JAH
Digital International Journal of Architecture, Art & Heritage
Volume 1, Issue 0, May 2022
Digital International Journal of Architecture, Arts & Heritage (JAH) is a scholarly peer-refereed journal serving the needs and goals of development and resilience in Architecture, Arts and Heritage-related fields, which is published quarterly (4 issues per year) and digitally. Our journal is open access and accepts articles in Turkish, Eng- lish and Arabic. Submissions from the fields Industrial Design, Interior Architecture, Architecture, Landscape Architecture, Urban and Regional Planning, Traditional Turk- ish Arts, Plastic Arts, Design, Movable Cultural Heritage/Art Works Restoration and Conservation are accepted to our journal. JAH publishes original research papers, state-of-the-art review papers, novel industrial applications, and insightful case stud- ies in a broad scope of topics related to these disciplines.
Webpage
https://aybu.edu.tr/mimarlikveguzelsanatlar/en/sayfa/5414 Publisher
Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University Editor-in-Chief
Prof. Dr. Salah Haj İsmail Field Editors
Assist. Prof. Dr. Rukiye ÇETİN Assoc. Prof. Dr. İhsan TOKTAŞ Assist. Prof. Dr. Güven MERAL Redaction / Text Editing Tülay Turhan
Ramazan Güler
Content
Duyarlı (Responsive) Web Sitesi Tasarımının Değerlendirilm- esi ve Izgara (Grid) Sistemi...
Evren TÜRKMEN, Cengiz ŞAHİN, Güven MERAL
Sustainable Touristification and Impacts on Rural Cultural Heritage...
Celal HASAN
Post Disaster Cultural Heritage with Alternative Tourism Method in Loss Identification in Bodrum...
Seda İlayda YAĞMUR
Assessing The State of Housing Recovery in New Orleans Years After Hurricane Katrina, 2005
Muhammet Halit ALKADRI
Covid-19 Pandemisine Yönelik Ürün Tasarımlarının İncelenmesi ve 3B Baskı Çözümleri
Sema GÖVEÇ ER, Güven MERAL, Cengız ŞAHİN
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Duyarlı (Responsive) Web Sitesi Tasarımının Değerlendirilmesi ve Izgara (Grid) Sistemi
Evren Türkmen1
Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara /Türkiye, e-mail:[email protected]
ORCID NO: 0000-0001-8720-04751
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Cengiz ŞAHİN2
Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi, Mimarlık ve Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi, Ankara/Türkiye, e-mail: [email protected]
ORCID NO: 0000-0002-8348-09132
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Güven MERAL3
Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi, Mimarlık ve Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi, Ankara / Türkiye,
e-mail: [email protected] ORCID NO: 0000-0002-0744-21653
ÖZET
Teknolojik gelişmelerin hızı, mobil cihaz kullanımının artması, kullanıcılar ve tasarımcılar açısından duyarlı web site tasarımlarını çağımızın vazgeçilmezi haline getirmiştir..
Zamanın ilerleyişiyle birlikte, mobil cihazlar, masaüstü bilgisayarlara kıyasla internet geziniminde daha fazla kullanılmaktadır. Mobil cihaz ve bilgisayar ekran çözünürlük oranlarının farklı olması tasarımcıları, kullanıcıların nitelikli web sayfalarında gezinebilecekleri sayfalar tasarlamaya zorlamaktadır. Böylece dinamik olmayan web siteleri düzenlerine maruz kalan kullanıcıların ihtiyaçları yeterince karşılanmadığı için büyük ekranlardan en küçüğüne kadar çeşitli ekran boyutlarına ve çözünürlüklerine bağlı olarak kendini yeniden şekillendirebilen Duyarlı (Responsive) Web Tasarım ihtiyacı ortaya çıkmıştır. Kullanıcıların web sayfasında uzun kalabilmeleri için içerik görselini iyi bir şekilde görüntüledikleri cihazın veya içeriğin etkileşiminin üst düzeyde olması gerekmektedir. Duyarlı web
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2 tasarımında sayfa düzeni otomatik olarak değiştiğinden, görüntüleri kullanılan cihaza göre yeniden boyutlandırdığından kullanıcıların isteklerine cevap verme performansı açısından oldukça başarılıdır.
Bu makalede internet kullanıcılarının web sitelerinden beklentilerine ve web geliştiricilerin tasarım esnasında üzerinde durmaları gereken bazı özelliklerine değineceğiz.
ANAHTAR KELİMELER
İnternet, Web Tasarım, Duyarlı Web Sitesi, Izgara (Grid)
ABSTRACT
The rate of technological advancements, the increase in mobile device usage has made responsive web site designs for user and designer indispensable of our age.
As time goes by, mobile devices are used more and more for internet browsing compared to desktop computers. Due to the difference in the screen resolution ratios of mobile device and computer, it has forced designers to design pages that users can surf the qualified web pages. Thus, since the needs of users who are exposed to static web site layouts are not adequately met, the need for responsive web design that can reshape itself depending on various screen sizes and resolutions, from large screens to the smallest, has emerged. For users to stay long on the web page, the interaction of the content and the device where they view the content image well should be at a high level. Since the page layout changes automatically in responsive web design and resizes images according to the device used, it is quite successful in terms of responding to users' requests.
In this article, we will talk about the expectations of internet users from websites and some of the features which web developers must emphasize on during design.
KEYWORDS
Internet, Web Design, Responsive Website, Grid
3 GİRİŞ
Mobil cihazların internete erişimiyle birlikte web sitelerinin kullanım şekli değişmiştir. Birçok kişi web sayfalarında gezinmek için mobil cihaz kullanmaktadır. Bu cihazların değişen ekran boyutları, cihazlardaki web içeriğinin boyutunu etkilediği için kullanıcıların deneyimi üzerinde bırakmış olduğu etkiyle Duyarlı Web Tasarımının (RWD) ortaya çıkışı gerçekleşmiştir.
Web sayfasına farklı cihazlardan ulaşılabilmesi, mobil cihazlar arasında farklı tarayıcı kullanımı ve ekran çözünürlüklerinin farklılaşması, tasarım sorununa yol açabilmektedir. Bunun nedeni, bir web sitesine farklı tarayıcılarla erişim sağlanmasıdır. Web sitelerindeki beklenen minimum genişlik, bileşenler ve olması gereken bazı bilgilerin yatay kaydırma yapılmaya gerek kalmadan kullanıcıların kullanımına sunulması web sitelerinin kullanıcı üzerindeki etkisini artırmaktadır (Çatal, Kürşad, 2015).
Şekil 1: Web sitelerinin ziyaret edildiği cihaz türleri
Kullanıcıların web sitesi için gerçekten ihtiyacı olan şey, yalnızca masaüstü bilgisayara uyumlu değil, aynı zamanda herhangi bir yapılandırmaya gerek kalmaksızın birçok mobil cihaz için esnek olan kullanıcı ara yüzüne sahip tek bir web sitesidir. Farklı tarayıcının çözünürlük boyutundan erişiliyor olsa da, web sitesi aynı zamanda kullanıcılar için esnek kullanıcı ara yüzü (UI) aracılığıyla içindeki bilgileri ve değerleri koruyabilmelidir. Duyarlı Web Sitesi yapımını Ethan Marcotte’nin 2010 yılında bulmasından itibaren, sadece bilgisayarlar için tasarlanan web siteleri artık tüm cihazlarda kullanıcılara olumlu deneyimler sunmaktadır (Bryant, Jones, 2012).
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4 WEB SAYFALARINDAKİ ÖNEMLİ BİLEŞENLER
Bilgi teknolojileri alanında teknolojik gelişmelerin sürekliliği, bilgi kaynaklarına kısa sürede ulaşılabiliyor olmasını sağlamaktadır. Kullanıcıların bilgilere ulaşmasındaki en önemli yöntem web sayfaları ve internet erişimidir.
Web’in özellikleri sayesinde kişiler ve kurumlar ulaşmayı hedefledikleri kitlelere kısa süre içerisinde ulaşabilmektedirler.
Web sitelerinin ilk görünümü önemlidir, bilgi aramak için interneti kullandığından, web sitesi hakkındaki ilk izlenimler kullanıcılarda büyük bir etki yaratabilir. Hedef kitlenizin sitenizi olumlu veya olumsuz olarak algılayıp algılamadığı bu gibi durumlarda ortaya çıkmaktadır. Web sayfalarındaki tasarımsal yaklaşımlar birbirlerinden farklı olsalar da, içerdikleri bileşenler açısından benzerlik göstermektedirler. Web sayfası bileşenleri aşağıda belirtildiği gibidir (Aydemir, 2018).
Arama motoru; Kullanıcıların oluşturulan siteyi kolayca gezinebilmelerine yardımcı olduğu gibi aynı zamanda site yapısı hakkında bilgi edinmeye de yardımcı olan önemli bileşenlerden biridir.
Logo Kullanımı; Genel yapı itibariyle genellikle sol üst köşeye konumlandırılan logoların hemen altına sayfanın hangi amaçla hazırlandığını anlatmaya yarayan sloganlar da kullanılabilmektedir.
Web sitelerinde logo üzerine kullanıcılar tarafından tıklanması durumunda ana sayfaya dönebilmelerini sağlayan bağlantı oluşturulur.
Yönlendirici gezinme menüleri, Web sitesi kullanıcı ara yüzü oluşturulması söz konusu olduğunda, gezinme menüleri dikkate alınması gereken bileşenlerden biridir. Web sitesi üzerinde ziyaretçilerin sorunsuz bir şekilde gezinebilmeleri için yönlendirme yapabilen kullanımı kolay açılabilir menüler yer almalıdır.
Reklam görselleri (Banner), Reklam, tanıtım ve bilgilendirme amacıyla hazırlanan web sayfalarının çeşitli yerlerinde konumlandırılan reklam görselleridir.
İletişim bilgileri, Web sitelerinin iletişim sayfaları, iletişim bilgilerini ve
5 iletişim formunu görüntülemekten daha fazlası için kullanılabilir. İletişim sayfasının doğru planlanarak tasarlanması, ziyaretçilerin rahat iletişime geçebilmesine ve sosyal medya hesaplarında sizinle bağlantı kurmalarına imkân sağladığı gibi faydalı bilgilerin keşfedilmesine de yardımcı olabilmektedir.
GELİŞTİRİLMİŞ WEB YAYINI İÇİN DUYARLI WEB TASARIM UYGULAMA
Modern şirketler, kurumlar, kuruluşlar, hedef kitlelerin veya müşterilerinin kendileri hakkındaki bilgilere erişebilmeleri için web sitelerine ihtiyaç duymaktadırlar (Aydemir, 2018). Ancak artık sadece web’de görünmek ve çeşitli web arama motorları aracılığıyla tanınmak yeterli değildir. İnsanlar internete erişebilmek adına günümüzde daha fazla mobil cihazlar kullanmaya başladılar. Bu nedenle web sitelerinin kullanıcı deneyiminde en üst seviyede olabilmeleri için tüm bu cihazlar için optimize edilmesi gerekmektedir.
Duyarlı web tasarımı, web sitelerine kullanılan bu cihazlardan herhangi birine, yani ekran çözünürlüklerine uyum sağlama esnekliği sağlar (Mohorovičić, 2013).
Son yıllarda mobil cihaz kullanımındaki hızlı artış ve kullanıcıların web aramalarını bu cihazlar üzerinden yapıyor olmaları Duyarlı (Responsive) web sitelerinin popülaritesini artırmıştır.
Web sitelerine mobil cihazlarla girildiğinde site görüntülenirken, sitede arama yaparken veya sitenin bir metnini okumak isterken sorunlarla karşılaşmamak için tasarlanacak olan sitenin duyarlı yapıda hazırlanması gerekmektedir.
Tasarımı yapılan web sitesi giriş yapılan cihaz ekranına göre uyum sağlamak zorundadır.
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6 Şekil 2: Duyarlı web sitelerinde ekran çözünürlük oranları
Duyarlı web tasarıma geçilmeden önce siteler mobil cihazlar üzerinden ziyaret edildiğinde yazılar küçük oldukları için okunulamaz, bu sebepten dolayı sayfa büyüterek sağa-sola kaydırılmak zorunda kalınırdı (neturk.com).
Ziyaretçilerin yarıdan fazlası web sayfalarında gezinmek için bir mobil cihaz kullanırken, onlara sadece bilgisayar için tasarlanmış bir web sayfası servisi sağlanmamalıdır. Mobil cihazlarda bu siteleri okumak ve kullanmak güç olduğu için bu kötü kullanım deneyimine yol açabilmektedir. Önceleri internet sitelerine girildiğinde bilgisayar görüntüsüyle cep telefonu görüntüsünün farklı olması durumunda o firmaya ait 2 tane web sitesi var diye düşündürebilmekteydi. Örneğin bir web sitesi;
– Masaüstü web sayfası www.evrenturkmen.com iken,
– Mobil içinde mobil.evrenturkmen.com veya www.evrenturkmen.com /mobil/ gibi
Böyle durumlarda arama motorları kullanıcıların önüne iki web sitesi getirdiğinden kullanıcıların yanlış olan web sitesine yönlendiği bununda kullanım kolaylığı sağlamadığı kanıtlanmıştır bu durumdan dolayı Duyarlı Web Sitesi ortaya çıkmıştır. Tüm bunların dışında arama motorları arama kriterlerini dikkate aldığında sitelerin esnek yapıda olmasına önem vermektedir. Günümüzde bu ikili web sitesi sistemini kullanan firmalar az sayıda olsalar da bulunmaktadırlar. Bu sistemle çalışan web sitelerinin yazılım sistemlerinin ilerleyişinden geri kalmış olduğu ortadadır. Eski sistem kullanımını bünyesinde bulunduran web sitelerinin en büyük dezavantajı ise arama motorlarında sıralama kriterine göre iki sitenin de olumsuz yönde
7 etkileniyor olması alt sıralara gerilemesidir.
DUYARLI (RESPONSİVE) WEB SAYFALARINDA GRİD SİSTEMİ KULLANIMI
Günümüz dünyasında, birçok insan web'e göz atmak için mobil cihaz kullanıyor. Duyarlı web sitesi tasarımı (RWD), ekran boyutu zorluklarına karşı yeni çözümler üretebilmek için bulunmuş bir sistem olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Duyarlı web sitelerinin kullanımı sabit genişlikli web sitelerini kullanmaktan bizleri uzaklaştırmaktadır.
Kullanıcılar web sitesi tasarımlarınızı görüntüleyebilmek için hangi cihazı kullanıyor olurlarsa olsunlar, mümkün olan en iyi deneyimi verebilmeniz için tasarıma başlamadan önce sitenin tasarım ve ölçülendirme analizini yapmanız gerekmektedir. Bu açılardan bakıldığında Duyarlı Web Sitesi yapmak için site tasarım elemanlarının belirli standart ölçülere sahip bir sisteme göre yerleştirilmeleri gerekmektedir. Burada bize Esnek Grid Sistemi Yardımcı olmaktadır.
Grid özelliği taşıyan tasarımlar prensip olarak hizalama ile yapılan tasarım özelliklerine dayanmaktadır. Bu özelliği taşıyan web ara yüzlerinin tasarım süreci aşamasında hızlı ve kolay düzenleme yapılmasını mümkün kılan yazılımlar HTML5, CSS3, Java Script, gibi yazılımlardır.
Esnek Grid Sistemi, 12 ve 16’lık sütundan oluşan duyarlı bir CSS ızgara sistemine denmektedir (css-tricks.com). Web sayfası düzeni ızgara sistemlerinin öncüsü ve geliştiricisi Nathan Smith 960 Grid Sistemli web tasarım yönteminin bulucusudur (960.gs).
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8 Şekil 3: 960 Grid Sistemi
Grid sistemi içerisine yerleştirilen 40 piksel ve katları ile 60 piksel ve katları olarak düzenlenen yerleşimler web yerleşimi açısından en uygunları olarak bilinmektedir. Görsel açıdan daha iyi bir tasarımın hedeflenmesi ve web sayfasında kullanılan tasarım öğelerinin sayfa mizanpaj düzenine göre yerleşim aralıklarının ve hizalanmalarının göze hoş gelmesi bakımından da bu sistemi kullanmak önem taşımaktadır (960.gs).
960 Grid Sistemi yeni nesil tasarım araçları olan div ve css ile kullanılmakta ve bu da görsel yerleşimin sağlanmasında ve arama motorları sonuçları için avantaj sağlamaktadır (3cbilisim.com).
960 GRID SİSTEMİ
• Optimum web sayfası genişliği kullanımı ile daha çok bilgisayarda görüntü bütünlüğünün sağlanması,
• Kolonların (column) 12'lik ya da 16'lık sistemde kullanılması ile yerleşimlerdeki mükemmelliğin sağlanması,
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• Göze hoş gelen sayfa düzeninin oluşturulması,
• Yazıcı çıktısı alınması durumunda sayfa genişliklerinin sayfadan taşma durumunun önüne geçilmesi gibi durumlarda tasarımcılara yardımcı olmaktadır.
Şekil 4: 960 Grid Sistemi 12'lik sütun yöntemiyle tasarlanan web sitesi (3cbilisim.com)
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10 Şekil 5: 960 Grid Sistemi 16'lık sütun yöntemiyle tasarlanan web sitesi
(3cbilisim.com) SONUÇ
Web sayfalarının tasarlanma biçiminde, çeşitli cihazlarda kullanıcılara görünme biçiminde devrim yaratan ve web sayfalarını cihazların ekran boyutlarına bağlı kalmaksızın kullanılan cihaza göre ekran boyutunu ayarlayan bu sistemin gelişmesi ile birlikte kullanıcıların konsantrasyon ve ilgi alanlarının dağılmadığı eğitici web siteleri ve sayfalar üzerinde daha belirgin olarak kanıtlanmıştır.
Duyarlı Web Tasarımı, kullanıcıların cihazından (bilgisayar ve mobil cihazlar) bağımsız olarak aynı URL'de aynı HTML kodunu sunar, ancak görüntüyü ekran boyutuna göre farklı şekilde işleyebilir. Başta Google olmak üzere arama motorları Duyarlı Web Tasarımı önerir, çünkü uygulanması ve sürdürülmesi en kolay tasarım modelidir (galimedya.com).
Kısaca Duyarlı Web Tasarımı;
• Kullanımı kolaydır, ziyaretçiler aradıkları içeriğe kolay ulaşabilmekte ve daha kolay okumayı sağlayabilmektedirler.
• Duyarlı Web Tasarım altyapısı bulunan sitelerde farklı cihazlar için ekstra tasarım yaptırmanıza gerek yoktur bu da maliyet açısından karlılık sağlamaktadır.
• Hızlı açılması, mobil cihaz uyumluluğu gibi özellikler bakımından SEO uyumlu bir tasarım şeklidir. Bu durum arama motorlarındaki sıralamada yükselmenizi sağlamaktadır.
• Ziyaretçiler her cihaz türünden web sitenize rahat giriş yapabildiklerinden dolayı rakiplerinizden sizi daha avantajlı yapmaktadır.
• Değişiklik yapılmak istendiğinde diğer cihaz sistemlerine sitenin adapte edilmesine gerek kalmadan duyarlı web tasarım ile web sitenizi her çözünürlüğe kendisini uyumlu hale getirmektedir.
11 KAYNAKÇA
AYDEMİR, M., (2018). İnternet ve Web Programlama Ders Kitabı, Anadolu Üniversitesi Yönetim Bilişim Sistemleri, Yayını No: 3717 - 2536 Syf:220-223
BRYANT J., JONES, M., (2012). Responsive Web Design, Pro HTML5 Performance, Apress, Berkeley, Kaliforniya doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302- 4525-4_4
ÇATAL, D., KÜRŞAD, D., (2015). Duyarlı Web Tasarımı, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi Hakemli Dergisi ART-E Mayıs-Haziran’15 Sayı:15 ISSN 1308-2698
MOHOROVIČIĆ, S., (2013). Implementing responsive web design for enhanced web presence, "36th International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO)", pp. 1206-1210.
İNTERNET KAYNAKLARI
https://css-tricks.com/responsive-designs-and-css-custom-properties- building-a-flexible-grid-system/, Erişim Tarihi: 01 Haziran 2021
https://www.galimedya.com/duyarli-web-tasarim-nedir/, Erişim Tarihi: 05 Haziran 2021
https://www.neturk.com/blog/responsive-web-tasarim, Erişim Tarihi: 05 Haziran 2021
http://www.3cbilisim.com/, Erişim Tarihi: 10 Haziran 2021 https://960.gs/, Erişim Tarihi: 20 Haziran 2021
12
Sustainable Touristification and Impacts on Rural Cultural Heritage.
Celal Hasan
Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University. Master Student
post-war/ Disaster Reconstruction, Rehabilitation & Development
ABSTRACT
Rural cultural heritage is the people who live in the countryside and the people who use the countryside as they are always credited with the authenticity of this heritage. The aim of the paper aims to describe the sustainability of the rural architectural heritage in the village of Cumalıkızık, and the effects of cultural tourism on it. It was emphasized that the deterioration of cultural tourism could be prevented through a sustainable rural development plan. A complete theoretical study was presented on the issues of cultural tourism and rural heritage. After that, Through the SWOT analysis, the problems and threats to the sustainability of the study were evaluated, and the available possibilities. It concludes with a set of strategies and recommendations on how to overcome tourism problems and threats and how to improve the values of the historical village. This study is important in analyzing the tourism challenges in preserving rural areas in Cumalıkızık, known as One of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites (WHS) in Turkey, and how to raise the awareness of the villagers on the importance of sustainability and its role in rural development.
KEYWORDS
Rural cultural, Sustainability, Heritage, Tourism
13 INTRODUCTION
So far, there are still great challenges in how to properly transfer the elements of cultural heritage to the new generation while preserving the authenticity of the heritage. The cultural heritage, with its historical elements and the surrounding environment, is a link and the interconnected roots between generations that must be protected, and their authenticity preserved. Tourism activities in the cultural heritage area, if they are not organized, can lead to environmental pollution and the deterioration of heritage in the area. Therefore, it is necessary that tourism activities be well organized to maintain the sustainability of cultural heritage sites.
Cultural tourism It is a type of tourism that aims to learn about the history, customs, and traditions of a particular region by visitors and travelers to learn more about the tangible and intangible cultural heritage of a region.
Rural tourism, especially the historical villages, has received great attention among researchers in terms of sustainability and that it has a positive impact and benefits in economic and social development compared to mass tourism, which caused the deterioration of the environment in the villages. Local-global) and the inability of the rural community to accept and harmonize with the tourists correctly, which may lead to the destruction or radical transformation of the original character of the cultural heritage in the village. Therefore, to improve cultural tourism in rural areas, it is necessary to know the type of architectural features used in their correct form.
A change in the physical and social character of villages can occur through tourism activities in rural villages. Removing the villagers from their traditional environment has a negative impact on tourism in terms of social and cultural, for example, the loss of the identity of rural areas and the demise of cultural practices.
Rural villages may lose the authenticity of rural life and economic problems, as a result of the increasing pressure to prepare for tourists, especially in the summer, due to the increase in the population, and this in turn poses a challenge to the tourism sector in securing the needs of visitors from hotels and restaurants. Unfortunately, this
14 pressure leads to repairs and renovations within the historical
dwellings in an inappropriate way, this leads to the loss of the rural natural beauty in the villages.
Due to the presence of a set of gaps in the scientific research on the rural architectural heritage and achieving sustainability and understanding the physical changes in its architectural character because of cultural tourism, the impact of tourism on the rural architectural heritage in the village of Cumalıkızık will be discussed in this paper. The paper concludes with a set of recommendations on how to preserve the rural architectural heritage Achieving a balance between it and cultural tourism.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Culture plays an important role in maintaining the sustainability of society, and the cultural norm system defines customs and rituals, which in turn help in understanding the interpretation of architecture production and explain the relationship between users and the surrounding environment. (Uysal Ürey, 2019 : 87-88).
Architecture must provide social communication and show shared values in a physical form. Architectural heritage allows modification of cultural values based on architecture. Design must be based on the cultural knowledge of a community. (Robinson, 1989: 256).
International and national legislation, to preserve cultural heritage and achieve sustainability in rural areas, the public must be involved in this issue and carry out a set of studies at a collective level.
The shift in the spatial character of rural architecture in Turkey was carried out due to the tourist activity that began in the seventies. In 1982 under the title “...only enough to preserve a sufficient number of monuments...” it became difficult to lose local identity, authenticity and change in the villages Historically, in Turkey, from a physical and social point of view. In 1983, architecture was generally ignored within villages at the expense of tourism activity.
The “Declaration of Cultural Preservation of Cultural Heritage” was prepared by the Turkish National Committee of ICOMOS in 2013, in which the rural landscape is defined as an open-air museum displaying the design and construction style of local buildings as well as the composition of their layout with roads, squares and farmland.
15 The landscape has been defined by the Turkish National Committee of ICOMOS as an open-air museum illustrating the manner and style of architecture for local buildings, zoning layouts, roads and farmland.
RESEARCH SETTING
The village of Cumalıkızık is located in Yıldırım Province, 10 km from the city of Bursa, in the northwestern part of Turkey (Figure 1). It is one of the preserved villages in the city of Bursa. The village is the birthplace of typical rural spatial planning in the times of the Ottoman Empire. The history of this village was go back 700 years. The village contains 270 historical houses, 180 houses still exist in the village. The status of Cumalıkızık as a waqif village, which gave assurance to purchase all its agricultural production (Akan 2013; Pekeryen et al.
2019). The village is generally characterized by a high degree of originality, as the streets of the village are all narrow and paved with natural stones(Figure 2), agricultural fields and general planning (Ozorhon and Ororhon 2014, p. 18R5). The two- or three-storey houses with the inner courtyard refer to the connection between architecture and nature using stone in the ground floors, and wood for the first floors (Bursa and Cumalıkızık: the Birth of the Ottoman Empire,UNESCO).
(Figure 3).
Figure 1 Cumalıkızık Village location
16
Figure 2 Cumalıkızık Village
Figure 3
Since the designation of the Friday village as a culturally protected site in 1981, several projects have been carried out with the participation of local and official bodies, non-profit organizations, and the local community to preserve the heritage of the village and provide proposals for economic and social development.
Project Year Participating Parties Architectural
Conservation Plans.
1992(approved in 1994).
Cumalıkızık Conservation and Revitalization Project.
1998 Bursa Local Agenda 21 group
A Multi-Stakeholder Project.
2007-2008 Central And Local
Government Institutions and Bursa Chamber Of Architects
Table1:Projects in Cumalıkızık Village
17 Under the heading “Bursa and Cumalıkızık: The Birth of the Ottoman Empire."Cumalıkızık was inscribed as a WHS in 2014. The core zone sits on nine hectares. As for the buffer zone, it was allocated only for agriculture, (191 hectares). Figure 4
Figure 4 Site Boundaries of Cumalıkızık Village .Source:
https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1452/documents/
Revitalization Sustainable tourism:
Conceptual Phase:
Project Purpose
This project aims to describe the consequences of cultural tourism for sustainability of rural architectural heritage of Cumalıkızık villages, in Bursa.
The main goals of the proposed strategy are:
1. Preserve the rural architectural heritage Achieving a balance between it and cultural tourism. Recovery of the economic sector in the village.
2. Preservation of the character of the village in terms of its heritage and ancient function.
3. Recovery of the economic sector in the village.
The criteria that qualify these goals are:
1. Strengthening the role of the villagers in making decisions that serve the interest of the village with the joint administration and the municipalities.
18 2. Create functional and economic efficiency for the entire region.
SWOT ANAYSIS
A SWOT analysis has been conducted keeping in line with the requirements of a strategic approach for revitalization.
SWOT Analysis:
to support the strategic way of thinking for the problem determination stage of the process of historic revitalization, SWOT analysis is a proper tool, as it comprehends physical, social and economic aspects.
This approach involves two perspectives: external and internal. The external perspective in SWOT analysis refers to threats and opportunities of the environment, while internal perspective refers to organization’s strengths and weaknesses. (Hoskara & Doratli, 2007).
TOURISM SECTOR IN CUMALIKIZIK VILLAGE
The civil society in the village of Cumalıkızık, like most rural societies in Turkey, is a traditional society, but the society in the village of Cumalıkızık was highly traditional. Only men worked outside, while women worked only inside the house and were not participate in agricultural work. The income of the village depends on Agriculture in the first place and raising domestic animals (Ahunbay et al. 2014).
When designated the village as a culturally protected site and given the mentality of the residents of the village, there was a big challenge about how to accept visitors to the village. There were only two small cafés in the village that served as spaces for social gatherings. The presence of strangers (visitors) in the village was not welcomed by the villagers.
In the nineties, the migration out of the village increased because of the poor living conditions, so the urban Bursa municipality felt that the situation of the village was in danger and some projects should be carried out to reduce the migration abroad and preserve the cultural heritage assets in the village. (Akan 2013) The profitability of a project that was aimed to stimulate tourism in the village because it is the best tool for economic development and to improve their living conditions, by sold their home products are at local events. Two streets, public buildings, and four houses were renovated During the Revitalization Project implementation (Orenet al. 2002).
19 Despite all these attempts to stimulate tourism, the results were not according to the expectations of the Bursa municipality. In 2000, the number of visitors to the village reached 30 visitors per day. One of the most important factors that helped revitalize tourism in the village of Cumalıkızık is the filming of the famous TV series in 2003(Kınal Kar) and taking the village as a location for filming most of the series' scenes. This was where the real problem began in the village, where most of the residents turned the ground floors of their homes into shops selling food and gifts to visitors.
THE IMPACT OF TOURISM ACTIVITY ON THE VILLAGE The main purpose of the visit to the Cumalıkızık village is that it contains unique architectural elements dating back to the Ottoman era, but unfortunately the tourist activity in the village after 2003 turned into a purely commercial character, instead of being of high cultural value that reflects the authenticity of the heritage in the village. Most of the ground floors in the houses were converted into gift shops, most of the goods were displayed in front of the houses and on the historical walls Figure 5, and many irregular stalls were spread within the streets in the village to sell products. The village was completely transformed from a village with ancient historical origins into a random market. The number of visitors to the village reached to 50,000 visitors per week, but there is no clear way to communicate the importance of this village to visitors through tourism offers and brands.
Absence of add-on services like guided tours and authentic experiences linked to the local culture's learning. many culture-based visitors are disappointed There is no authentic story told about Cumalıkızık's importance in history or the value of its cultural heritage through its tourism offering and its brand.Lack of hygiene in food establishments.
According to local news, in 2019, a food establishment caused the death of one person 50 others with food poisoning.There are no local craft shops or sales of traditional local products.
20
Figure 5 :Cumalıkızık Village .Source:
The Management of Shared Resources:
Through the randomness in the village of shops, lack of cleanliness between the streets and problems in public services, the main cause of which is the lack of complete coordination between stakeholders. The residents of the village have always objected to strangers acquiring houses and kiosks in the village, but this thing happened and there are many Strangers were able to own houses in the village and use them for a purely commercial purpose, and this threatens the heritage of the village. Because of the traditional mentality of the local community, we note the lack of acceptance of change and new suggestions from the municipality or site management.
There must be complete coordination between Municipalities, community and Site Management.
CONCLUSION
This article explains the effects of tourism on the preservation of the rural architectural heritage in the village of Cumalıkızık, it is clear that the increase in the number of tourists and the demand to visit a site may lead to some of the changes in the historical features of the building, and the reason for changing the rural lifestyle is due to the tourism activity and the profits received from it. The real problem is the use of the natural and architectural elements of cultural heritage to stimulate tourism, and it may lead to the loss of the identity of the rural heritage and its demise. At the same time, there is a possibility that tourism and
21 tourism activities will be a very important element for promoting the goods and products made by the people of the village.
• A multidisciplinary approach to cultural tourism management is essential for the preservation and development of rural heritage. For the Juma'a village there should be coordination between the following entities: Ministry of Culture and Tourism - The Regional Directorate of Foundations (Waqf) - Bursa Cultural Assets Regional Conservation - Yildirim Municipality - Local people in Cumalıkızık Village.
• The heritage of the brand and tourism destinations can be enhanced through product and service innovations that reflect Cumalıkızık's cultural heritage in a sustainable way and provide tour guides with historical information.
• To support food-based tourism, agriculture must be developed, and the villagers encouraged to farm, and to communicate the idea of comprehensive tourism development, and this is the role of public authorities to communicate the idea in a peaceful way to the community.
• Village houses must be restored according to the cultural and social conditions of the users and compatible with the traditional fabric of the village.
22 REFERENCES
Amer, M. B. (2019). Cultural Identity: Curating the Heritage City.
Arslan, T. V. (2015). DEVELOPING A STRATEGIC APPROACH FOR MANAGING SUSTAINABLE REVITALISATION IN WORLD HERITAGE SITES: Historical Bazaar and Khans District, Bursa - Turkey. International Journal of Architectural Research .
Bilgin, S. Ç.-E. (2019). Understanding Impacts of Cultural Tourism on Sustainability of. Journal of multidisciplinary academic tourism.
Burcin Hatipoglu, B. E. (2019). Corporate social responsibility in tourism as a tool for sustainable development. International Journal of
Contemporary Hospitality Management.
CAHANTIMUR, M. T.-N.-A. (2009). A participatory governance model for the sustainable development of Cumalıkızık, a heritage site in Turkey. International Institute for Environment and Development.
Chandani Kc, S. K. (2019). Assessing the values of living heritage sites in Kathmandu Valley: a community perspective. ournal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development.
Durak, E. A.-T.-S. (2019). Physical Changes in World Heritage Sites under the Pressure of Tourism: The Case of Cumalıkızık Village in Bursa.
European Journal of Sustainable Development (.
Guliz Ozorhon, I. F. (2014). Learning from Mardin and Cumalıkızık:
Turkish Vernacular Architecture in the Context of Sustainability.
The Artist and Journal of Home Culture.
Hatipoglu, S. K.-B. (2021). The Lack of Policy, Planning, and Governance:
The Mismanagement of Visitor Pressure in Cumalıkızık, Bursa—A World Heritage Site.
Ismail, S. H. (s.d.). THE CHALLENGE :BALANCE PROTECTION AND SHARING.
J. Cheer, C. M. (2019). Tourism and community resilience in the Anthropocene: accentuating temporal overtourism.
K. Cheung, L. L. (2019). Understanding visitor–resident relations in overtourism: developing resilience for sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism.
M. Taş, N. T. (2009). A participatory governance model for the sustainable development of Cumalıkızık, a heritage site in Turkey.
Renzi, L. D.-R.-M. (2018). Heritage and identity: technology, values and visitor experiences. tandfonline.
Somuncu, B. G.-M. (2017). Bursa ve Cumalıkızık Dünya Mirası’nın Sürdürülebilir Yönetimi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme [An
23 Assessment on the Sustainable Management of Bursa and
Cumalıkızık World Heritage].
Y. Lincoln, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry: Beverly Hills.
24
Journal of Architecture, Arts and Heritage (JAH) – Vol. 1, Issue 0
Post Disaster Cultural Heritage with Alternative Tourism Method in Loss Identification in Bodrum
Seda İlayda Yağmur
Master Student of post war/ Disaster Reconstruction, Rehabilitation & Development
ABSTRACT
In today's world, besides the globalization, it is important to increase the awareness of local and authentic cultural richness to share, protect and develop as heritage value. Cultural heritage are places where human and nature's common activities are integrated and united. However, post disaster cultural heritage values are in danger for the its own values in some places. The cultural richness such as the human value and cultural fields are the main issue in the research that is analysed through the management strategy. Bodrum is the peninsula that has cultural heritage values such as natural, agricultural, historical and agricultural with own social and cultural structure. With the light of management strategies, the approach of authenticity which alternative tourism method is part of it, is used as a strategy to bring life cultural heritage for the area. The report analyses the conflicts in Bodrum’s rural settlement and recommended potential solutions for cultural heritage with the help of alternative tourism method.
KEYWORDS
alternative tourism, authenticity, cultural heritage, agriculture, nature, agri tourism
25 INTRODDUCTION
“Cultural Heritage is an expression of the ways of living developed by a community and passed on from generation to generation, including customs, practices, places, objects, artistic expressions and values (ICOMOS, 2002). Cultural heritage is the relationship of history and natural world which the cultural heritage or its properties represent together. It is the combination of mankind and natural system as well. As a result of the interaction that has taken place in the historical process with the natural landscape, it has led to the emergence of unique cultural heritage. For this reason, the cultural heritage consists of cultural fields and objects for the benefit of human society, which human beings have created in the natural landscape by their own hands. Cultural heritage is the landscape forms that occur as a result of people's use of nature for various purposes.
Like knowing our history, having an idea about cultural heritage is also crucial. Because it gives an idea about the sense of place for the next generation and increase the quality of life [21]. It is very important to be able to transfer these formations to future generations and to use them universally.
Cultural heritage could be analysed in a little piece of area to many hundreds of acres. It is the heritage for everyone that could not come again. While sometimes cultural heritage formation occupies a few years, sometimes it continues more than thousands of years. Therefore, protection and conservation of all those areas are obligation for everyone. Therefore, in this paper, I will focus on the management strategies to produce alternative tourism as a solution for rural settlement to bring to light the cultural heritage identity.
DEFINING THE HERITAGE AND COMMUNITY BEFORE CRISES Geographical and Demographic Information
Bodrum is a district and a port peninsula in Muğla city. It is surrounded by sea on three sides and it is in the south-western Aegean region of Turkey. It has land connection only from east direction. There are mountain series stretching from the peninsula perpendicular to the sea with large and small plains between the valleys parallel to these mountains. There is Gökova Bay on the south of the Peninsula, Güllük Bay on the north and Aegean Sea on the west.
Seda İlayda Yağmur
26 Fig 1. Situation of Bodrum in Turkey
Bodrum has witnessed the civilization that left traces in Anatolia due to its location between the Mediterranean and the Aegean Sea, and has maintained the geopolitical importance of every period.
Many civilizations had lived in today’s Bodrum. These are; Mycenean, Caria, Med, Lelegians, Ionians, Egyptian, Rhodos, Byzantine, Ottoman etc. [1]. Therefore, almost all Bodrum peninsula has an archaeological identity. It is easy to see some ruin in every part of the peninsula.
The bays and the peninsula extending to the sea, rich coastal line, the topographic structure of the steep slope volcanic geology and climate features have rich facilities. Agricultural facilities generally are disconnected to the coastal area. Therefore, the rural settlement is not concentric to tourism area due to disconnection from coastal area. Because some of the settlements were developed as the small village at the centre of Bodrum before tourism. [1]. An important part of the rural landscape of the peninsula is the citrus orchard, which contain the expansive valley areas. Therefore, because of old history of Bodrum peninsula and natural form, it has different kind of cultural value that could stand for cultural heritage.
27 Cultural Heritage value in Bodrum
Cultural heritage could be including many subjects which are relevant to geographic area that compose our living places and humankind. There are many definition of the terms of cultural heritage. However, especially to strengthen the component, the clarification could be as intangible and tangible cultural heritage [20,21].
According to the search, classifying different types of cultural heritage are based on tangible, which refer to physical aspect and intangible identity that refer to the meaning of the cultural heritage [21].
In the form of this elements, there are also subcategorises of the heritage which are agriculture, archaeology, nature and customs. Therefore, analysing the identity of the settlement where are thought to have cultural heritage identity will be main step. When we analyse the settlement cultural heritage of a settlement, we could have better chance to decide the alternative tourism type [14].
TANGIBLE HERITAGE Agricultural
When we think about the cultural heritage, the first things that may come our mind is to generally agriculture because of the identity of settlements. It is hard to imagine the agriculture without its rural settlement identity. It is highlighting the rural settlement of heritage values [12].
Agriculture which is the type of cultural heritage can be worked together with community engagement as well. Therefore, management strategy is significant to provide balance between the settlement inherited identity and the community [6,12].
Archaeological / Historical
For the archaeological cultural heritage, two categories could be discussed written documents or visual landscape [8,12]. For both memories and the coalescence spring to life for people in accordance with cultural heritage. Through the management strategy those memories could be maintained and increased in archaeological sites. Because those places which have both historical and cultural identity need very special control and conservation strategies [11]. In this way, the heritage could be protected and people can increase their experience of identity places.
Natural Heritage
The formation of the meaning of cultural heritage, it reveals much about the relationship our integrated natural world perspective [14]. Because of the potential in itself, it provides us both social and ecological opportunities. Therefore, it helps communities to understand the identity and the heritage value of the settlements. Therefore, there needs a good working knowledge that we could take actions
Seda İlayda Yağmur
28 to conserve the culture and nature as well. The main act could be to recognize the identity and protect the cultural heritage which is composed of natural elements [14,17].
INTANGIBLE HERITAGE
These values define the nature of cultural heritage and economic value is not defined in this context.
The fact that elected people, builders, local decision makers and citizens have cultural values in many ways affect their local economies should be aware that this is not a fundamental reason for their protection but a need for holistic protection [5].
On the contrary of tangible values, the ethnographic structure and custom are intangible cultural heritage that we could not measure physically like tangible values. Therefore, it is not about exactly what we see, it is actually what we see and make an interference. That is why it could be taken as cultural value because it is the sense of place and memories that we decided in our mind that compose our heritage values [7,19].
Aesthetic and Artistic Value
It includes the understanding and ornament characteristics of the cultural existence in the design, and the level and quality of the importance it has reached. Crafts are not simply a particular way of making object, but are in extricable bound up with the structure, values, history and identity of the communities in which they are practised. [4] Tradition of handicrafts are some of them.
It is the value that reflects the established traditions, lifestyles, beliefs and habits of the society that makes up the structure. The structures or structural elements which have been destroyed in time or have an almost existing value are some of the most important element.
Structures are of originality value if they retain all traits of the period in which they were built and the traces of the historical layers that have been formed up to now. The architectural spaces (structures, building groups or building parts) that reflect the life of the society producing themselves, when they support the sense of social identity and belonging [16,17].
Verbal traditions and expressions value
Oral traditions and narratives (epics, legends, folk tales, proverbs, fairy tales, jokes, etc.) with the language of the conveying of intangible cultural heritage. Social practices, rituals and feasts (celebrations, weddings, births, nevruz, etc. celebrations) are some the important intangible cultural assets. It is a value that defines the relations of cultural assets in multi-layered and multicultural settlements with the products in other periods and covers the aims of a holistic protection within the framework of these relations [13].
29 Bazaar& traditional food
The transfer of food practices from one generation to another contributes to the formation of the identity and memory of both individuals and communities.
Something as paradoxical as it seems, perishable as food, is a living legacy of the past. Food
"constitutes a fundamental element of the culture of a person or society" [7]
It could be the intangible cultural heritage because of its communal consumption. Food is also an element that shows deep connection between food and civilizations. Therefore, it protects other items as well. Oral traditions and expressions are an alternative view of knowledge and practices that are perceived as intangible forms of cultural heritage related to food. [19]
CRISES DEFINITION
In turkey, one of the attractive tourism center is Bodrum that has also been affected both passively and negatively. Because of this demand to Bodrum, man-made disasters is occurred because most of the land are taken for tourism purposes and these land are generally agricultural and natural land that is economy, culture and social structure of Bodrum are demanded on them. Therefore, with the increase of the demand on the tourism, cultural, natural and social structure has been changing day by day since the 1970 that is first years to start tourism industry. Seasonal housing pushed the natural physical boundaries of many settlements in Bodrum and irreversibly changed the landscape, nature and resources of the peninsula. Therefore, the most affected values from the disasters are agriculture and nature that compose the milestone of the cultural heritage. While tourism is one of the most economic structure for the income of Bodrum, it causes some problems as well.
Crises impact on the Community
PHYSICAL-INFRASTRUCTURE Water sources
There are some effects of the tourism. While some of them are has a good potential, some of them are affecting the community adversely. One of them is water resources that domestically affects the area.
The water sources is not enough for the peninsula because of the increasing population. Especially in the summer season the shortage reaches the peak. Therefore, the peninsula does not have sustainable water resources that need to meet the demand.
According to the Bakış, the water needs of the peninsula will be 32.64x106, 52.33x106, 70.11 x106 and 312.23x106 m3/year in the years 2025, 2040, 2050 and 2100, respectively, unless the increasing population or water demand bring under control. [22]
Seda İlayda Yağmur
30 In the tourism industry, hotels, swimming pools, golf courses and tourists consume water excessively.
As a result, fresh water resources are inadequate and lead to excessive wastewater generation. In addition to that waste water of more than half of the population cannot be treated.
Fig 2. Fresh water needs
SOCIO POLITICAL- RAPID URBANIZATION
In turkey, probably the most attractive tourism center is Bodrum peninsula. Because of the excessive demand of the tourism, the population is increasing day by day. (figure-Tuik)
Most of the lands have been taken over by the tourism sector due to the tourism developing in the Bodrum Peninsula after the 1970s and caused the area to be constructed rapidly.
Fig 3. Population of Bodrum
31
Summer Density Winter Density
The rapidly developing and unplanned tourism sector in the region caused problems in environmental, social and infrastructure.
Due to domestic and foreign tourism, the 2nd Housing (cottage), holiday villages, hotels are increasing rapidly and there are big differences between the winter population (2010: 110492 people) and the summer population (2010: 502720 people). In some years, up to 10 times the differences between summer and winter populations have been reported. [22] [Fig 4]
Fig 4. Summer and winter density
ECONOMIC
1970's is a turning point for Bodrum. With the difficulty of gaining citrus gardening in meeting the costs, the rapidly rising tourism values change the fate of the peninsula.
After 1980, Bodrum joined the tourism sector to its economy. Domestic and foreign tourism, which has been active on the peninsula in recent years, has also affected the settlements of Bodrum not only the center but also the rural areas started to change for the tourism sector.
The main reason for the deterioration of the rural landscape is that tourism turns into the most important source of income throughout the peninsula. The important result of tourism revenues is that it transforms the Bodrum economy from an agriculture and marine economy into a service economy.
Seda İlayda Yağmur
32
CRISES IMPACT ON HERITAGE
Physical-Agriculture
An important part of the peninsula's rural landscape is citrus gardening, which spreads over wide valley areas. The gardening activity, which continues to decrease day by day, faces the threat of extinction as a result of the investments in tourism and the growing interest in seasonal residences. The agricultural areas planned in 1983 were opened to tourism and a planned area was created for new accommodation structures
Unfortunately, the development of the village settlement against the gardens and the opening of the gardens that set the boundaries of the old village settlement to the structuring area, mostly in favour of the second houses, unfortunately quickly destroy the areas of the gardens close to the center. Increasing the zoning conditions of the gardens close to the center is the main reason for changing these regions.
[1]
The survival of citrus gardens, which are part of Bodrum's vital feature and landscape, is extremely important within the peninsula. For this purpose, it is imperative to keep the gardens in order to preserve the landscape formed by citrus groves.
Physical-Nature
Not only the agricultural area but also the natural site of the Bodrum peninsula is affected by rapid tourism. The rules brought to zoning areas, on the other hand, did not comply with the natural physical conditions, but left them under the influence of a dense construction that settled.
Seasonal housing pushed the natural physical boundaries of many settlements in Bodrum and irreversibly changed the landscape, nature and resources of the peninsula. On the other hand, the structures for foreign tourism, which include short-term accommodation, caused an intense development in the coastal areas.
DEFINING THE OBJECT AND SCOPE
When we look at the Bodrum peninsula, most of the component for the value of cultural heritage are included in Bodrum such as Archaelogy, Agriculture or Nature with own social and cultural structure.
and for this main values, day by day, some problems have been accured that we can also call as man- made diseaster as we mention above. With this problems, the cultural and social values have decreased.
Therefore, the scope of the project is defined as the agriculture and nature which are the most affected values from the diseaster.
Dereköy is the area in bodrum that agricultural and natural identity exist. However, it is in danger that these values are going to become extinct not only in dereköy but also in whole bodrum peninsula.
33 Therefore, it has the potential that these values, in Dereköy, can be used for the sake of whole city of Bodrum with the help of alternative tourism method. In this way, the value of agriculture and nature can be developing again which is incuede social and cultural value as well.
Especially when we look at the increase which occur in the settlement [Fig5], we can see that there is not too much change in the settlement. It shows us how much this area and its identity are preserved.
Fig5: Google Earth satellite image; from 2005 to 2019 in Dereköy
Even tough, the historic settlement had based its economy on the agriculture for long years, the transition from this cultural asset to the tourism approach of today made people leave their agriculture tradition and turn to touristic attractions. This major alteration affected the life style of the local people, as well as the social-economical balance of the community.
Fig 6: Dereköy information card
In the information card, we can see that which unique identity it has and which management strategy can be implemented in Dereköy [Fig 6]. In the area, high incidence of endemic plants can be seen with natural grassland. At the same time, in the area agricultural cultural landscape is dominant due to having of complex cultural pattern. When we look at history of Dereköy, the dominance of agriculture
Seda İlayda Yağmur
34 can be perceived. In those years, agriculture was one of the economic income types. However, today, agriculture is not a source of income for Bodrum’s local people.
AUTENTICITY-IDENTITY APPROACH
Alternative tourism in rural settlement
Cultural heritage is a formation that needs to be controlled in detailed. While providing an economic success and social equality which the component of the sustainability, the conservation of environment is also significant. Therefore, depending on its value, alternative tourism could be the best solution for those areas which have unique identity and heritage [14,15]. Because the amalgamation of the tourism and cultural heritage both inevitable ending and also valuable opportunities as well. Therefore, the management and conservation of the area with the tourism as the major purpose which is based on the cultural heritage values or component.
The rural settlement development is the first step to conserve both the identity and cultural heritage as well. For example, enhancing the place based identity tourism could be the alternative solution for the cultural heritage. Therefore, cultural, historical, environmental facilities through the cultural heritage is a starting point for the alternative tourism [13,15].
According to Nistoreanu [10], the main purposes, principles and necessaries of sustainable tourism development are most prevalent for agro tourism, ecotourism, cultural tourism and also for rural tourism. These kind of tourism not only exemplify the positive, dynamic factor for tourism but also feasible solution to maintain the environment untainted and provide conservation as well.
AGRO TOURISM AS A PLANNING ELEMENT
It is a more recent term that used in previous years. It is directly related to the agriculture. Farming is the main place for tourism to draw interest of people. The phenomena of rural tourism are generally a secondary activity for people, agriculture remaining farmers’ main income source and occupation [3].
Why using agro tourism is better solution then eco-tourism is one of the question. The meaning of agro-tourism is also as the one of eco-tourism. For both of them are related to natural attraction. It is identified that ecotourism is to be a useful tool that serves conservation and development goals. [2,8]
The benefits of agri tourism- community based agriculture:
• Generating additional income or off season income for the farmers
• Interacting and educating locals and visitors about the importance of farming
35
• Increasing awareness of local agricultural products
• Developing a new consumer market niche
• Agri-tourist desires to learn about farm life
• Sustaining the culture and character of host communities
• Sustain landscape and habitats
• Qualitative priorities in food production
• Alternative income sources for farmers
• Sustainability of agricultural lands [8]
Agri-tourism that is based on opportunities which could have minimum effect on agricultural, natural and cultural sources is the most convenient types of visitor attraction and services in the fragile area.
They are also the least destructive of traditional and primary rural economic activities [5]. Therefore, Agri-tourism that is one of alternative tourism could be the best solution for conserving cultural heritage assets.
For conserving cultural heritage assets, improvement coherent with modern life styles, the outcome of outstanding cultural and natural values, and development of the existing settlement arrangement, providing a balance between conservation and usage, and eventually the raise of life quality in the settlement should be targeted. [12] Therefore, it is why the agricultural landscape asset can be used for the highlighting the cultural heritage because it is composing off season and additional income for the farmers.
The potentials to provide the identity and use the identity, that conduct the loss of local character, are determined and strategies are proposed to provide the local landscape characters of the settlements.
Therefore, because the settlement identities are still conserved, the community based agriculture can be implemented in the settlements which is also an alternative tourism method for rural settlement [14]. This is why agri-tourism is a strategy to enhance the area identity. Therefore, in the area that has both agricultural and natural identities, community based agriculture could be a solution to enhance the areas’ cultural heritage. It is defined as locally development actions and goals that are an integral part for tourism planning [15].
Seda İlayda Yağmur
36 Fig 7. Agriculture into components
For the development, why there is a need for vernacular, specific approaches which is according to the characteristics area. Especially Region specific product is important to preserve cultural heritage value [6]. Instead of using new agricultural product, using products that are facing extinction is crucial to preserve the cultural heritage value. In addition to that for development, new activities are vital because new means new income sources for the local people.
The process is based on description of the characteristics of landscape which determines a landscape identity specifically. Therefore, the suggestion is that rural settlement’s landscape identity is derived from natural, economic and socio-cultural characteristic of the landscape.
Agri-tourism as an economic development
Developing the economic viability of the agriculture and providing on-site employment opportunities for local people. Because the main source of income tourism it is providing off season or additional income for the farmers. In other words, it is alternative income sources for farmers [8].
Socio-cultural dimension of agri tourism
It crucially plays an important connection between rural people and tourists. In this way, rural people can get an opportunity for closer relationship with urban life and tourists can get more knowledge for the rural areas of the world. It can impact on improving the communication between rural people and tourists.
Activities for education which are the necessities of the agri-tourism improvement process, enable new skills and comprehension of the world to rural people. It should provide new opportunities for
