TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION TO
NEURAL NETWORKS 3
1.1 Overview 3
1.2 Artificial Neural Networks 3
1.3 Definition of a Neural Network 4
1.4 History of Neural Networks 4
1.5 What are Artificial Neural Networks? 7
1.5.1 Analogy to the Brain 8
1.5.2 Artificial Neurons and How They Work 9
1.6 Why Are Neural Networks Important? 11
1.7 How Neural Networks Differ from Traditional Computing and 12 ExpertSystems12
1.8 Who Should Know About Neural Networks? 16
1.9 Neural Networks and Their Use 16
1.10 Where are Neural Networks being used? 18
1.11 The Future of Artificial Neural Networks 19
1.12 Summary 21
CHAPTER TWO: NEURAL NETWORKS
ALGORITHMS 22
2.1 Overview 22
2.2 Models of a Neuron 22
2.3 Neural Network Structures 25
2.3.1 Single-Layer Feedforward Networks 26
2.3.2 Multilayer Feedforward Networks 27
2.3.3 Recurrent Networks 29
2.3.4 Radial Basis Function Networks 30
2.4 Training an Artificial Neural Network 31
2.4.1 Supervised Training. 31
2.4.2 Unsupervised Training. 33
2.5 Teaching an Artificial Neural Network 34
2.5.1 Supervised Learning. 34
2.5.2 Unsupervised Learning. 35
2.5.3 Learning Rates. 36
2.5.4 Learning Laws. 37
2.6 Advanced Neural Networks 38
2.6.1 Kohonen Self-Organising Networks 39
2.6.2 Hopfield Nets 40
2.7 Problems using Neural Networks 41
2.7.1 Local Minimum 41
2.7.2 Practical problems 41
2.8 Summary 42
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CHAPTER THREE: NEURAL NETWORKS
APPLICATIONS 43
3.1 Overview 43
3.2 How Artificial Neural Networks Are Being Used 43
3.3 Language Processing 44
3.4 Character Recognition 45
3.5 Pattern Recognition 46
3.6 Servo Control 47
3.7 Image Compression 48
3.8 Neural Networks in Business 51
3.8.1 Marketing 51
3.8.2 Credit Evaluation 52
3.9 Neural Networks in Medicine 53
3.9.1 Modeling and Diagnosing the Cardiovascular System 53
3.9.2 Electronic Noses 54
3.9.3 Instant Physician 55
3.9.4 Medical Image Analysis 55
3.9.5 Medical Diagnostic Aides 56
3.10 Applications in the Arts 56
3.11 Neural Networks in Telecommunications 58
3.12 How to Determine if an Application is a Neural Network Candidate 59
3.13 Summary 60
CHAPTER FOUR: CHARACTER RECOGNITION
61
4.1 Overview 61
4.1.1 Turkish Letter 61
4.2 Human Reception 61
4.3 Character Recognition 62
4.4 Pattern Recognition 62
4.5 Classification Pretection ANN 62
4.6 Software Program For Classification Task 63
4.7 Training Parameters For Classification Task 66
4.8 Result of Classification Task 66
4.9 Block Diagram And Structure of The Neural Network 68
4.10 Flow Chart of System 70
4.11 Algorithm of System 71
4.12 Specification of Software Program 73
4.13 Software Program for Turkish Alphapet (Character Recognition) 73
4.14 Training Parameters for Character Recognition 82
4.15 Result of Project 4.16 Summary 90
CONCLUSION
91
REFERENCES 93
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