CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.0 Presentation
This chapter focuses on the definition of educational technology, educational technology materials used in English language teaching, motivation in language learning, young learners and primary school teaching and learning.
2.1 Definition of Educational Technology
Technology is a term that many dictionaries and encyclopaedias have different definitions for. Britanica (n.d.) points out that:
The term technology is a combination of the Greek technē, “art, craft,” with logos,
“word, speech,” meaning a discourse on the arts, both fine and applied. When it first appeared in English in the 17th century, it was used to mean a discussion of the applied arts only. By the early 20th century, the term embraced a growing range of means, processes, and ideas in addition to tools and machines (para. 3).
Reiser and Dempsey (2007) suggest that over the years, there have been many attempts to define the educational technology. Several such efforts have resulted in definitions that were accepted by a large number of professionals in the field, or at least by the professional organizations to which they belonged. However, even when a leading organization in the field has endorsed a particular definition, professionals in the field have operated from a variety of different personal, as well as institutional, perspectives. This has held true among intellectual leaders as well as practitioners. Thus throughout the history of the field, the thinking and actions of a substantial number of professionals in the field have not been, and likely never will be, captured by a single definition.
For many educators, any mention of technology in education immediately brings to mind the use of some device or a set of equipment, particularly computer equipment.
Muffoletto (as cited in Roblyer, 2003) says that "Technology is commonly thought of in
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