; GURNY, R. Preparation of surfactant-free nanoparticles of meth acrylic acid copolymers used for film coating. AAPS Pharm. Sci. Tech.,
v. 7, n. 3, article 63, 2006.
NI, X.; ZHANG, Y.; MUSTAFA, I. Correlation of polymer particle size with droplet size in suspension polymerization of methylmethacrylate in a batch oscillatory baffled reactor. Chem. Eng. Sci., v. 54, n. 6, p. 841-850, 1999.
NIWA, T.; TAKEUCHI, H.; HINO, T.; KUNOU, N.; KAWASHIMA, Y. Preparation of biodegradable nanospheres of water-soluble and insoluble drugs with D,L-lactide: glycolide copolymer by a novel spontaneous emulsification solvent diffusion method, and the drug release behavior. J. Control. Rel., v. 25, p. 89-98, 1993.
ODIAN, G. Principles of polymerization. 4 ed. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 2004.
OKUYAMA, K. & LENGGORO, I. W. Preparation of nanoparticles via spray route. Chem. Eng. Sci., v. 58, p. 537-547, 2003.
OLIVEIRA, A. M.; GUIMARÃES, K. L.; CERIZE, N. N. P.; TUNUSSI, A. S.; POÇO, J. G. R. Nano Spray drying as an Innovative Technology for Encapsulating Hydrophilic Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API). J. Nanomed. Nanotechnol., v. 4, n. 6, p. 4-6, 2013.
OLIVEIRA FILHO, U. C. Desenvolvimento de um secador “Spray” para obtenção de pós finos de precursores de Nióbio. 2007. 113f. Tese (Doutorado em Engenharia Química) –
Centro de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação