1. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, et al.
Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. International journal of cancer. 2015;136(5):E359-86.
2. D'Amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz SB, Schultz D, Blank K, Broderick GA, et al. Biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or interstitial radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. Jama.
1998;280(11):969-74.
3. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2017. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2017;67(1):7-30.
4. Luengo-Fernandez R, Leal J, Gray A, Sullivan R. Economic burden of cancer across the European Union: a population-based cost analysis. The Lancet Oncology.
2013;14(12):1165-74.
5. Mottet N. BJ, Briers E., Bolla M., Bourke L., Cornford P., De Santis M., Henry A., Joniau S., Lam T., Mason M.D., Van den Poel H., Van den Kwast T.H., Rouvière O., Wiegel T.; members of the EAU – ESTRO – ESUR –SIOG Prostate Cancer Guidelines Panel. EAU – ESTRO – ESUR – SIOG Guidelines on Prostate Cancer.:
European Association of Urology; 2017. Available from:
https://uroweb.org/guideline/prostate-cancer/.
6. Bell KJ, Del Mar C, Wright G, Dickinson J, Glasziou P. Prevalence of incidental prostate cancer: A systematic review of autopsy studies. International journal of cancer. 2015;137(7):1749-57.
7. De Angelis R, Sant M, Coleman MP, Francisci S, Baili P, Pierannunzio D, et al. Cancer survival in Europe 1999-2007 by country and age: results of EUROCARE--5-a population-based study. The Lancet Oncology. 2014;15(1):23-34.
8. Tan DS, Mok TS, Rebbeck TR. Cancer Genomics: Diversity and Disparity Across Ethnicity and Geography. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2016;34(1):91-101.
9. Ewing CM, Ray AM, Lange EM, Zuhlke KA, Robbins CM, Tembe WD, et al.
Germline mutations in HOXB13 and prostate-cancer risk. The New England journal of medicine. 2012;366(2):141-9.
10. Lynch HT, Kosoko-Lasaki O, Leslie SW, Rendell M, Shaw T, Snyder C, et al.
Screening for familial and hereditary prostate cancer. International journal of cancer.
2016;138(11):2579-91.
11. Carter BS, Bova GS, Beaty TH, Steinberg GD, Childs B, Isaacs WB, et al.
Hereditary prostate cancer: epidemiologic and clinical features. The Journal of urology. 1993;150(3):797-802.
12. Johns L, Houlston R. A systematic review and meta‐analysis of familial prostate cancer risk. BJU international. 2003;91(9):789-94.
13. Potter SR, Partin AW. Hereditary and Familial Prostate Cancer: Biologic Aggressiveness and Recurrence. Reviews in Urology. 2000;2(1):35-6.
14. Breslow N, Chan CW, Dhom G, Drury RA, Franks LM, Gellei B, et al. Latent carcinoma of prostate at autopsy in seven areas. The International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyons, France. International journal of cancer. 1977;20(5):680-8.
15. Bylsma LC, Alexander DD. A review and meta-analysis of prospective studies of red and processed meat, meat cooking methods, heme iron, heterocyclic amines and prostate cancer. Nutrition journal. 2015;14:125.
16. Dickerman BA, Markt SC, Koskenvuo M, Pukkala E, Mucci LA, Kaprio J.
Alcohol intake, drinking patterns, and prostate cancer risk and mortality: a 30-year prospective cohort study of Finnish twins. Cancer causes & control : CCC.
2016;27(9):1049-58.
17. Ilic D, Misso M. Lycopene for the prevention and treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer: a systematic review. Maturitas. 2012;72(4):269-76.
18. Lippman SM, Klein EA, Goodman PJ, Lucia MS, Thompson IM, Ford LG, et al. Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). Jama. 2009;301(1):39-51.
19. Kristal AR, Till C, Song X, Tangen CM, Goodman PJ, Neuhauser ML, et al.
Plasma vitamin D and prostate cancer risk: results from the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2014;23(8):1494-504.
20. Vidal AC, Howard LE, Moreira DM, Castro-Santamaria R, Andriole GL, Jr., Freedland SJ. Obesity increases the risk for high-grade prostate cancer: results from the REDUCE study. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2014;23(12):2936-42.
21. Esposito K, Chiodini P, Capuano A, Bellastella G, Maiorino MI, Parretta E, et al. Effect of metabolic syndrome and its components on prostate cancer risk: meta-analysis. Journal of endocrinological investigation. 2013;36(2):132-9.
22. Freedland SJ, Hamilton RJ, Gerber L, Banez LL, Moreira DM, Andriole GL, et al. Statin use and risk of prostate cancer and high-grade prostate cancer: results from the REDUCE study. Prostate cancer and prostatic diseases. 2013;16(3):254-9.
23. Lian WQ, Luo F, Song XL, Lu YJ, Zhao SC. Gonorrhea and Prostate Cancer Incidence: An Updated Meta-Analysis of 21 Epidemiologic Studies. Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research.
2015;21:1902-10.
24. Kramer BS, Hagerty KL, Justman S, Somerfield MR, Albertsen PC, Blot WJ, et al. Use of 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors for prostate cancer chemoprevention:
American Society of Clinical Oncology/American Urological Association 2008 Clinical Practice Guideline. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2009;27(9):1502-16.
25. Haider A, Zitzmann M, Doros G, Isbarn H, Hammerer P, Yassin A. Incidence of prostate cancer in hypogonadal men receiving testosterone therapy: observations from 5-year median followup of 3 registries. The Journal of urology. 2015;193(1):80-6.
26. Loeb S. Guideline of guidelines: prostate cancer screening. BJU international.
2014;114(3):323-5.
27. Gulati R, Mariotto AB, Chen S, Gore JL, Etzioni R. Long-term projections of the harm-benefit trade-off in prostate cancer screening are more favorable than previous short-term estimates. Journal of clinical epidemiology. 2011;64(12):1412-7.
28. Ilic D, Neuberger MM, Djulbegovic M, Dahm P. Screening for prostate cancer.
The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2013(1):Cd004720.
29. Albright F, Stephenson RA, Agarwal N, Teerlink CC, Lowrance WT, Farnham JM, et al. Prostate cancer risk prediction based on complete prostate cancer family history. The Prostate. 2015;75(4):390-8.
30. Kamangar F, Dores GM, Anderson WF. Patterns of cancer incidence, mortality, and prevalence across five continents: defining priorities to reduce cancer disparities in different geographic regions of the world. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2006;24(14):2137-50.
31. Vickers AJ, Ulmert D, Sjoberg DD, Bennette CJ, Bjork T, Gerdtsson A, et al.
Strategy for detection of prostate cancer based on relation between prostate specific antigen at age 40-55 and long term risk of metastasis: case-control study. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2013;346:f2023.
32. Carlsson S, Assel M, Sjoberg D, Ulmert D, Hugosson J, Lilja H, et al. Influence of blood prostate specific antigen levels at age 60 on benefits and harms of prostate cancer screening: population based cohort study. BMJ (Clinical research ed).
2014;348:g2296.
33. Okotie OT, Roehl KA, Han M, Loeb S, Gashti SN, Catalona WJ.
Characteristics of prostate cancer detected by digital rectal examination only. Urology.
2007;70(6):1117-20.
34. Gosselaar C, Roobol MJ, Roemeling S, Schroder FH. The role of the digital rectal examination in subsequent screening visits in the European randomized study of screening for prostate cancer (ERSPC), Rotterdam. European urology.
2008;54(3):581-8.
35. Richie JP, Catalona WJ, Ahmann FR, Hudson MA, Scardino PT, Flanigan RC, et al. Effect of patient age on early detection of prostate cancer with serum prostate-specific antigen and digital rectal examination. Urology. 1993;42(4):365-74.
36. Stamey TA, Yang N, Hay AR, McNeal JE, Freiha FS, Redwine E. Prostate-specific antigen as a serum marker for adenocarcinoma of the prostate. The New England journal of medicine. 1987;317(15):909-16.
37. Esteban EP, Deliz G, Rivera-Rodriguez J, Laureano SM. An Analytical Study of Prostate-Specific Antigen Dynamics. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine. 2016;2016:3929163.
38. Catalona WJ, Richie JP, Ahmann FR, Hudson MA, Scardino PT, Flanigan RC, et al. Comparison of digital rectal examination and serum prostate specific antigen in the early detection of prostate cancer: results of a multicenter clinical trial of 6,630 men. The Journal of urology. 1994;151(5):1283-90.
39. Semjonow A, Brandt B, Oberpenning F, Roth S, Hertle L. Discordance of assay methods creates pitfalls for the interpretation of prostate-specific antigen values. The Prostate Supplement. 1996;7:3-16.
40. Thompson IM, Pauler DK, Goodman PJ, Tangen CM, Lucia MS, Parnes HL, et al. Prevalence of prostate cancer among men with a prostate-specific antigen level
< or =4.0 ng per milliliter. The New England journal of medicine. 2004;350(22):2239-46.
41. Arlen PM, Bianco F, Dahut WL, D'Amico A, Figg WD, Freedland SJ, et al.
Prostate Specific Antigen Working Group guidelines on prostate specific antigen doubling time. The Journal of urology. 2008;179(6):2181-5; discussion 5-6.
42. Heidenreich A. Identification of high-risk prostate cancer: role of prostate-specific antigen, PSA doubling time, and PSA velocity. European urology.
2008;54(5):976-7; discussion 8-9.
43. Vickers AJ, Savage C, O'Brien MF, Lilja H. Systematic review of pretreatment prostate-specific antigen velocity and doubling time as predictors for prostate cancer.
Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2009;27(3):398-403.
44. Catalona WJ, Partin AW, Slawin KM, Brawer MK, Flanigan RC, Patel A, et al. Use of the percentage of free prostate-specific antigen to enhance differentiation of prostate cancer from benign prostatic disease: a prospective multicenter clinical trial.
Jama. 1998;279(19):1542-7.
45. Loeb S, Catalona WJ. The Prostate Health Index: a new test for the detection of prostate cancer. Therapeutic advances in urology. 2014;6(2):74-7.
46. Bryant RJ, Sjoberg DD, Vickers AJ, Robinson MC, Kumar R, Marsden L, et al. Predicting high-grade cancer at ten-core prostate biopsy using four kallikrein markers measured in blood in the ProtecT study. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2015;107(7).
47. Deras IL, Aubin SM, Blase A, Day JR, Koo S, Partin AW, et al. PCA3: a molecular urine assay for predicting prostate biopsy outcome. The Journal of urology.
2008;179(4):1587-92.
48. Nakanishi H, Groskopf J, Fritsche HA, Bhadkamkar V, Blase A, Kumar SV, et al. PCA3 molecular urine assay correlates with prostate cancer tumor volume:
implication in selecting candidates for active surveillance. The Journal of urology.
2008;179(5):1804-9; discussion 9-10.
49. Nicholson A, Mahon J, Boland A, Beale S, Dwan K, Fleeman N, et al. The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the PROGENSA(R) prostate cancer antigen 3 assay and the Prostate Health Index in the diagnosis of prostate cancer: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health technology assessment (Winchester, England). 2015;19(87):i-xxxi, 1-191.
50. Eastham JA, Riedel E, Scardino PT, Shike M, Fleisher M, Schatzkin A, et al.
Variation of serum prostate-specific antigen levels: an evaluation of year-to-year fluctuations. Jama. 2003;289(20):2695-700.
51. Eggener SE, Large MC, Gerber GS, Pettus J, Yossepowitch O, Smith ND, et al. Empiric antibiotics for an elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level: a randomised, prospective, controlled multi-institutional trial. BJU international.
2013;112(7):925-9.
52. Hara R, Jo Y, Fujii T, Kondo N, Yokoyoma T, Miyaji Y, et al. Optimal approach for prostate cancer detection as initial biopsy: prospective randomized study comparing transperineal versus transrectal systematic 12-core biopsy. Urology.
2008;71(2):191-5.
53. Smeenge M, Barentsz J, Cosgrove D, de la Rosette J, de Reijke T, Eggener S, et al. Role of transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) in focal therapy of prostate cancer:
report from a Consensus Panel. BJU international. 2012;110(7):942-8.
54. Selnaes KM, Heerschap A, Jensen LR, Tessem MB, Schweder GJ, Goa PE, et al. Peripheral zone prostate cancer localization by multiparametric magnetic resonance at 3 T: unbiased cancer identification by matching to histopathology. Investigative radiology. 2012;47(11):624-33.
55. Schoots IG, Roobol MJ, Nieboer D, Bangma CH, Steyerberg EW, Hunink MG.
Magnetic resonance imaging-targeted biopsy may enhance the diagnostic accuracy of
significant prostate cancer detection compared to standard transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European urology.
2015;68(3):438-50.
56. van Hove A, Savoie PH, Maurin C, Brunelle S, Gravis G, Salem N, et al.
Comparison of image-guided targeted biopsies versus systematic randomized biopsies in the detection of prostate cancer: a systematic literature review of well-designed studies. World journal of urology. 2014;32(4):847-58.
57. Donovan J, Hamdy F, Neal D, Peters T, Oliver S, Brindle L, et al. Prostate Testing for Cancer and Treatment (ProtecT) feasibility study. Health technology assessment (Winchester, England). 2003;7(14):1-88.
58. Lui PD, Terris MK, McNeal JE, Stamey TA. Indications for ultrasound guided transition zone biopsies in the detection of prostate cancer. The Journal of urology.
1995;153(3 Pt 2):1000-3.
59. Walz J, Graefen M, Chun FK, Erbersdobler A, Haese A, Steuber T, et al. High incidence of prostate cancer detected by saturation biopsy after previous negative biopsy series. European urology. 2006;50(3):498-505.
60. Zigeuner R, Schips L, Lipsky K, Auprich M, Salfellner M, Rehak P, et al.
Detection of prostate cancer by TURP or open surgery in patients with previously negative transrectal prostate biopsies. Urology. 2003;62(5):883-7.
61. von Knobloch R, Weber J, Varga Z, Feiber H, Heidenreich A, Hofmann R.
Bilateral fine-needle administered local anaesthetic nerve block for pain control during TRUS-guided multi-core prostate biopsy: a prospective randomised trial. European urology. 2002;41(5):508-14; discussion 14.
62. Cuevas O, Oteo J, Lazaro E, Aracil B, de Abajo F, Garcia-Cobos S, et al.
Significant ecological impact on the progression of fluoroquinolone resistance in Escherichia coli with increased community use of moxifloxacin, levofloxacin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.
2011;66(3):664-9.
63. Loeb S, Carter HB, Berndt SI, Ricker W, Schaeffer EM. Complications after prostate biopsy: data from SEER-Medicare. The Journal of urology.
2011;186(5):1830-4.
64. Gleason DF. Classification of prostatic carcinomas. Cancer chemotherapy reports. 1966;50(3):125-8.
65. Samaratunga H, Delahunt B, Yaxley J, Srigley JR, Egevad L. From Gleason to International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grading of prostate cancer.
Scandinavian journal of urology. 2016;50(5):325-9.
66. Gleason DF. Histologic grading of prostate cancer: a perspective. Human pathology. 1992;23(3):273-9.
67. Epstein JI, Allsbrook WC, Jr., Amin MB, Egevad LL. The 2005 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consensus Conference on Gleason Grading of Prostatic Carcinoma. The American journal of surgical pathology.
2005;29(9):1228-42.
68. Epstein JI, Zelefsky MJ, Sjoberg DD, Nelson JB, Egevad L, Magi-Galluzzi C, et al. A Contemporary Prostate Cancer Grading System: A Validated Alternative to the Gleason Score. European urology. 2016;69(3):428-35.
69. Epstein JI, Egevad L, Amin MB, Delahunt B, Srigley JR, Humphrey PA. The 2014 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consensus Conference on Gleason Grading of Prostatic Carcinoma: Definition of Grading Patterns and Proposal for a New Grading System. The American journal of surgical pathology.
2016;40(2):244-52.
70. Van der Kwast T, Bubendorf L, Mazerolles C, Raspollini MR, Van Leenders GJ, Pihl CG, et al. Guidelines on processing and reporting of prostate biopsies: the 2013 update of the pathology committee of the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC). Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology. 2013;463(3):367-77.
71. Spigelman SS, McNeal JE, Freiha FS, Stamey TA. Rectal examination in volume determination of carcinoma of the prostate: clinical and anatomical correlations. The Journal of urology. 1986;136(6):1228-30.
72. Partin AW, Carter HB, Chan DW, Epstein JI, Oesterling JE, Rock RC, et al.
Prostate specific antigen in the staging of localized prostate cancer: influence of tumor differentiation, tumor volume and benign hyperplasia. The Journal of urology.
1990;143(4):747-52.
73. Freedland SJ, Csathy GS, Dorey F, Aronson WJ. Percent prostate needle biopsy tissue with cancer is more predictive of biochemical failure or adverse pathology after radical prostatectomy than prostate specific antigen or Gleason score.
The Journal of urology. 2002;167(2 Pt 1):516-20.
74. Sauvain JL, Palascak P, Bourscheid D, Chabi C, Atassi A, Bremon JM, et al.
Value of power doppler and 3D vascular sonography as a method for diagnosis and staging of prostate cancer. European urology. 2003;44(1):21-30; discussion -1.
75. Mitterberger M, Pinggera GM, Pallwein L, Gradl J, Frauscher F, Bartsch G, et al. The value of three-dimensional transrectal ultrasonography in staging prostate cancer. BJU international. 2007;100(1):47-50.
76. de Rooij M, Hamoen EH, Witjes JA, Barentsz JO, Rovers MM. Accuracy of Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Local Staging of Prostate Cancer: A Diagnostic Meta-analysis. European urology. 2016;70(2):233-45.
77. Heijmink SW, Futterer JJ, Hambrock T, Takahashi S, Scheenen TW, Huisman HJ, et al. Prostate cancer: body-array versus endorectal coil MR imaging at 3 T--comparison of image quality, localization, and staging performance. Radiology.
2007;244(1):184-95.
78. Engelbrecht MR, Jager GJ, Severens JL. Patient selection for magnetic resonance imaging of prostate cancer. European urology. 2001;40(3):300-7.
79. Pisansky TM, Zincke H, Suman VJ, Bostwick DG, Earle JD, Oesterling JE.
Correlation of pretherapy prostate cancer characteristics with histologic findings from pelvic lymphadenectomy specimens. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics. 1996;34(1):33-9.
80. Haese A, Epstein JI, Huland H, Partin AW. Validation of a biopsy-based pathologic algorithm for predicting lymph node metastases in patients with clinically localized prostate carcinoma. Cancer. 2002;95(5):1016-21.
81. Harisinghani MG, Barentsz J, Hahn PF, Deserno WM, Tabatabaei S, van de Kaa CH, et al. Noninvasive detection of clinically occult lymph-node metastases in prostate cancer. The New England journal of medicine. 2003;348(25):2491-9.
82. Hovels AM, Heesakkers RA, Adang EM, Jager GJ, Strum S, Hoogeveen YL, et al. The diagnostic accuracy of CT and MRI in the staging of pelvic lymph nodes in patients with prostate cancer: a meta-analysis. Clinical radiology. 2008;63(4):387-95.
83. Brogsitter C, Zophel K, Kotzerke J. 18F-Choline, 11C-choline and 11C-acetate PET/CT: comparative analysis for imaging prostate cancer patients. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging. 2013;40 Suppl 1:S18-27.
84. Poulsen MH, Bouchelouche K, Hoilund-Carlsen PF, Petersen H, Gerke O, Steffansen SI, et al. [18F]fluoromethylcholine (FCH) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) for lymph node staging of prostate cancer: a prospective study of 210 patients. BJU international. 2012;110(11):1666-71.
85. Van den Bergh L, Lerut E, Haustermans K, Deroose CM, Oyen R, Isebaert S, et al. Final analysis of a prospective trial on functional imaging for nodal staging in patients with prostate cancer at high risk for lymph node involvement. Urologic oncology. 2015;33(3):109.e23-31.
86. Pinaquy JB, De Clermont-Galleran H, Pasticier G, Rigou G, Alberti N, Hindie E, et al. Comparative effectiveness of [(18) F]-fluorocholine PET-CT and pelvic MRI with diffusion-weighted imaging for staging in patients with high-risk prostate cancer.
The Prostate. 2015;75(3):323-31.
87. Budiharto T, Joniau S, Lerut E, Van den Bergh L, Mottaghy F, Deroose CM, et al. Prospective evaluation of 11C-choline positron emission tomography/computed tomography and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for the nodal staging of prostate cancer with a high risk of lymph node metastases. European urology.
2011;60(1):125-30.
88. Perera M, Papa N, Christidis D, Wetherell D, Hofman MS, Murphy DG, et al.
Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predictors of Positive 68Ga-Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen Positron Emission Tomography in Advanced Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. European urology. 2016;70(6):926-37.
89. Even-Sapir E, Metser U, Mishani E, Lievshitz G, Lerman H, Leibovitch I. The detection of bone metastases in patients with high-risk prostate cancer: 99mTc-MDP Planar bone scintigraphy, single- and multi-field-of-view SPECT, 18F-fluoride PET, and 18F-fluoride PET/CT. Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 2006;47(2):287-97.
90. Shen G, Deng H, Hu S, Jia Z. Comparison of choline-PET/CT, MRI, SPECT, and bone scintigraphy in the diagnosis of bone metastases in patients with prostate cancer: a meta-analysis. Skeletal radiology. 2014;43(11):1503-13.
91. Abuzallouf S, Dayes I, Lukka H. Baseline staging of newly diagnosed prostate cancer: a summary of the literature. The Journal of urology. 2004;171(6 Pt 1):2122-7.
92. Tateishi U, Morita S, Taguri M, Shizukuishi K, Minamimoto R, Kawaguchi M, et al. A meta-analysis of (18)F-Fluoride positron emission tomography for assessment of metastatic bone tumor. Annals of nuclear medicine. 2010;24(7):523-31.
93. Picchio M, Spinapolice EG, Fallanca F, Crivellaro C, Giovacchini G, Gianolli L, et al. [11C]Choline PET/CT detection of bone metastases in patients with PSA progression after primary treatment for prostate cancer: comparison with bone scintigraphy. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging.
2012;39(1):13-26.
94. Gutzeit A, Doert A, Froehlich JM, Eckhardt BP, Meili A, Scherr P, et al.
Comparison of diffusion-weighted whole body MRI and skeletal scintigraphy for the detection of bone metastases in patients with prostate or breast carcinoma. Skeletal radiology. 2010;39(4):333-43.
95. Lecouvet FE, El Mouedden J, Collette L, Coche E, Danse E, Jamar F, et al.
Can whole-body magnetic resonance imaging with diffusion-weighted imaging replace Tc 99m bone scanning and computed tomography for single-step detection of metastases in patients with high-risk prostate cancer? European urology.
2012;62(1):68-75.
96. Pasoglou V, Larbi A, Collette L, Annet L, Jamar F, Machiels JP, et al. One-step TNM staging of high-risk prostate cancer using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): toward an upfront simplified "all-in-one" imaging approach? The Prostate.
2014;74(5):469-77.
97. Eiber M, Herrmann K, Fendler WP, Maurer T. 68Ga-labeled Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen Positron Emission Tomography for Prostate Cancer Imaging: The New Kid on the Block-Early or Too Early to Draw Conclusions? European urology.
2016;70(6):938-40.
98. Sutcliffe P, Hummel S, Simpson E, Young T, Rees A, Wilkinson A, et al. Use of classical and novel biomarkers as prognostic risk factors for localised prostate cancer: a systematic review. Health technology assessment (Winchester, England).
2009;13(5):iii, xi-xiii 1-219.
99. Montie JE. Staging of prostate cancer. Current TNM classification and future prospects for prognostic factors. Cancer. 1995;75(S7):1814-8.
100. Jewett H. The present status of radical prostatectomy for stages A and B prostatic cancer. The Urologic clinics of North America. 1975;2(1):105-24.
101. Partin AW, Kattan MW, Subong EN, Walsh PC, Wojno KJ, Oesterling JE, et al. Combination of prostate-specific antigen, clinical stage, and Gleason score to predict pathological stage of localized prostate cancer: a multi-institutional update.
Jama. 1997;277(18):1445-51.
102. D'amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz SB, Schultz D, Blank K, Broderick GA, et al. Biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or interstitial radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. Jama.
1998;280(11):969-74.
103. Aleman M, Karakiewicz PI, Kupelian P, Kattan MW, Graefen M, Cagiannos I, et al. Age and PSA predict likelihood of organ-confined disease in men presenting
103. Aleman M, Karakiewicz PI, Kupelian P, Kattan MW, Graefen M, Cagiannos I, et al. Age and PSA predict likelihood of organ-confined disease in men presenting