In this study, it has been studied what the effect of pre-service teachers' dependence on digital tools on academic achievement. In this study, the relationships between demographic information, digital addiction level and sub-factors, and in addition to these factors, the grade point average factor were examined. The research was carried out on a total of 216 prospective teachers in the Department of Psychological Counseling and Guidance, Turkish Language Teaching, Primary Education Mathematics Teaching, and Preschool Teaching Departments, studying at Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Education in the 2019-2020 academic year.
For the purposes of the research, Path Analysis (Path Analysis) from the Structural Equation Model (SEM) was used in order to find the relationship between the relational screening design and the factors of the scale, which is one of the quantitative research methods, and the relationship with academic achievement. In the study, the Demographic Information Form prepared by the researcher and the Digital Addiction Scale consisting of 40 items developed and used by Dilci (2019) were used in the collection of data. The scale consists of 5 sub-factors (low self-perception, impulsivity, deprivation, low performance, social isolation). In addition to these factors, the grade point average factor has also been added. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS (25.0) package program and AMOS 25 program.
In the study, a diagram was created by showing how digital addiction is affected by the factors of low self-perception, impulsivity, deprivation, low performance, social isolation and grade point average through the model, and the relationship between them was examined. When the data obtained from the research were evaluated, it was found that factors other than the grade point average factor (low self-perception, impulsivity, deprivation, low performance, social isolation) had positive relationships; However, it was concluded that there is a negative correlation in the grade point average factor. It has been concluded that the grade point average will decrease with the increase in the deprivation factor among the factors, which is undesirable and therefore it is necessary to keep the deprivation at the lowest level. The starting point of the study was the lack of sufficient studies on digital addiction and academic success of teacher candidates.
The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between digital addiction and academic success. In addition, whether the digital addiction scale and its sub-factors affect academic achievement was also examined.
According to the results obtained from the research data; The data show a normal distribution and the reliability of the data shows that the consistency in the answers of the students is quite reliable. Considering the effect level between the factors, the scale was composed of 5 sub-factors and an analysis was made by adding the grade point average factor for the research. According to this analysis, while there are significant relationships between the factors, there is no significant effect on the grade point average.
When the findings are analyzed according to the grade point average variable, it is seen that deprivation affects and this is also negative. In the study, it was concluded that with the increase in deprivation, the grade point average would decrease. Since it is undesirable for the grade point average to drop, deprivation should be kept to a minimum. When the low self-perception factor is examined; Low perception refers to the whole of students' perceptions, and when low
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perception is reduced, addiction to digital tools will also decrease. While the impulsivity variable affects the low self-perception the most, the deprivation variable affects the least. When the impulsivity factor is examined, this factor is related to the factors that will increase students' use of digital objects. The less impulsivity, the less the students will desire for digital tools. When the deprivation factor is examined, it is seen that this factor is affected by the low performance factor.
As poor performance increases, so does deprivation.
In general, it was found that 5 variables except grade point average had positive relationships, but grade point average was negative. When we look at the literature, our study will be a source in this field, since there is no study on the sub-factors. When the findings obtained from the study are examined, it is noted that the SEM (structural equation model) model related to this scale and its sub-factors is not used, the relationship between them is not mentioned and the relationship between these factors and academic achievement is not examined, and it draws attention to the deficiency in this area. New studies will yield more reliable results and contribute to the literature.
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C. XLV ARALIK 2021 Sayı: 2
Vol. XLV DECEMBER 2021 Issue: 2
Makalenin Geliş Tarihi: 9 Temmuz 2021 Makalenin Kabul Tarihi: 3 Aralık 2021
TANRIÇA KYBELE’NİN MYSİA BÖLGESİNDEKİ İZLERİ
TRACES OF GODDESS KYBELE IN MYSIA REGION
Korkmaz Meral
Tuba Aydın Çakmak
Öz
Anadolu tarih öncesi çağlardan günümüze kadar birçok medeniyete ev sahipliği yapmıştır. Pek çok medeniyetin izlerini her anlamda taşıyan Anadolu coğrafyası arkeoloji dünyasının daima ilgi odağı olmuştur. Mysia Bölgesi de geçirmiş olduğu tarihsel süreçler, antik kentler ve eserlerle incelemeye değer bir coğrafyadır. Kybele, Anadolu uygarlıkları açısından kendine has özelliklere sahip olması ve farklı kültürleri etkilemesi bakımından önem taşımaktadır. Ana tanrıça kültü, Anadolu’dan başlayarak bu coğrafyadan geçen tüm uygarlıkları etkilemiştir.
“Yaratıcılığı, bereketi, cinselliği, doğumu, çocuk büyütmeyi ve gelişme döngüsünü temsil eden analık simgesi ya da tanrıça” olarak tanımlanan, Ana tanrıça Kybele’ye en eski çağlardan itibaren Anadolu’nun hemen hemen her yöresinde rastlamak mümkündür. Anadolu’nun birçok yerinde kutsal alanı bulunan, tapınım gören Tanrıça Kybele’nin Anadolu’daki belli başlı kült merkezlerinden birisi de Mysia bölgesidir. Bu çalışmada da Tanrıça Kybele’nin Mysia Bölgesi’ndeki varlığı araştırılıp, Pergamon, Daskyleion, Miletopolis, Kyzikos, Zeytinliada ve Eğridere’de elde edilen epigrafik buluntular, yapı kalıntıları, heykeller, heykelcikler, tapınım alanları, adak levhaları vb. bulgular ile Anadolu’nun en önemli ve en eski tanrıçası olan Kybele’ye özgü tapınımın izleri ortaya çıkarılmaya çalışılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Kybele, Mysia, Kyzikos, Eğridere, Kült.
Bu makale Tuba Aydın’ın “Mysia Bölgesi’nde Kybele Kültü” adlı yüksek lisans tezinden üretilmiştir.
Prof. Dr., Atatürk Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi, Arkeoloji Bölümü, Erzurum/TÜRKİYE, kmeral@atauni.edu.tr, ORCID: 0000-0003-4301-3437.
Doktora öğrencisi, Atatürk Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Arkeoloji Anabilim Dalı, Klasik Arkeoloji Bilim Dalı, Erzurum/TÜRKİYE, E25tuba@gmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0001-6031-1730.
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Abstract
Anatolia has been home to various civilisations from prehistoric ages to the present. Anatolian geography that still has traces of many civilisations has always been at the centre of interest ın archaeology world. Mysia Region with the historical processes antique cities and works is a geography that is worth examining. Kybele is important for Anatolian civilizations in terms of having unique characteristics and influencing different cultures. The cult of the mother goddess has affected all civilizations starting from Anatolia and passing through this geography. It is possible to come across the mother goddess Kybele, who is defined as "the symbol of motherhood or goddess representing creativity, fertility, sexuality, birth, raising children and cycle of development", in almost every region of Anatolia since the earliest times. Mysia region is one of the specific cult centres of Goddess Kybele in Anatolia who was widely worshipped and has many sacred places. In this study the place of Goddess Kybele in Mysia region has been studied and traces of worship for Anatolia’s oldest and most important goddess Kybele has attempted to be revealed with findings such as construction ruins, statues, statuettes, temples, votive plaques etc. and epigraphic findings that were obtained in Pergamon, Daskyleion, Miletopolis, Cyzicus, Zeytinliada and Eğridere.
Keywords: Kybele, Mysia, Cyzicus, Eğridere, Cult.
Eski çağlarda adı bilinmeyen Ana tanrıça, mağara resimlerinde, daha sonra Çayönü, Çatalhöyük, Hacılar da dünyanın ilk kurulmuş kentlerinde, pişmiş topraktan yapılmış küçük şişman yontulara “Ana tanrıça” adı verilip, böyle ifade edilmiştir (Tuncer, 1999: 147;
Özmen, 2016: 382) (Resim 1). MÖ 2000’e yaklaştıkça yazının Anadolu’ya gelmesiyle Ana tanrıçanın adı da yazılı tabletler üzerinde Kubaba, Kumpapa, Kupapa gibi çeşitli adlarla görülmeye başlanır (Tuncer, 1999: 148). Çeşitli değişimlere uğrayarak en yaygın biçimine Phrygler zamanında ulaşır. Kübele ya da Kybele olur (Tuncer, 1999: 148). Romalılar tarafından Magna Mater (Ulu Ana) adıyla İtalya’ya götürülerek, bütün Avrupa’da bu adla saygı görür (Tuncer, 1999: 149).
Ana tanrıça Kybele’nin tapımının ortaya çıktığı bölge, Orta Anadolu’daki Phrygia bölgesidir (Erhat, 2003: 183-187; Meral, 2017: 35). Kültün temelleri Phrygia’da atılmış bu bölgeden Anadolu’ya yayılmış ve Batı Anadolu kentlerinde kabul görmüş, oradan Kıta Yunanistan, İtalya, Sicilya ve Marsilya kıyılarına kadar ilerlemiş, hatta Kuzey Afrika kıyılarında da kendine dinsel bir yer edinmiştir (Erhat, 2003: 183 vd.).
Kybele’nin tasvirleri genellikle bir tahtta oturur biçimdedir (Albayrak, 2007: 144; Meral, 2017: 35). Çoğunlukla iki yanında aslanlar, elinde tef ve başında bir taç ile tasvir edilmektedir. Ana tanrıça betimlerinin yanında bir de erkek figürü bulunmaktadır ve bu olasılıkla Attis’dir. Tanrıçayla birlikte tapınım gören sevgilisi veya oğlu olarak ifade edilen Attis, mevsimlerin değişimini ve dönüşümünü simgeleyen bir bitki tanrısıdır (Erhat, 2003:
183) (Resim 2).
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