• Sonuç bulunamadı

5. CONCLUSION

5.3. Concluding Remark

Consequently, it is obvious that the complex capitalist relations under the domination of the consumer culture have spatially and socially shaped, managed and controlled both the city and the architectural product. Under these circumstances, economic priorities should be prevented from being the sole driving force in the formation of the built environment. The responsibility of the architect is to recall the inherent values of the architectural discipline and restore the balance between these values and economic and symbolic policies. It should not be forgotten that what will ensure the continuity of cities and separate them from commodities depends on achieving this delicate balance. The built environment created within the framework of the capitalist system and consumer culture dynamics and created by excluding the inherent values of architecture is doomed to be devaluated, degraded, transformed, and abandoned.

As the last word, it should be noted that the rapidly transforming consumption patterns and the transformed cultural environment that have created shopping mall typology,

120

also brings to the agenda the abandonment of the shopping mall and the demand for alternative typologies. In this sense, the shopping mall becomes the most obvious physical critique of the consumer culture they represent while moving themselves to the center of social and cultural life. Within the scope of this fact, the question that needs to be focused more than anything is how shopping mall, which is the determinant and catalyst of the urban environment, will be transformed in the near future and what will be the limits of this transformation.

121 REFERENCES

“Ahmet Zorlu: Müşteri Huzursuzlandı, X-Ray’le Önlem Aldık.” Accessed July 26, 2019. https://www.haberturk.com/ekonomi/is-yasam/haber/1223447-ahmet-zorlu-musteri-huzursuzlandi-x-rayle-onlem-aldik#.

Akin, Esra, and Gönül Çelik. “Orji Sonrası Atakule.” In Mimar Anlam Beğeni., edited by Gülnur Güvenç, 1st ed. İstanbul: Yapı-Endüstri Merkezi Yayınları, 1999.

Akşehir, Tuğba Şeyda. “A Study on Architectural Elements of Space Identity:

Atakule.” Bilkent University, 2003.

Amendola, Giandomenico. “Urban Mindscapes Reflected in Shop Windows.” In Urban Mindscapes of Europe. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill | Rodopi, 2006.

Amin, Ash. “Fordism: Models, Fantasies and Phantoms of Transition.” In Post-Fordism : A Reader, Amin, Ash., 1–39. Studies in Urban and Social Change.

Blackwell Publishers, 1994. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446288078.n11.

“Armada Gelişim.” Accessed July 26, 2019. http://atasarim.com.tr/tr/proje/armada-gelisim.

“Atakule Once Again...” Accessed July 15, 2019.

http://www.atasarim.com.tr/en/project/atakule.

Augé, Marc. Non-Places: Introduction to an Anthropology of Supermodernity. Verso, n.d.

Baudrillard, Jean. The Consumer Society. London: SAGE Publications, 1998.

———. The System of Objects. London; New York: Verso, 1996.

Bauman, Zygmunt, and Steven Miles. Consumerism as a Way of Life. Social Forces.

Vol. 78, 2006.

Becker, Jeffrey. “Forum and Markets of Trajan.” Accessed July 25, 2019.

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/ancient-mediterranean-ap/ap-ancient-rome/a/forum-and-market-of-trajan.

Bentley, Ian. “Profit and Place.” In The Urban Design Reader, edited by Michael Larice and Elizabeth Macdonald, 2nd ed. Routledge Urban Reader Series. New York: Routledge - Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

Binat, Banu, and Şık Neslihan. Ticari Yapılar. Edited by Banu Binat and Neslihan Şık. 1st ed. Vitra Çağdaş Mimarlık Dizisi 1. İstanbul: Vitra, 2012.

Buluç, Ragıp. “Ankara Kulesi Projesi.” Mimarlık, 1987.

122

Buluç, Ragıp, Celal Abdi Güzer, and Eda Güz. “Profil: Ragıp Buluç, Güncel Türk Mimarlığının Ankara Kanadında Bir Mimar.” Arredemento Mimarlık. İstanbul, 1994.

Canbay, Erol. “Atakule’nin Mimarı’yla Kahve Molası,” 2014.

https://www.haberhabere.com/atakulenin-mimariyla-kahve-molasi-roportaj,29.html.

Coleman, Peter. Shopping Environments : Evolution, Planning and Design. New York: Routledge - Taylor & Francis Group, 2010.

“Commodification Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary.” Accessed March 28, 2019. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/commodification.

Crawford, Margaret. “Suburban Life and Public Space.” In Sprawl and Public Space:

Redressing the Mall, edited by David J Smiley and Mark Robbins, 21–30.

Washington, DC: National Endowment for the Arts ; Distributed by Princeton Architectural Press, 2002.

“Dead Mall Dictionary.” Accessed July 25, 2019.

http://www.deadmalls.com/dictionary.html.

Dedekargınoğlu, Cem. “Atakule’nin Öyküsü – Nereden Çıktı Bu Süperler?,” 2014.

http://www.moblogankara.org/mimarlardan/2014/12/16/atakulenin-yks-nereden-kt-bu-sperler-.

Eraydın, Ayda. Post-Fordizm ve Değişen Mekansal Öncelikler. Ankara: ODTU, 1989.

Erin, Irem, and Tenay Gönül. “Alışveriş Mekanlarının Dönüşümünün Kentsel Mekana Ve Yaşama Etkisi: İstanbul Örneği.” Şehir & Toplum 1, no. June 2015 (2015):

129–42.

———. “Alışveriş Mekanlarının Dönüşümünün Kentsel Mekana Ve Yaşama Etkisi:

İstanbul Örneği.” Şehir & Toplum 1, no. June (2015): 129–42.

Erkip, Feyzan, and Burcu H. Ozuduru. “Retail Development in Turkey: An Account after Two Decades of Shopping Malls in the Urban Scene.” Progress in Planning 102 (2015): 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progress.2014.07.001.

Featherstone, Mike. Consumer Culture and Post Modernism. 2nd ed. Theory, Culture

& Society. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, 2007.

Frampton, Kenneth. “Introduction:The Work of Architecture in the Age of Commodification.” In Commodification and Spectacle in Architecture, edited by William S. Saunders, xviii. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005.

Fuerst, Franz, Patrick McAllister, and Claudia B. Murray. “Designer Buildings:

Estimating the Economic Value of ‘signature’ Architecture.” Environment and Planning A 43, no. 1 (2011): 166–84. https://doi.org/10.1068/a43270.

123

Gallion, Arthur B, and Simon Eisner. The Urban Pattern: City Planning and Design.

3rd ed. Van Nostrand, 1975.

Goss, Jon. “The ‘Magic of the Mall’: An Analysis of Form, Function, and Meaning in the Contemporary Retail Built Environment.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 83, no. 1 (1993): 18–47.

Gottdiener, Mark. “Approaches to Consumption: Classical and Contemporary Perspectives.” In New Forms of Consumption : Consumers, Culture, and Commodification. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2000.

———. “The Consumption of Space and the Spaces of Consumption.” In New Forms of Consumption : Consumers, Culture, and Commodification, edited by Mark Gottdiener. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2000.

———. The Theming of America: American Dreams, Media Fantasies, and Themed Environments. Second. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2001.

Günay, Baykan. “Ankara Spatial History.” AESOP 2012_Ankara, no. 1427 (2012).

Gür, Şengül Ö. “Ulusal Teknolojik Düzeyimizin Bir Göstergesi : Atakule ve Yaşam.”

Mimarlık 241, no. 3 (1990): 33.

Güzer, Celal Abdi. “Kültürel Çatışma ve Süreklilik Alanı Olarak Mimarlık Eleştirisi.”

Mimarlık 348, no. 7–8 (2009).

Harvey, David. “Globalization and the ‘Spatial Fix.’” Geographische Revue, no. 3 (2001): 23–30.

———. Rebel Cities : From the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution. Verso, 2012.

———. The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change. Blackwell Publishers, 1989.

———. “The Social Construction of Space and Time.” In Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers, 1996.

———. “The Urban Process under Capitalism: A Framework for Analysis.”

International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 2, no. 1–4 (1978): 101–

131.

———. The Urbanization of Capital : Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization. John Hopkins University Press, 1985.

Hoffman, Steve. “Steve Hoffman’s Tour in Turkey.” Accessed July 15, 2019.

https://www.merhaba-usmilitary.com/1HOFFMANSindex.html.

Iarocci, Louisa. The Urban Department Store in America, 1850-1930. Routledge - Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.

124

Jameson, Fredric. “Postmodernism and Consumer Society.” In The Anti-Aesthetic : Essays on Postmodern Culture, edited by Hal Foster. Washington: Bay Press, 1983.

———. Postmodernism or The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. London: Verso, 1991.

Jencks, Charles. “The Iconic Building Is Here to Stay.” City 10, no. 1 (2006): 3–20.

https://doi.org/10.1080/13604810600594605.

———. “The Story of Post-Modernism: Five Decades of the Ironic, Iconic and Critical in Architecture,” 2011.

———. The Story of Post-Modernism: Five Decades of the Ironic, Iconic and Critical in Architecture. Wiley, 2012. Commodification and Spectacle in Architecture, edited by William S. Saunders, 47–59. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005.

Komitesi, Ulusal Mimarlık Ödülleri. “2. Ulusal Mimarlık Sergisi ve Ödülleri.”

Mimarlık 241, no. 3 (1990): 20–32.

Koolhaas, R, C J Chung, J Inaba, S T Leong, T Cha, Harvard University. Graduate School of Design, and Harvard Project on the City. Harvard Design School Guide to Shopping. Project on the City. Taschen, 2001.

https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=S6zUQgAACAAJ.

Kramer, Anita. Retail Development. 4th ed. ULI Development Handbook Series.

Washington, District of Columbia: Urban Land Institute, 2008.

“Kuzu Effect - Şehrin Etkileyici Yanı.” Accessed July 26, 2019.

http://www.kuzueffect.com/yasam.

Lefebvre, Henri. The Production of Space. Blackwell Publishers, 1991.

McMorrough, John. “City of Shopping.” In The Harvard Design School Guide to Shopping, edited by Rem Koolhaas, Chuihua Judy Chung, Jeffrey Inaba, and Sze Tsung Leong. Köln: Taschen, 2001.

Miles, Steven. Spaces for Consumption. SAGE Publications, 2010.

Miles, Steven, and Malcolm Miles. Consuming Cities. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.

125

Morrison, Kathryn. English Shops and Shopping: An Architectural History. Studies in British Art. Paul Mellon Centre, 2003.

Mumcu, Ceyhan. “Bin Günlük Belediye Başkanı,” 2007.

http://www.yapi.com.tr/haberler/bin-gunluk-belediye-baskani_53707.html.

Mumford, Lewis. The City in History: Its Origins, Its Transformations, and Its Prospects. 1st ed. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1961.

Özaydın, Gülşen, and Ebru Firidin Özgür. “Büyük Kentsel Projeler Olarak Alışveriş Merkezlerinin İstanbul Örneğinde Değerlendirilmesi.” Mimarlık 347, no. 5–6 (2009).

http://www.mimarlikdergisi.com/index.cfm?sayfa=mimarlik&DergiSayi=361&

RecID=2074.

Özbay, Hasan. “80 Sonrası Ankara’da , Yeni İmgelere ve Yeni Geleneklere Doğru.”

Mimarlık, no. 2 (1987): 30–31.

———. “Atakule Üzerine Notlar.” SMD Mimar, no. 1 (1991): 34–37.

Öztürk, Ali Osman, Aydan Balamir, C. Abdi Güzer, Derya Noyan Yazman, Erdal Sorgucu, Hasan Özbay, İlhan Kural, and Şerife Meriç. “Dosya: Atakule Alışveriş Merkezi.” Serbest Mimar, 2019.

Pollio, Vitruvius, and Morris Hicky Morgan. Vitruvius: The Ten Books on Architecture. Dover Publications, 1960.

Ponzini, Davide. “The Values of Starchitecture: Commodification of Architectural Design in Contemporary Cities.” Organizational Aesthetics 3, no. 1 (2014): 10–

18.

Proctor, Robert. “Constructing the Retail Monument: The Parisian Department Store and Its Property, 1855–1914.” Urban History 33, no. 3 (2006): 393–410.

Rice, Charles. Interior Urbanism : Architecture, John Portman and Downtown America. London, UK: Bloomsbury Academic, 2016.

Rykwert, Joseph. The Seduction of Place : The City in the Twenty-First Century.

Pantheon Books, 2000.

Saunders, William S. “Preface.” In Commodification and Spectacle in Architecture.

Harvard Design Magazine Readers 1. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, n.d.

Sklair, Leslie. “Iconic Architecture and the Culture-Ideology of Consumerism.”

Theory, Culture & Society 27, no. 5 (2010): 135–259.

———. “The Transnational Capitalist Class and Contemporary Architecture in Globalizing Cities.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 29, no. 3 (2005): 485–500. https://doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2012.706779.

126

Sungur, Suat. “Tüketimin Küreselleşmesi ve Tüketim Tapınakları: Postmodern Panayır Yerlerinde Alışveriş.” Galatasaray Üniversitesi İletişim Dergisi 14, no.

14 (2011): 7–35. http://iletisimdergisi.gsu.edu.tr/download/article-file/82704.

Tunç, Gülçin, and H Tarık Şengül. “Transformation of Public Space : The Case of Migros Akköprü Shopping Center.” METU, 2003.

Urry, John. Consuming Places. Geographies of Transport and Mobility. International Library of Sociology. London ; New York: Routledge - Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

Yırtıcı, Hakkı. Çağdaş Kapitalizmin Mekansal Örgütlenmesi. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları: 9. Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2005.

“Zorlu Center Için Yıllardır Daha İyi Ne Yapılabilirdi Diye Düşünüyorum,

Bulamıyorum.” Accessed June 22, 2019.

http://www.arkitera.com/haber/17771/zorlu-center-icin--yillardir-daha-iyi-ne-yapilabilirdi-diye-dusunuyorum-bulamiyorum.

Zukin, Sharon. Naked City : The Death and Life of Authentic Urban Places. Oxford:

Oxford University Press, 2010.

———. Point of Purchase : How Shopping Changed American Culture. Routledge, 2004.

127