TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS... I ABSTRACT……….. II TABLE OF CONTENTS……… III LIST OF FIGURES………. XI LIST OF TABLES………... XII
INTRODUCTION……… 1
CHAPTER 1: GENERATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY………... 3
1.1 Overview……… 3
1.2 Thermal Generation Station………... 3
1.2.1 Makeup of Thermal Generation Station……… 4
1.2.2 Turbines……… 6
1.2.3 Condenser………. 6
1.2.4 Cooling Towers……… 7
1.2.5 Boiler Feed Pump………. 8
1.2.6 Energy Flow Diagram for a Steam Plant………... 8
1.2.7 Thermal Station and the Environment……….. 9
1.3 Hydropower Generation……….... 9
1.3.1 Hydroelectricity……… 10
1.3.2 How Hydropower Works………... 10
1.3.3 Types of Hydropower Plants……… 11
1.3.3.1 Conventional………... 11
1.3.3.2 Pumped Storage……… 11
1.3.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydropower Energy……….. 11
1.3.4.1 Advantages………... 12
1.3.4.1 Disadvantages………... 12
1.4 Nuclear Power Generation………. 13
1.4.1 Nuclear Fission………. 14
1.4.2 Chain Reactions……… 15
1.4.3 Reactor Types………... 16
1.5 Wind Power……….….. 17
1.5.1 How Does a Wind Turbine Work……….… 17
1.5.2 Wind Turbine Constructions……….… 18
1.5.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind Energy……….. 20
1.5.3.1 Advantages……….... 20
1.5.3.2 Disadvantages……….….. 20
1.6 Solar Power……… 21
1.6.1 Photovoltaic (or PV)……….… 22
1.6.2 Photovoltaic Array……… 22
1.6.3 Solar Thermal Power Plants………..…… 23
1.6.3.1 Parabolic Trough………... 23
1.6.3.2 Solar Dish……….. 24
1.6.3.3 Solar Power Tower………... 25
1.6.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Energy……….. 26
1.6.4.1 Advantages……… 26
1.6.4.2 Disadvantages………... 26
1.7 Summary……… 27
III
CHAPTER 2: ELECTRICAL POWER TRANSMISSION AND
DISTRIBUTION……….. 28
2.1 Overview……… 28
2.2 Transmission of Electrical Energy………. 28
2.2.1 Components of the Transmission System………. 29
2.2.2 Transmission Line Parameters……….. 30
2.2.2.1 Equivalent Circuit………. 30
2.2.2.2 Resistance………. 32
2.2.2.3 Current-Carrying Capacity (Ampacity)……….... 36
2.2.2.4 Inductance and Inductive Reactance………. 37
2.2.2.5 Capacitance and Capacitive Reactance………. 43
2.2.2.6 Characteristic Impedance……….. 46
2.2.2.7 Characteristics of Overhead Conductors……….. 47
2.2.3 Transmission Line Design……… 47
2.2.4 Types of Power Lines………... 49
2.3 Distribution of Electrical Energy………... 51
2.3.1 Distribution Substations……… 52
2.3.2 Substation Equipment………... 55
2.3.3 Primary Distribution Systems………... 56
2.3.4 Secondary Distribution Systems………... 59
2.3.5 Underground Distribution Systems………... 60
2.3.6 Power Transformers……….. 60
2.3.6.1 Transformer Construction………. 61
2.3.6.2 Rating and Classifications………. 64
2.3.6.3 Efficiency and Losses………... 67
2.3.6.4 Distribution Transformer……….. 67
2.4 Power System Control and Protection………... 68
2.4.1 Power System Control……….. 69
2.4.1.1 Energy Management………. 69
2.4.1.2 Voltage Control………. 70
2.4.1.3 Transmission Power Flow Control………... 70
2.4.1.4 Frequency Control……… 71
2.4.1.5 Control Center………... 71
2.4.2 Power System Protection……….. 73
2.4.2.1 Circuit Breakers……… 74
2.4.2.2 Coordination of the Protective Devices……… 78
2.5 Summary……… 79
CHAPTER 3: OVERLOAD POWER SYSTEM……….. 81
3.1 Overview……… 81
3.2 Basic Load Characterization……….. 81
3.2.1 Energy………... 81
3.2.2 Demand………. 81
3.2.3 Demand Factor……….. 82
3.2.4 Load Factor………... 82
3.2.5 Coincidence and Diversity……… 82
3.3 Load Curves and Load Duration……… 83
3.4 Transfer of Active and Reactive Power………. 85
3.5 Voltage Collapse……… 87
3.6 Reliability………... 89
3.7 Overload Causes……… 89 IV
3.7.1 Increase of Load Demand………. 90
3.7.2 Shortage of Reactive Power……….. 90
3.7.3 Limitation of Generated Power………. 92
3.7.4 Limitation of Transmission Lines………. 92
3.7.5 Limitation of Transformers……….…….. 93
3.7.6 Supply Interruptions……….. 94
3.7.7 Under-voltage………... 95
3.7.8 Harmonics………. 95
3.8 Overload Elimination………... 96
3.8.1 Long Term Solutions for Alleviation Overload……… 97
3.8.1.1 Transmission Line (TL)……… 97
3.8.1.2 Distributed Generators……….. 105
3.8.1.3 Synchronized Generators……….. 106
3.8.1.4 Parallel Operation of Transformers ……….…… 107
3.10 Summary……….. 109
CHAPTER 4: IMPLIMANTATION SOLUTIONS TO ELIMINATE OVERLOAD PROBLEM IN POWER SYSTEM……… 111
4.1 Overview……… 111
4.2 Software Programs………. 111
4.2.1 Matlab Power Simulating………...……… 111
4.3 Proposed study Cases ……….... 112
4.3.1 Full load Circuit……… 113
4.3.2 Overload Circuit……….….. 118
4.3.2.1 Overload Caused by Limitations of Generations and Transmission Lines………... 118
4.3.2.2 Overload Caused by Limitations of Transformers……… 120
4.4 Overload Eliminations (Solutions) ………... 111
4.4.1 Convert from Single Conductor to Bundle Conductors (Solution 1).... 124
4.4.2 Convert from Single Conductor to Parallel Conductors (Solution2)… 126 4.4.3 Parallel Generator with Parallel Transmission Line (Solution 3)……. 128
4.4.4 Adding Distribution Generator (solution 4)……….. 131
4.4.5 Adding parallel Transformer (Solution 5)……….... 133
4.5 Results & Analysis………. 135
4.5.1 Full Load and Overload Results……… 135
4.5.2 Transmission Line Changing Results ……….. 137
4.5.3 Generators Changing Results……… 143
4.5.4 Transformer Changing Results ……… 147
4.5.5 Power system Simulator (PSS)………. 151
4.5.6 Some Praises of Power System Components……… 152
4.6 Summary……… 153
CONCLUSION………. 154
REFERENCES………. 156
Appendix A………... 160
Appendix B………... 164
Appendix C………... 171
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