Meslekler Đle Ismarlama Giyim Olarak Alınan Giysi Türleri Arasındaki Ki-Kare (x²) Đlişkisine Ait Bulgular

period 2000–16 were achieved by Niger (7·1 years for women and 5·3 years for men), Senegal (3·8 years for women and 4·4 years for men), Timor-Leste (4·0 years

Figure 6: Life expectancy at birth, by sex, and fit of expected value based on SDI, 1970–2016

Each point represents life expectancy at birth in a single location-year by that location’s SDI in the given year, coloured by decade. SDI in most locations has increased year on year, so points from earlier years are associated with lower SDI in most cases. The black lines indicate expected values based on SDI. SDI=Socio-demographic Index.

Figure 7: Differences between male and female life expectancy at birth by SDI, 1970–2016

Each point represents the gap in life expectancy at birth between males and females in a single location and year. The black line shows the global trend by SDI.

SDI=Socio-demographic Index.

0 0·25 0·50 0·75 1·00

0 40 60 80 100

Life expectancy at birth (years)

Socio-demographic Index

0 0·25 0·50

Males Females

0·75 1·00

Socio-demographic Index 1970–79

1980–89 1990–99 2000–09 2010–16 Year

0 0·25 0·50 0·75 1·00

–15 –10 –5 0 5 10

Difference in life expectancy at birth (male–female, years)

Socio-demographic Index 1970–79

1980–89 1990–99 2000–09 2010–16 Year

<–10 −5 0 5 >10 Lebanon

Piauí (Brazil) Malta Australia Tunisia Turkey Mali Timor-Leste Sweden Panama Maranhão (Brazil) Rwanda Senegal Chile Switzerland France Algeria Colombia Italy Fujian (China) Beijing (China) Qatar Bangladesh Ecuador Jiangsu (China) Portugal Ethiopia Nepal São Tomé and Príncipe Singapore Zhejiang (China) Japan The Gambia Spain Shanghai (China) Palestine South Sudan Israel Maldives Peru Macao (China) Costa Rica Hong Kong (China) Nicaragua Niger

Years

Significant Not significant 1970 1980 1990 2000 2016

Males Females

(Figure 8 continues on next page)

<–10 −5 0 5 >10 Cyprus

Slovenia Norway Benin Tocantins (Brazil) Shandong (China) Canada Finland South Korea Ireland Iceland Liaoning (China) Ceará (Brazil) Tianjin (China) Jordan Austria Kerala (India) Honduras El Salvador Kuwait Bosnia Guatemala UK Paraíba (Brazil) North Korea Andorra Bahia (Brazil) Gansu (China) Thailand Anhui (China) Mauritania Albania Cuba Oman Bhutan Greece Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil) Pará (Brazil) Jiangxi (China) Sri Lanka Morocco New Zealand Guangdong (China) Liberia Cape Verde

Years

Significant Not significant 1970 1980 1990 2000 2016

Males Females

(Figure 8 continues on next page)

<–10 −5 0 5 >10 Taiwan (Province of China)

Utah (USA) Espírito Santo (Brazil) Paraguay Tajikistan Hebei (China) Comoros Antigua Sichuan (China) Amazonas (Brazil) Inner Mongolia (China) Mexico Mato Grosso do Sul (Brazil) Amapá (Brazil) Burundi California (USA) Jilin (China) Belgium Shaanxi (China) Bolivia Saint Lucia Luxembourg Netherlands Dominican Republic Shanxi (China) Hainan (China) Alagoas (Brazil) Djibouti Samoa Bihar (India) Acre (Brazil) China Minas Gerais (Brazil) Bahrain Vietnam Germany Burkina Faso Hunan (China) Hawaii (USA) Hubei (China) Ningxia (China) Uruguay Chongqing (China) Rondônia (Brazil) Bermuda

Years

Significant Not significant 1970 1980 1990 2000 2016

Males Females

(Figure 8 continues on next page)

<–10 −5 0 5 >10 Distrito Federal (Brazil)

Goiás (Brazil) Florida (USA) Cambodia Iran Iowa (USA) Czech Republic Colorado (USA) South Dakota (USA) Yemen Central Java (Indonesia) Venezuela Iraq Nebraska (USA) Connecticut (USA) New York (USA) São Paulo (Brazil) Washington (USA) Himachal Pradesh (India) Goa (India) Paraná (Brazil) Roraima (Brazil) Sergipe (Brazil) Denmark Mato Grosso (Brazil) North Dakota (USA) West Java (Indonesia) Arizona (USA) Henan (China) Idaho (USA) Guangxi (China) Jamaica United Arab Emirates Brazil Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) Sikkim (India) Heilongjiang (China) Saudi Arabia Pernambuco (Brazil) Argentina DR Congo Santa Catarina (Brazil) Minnesota (USA) Guizhou (China) Yunnan (China)

Years

Significant Not significant 1970 1980 1990 2000 2016

Males Females

(Figure 8 continues on next page)

<–10 −5 0 5 >10 Bali (Indonesia)

New Mexico (USA) Angola Mauritius Maryland (USA) Egypt Northern Mariana Islands Nevada (USA) Virginia (USA) East Nusa Tenggara (Indonesia) Kansas (USA) Arunachal Pradesh (India) Union territories other than Delhi (India) Illinois (USA) Poland Tonga Sudan Croatia USA Maine (USA) Rhode Island (USA) New Hampshire (USA) Telangana (India) North Kalimantan (Indonesia) Malaysia Mozambique Montana (USA) Eritrea East Java (Indonesia) Texas (USA) Massachusetts (USA) Madagascar Belize Vermont (USA) Guinea Chad Oregon (USA) Serbia Puerto Rico New Jersey (USA) Barbados Montenegro Lampung (Indonesia) Armenia Wisconsin (USA)

Years

Significant Not significant 1970 1980 1990 2000 2016

Males Females

(Figure 8 continues on next page)

<–10 −5 0 Years

5 >10

Slovakia Tripura (India) Missouri (USA) Georgia (USA) Ohio (USA) Indiana (USA) Tamil Nadu (India) Togo Estonia Macedonia Libya Jharkhand (India) Haiti St Vincent and the Grenadines South Sumatera (Indonesia) Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) West Kalimantan (Indonesia) Georgia Somalia Qinghai (China) Brunei Meghalaya (India) Yogyakarta (Indonesia) Rajasthan (India) Nagaland (India) Andhra Pradesh (India) Laos Manipur (India) Jammu and Kashmir (India) Mizoram (India) Tanzania Seychelles Michigan (USA) Pennsylvania (USA) South Sulawesi (Indonesia) Pakistan Afghanistan Kyrgyzstan Myanmar Uganda Delaware (USA) West Bengal (India) North Carolina (USA) Wyoming (USA) Alaska (USA)

Significant Not significant 1970 1980 1990 2000 2016

Males Females

(Figure 8 continues on next page)

<–10 −5 0 5 >10 Louisiana (USA)

Oklahoma (USA) Latvia Jakarta (Indonesia) Sierra Leone Gorontalo (Indonesia) Solomon Islands District of Columbia (USA) Central Kalimantan (Indonesia) Guinea-Bissau Kentucky (USA) Uttar Pradesh (India) West Nusa Tenggara (Indonesia) Tennessee (USA) West Sumatera (Indonesia) Karnataka (India) Arkansas (USA) Suriname Grenada American Samoa Punjab (India) Bulgaria Trinidad and Tobago Delhi (India) Riau (Indonesia) Gujarat (India) Maharashtra (India) Xinjiang (China) Nigeria Philippines Bahamas Romania Jambi (Indonesia) India Odisha (India) Hungary Ghana Moldova South Carolina (USA) Kenya Malawi Dominica Madhya Pradesh (India) Tibet (China) Indonesia

Years

Significant Not significant 1970 1980 1990 2000 2016

Males Females

(Figure 8 continues on next page)

<–10 −5 0 5 >10 West Papua (Indonesia)

Namibia Greenland Russia Cameroon Congo (Brazzaville) Federated States of Micronesia Maluku (Indonesia) Marshall Islands Mongolia South Kalimantan (Indonesia) Turkmenistan Gabon North Maluku (Indonesia) Central Sulawesi (Indonesia) Southeast Sulawesi (Indonesia) Guyana Assam (India) Haryana (India) Aceh (Indonesia) Côte d’Ivoire Guam Riau Islands (Indonesia) Uttarakhand (India) Ukraine Papua New Guinea Kiribati Bangka-Belitung Islands (Indonesia) Syria Bengkulu (Indonesia) Virgin Islands Uzbekistan Mississippi (USA) Banten (Indonesia) Kazakhstan West Sulawesi (Indonesia) Belarus Chhattisgarh (India) Lithuania North Sulawesi (Indonesia) Azerbaijan Alabama (USA) Vanuatu North Sumatera (Indonesia) West Virginia (USA)

Years

Significant Not significant 1970 1980 1990 2000 2016

Males Females

(Figure 8 continues on next page)

for women and 3·6 years for men), and Mali (4·0 years for women and 2·6 years for men). Reductions in the negative difference between observed and expected life expectancy also represent improvement. From 2000 to 2016, notable improvements of this type occurred in many locations in sub-Saharan Africa, such as Botswana, Zimbabwe, Malawi, and Zambia, where the negative difference in observed and expected life expectancy at birth shrank by 10 or more years. Outside of sub-Saharan Africa, the largest decreases in negative difference over that period were by 6·0 years in Kazakhstan, 5·2 years in Laos, and 4·8 years in Estonia. National locations notable for progressing from having observed life expectancy below the level anticipated on the basis of SDI in the year 2000 to observed life expectancy greater than expected in 2016 included: Rwanda (from 7·2 years less than expected to 4·3 years greater than expected), Burundi (from 6·7 years less than expected to 2·0 years greater than expected), and Ethiopia (from 6·7 years less than expected to 5·0 years greater than expected). By contrast, the so-called 4C countries—China, Costa Rica, Cuba, and Chile—noted by the Lancet Commission on Investing in Health

as exemplar locations for improvements in health outcomes in previous time periods, were notable for their comparatively slower success in reducing the difference from expected life expectancy at birth during the most recent period.

From 2000 to 2016, the positive difference in observed