• Sonuç bulunamadı

SONUÇLAR VE ÖNERİLER 5.

ÖNERİLER 5

Karaçam, sahil çamı ve sarıçam fidanlarının düşük ve orta dozlarda ve bahar ortası ve yaz ortalarında yapılan uygulamalarda glyphosate toleransının yüksek olduğu görülürken yüksek dozlara tüm uygulama tarihlerinde yüksek hassasiyet sergiledikleri görülmüştür. Glyphosate uygulama dozunun sadece bahar ortalarında çam iğnelerinin yoğun epikütüküler mumla kaplı olduğu ve sınırlı herbisit geçirgenliğinin olduğu dönemde kullanılması tavsiye edilmektedir. Çam fidanları özellikle de karaçam ve sahil çamı fidanları tekrarlanan herbisit işlemlerine daha yüksek hassasiyet göstermektedir. Bu nedenle tekrar herbisit uygulamasında düşük dozun (% 0,2) üstünde bir doz kullanılmasının uygun olmadığı düşünülmektedir. Söz konusu bu araştırmanın

gerçekleştirildiği denemenin korunarak daha uzun seneler (5-10 yıl) sonunda değerlendirilmesi oldukça yararlı olacaktır. Ayrıca glyphosate uygulaması fidanların saha denemelerine de tabi tutulması farklı ve daha geçerli sonuçlar elde edilmesi bakımından daha uygun olacaktır.

KAYNAKLAR

6.

[1] S. R. Radosevich, J. S. Holt, and C. M. Ghersa, Ecology of Weeds and Invasive

Plants: Relationship to Agriculture and Natural Resource Management, 3rd

Editio. John Wiley & Sons, 2007.

[2] D. Eşen and O. Yıldız, “Otsu Ve Odunsu Diri Örtü Mücadelesinin Meşcerelerin Gençleştirilmesi Ve Büyümesine Etkileri,” TBMMO Orman Mühendisleri Odası

Derg., c. 37, ss. 28–32, 2000.

[3] N. McCarthy and C. O’Reilly, “The Impact of Herbicides on Tree Seedling Quality,” Reprod. Mater., vol. 1, 2001.

[4] A. Grube, D. Donaldson, A. Timothy Kiely, and L. Wu, “Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage: 2006 and 2007 Market Estimates,” U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency, p. 41, 2011.

[5] R. G. Wagner, M. Newton, E. C. Cole, J. H. Miller, and B. D. Shiver, “The role of herbicides for enhancing forest productivity and conserving land for biodiversity in North America,” Wildl. Soc. Bull., vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 1028–1041, 2004.

[6] D. R. Jackson and J. C. Finley, Herbicides and forest vegetation management. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences Extension Publication, 2011.

[7] F. Saatçioğlu, “Karadeniz Ormanlari süceyrat problemi (Woody Vegetation Problems in the Black Sea Forests): Ayancik-Cangal bölgesinde mekanik metodla yapilan suceyrat mücadelesine ait 12 yillik tecrübe denemeleri,” J Fac.

For. Univ Istanbul, c. 7, ss. 69–108, 1957.

[8] D. Esen, O. Yildiz, N. Gunes, and M. Sarginci, “Early susceptibility of hardwood tree seedlings to different post-emergent herbicides,” J. Balk. Ecol., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 161–166, 2006.

[9] M. Boydak and S. Çalışkan, Ağaçlandırma. 2014.

[10] O. Yildiz, M. Sarginci, D. Eşen, and J. Cromack, “Effects of vegetation control on nutrient removal and Fagus orientalis Lipsky regeneration in the Western Black Sea Region of Turkey,” For. Ecol. Manage., vol. 240, no. 1–3, pp. 186– 194, 2007.

[11] Anonim 2015, “Ormancılık İstatistikleri 2014,” Orman Genel Müdürlüğü,. [Online]. Available: http://www.ogm.gov.tr/SitePages/OGM/OGMDefault.aspx. [12] D. Eşen and S. Zedaker, “Control of rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum L.

and R. flavum Don.) in the eastern beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forests of Turkey,” New For., vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 69–79, 2004.

[13] K. Cantürk, “Personal communication. The Director of Bolu Forest Nursery.” 2015.

[14] R. G. Wagner, K. M. Little, B. Richardson, and K. Mcnabb, “The role of vegetation management for enhancing productivity of the world’s forests,”

Forestry, vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 57–79, 2006.

[15] B. Tomkins, “Pesticides In Plantations. The Use Of Chemical Pesticides By The Australian Plantation Forest Industry Summary Report,” 2006.

[16] M. Duryea and T. Landis, Forest Nursery Manual: Production of Bareroot

Seedlings. Springer Science & Business Media, 2012.

[17] D. G. Thompson and D. G. Pitt, “A review of Canadian forest vegetation management research and practice,” Ann. For. Sci., vol. 60, pp. 559–572, 2003. [18] Tanjung RHR, “Effects of glyphosate on seedlings of conifer and broadleaf trees

species native to British Columbia, with particular regard to root-fungus interactıons,” Simon Fraser University, Canada, 2001.

[19] A. D. Baylis, “Why glyphosate is a global herbicide: Strengths, weaknesses and prospects,” Pest Management Science, vol. 56, no. 4. pp. 299–308, 2000.

[20] A. T. Woodburn, “Glyphosate: production, pricing and use worldwide,” Pest

Manag. Sci., vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 309–312, 2000.

[21] R. G. Wagner, M. Newton, E. C. Cole, J. H. Miller, and B. D. Shiver, “The role of herbicides for enhancing forest productivity and conserving land for biodiversity in North America,” Wildl. Soc. Bull., vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 1028–1041, 2004.

[22] M. A. Ross, C. A. Lembi, and C. A. Ross, M. A. and Lembi, Applied weed

science. New York: MacMillian and Collier MacMillian, 1989.

[23] M. Newton and F. B. Knight, Handbook of weed and insect control chemicals for

forest resource managers. Beaverton, Oregon: Tirnber Press, 1981.

[24] R. Prasad, “Crop tolerance of three west coast conifer species to glyphosate,” Victoria, BC, Canada, 1989.

[25] B. H. Bunn, S. M. Zedaker, and J. R. Seiler, “Presoaking improves forest tree seed screening,” in Proceedings of the Southern Weed Science Society, , pp. 129– 130, 2014.

[26] A. W. Ezel and L. Nelson, “Weed Control and Crop Tolerance after Preemergent and Postemergent Applications of Sulfometuron in Oak (Quercus spp.) Plantations,” Weed Technol., vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 585–589, 2001.

germination and early growth of broadleaved species used for direct seeding,”

Forestry, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 83–94, 2003.

[28] K. E. Woeste, J. R. Seifert, and M. F. Selig, “Evaluation of four herbicides and tillage for weed control on third year growth of tree seedlings,” Weed Sci., vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 331–336, 2003.

[29] P. B. Mitchell, S. M. Zedaker, J. R. Seiler, p. L. Hipkıns, and P. Burch, “Evaluation of Rapid Screening Techniques for Woody Plant Herbicide Development 1,” Weed Technol., vol. 20, pp. 971–979, 2006.

[30] W. Stanley, S. Zedaker, J. Seiler, and P. Burch, “Methods for Rapid Screening in Woody Plant Herbicide Development,” Forests, vol. 5, no. 7, pp. 1584–1595, 2014.

[31] D. Eşen, O. Yıldız, S. Ediş, U. Esen, and C. Cetintaş, “Düzce’de Glyphosate Yaprak Herbisitinin Genç Yabani Kiraz (Prunus avium L.) Fidanlarına Etkisi,”

DÜ Orman Fakültesi Orman. Derg., c. 8, no. 1, ss. 51–58, 2012.

[32] R. A. Lautenschlager and T. P. Sullivan, “Effects of herbicide treatments on biotic components in regenerating northern forests,” For. Chron., vol. 78, no. 5, pp. 695–731, 2002.

[33] Society of American Foresters, “Using Herbicides on Forest Lands - A Position of the Society of American Foresters” , 2013.

[34] J. D. Walstad and P. J. Kuch, “Introduction to forest vegetation management,” 1987.

[35] D. E. White and M. Newton, “Competitive interactions of whiteleaf manzanita, herbs, Douglas-fir, and ponderosa pine in southwest Oregon,” Can. J. For. Res., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 232–238, 1989.

[36] The Society of American Foresters (SAF), “Using Herbicides on Forest Lands: A Position of the Society of American Foresters,” 2013.

[37] J. H. Miller, “The use of herbicides in hardwood forestery,” 1987.

[38] Anonim, [Accessed: 04-May-2017]. “Wikipedia,” 2017. [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyphosate.

[39] S. O. Duke and S. B. Powles, “Glyphosate: a once‐in‐a‐century herbicide,” Pest

Manag. Sci., vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 319–325, 2008.

[40] D. Eşen, O. Yıldız, M. Sargıncı, and N. Güneş, “Ormancılıkta Zararlı Ot İlaçlarının Kullanımı ve Riskleri,” A.İ.B.Ü Orman. Derg., c. 1, s. 2, ss. 51–58, 2005.

[42] S. B. Horsley and J. C. Bjorkbom, “Herbicide treatment of striped maple and beech in Allegheny hardwood stands,” For. Sci., vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 103–112, 1983.

[43] R. G. Willis, G. R. Stephenson, R. A. Fletcher, and R. Prasad, “Seasonal variations in jack pine (Pinus banksiana) and white spruce (Picea glauca) tolerance to glyphosate and triclopyr,” Weed Technol., pp. 33–38, 1989.

[44] E. R. Crozier, “Chemical control of wilding conifer seedlings,” in Proceedings of

the Forty-Third New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference, 1990, pp. 182–

186.

[45] P. D’Anieri, S. M. Zedaker, J. R. Seiler, and R. E. Kreh, “Glyphosate translocation and efficacy relationships in red maple, sweetgum, and loblolly pine seedlings,” For. Sci., vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 438–447, 1990.

[46] E. Alexa, R. Micu, M. Negrea, R. Șumălan, and O. Iordănescu, “Research on the weed control degree and glyphosate soil biodegradation in apple plantations (Pioneer variety),” Analele Univ. din Oradea, Fasc. Biol., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 5–8, 2010.

[47] M. Sarıbaş, Dendroloji I Gymnospermae. Ankara: Dönmez Ofset, 2008.

[48] Ü. Akkemik, Bitki Materyali (Gymnospermae) Ders Notları. I.Ü.Orman Fakültesi Orman Botaniği Anabilim Dali, 2011.

[49] K. Özkan, “Beyşehir Gölü Havzasi’nda Anadolu Karaçaminin (Pinus Nigra Arnold) Yayilişi Ile Fizyografik Yetişme Ortami Faktörleri Arasindaki Ilişkiler,”

Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Derg., c. 2, ss. 30–47, 2004.

[50] Anonim, [Accessed: 20-Mar-2017]. “Gardenjoy,” 2017. [Online]. Available: http://www.bahcevepeyzaj.com/asp/product/10241/GardenJoy-BBS-18-Akulu- Ilaclama-Makinasi.

[51] F. Dixon, D. Clay, and I. Willoughby, “The tolerance of young trees to applications of clopyralid alone and in mixture with foliar-acting herbicides,”

Forestry, vol. 78, no. 4, pp. 353–364, 2005.

[52] K. Lund-Hoie, “N-phosphonomethylglycine (glyphosate), an alternative to commercial pre and postemergence herbicides for the control of unwanted plant species in forest plantation in Norwa,” Sci Rep Agric Univ Norw., vol. 55, pp. 1– 14, 1975.

[53] K. B, M. Newton, and C. Landgren, Forestry. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University, 2015.

[54] J. L. Yeiser and A. W. Ezell, “Split-season herbaceous weed control for full- season seedling performance,” in the 14th Biennial Southern Silvicultural

[55] Sheperd T. and G. D.W., “The effects of stress on plant cuticular\rwaxes,” New

Phytol., vol. 171, pp. 469–499, 2006.

[56] P. Holloway, “Surface factors affecting the wetting of leaves,” Pestic. Sci., vol. 1, pp. 156–163, 1970.

[57] S. G. Pallardy, Physiology of Woody Plants, 3rd Editio. Amsterdam, 2008.

[58] H. Wang, H. Shi, and Y. Wang, “The Wetting of Leaf Surfaces and Its Ecological Significances,” Wetting and Wettability, pp. 295–321, 2015.

[59] R. Kirkwood, “Recent developments in our understanding of the plant cuticle as a barrier to the foliar uptake of pesticides,” Pestic. Sci., vol. 55, pp. 69–77, 1999. [60] F. D. Hess and C. L. Foy, “Interaction of surfactants with plant surfaces,” Weed

Technol., vol. 14, pp. 807–813, 2000.

[61] H. Wang, H. Shi, Y. Li, and J. Zhang, “Seasonal variations in leaf capturing of particulate matter, surface wettability and micromorphology in urban tree species,” Front Env. Sci Eng, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 579–588, 2013.

[62] T. Anfodillo, D. Bisceglie, and T. Urso, “Minimum cuticular conductance and cuticle features of Picea abies and Pinus cembra needles along an altitudinal gradient in the Dolomites (NE Italian Alps),” Tree Physiol., vol. 22, pp. 479–487, 2002.

[63] J. Cape, “Contact angles of water droplets on needles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) growing in polluted atmospheres,” New Phytol, vol. 93, pp. 293–299, 1983.

[64] M. Genç, Silvikültürün Temel Prensipleri. Isparta: S.D.U. Orman Fakültesi, 2004.

[65] A. Osiecka and P. Minogue, “Considerations for developing effective herbicide

prescriptions for forest vegetation management”, The School of Forest Resources and Conservation Department,UF/IFAS Extension, 2014.

[66] R. Vilčinskas and E. Kupčinskienė, “Seasonal dynamics of histological parameters of the needles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) growing in conditions of excess ammonia,” Biologija, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 27–36, 2012.

ÖZGEÇMİŞ

Benzer Belgeler