T.C.
SAKARYA ÜNİVERSİTESİ
FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ
SAKARYA İLİ AMERUS VE ZETORCHESTES
(ACARİ: ORİBATİDA) TÜRLERİ ÜZERİNE
SİSTEMATİK ARAŞTIRMALAR
YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ
Soner KILIÇ
Enstitü Anabilim Dalı : BİYOLOJİ
Tez Danışmanı : Doç. Dr. Şule BARAN
Kasım 2013
ii
TEŞEKKÜR
Bu araştırmaya beni yönlendiren, çalışmalarım boyunca bilgi ve tecrübeleri ile bana destek veren ve rehberlik eden, saygıdeğer hocam Doç. Dr. Şule BARAN’a teşekkür ederim.
Taramalı Elektron Mikroskobu incelemelerinin yapılmasını sağlayan Sakarya Üniversitesi, Metalurji ve Malzeme Mühendisliği bölümüne teşekkürlerimi sunarım.
Çalışmalarım sırasında maddi ve manevi desteğini sunan ve her zaman yanımda olan değerli eşim Gül KILIÇ’a sonsuz teşekkürler.
Tez yazım sürecinde teknik destek veren Bilgisayar Öğretmeni arkadaşlarım Nur AKYILDIZ ve İsmail DURMAZ’a teşekkür ederim.
Sakarya ili akar varlığına katkılar sağlamaya yönelik bu çalışmaya BAP 2012-02-20- 013 nolu proje ile maddi destek veren Sakarya Üniversitesi’ne teşekkürü borç bilirim.
iii
İÇİNDEKİLER
TEŞEKKÜR……… ii
İÇİNDEKİLER………... iii
SİMGELER VE KISALTMALAR LİSTESİ……….… v
ŞEKİLLER LİSTESİ……….. vi
ÖZET……….………….. vii
SUMMARY……… viii
BÖLÜM 1. GİRİŞ……….. 1
1.1. Oribatid Akarların Dış Yapısal Özelikleri……..……….. 5
BÖLÜM 2. MATERYAL VE YÖNTEM……… 9
2.1. Araştırma Yapılan Alanın Tanıtımı……….. 9
2.2. Akar Örneklerinin Toplanması, Hazırlanması, İncelenmesi ve Saklanması……….. 10
2.3. Örneklerin Alındığı Yerler……….. 13
BÖLÜM 3. BULGULAR……….. 16
3.1. Amerobelboid Akarların Sistematikteki Yeri……….. 16
3.1.1. Cins: Amerus Berlese, 1896……… 16
3.1.2. Alt cins: Amerus (Amerus) Berlese, 1896……..……… 17
3.1.3. Tür: Amerus polonicus Kulczynski, 1902…………..………… 18
3.2. Zetorchestoid Akarların Sistematikteki Yeri……….. 25
3.2.1. Cins: Zetorchestes Berlese, 1888………... 25
iv
3.2.2. Tür: Zetorchestes grandjeani Krisper, 1987……….. 26
BÖLÜM 4.
TARTIŞMA VE SONUÇLAR………... 34
KAYNAKLAR………... 37 ÖZGEÇMİŞ….……… 40
v
6ø0*(/(5 VE KISALTMALAR /ø67(6ø
ad $GDQDONÕOODU ag $JJHQLWDONÕOlar an $QDONÕOODU
AN : Anal plak
c1-3 1RWRJDVWHU]HULQGH-oLIWNÕOWDúÕ\DQRULEDWLGOHULQ, VÕUDNÕOODUÕ
cm : Santimetre
ex ([RERWKULGLDONÕO g *HQLWDONÕOODU
G : Genital plak
h1-3 1RWRJDVWHU]HULQGH-15 oLIWNÕOWDúÕ\DQRULEDWLGOHULQVÕUDNÕOODUÕ
in øQWHUODPHOODUNÕOODU le /DPHOOHUNÕOODU
m : Metre
m2 : Metre kare
mm : Milimetre
P : Mikrometre
NG : Notogaster
PD : Prodorsum
p1-3 1RWRJDVWHU]HULQGH-oLIWNÕOWDúÕ\DQRULEDWLGOHULQVÕUDNÕOODUÕ
ps1 %LULQFLEDFD÷ÕQDUNDVÕ,SHGRWHNWXP ps2 øNLQFLEDFD÷ÕQDUNDVÕSHGRWHNWXP
RO : Rostrum
ro 5RVWUXPNÕOÕ
ss : Sensillus
: Derece
µ : Dakika
vi
ù(.ø//(5/ø67(6ø
ùHNLO.1. 2ULEDWLGDNDUODUÕQJHQHOYFXWNÕVÕPODUÕ .XQW] > @«««. 5 ùHNLO 2ULEDWLGOHULQVÕUWWDQYHNDUÕQGDQJ|UQúOHUL««««««««. 8 ùHNLO 2ULEDWLGDNDU|UQHNOHULQLQWRSODQGÕ÷ÕDUDúWÕUPDDODQÕQDDLWKDULWD 9 ùHNLO 54-SK-08 QROXWRSUDN|UQHNOHULQLQDOÕQGÕ÷Õ\HU«««««« 10 ùHNLO 54-SK-17 QROXWRSUDN|UQHNOHULQLQDOÕQGÕ÷Õ\HU««««««. 11
ùHNLO %HUOHVHKXQLVL««««««««««««««««««««« 12
ùHNLO Amerus polonicus HOHNWURQPLNURVNREXQGDVÕUWWDQJ|UQú««. 19 ùHNLO Amerus polonicus 6(0IRWR÷UDIODUÕSURGRUVXPNÕVPÕERWULGLXP
YHFHQVLOOXVNÕOODUÕ««««««««««««««««««« 20
ùHNLOAmerus polonicus HOHNWURQPLNURVNREXQGDJ|UOHQERWULGLXPYH
FHQVLOOXVNÕOÕ««««««««««««««««««
21 ùHNLO Amerus polonicus HOHNWURQPLNURVNREXQGDJ|UOHQWDYHWHNÕOODUÕ 22 ùHNLO Amerus polonicus HOHNWURQPLNURVNREXQGDQRWRJDVWHUJ|UQú« 23 ùHNLO Amerus polonicus 6(0IRWR÷UDIODUÕPVUUYHUNÕOODUÕ««« 24 ùHNLO Zetorchestes grandjeani HOHNWURQPLNURVNREXQGDVÕUWWDQJ|UQú.. 27 ùHNLO Zetorchestes grandjeani elektron mikroskobunda sensillusun
J|UQP««««««««««««««««««««««. 28
ùHNLO Zetorchestes grandjeani YFXGXQNDUÕQGDQ YHQWUDO J|UQú6(0
IRWR÷UDIÕ«««««««««««««««««««««« 29
ùHNLO Zetorchestes grandjeani anal ve genital plaklarÕQ6(0IRWR÷UDIÕ 30 ùHNLO Zetorchestes grandjeani YFXGXQ\DQGDQ ODWHUDO J|UQú«« 31 ùHNLO2. Zetorchestes grandjeani elektron mikroskobunda gnathozoma,
ODPHOODUYHURVWUDONÕOODU««««««««««««««««« 32 ùHNLO Zetorchestes grandjeani elektron mikroskobunda I. II. ve III.
EDFDNODUÕQNRVLVWHUQDOE|OJHOHUL«««««««««««««« 33
vii
g=(7
Anahtar kelimeler: Acari, Oribatida, Amerus, Zetorchestes6DNDU\D7UNL\H
2012 \ÕOÕQÕQ PDUW nisan, PD\ÕV haziran, temmuz D\ODUÕQGD 6DNDU\D LOL LoHULVLQGH
G|NQWOoLPHQOL\RVXQOXWRSUDN |UQHNOHULDOÕQPÕúWÕU 7RSUDN|UQHNOHULQGHQX\JXQ
\|QWHPOHUOH D\ÕNODQDQ oribatida akarlar, ÕúÕN YH HOHNWURQ PLNURVNRSODUÕQGD
LQFHOHQPLúWLU
<DSÕODQLQFHOHPHOHUYHDUDúWÕUPDODUVRQXFXQGDAmerus polonicus Kulczynski, 1902 ve Zetorchestes grandjeani WUOHUi WHVSLWHGLOPLúWLU +HULNLWUGH7UNL\HLoLQ\HQL
ND\ÕWWÕU
7HVSLW HGLOHQ WUOHULQ oHúLWOL RUJDQODUÕQD DLW |OoPOHUL \DSÕOPÕú sem IRWR÷UDIODUÕ
oHNLOPLú WU WHúKLV DQDKWDUODUÕ YHULOPLú \DNÕQ WUOHUOH NDUúÕODúWÕUÕOPDVÕ \DSÕOPÕú YH
GQ\DGDNL\D\ÕOÕúODUÕWHVSLWHGLOPLúWLU.
viii
SYSTEMATIC STUDIES ON SPECIES OF AMERUS AND
ZETORCHESTES (ACARI 25ø%$7IDA ) COLLECTED FROM
TURKEY
SUMMARY
Key Words: Acari, Oribatida, Amerus, Zetorchestes, Sakarya, Turkey
The samples of littered, grassy and mossy were taken from the district of Sakarya in the months March, April, May, June and July, 2012.The oribatida liquids that were sorted out of the soil samples with some appropriate methods, have been examined through light and electron microscopes.
As a result of the examinations and researchs, Amerus polonicus Kulczynski 1902 and Zetorchestes species have been discovered. Both species are new records for Turkey.
Various organs of the species that have been discovered, have been measured, their SEM pictures have been taken, identification keys have been given, their comparison to similar species has been made and their distribution around the world has been discovered.
%g/h0 1. *ø5øù
Akarlar, arthropoda úXEHVL LoHULVLQGH FKHOLFHUDWD DOWúXEHVLQLQ arachnida (|UPFH÷LPVLOHU VÕQÕIÕQGD \HU DODQ YH EXOXQGX÷X VÕQÕIÕQ HQ ]HQJLQ \HVL RODQ
keliserli HNOHPEDFDNOÕ FDQOÕODUGÕU $NDUODUÕQ úLPGL\H NDGDU WDQÕPODQPÕú WU VD\ÕVÕ
45.000 - DUDVÕQGDGÕU )osillerine devoniyen devrinde rastlanan HNOHPEDFDNOÕODUDUDVÕQGDHQ\DúOÕRODUDNELOLQHQKD\YDQJUXEXGXU [1].
Akarlar, Actinotrichida ve AnactinotrichiGD ROPDN ]HUH LNL VW WDNÕPD D\UÕOÕUODU
$FWLQRWULFKLGD VW WDNÕPÕ 3URVWLJPDWD $VWLJPDWD YH 2ULEDWLGD ROPDN ]HUH o
$QDFWLQRWULFKLGDVWWDNÕPÕLVH1RWRstigmata, Holothyrida, Ixodida ve Mesostigmata ROPDN ]HUH G|UW WDNÕP LoHULU. Actinotrichida grubuna DLW DNDUODUÕQ oR÷XQGD
DQDPRUILNJHOLúLPJ|UOUNHQ$QDFWLQRWULFKLGDJUXEXQDDLWDNDUODUGa ise epimorfik JHOLúLPJ|UOU>@
$NDUODUÕQ oR÷X J|]OH J|UOHPH\HQ oHYUH NRúXOODUÕQD GD\DQÕNOÕ |]HOOLNOH VÕFDN YH
QHPOLRUWDPODUGDNROD\OÕNODoR÷DODELOHQKD\YDQODUGÕU Karada, WDWOÕYHWX]OXVXODUGD
termal sularda, GHSR UQOHULQGH ev tozunda, ELWNLOHU ]HULQGH \DúDUODU øQVDQGD
RPXUJDOÕ YH RPXUJDVÕ] KD\YDQODUGD Lo YH GÕú SDUD]LW RODUDN \DúD\DQ WUOHUL de bulunur.
9FXW E\NO÷ P LOH FP DUDVÕQGD GH÷LúHQ DNDUODUÕQ, YFXGXQXQ |Q
E|OJHVLQGHJQDWKRVRPDDGÕYHULOHQELUoÕNÕQWÕYDUGÕU $÷Õ]NHOLVHUYHSDOSEXoÕNÕQWÕ
LoHULVLQGH\HUDOÕU (VDVYFXWNÕVPÕLVH DQDOYHJHQLWDOSODNODUÕGDLoHUHQ idiozoma RODUDN DGODQGÕUÕOÕU øGLR]RPD \HOHULQ oÕNWÕ÷Õ SRGR]RPD ve GL÷HU YFXW NÕVPÕ RODQ RSLVWR]RPDROPDN]HUHLNLNÕVÕPGDQROuúXU
$NDUODUÕQODUYDQLPIYHHUJLQROPDN]HUHoG|QHPOHULEXOXQPDNWDGÕU /DUYDODUÕo
oLIW QLPI YH HUJLQOHUL G|UW oLIW EDFDN WDúÕU %DFDNODU HVDV RODUDN \HGL SDUoDOÕGÕU
Bunlar kaideden XFDGR÷UXNRNVDWURNDQWHUIHPXU, genu (patella), tibiya, tarsus ve apotele (ambulacrum) isimlerini DOÕU
2ULEDWLG DNDUODU DNDUODUÕQ WRSUDNWD \DúD\DQ JUXSODUÕQGDQ ELULQL ROXúWXUPDNWD ROXS
WU YHELUH\VD\ÕVÕEDNÕPÕQGDQHQ]HQJLQLGLU2ULEDWLGDNDUODUGDYFXWX]XQOX÷XHQ
ID]OD PP¶\H NDGDU XODúPDNWDGÕU .oN YFXWOX ROPDODUÕ QHGHQL\OH JHoPLúWH D]
GLNNDW oHNHQ EX KD\YDQ JUXEX ONHPL]GH GH D] oDOÕúÕOPÕúWÕU $QFDN VRQ \ÕO
LoHULVLQGH\DSÕODQoDOÕúPDODUOD 7UNL\HIDXQDVÕQD|QHPOLNDWNÕODUVD÷ODQPÕúWÕU [3-5].
Oribatid akarlar WRSUD÷ÕQHQVWWDEDNDVÕ\DSUDNG|NQWVYHWRSUD÷ÕQ VW NÕVPÕQÕ ROXúWXUDQ GL÷HU G|NQWOHUGH NDODEDOÕN JUXSODU KDOLQGH \DúDUODU Keliser tipi, EHVLQOHULQ E\NON oUPúON YH QHP GXUXPX RULEDWLGOHUGH EHVLQ WHUFLKLQL HWNLOH\HQ|QHPOLIDNW|UOHUGLU5 aktif post embri\RQLNJHOLúLPHYUHVLJHoLULUOHU ODUYD
o QLPI YH HULúNLQ %WQ EX HYUHOHUGH PDQWDU DOJ YH |O ELWNL DUWÕNODUÕ\OD
beslenirler. g]HOLNOH WRSUDN DOWÕQGD \DúD\DQ NoN E|FHNOHULQ NDQDW SDUoDODUÕQÕ
kuyruklaUÕQÕ YH QHPDWRGODUÕ \HUOHU %X DNDUODU |O \DSUDNODU JLEL RUJDQLN DUWÕNODUÕ
SDUoDODGÕNODUÕ YH WRSUDNWDNL EHVLQ G|QJVQH GDKLO HWWLNOHUL LoLQ ROGXNoD |QHPOLGLU [6]. $\UÕFD ED]Õ WUOHULQLQ \DVVÕ NXUWODUÕQ DUD NRQDNoÕODUÕ ROPDVÕ QHGHQL LOH
parazitolojik bakÕPGDQ GL÷HU ED]Õ WUOHULQLQ GH oHYUHVHO GH÷LúLNOLNOHUH WHSNL
J|VWHUPHVLQGHQGROD\ÕEL\RLQGLNDW|URODUDN|QHPOLROGXNODUÕELOGLULOPLúWLU>7-10].
2ULEDWLGDNDUODUJHQHOOLNOHGúNPHWDEROLNDNWLYLWH\HVDKLSWLUOHU\DYDúJHOLúPHYH
GúN \XPXUWODPD SRWDQVL\HOLQH VDKLS ³.-VHOHFWHG´ RUJDQL]PDODUGÕU (UJLQOHUL
ROGXNoDX]XQVUH\DúDUODUYHELUNDoNH]G|OYHUHELOLUOHUIlÕPDQRUPDQODUGD\XPXUWD
HYUHVLQGHQHULúNLQHYUHVLQHNDGDUJHoHQVUHELUNDoD\LOH\ÕODUDVÕQGDGH÷LúLU[11].
2ULEDWLGDNDUODUVR÷XNYHÕOÕPDQKDELWDWODUGDDúÕUÕVR÷X÷DNDUúÕGD\DQÕNOÕOÕNJ|VWHUPH
\HWHQH÷LQHVDKLSWLUOHU[12]dDOÕúÕODQEWQWUOHUGHHULúNLQOLN|QFHVLHYUHVLQGHNLOHULQ
GHHQD]HULúNLQOHUNDGDUVR÷X÷DGD\DQÕNOÕROGXNODUÕND\GHGLOPLúWLU[13]. Erginler ve QLPIOHUNDUÕúÕNSRSXODV\RQODUGDNÕúÕJHoLUHELOLUOHU[14].
7KHO\WRNRXV SDUWHQRJHQHWLN oR÷DOPD RULEDWLGOHUGH \D\JÕQGÕU YH LONHO RULEDWLG
IDPLO\DODUÕQÕQ QHUHGH\VH \DUÕVÕQÕQ HúH\VHO WU \RNWXU [15]. øNL úHNLOOLOLN ]D\ÕI
JHOLúWL÷LQGHQWUOHULQHúH\ D\UÕPÕ JHQHOGH \DSÕOPDPDNWDGÕU2ULEDWLGOHUGHHúH\OHULQ
D\ÕUW HGLOHELOHFH÷L WHN \RO D÷DUWÕOPÕú |UQHNOHUGH RYLSR]LWRUXQ YDUOÕ÷Õ YH\D \RNOX÷X
HVDVÕQDGD\DQÕU[16].
7UNL\H¶GHQ úLPGL\H NDGDU ND\GHGLOPLú RULEDWLG WU VD\ÕVÕ, GQ\DGDQ ELOLQHQOHU LOH
NDUúÕODúWÕUÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD ROGXNoD D]GÕU OribatLG DNDUODUÕQ GQ\DGD EX JQH NDGDU
WDQÕPODQPÕú\DNODúÕN¶LQ]HULQGHWUEXOXQPDNWDGÕU>2].
%XJQHNDGDUONHPL]GHQ $FKLSWHULLGDH7KRU *\PQRGDPDHLGDH*UDQGMHDQ
1954, Galumnidae Jacot, 1925, Carabodidae Koch, 1837, Ceratoppiidae Kunst, 1971, Ceratozetidae Jacot, 1925, Chamobatidae Thor, 1937, Compactozetidae Luxton, 1988, Cosmochthoniidae Grandjean, 1947, Cymbaeremaeidae Sellnick, 1928, Damaeolidae Grandjean, 1965, Epilohmanniidae Oudemans, 1923, Epimerellidae Ayyildiz y Luxton, 1989, Eremaeidae Oudemans, 1900, Euphthiracaridae Jacot, 1930, Hemileiidae J. and P. Balogh, 1984, Humerobatidae Grandjean, 1970, Hypochthoniidae Berlese, 1910, Liacaridae Sellnick, 1928, Licnodamaeidae Grandjean, 1954, Liebstadiidae J. and P. Balogh, 1984, Lohmanniidae Berlese, 1916, Machuellidae Balogh, 1983, Malaconothridae Berlese, 1916, Nosybeidae Mahunka, 1993, Nothridae Berlese, 1896, Oppiidae Sellnick, 1937, Oribatellidae Jacot, 1925, Oribatulidae Thor, 1929, Quadroppiidae Balogh, 1983, Phenopelopidae Petrunkevitch, 1955, Phthiracaridae Perty, 1841, Pirnodidae Aoki y Ohkubo, 1974, Protoribatidae J. and P. Balogh, 1984, Punctoribatidae Thor, 1937, Scheloribatidae Jacot, 1935, Scutoverticidae Grandjean, 1954, Sphaerochthoniidae Grandjean, 1947, Suctobelbidae Jacot, 1938, Tectocepheidae Grandjean, 1954, Trhypochthoniidae :LOOPDQQ ;HQLOOLGDH :RROOH\ H +LJJLQV IDPLO\DODUÕQD DLW WU
ND\GHGLOPLúWLU>16, 17,18].
hONHPL]GH RULEDWLG DNDUODU ]HULQH \DSÕODQ sistematik oDOÕúPDODU ¶OL \ÕOODUGDQ
sonrD \R÷XQODúPÕú YH JQP]GH GH GHYDP HWPHNWHGLU %LOLQGL÷L NDGDUÕ\OD LON
\D\ÕQODU1ø('%$/$¶\DDLWWLU [19, 20, 21]. Onu takiben AYYILDIZ YHDUNDGDúODUÕ
WDUDIÕQGDQ |QHPOL oDOÕúPDODU \DSÕOPÕúWÕU *QP]GH DNDUODU LOH LOJLOL oDOÕúPDODU
artarak devam etmektedir.
2ULEDWLG DNDUODU LOH LOJLOL \DSÕODQ oDOÕúPDODU \R÷XQOXNOD 'R÷X $QDGXOX (U]XUXP
(U]LQFDQ øo $QDGROX .D\VHUL <R]JDW .RQ\D YH $QNDUD YH 'R÷X .DUDGHQL]
$UWYLQ E|OJHOHULQGHQWRSODQDQ |UQHNOHU]HULQGHQ\DSÕOPÕúWÕU>2-23].
0DUPDUD %|OJHVLQGH RULEDWLG DNDUODU ]HULQH \DSÕODQ oDOÕúPDODUÕQ D] ROPDVÕ
QHGHQL\OH EX E|OJHGH oDOÕúPDODU \DSDUDN ONHPL] YH E|OJHPL] DNDU IDXQDVÕQD
NDWNÕODUVD÷ODPD\ÕDPDoODGÕN
2ULEDWLGD DNDUODU LoHULVLQGH \HU DODQ YH tH] NRQXVXQX ROXúWXUDQ Amerus ve Zetorchestes WUOHULQH DLW \HQL EXOJXODUÕQ WHVSLWL LoLQ 6DNDU\D LOL LoHULVLQGH oHúLWOL
]DPDQ GLOLPOHULQGH GH÷LúLN WRSUDN |UQHNOHUL DOÕQGÕ. $OÕQDQ WRSUDN |UQHNOHUL
ODERUDWXDUGDLQFHOHQHUHN7UNL\HLoLQ\HQLND\ÕWRODQAmerus polonicus Kulczynski, 1902 ve Zetorchestes grandjeani Krisper, 1987WUOHULWHVSLWHGLOGL.
1.1. Oribatid ANDUODUÕQDÕú<DSÕVDOgzelikleri
2ULEDWLGDNDUODUÕQPRUIRORMLNWDQÕPODUÕ\DSÕOÕUNHQVÕUWWDQYHNDUÕQGDQJ|UQúOHULLOH
EDFDNODUÕQD EDNÕOÕU 6ÕUWWDQ LQFHOHPH \DSÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD SURGRUVXP (PD) ve notogaster (NG) ROPDN ]HUH LNL YFXW E|OJHVL D\ÕUW HGLOLU 3URGRUVXP SURSRGR]RPD\Õ
QRWRJDVWHUKLVWHUR]RPD\Õ|UWHU[24].
ùHNLO 2ULEDWLGDNDUODUÕQJHQHOYFXWNÕVÕPODUÕ (Kuntz 1971) [29]
3URGRUVXP YFXGXQ LON LNL VHJPHQWLQL |UWHQ |QH GR÷UX JLWWLNoH GDUDODQ YH DúD÷Õ
\XNDUÕoJHQúHNOLQGHNL SODNWÕU3URGRUVXPXQ|QWDUDIÕQDURVWUXP (RO) DGÕYHULOLU
5RVWUXP G]oHQWLNOLYH\DGLúoLNOLRODELOLU3W\FWLPDGDSURGRUVXPDVSLVRODUDNGD
LVLPOHQGLULOLU 3URGRUVXP \]H\LQGH NLWLQ NDEDUWÕODU NÕOODU YH WULNRbotriyum EXOXQPDNWDGÕU3URGRUVXP]HULQGH-oLIWNÕOYDUGÕU%XNÕOODU URVWUXPNÕOODUÕ UR ODPHOODNÕOODUÕ le LQWHUODPHOODNÕOODUÕ in |QHN]RERWULGL\DONÕOODU H[S YHVHQVLOOXV
VV RODUDNDGODQGÕUÕOÕU
1RWRJDVWHU 9FXGXQRUWDYHDUNDVHJPHQWOHULQL|UWHQELUSODNWÕU<DSÕVÕYHNÕOODUÕQÕQ d]HQL LONHO YH \NVHN RULEDWLGOHUGH IDNOÕOÕN J|VWHULU 1RWRJDVWHU WRSODP
VHJPHQWLQ ELUOHúPHVLQGHQ PH\GDQD JHOPLúVH GH EXQODUGDQ HUJLQOHUGH VDGHFH DOWÕ
VHJPHQWLQ &'()+ YH 36 L]OHUL YDUGÕU Notogaster \]H\LQGH EX \DSÕODUGDQ
EDúND VROXQXP GHOLNOHUL EH]OHU YH GL÷HU GX\X RUJDQODUÕ OLULILVVUOHU EXOXQXU
2NWRWDNVLNRUJDQDGÕYHULOHQoWLSVROXQXPRUJDQÕELOLQPHNWHGLU>@
1RWRJDVWHUJHQHOOLNOHE|OQPHPLúWLU%D]ÕGXUXPODUGD-HQLQHoL]JL\OH-4 paroD\D D\UÕODELOPHNWHGLU 2ULEDWLGOHULQNÕOVD\ÕVÕoR÷XQOXNODVDELWWLU<DOQÕ]ED]ÕJUXSODUGD
LNLQFLONÕOODQPDYDUGÕUøONHORULEDWLGOHUGHNÕOODUÕQVHJPHQWOHUHGD÷ÕOÕPÕú|\OHGLU
,VÕUD F1, c2, c3 ,,VÕUD G1, d2, cp ,,,VÕUD H1, e2 ,9VÕUD K1, h2, h3 9VÕUD SV1, ps2, ps3
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beldesinde, Atso evleri ve 32 evler ile Kemal PaúDPDKDOOHVLPHYNLLQGH D÷Do DOWÕQGD G|NQWtoprak\HúLOoLPHQOLWRSUDN\RVXQOXWRSUDN |UQHNOHULHWLNHWOHQPLúSRúHWOHUH
konularak laboratuara getirildi.
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]HUHHWLNHWOHQPLúVDNODPDNDSODUÕQDNRQXOGX
2.3. gUQHNOHULQ$OÕQGÕ÷Õ Yerler
54-SK-01. 6DNDU\D hQLYHUVLWHVL .DPSV JLULúLQGH VRO WDUDIWD \HU DODQ
ORMPDQODUÕQDUNDWDUDIÕQGDELWNLG|NQWOWRSUDN
54-SK-02. 6DNDU\D hQLYHUVLWHVL .DPSV JLULúLQGH VRO WDUDIWD \HU DODQ
ORMPDQODUÕQDUNDWDUDIÕQGDoLPHQOLWRSUDN
54-SK-03. Sakarya ili, .ÕUFDDOL .|\ JLULúLQGH VD÷ WDUDIWD \HU DODQ RUPDQOÕN
E|OJHGHELWNLNDOÕQWÕOÕ oLPHQOLWRSUDN
54-SK-04. Sakarya ili, .ÕUFDDOL .|\ JLULúLQGH VD÷ WDUDIWD \HU DODQ RUPDQOÕN
E|OJHGH PHúH D÷DFÕ Quercus petraea DOWÕQGDQ, ELWNL G|NQWO
toprak; 29.03.2012.
54-SK-05. Sakarya ili, .ÕUFDDOL .|\ JLULúLQGH VD÷ WDUDIWD \HU DODQ RUPDQOÕN
E|OJHGH PHúH D÷aFÕ Quercus petraea DOWÕQGDQ, ELWNL G|NQWO
toprak; 29.03.2012.
54-SK-06. Sakarya ili, .ÕUFDDOL.|\VWQGH\HUDODQRUPDQOÕNE|OJHGH, yaprak G|NQWOVDUPDúÕNOÕWRSUDN
54-SK-07. Sakarya ili, .ÕUFDDOL .|\ JLULúLQGH VD÷ WDUDIWD \HU DODQ RUPDQOÕN
E|OJHGHoDPD÷DFÕ Pinus nigra DOWÕQGDQoLPHQOLYH\DSUDNNDOÕQWÕOÕ
toprak; 29.03.2012.
54-SK-08. 6DNDU\D øO 2UPDQÕ 6DSDQFD6$.$5<$, PHúH D÷DFÕ Quercus petraea DOWÕQGDQDOÕQDQ yosunlu ve otlu toprak; 08.04.2012.
54-SK-09. 6DNDU\D øO 2UPDQÕ 6DSDQFD6$.$5<$, E|÷UWOHQ D÷DFÕ Rubus fructicocus DOWÕQGDQ DOÕQDQ NXUXPXú \DSUDN NDOÕQWÕOÕ WRSUDN
08.04.2012.
54-SK-10. 6DNDU\D øO 2UPDQÕ 6DSDQFD6$.$5<$ PHúH D÷DFÕ Quercus petraea DOWÕQGDQ DOÕQDQ oLPHQOL ve ELWNL G|NQWO WRSUDN
08.04.2012.
54-SK-11. 6DNDU\D øO 2UPDQÕ 6DSDQFD6$.$5<$ RUPDQ JOOHULQLQ
(Rhododendron humboldt GLS NÕVPÕQGDQ DOÕQDQ \RVXQOX WRSUDN
08.04.2012.
54-SK-12. 6DNDU\D øO 2UPDQÕ 6DSDQFD6$.$5<$, V|÷W D÷DFÕ (Salix alba) DOWÕQGDQDOÕQDQ\RVXQOX-oLPHQOLWRSUDN
54-SK-13. SaNDU\DøO2UPDQÕ6DSDQFD6$.$5<$, oLPHQOLWRSUDN|UQH÷L
08.04.2012.
54-SK-14. 6DNDU\D øO 2UPDQÕ 6DSDQFD6$.$5<$, PHúH D÷DFÕ Quercus petraea) DOWÕQGDQDOÕQDQELWNLG|NQWOWRSUDN
54-SK-15. 6DNDU\D øO 2UPDQÕ 6DNDU\D6$3$1&$ FHYL] D÷DFÕ Juglans regia) DOWÕQGDQDOÕQDQ biWNLG|NQWOWRSUDN
54-SK-16. 6DNDU\DøO2UPDQÕ6DSDQFD6$.$5<$, G]ONDODQGDDOÕQDQ oLPHQOL
toprak; 17.05.2012.
54-SK-17. 6DNDU\DøO2UPDQÕ6DSDQFD6$.$5<$, PHúHD÷DoODUÕQÕQ Quercus petraea) DUDVÕQGD DOÕQDQ yaprak G|NQWO ve yosunlu toprak;
31.05.2012.
54-SK-18. 6DNDU\D øO 2UPDQÕ 6DSDQFD6$.$5<$, PHúH D÷DFÕ Quercus petraea) DOWÕQGDn DOÕQDQELWNLG|NQWOWRSUDN
54-SK-19. 6DNDU\D øO 2UPDQÕ 6DSDQFD6$.$5<$, NDYDN D÷DoODUÕQÕQ Populus nigra DUDVÕQGDNL \HUGHQ DOÕQDQ bitki G|NQWO ve oLPHQOL WRSUDN
31.05.2012.
54-SK-20. 6DNDU\D øO 2UPDQÕ 6DSDQFD6$.$5<$ SDWLND \ROXQ NHQDUÕQGD \HU
DODQGLNHQOLNOHULQDUDVÕQGDDOÕQDQ \RVXQOXWRSUDN|UQH÷L
54-SK-21. 6DNDU\D øO 2UPDQÕ 6DSDQFD6$.$5<$ RUPDQOÕN DODQÕQ LoLQGH
bulunDQ\HúLOOLNDODQGDDOÕQDQ oLPHQOLWRSUDN|UQH÷L
54-SK-22. 6DNDU\D øO 2UPDQÕ 6DSDQFD6$.$5<$ RUPDQOÕN DODQÕQ LoLQGH
EXOXQDQ\HúLOOLNDODQGDDOÕQDQoLPHQOLWRSUDN|UQH÷L
54-BP-01. 6|÷WO/SAKARYAoLPHQOLWRSUDN |UQH÷L; 10.06.2012.
54-BP-02. Akarca N|\ 6|÷WO6$.$5<$ PHYNLLQGH DOÕQDQ oLPHQOL WRSUDN
10.06.2012.
54-BP-03. Sakarya ili, Poyrazlar-Akarca PHYNLLQGH DOÕQDQ, oLPHQOL WRSUDN
10.06.2012.
54-BP-04. Sakarya ili, Poyrazlar-$NDUFD JLULúLQGH DOÕQDQ G|NQWO WRSUDN
10.06.2012.
54-BP-05. Poyrazlar/SAKARYA, D÷DoOÕN DODQGD DOÕQDQ G|NQWO WRSUDN
10.06.2012.
54-BP-06. Sakarya ili, 3R\UD]ODU|QJLULúLQHDOÕQDQ, oLPHQOLWRSUDN
54-BP-07. Sakarya ili, Kemal PDúD0DK1LúDQFÕVRNDNPHYNLLQGHDOÕQDQ oLPHQOL
toprak; 19.07.2012.
54-BP-08. Sakarya ili, HYOHU NDPSV \ROX WDUDIÕQGD DOÕQDQ oLPHQOL WRSUDN
19.07.2012.
54-BP-09. Sakarya ili, Atso evleri E|OJHVLQGH DOÕQDQ oDP G|NQWO WRSUDN
19.07.2012.
54-BP-10. Sakarya ili, .DPSV PH]DUOÕ÷Õ NDUúÕVÕQGD DOÕQDQ oLPHQOL WRSUak;
19.07.2012.
54-BP-11. 6DNDU\DhQLYHUVLWHVL(VHQWHSH.DPSV.UHGL\XUWODUÕQDUNDVÕQGD
DOÕQDQyosunlu toprak; 19.07.2012.
%g/h0 3. BULGULAR
$PHUREHOERLG$NDUODUÕQ6LVWHPDWLNWHNL<HUL
Alem: Animalia Alt alem: Eumetazoa
ùXEH $UWKURSRGDYRQ6LHEROG
$OWúXEH &KHOLFHUDWD+H\PRQV
6ÕQÕI $UDFKQLGD/DPDUFN
$OWVÕQÕI 0LFUXUD+DQVHQYH6RUHQVHQ
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7DNÕP 2ULEDWLGD'XJHs, 1834
6SHUIDPLO\D Amerobelboidea Grandjean, 1954 Familya: Ameridae Bulanova- Zachvatkina, 1957
3.1.1. Cins: Amerus Berlese, 1896
Amerus FLQVLQHDLWDNDUODUE\NYHNR\XUHQNOLGLUOHU5RVWUXPELUoLIWGHULQNHVL\H
sahiptir. Prodorsum ve notogaster ND\QDúPÕú GRUVRVHMXJDO VWXU PHYFXW GH÷LO bu E|OJH \DVVÕODúPÕú. /DPHOODYHNRVWXODPHYFXWGH÷LO 2QoLIWQRWDJDVWHUNÕOPHYFXW
IV. Epimeral \DUÕNJHQLúYHGHULQGL÷HULLVHoRN]D\ÕI $GJHQLWDOE|OJHGHJoOELU
neotrichy var. oLIWDGDQDOoLIWJHQLWDOYHoLIWDQDONÕO (an) mevcut. Notogaster SRVWHULRUoÕNÕQWÕWDúÕPD]
%X FLQVH DLW LNL DOW FLQV YH G|UW WU ELOLQPHNWHGLU Amerus cinsi sadece Palearktik E|OJHGH\D\ÕOÕúJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU %XFLQV7UNL\H¶GHQLONNH]ND\GHGLOPLúWLU
3.1.2. Alt cins: Amerus (Amerus) Berlese, 1896
%LOLQHQoWUEXOXQPDNWDGÕU Amerus (A.) cuspidatus Avanzati, Salomone, Baratti ve Bernini, 2003; Amerus (A.) polonicus Kulczynski, 1902; Amerus (A.) troisi (Berlese, 1883).
Amerus (A.) alt cinsi GL÷HU alt cins Amerus (Neamerus) :LOOPDQQ ¶GDQ IV.
EDFDNODUÕQDUDVÕQGDNL\XYDUODNGHULQoXNXUOX÷XQEXOXQPDPDVÕLOHD\ÕUWHGLOLU
Amerus ciQVLQHDLWELOLQHQWUOHULoLQWHúKLVDQDKWDUÕ
1- ,9EDFDNODUÕQDUDVÕQGDNL\XYDUODNGHULQoXNXUOXNPHYFXW...
««««««««««««««««« Amerus (N.) lundbladi Willmann, 1939
- ,9EDFDNODUÕQDUDVÕQGDNL\XYDUODNGHULQoXNXUOXNPHYFXWGH÷LO««««««.. 2
2- øON o oLIW QRWRJDVWHU NÕOÕ WD WH WL YH U NÕOÕ GL÷HUOHULQGHQ GDKD
X]XQ«««««««««««««« Amerus (A.) polonicus Kulczynski, 1902
- øON\HGLoLIWQRWRJDVWHUNÕO\DNODúÕND\QÕX]XQOuNWD«...«««««««««««
3- 5RVWUXP o GLúFLNOL RUWDGDNL JHQLú GLúFL÷LQ ]HULQGH LODYH ELU VLYUL XoOX VDJLWDO oÕNÕQWÕ YDU««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««
««««« Amerus (A.) cuspidatus Avanzati, Salomone, Baratti ve Bernini, 2003 - 5RVWUXP o GLúFLNOL RUWDGDNL JHQLú GLúFL÷LQ ]HULQGH LODYH ELU VLYUL XoOX VDJLWDO oÕNÕQWÕ\RN««««..«««««««««« Amerus (A.) troisi (Berlese, 1883)
3.1.3. 7U: Amerus polonicus Kulczynski, 1902
9FXW|OoPOHUi YHUHQN 9FXWE\NO÷P (n=2), koyu kahverengi.
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stur yok vH EX E|OJH EDVÕN 3HGRWHFWXP , L\L JHOLúPLú GÕú NHQHUODUÕ NDYLVOL
SHGRWHFWXP,,QLVSHWHQNoN ùHNLO3.2).
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YHSGL÷HUQRWRJDVWHUNÕOODUÕQDJ|UHROGXNoDNoNLON \HGLoLIWQRWRJDVWHUNÕOÕQÕQ RUWDODPD X]XQOXNODUÕ YH X]XQOXN RUDQODUÕ LVH WL ! WH ! U > ta > r3 > ms > r2 úHNOLQGHGLU ùHNLO3.1). WDYHWHNÕOODUÕ\D\úHNOLQGHNÕYUÕNWÕU ùHNLO3.4). Notogasterin
|QNÕVPÕSURGRUVXPODND\QDúPÕúEDVÕNWÕU
Ventral: IV. epLPHUDO \DUÕN GHULQ YH \DQDO NRQGLOOHUL PHYFXW GL÷er epimerlerin VÕQÕUODUÕEHOLUVL](SLPHUDONÕOIRUPXO -1-3-$OWÕoLIWJHQLWDOLNL oLIWDQDOYHo
oLIWDGDQDONÕOPHYFXW*HQLWRDQDOE|OJHGHSOHWKRWULúL NÕOODUÕQNDUPDNDUÕúÕNELoLPGH oR÷DOPDVÕ PHYFXW
ùHNLO Amerus polonicus HOHNWURQPLNURVNREXQGDVÕUWWDQJ|UQú
ùHNLO Amerus polonicus 6(0IRWR÷UDIODUÕSURGRUVXPNÕVPÕERWULGLXPYHFHQVLOOXVNÕOODUÕ
ùHNLO Amerus polonicus HOHNWURQPLNURVNREXQGDJ|UOHQERWULGLXPYHFHQVLOOXV NÕOÕ
ùHNLO Amerus polonicus HOHNWURQPLNURVNREXQGDJ|UOHQWDYHWHNÕOODUÕ
ùHNLO Amerus polonicus HOHNWURQPLNURVNREXQGDQRWRJDVWHUJ|UQú
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3.2. =HWRUFKHVWRLG$NDUODUÕQ6LVWHPDWLNWHNL<HUL
Alem: Animalia Alt alem: Eumetazoa
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$OWúXEH &KHOLFHUDWD+H\PRQV
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Familya: Zetorchestidae Michael,1898
3.2.1. Cins: Zetorchestes Berlese, 1888
%XFLQVHDLWELOLQHQRQDOWÕWUYHELUDOWWUEXOQPDNWDGÕUEXQODU Zetorchestes aokii Krisper, 1987; Zetorchestes equestris Berlese, 1908; Zetorchestes flabrarius Grandjean, 1951; Zetorchestes grandjeani Krisper, 1987; Zetorchestes micronychus (Berlese, 1883); Zetorchestes micronychus micronychus (Berlese, 1883);
Zetorchestes micronychus unicorniculatus Lombardini, 1961; Zetorchestes novaguineanus Krisper, 1987; Zetorchestes ornatus Mahunka, 1985; Zetorchestes pacificus Sellnick, 1959; Zetorchestes phylliferus Mahunka, 1983; Zetorchestes phyllosetus Mahunka, 1977; Zetorchestes reticulatus Karppinen ve Poltavskaja, 1990; Zetorchestes saltator Oudemans, 1915; Zetorchestes schusteri Krisper, 1984;
Zetorchestes transvaalensis Coetzee, 1989; Zetorchestes trituberculatus Berlese, 1916; Zetorchestes vanderhammeni Krisper, 1987.
7UNL\H¶GHQELOLQHQZetorchestes FLQVLQHDLWWUOHULoLQWHúKLVDQDKWDUÕ
1- FNÕOÕPHYFXWELUoLIWDGDQDONÕOPHYFXW...
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[1] :$/7(5'(.5$17=*/ø1'48ø67($FDUL the Mites, Version 13, http://tolweb.org/Acari/2554/1996.12.13 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/, December 1996.
[2] 68%ø$6/6/LVWDGRVLVWHPDWLFRVLQRQLPLFR\ELRJHRJUDILFRGHORV acaros oribatidos (Acariformes: Oribatida) del Mundo (Excepto fosiles), Graellsia 60: 3±305, 2004.
[3] gZKAN, M., AYYILDIZ, N., SOYSAL=7UNL\HDNDUIDXQDVÕ'R÷D78
Zooloji D., 12, 75 ± 85, 1988.
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[9] 68%,$6 / 6 58ø= 0 DQG 0,1*8(= ( &RQVLGHUDFLRQHV JHQHUDOHV
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erial de cXOWLYRPHGLWHUUiQHR Actas de las VIII Jornadas A e E, pp. 121-131.
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630 pp, 1993.
[16] 72/8. $ <R]JDW dDPOÕ÷Õ 0LOOL 3DUNÕ¶QÕQ 2SSLRLG 2ULEDWLG IDXQDVÕ
$FDUL 2ULEDWLGD (UFL\HVhQLYHUVLWHVL)HQ%LOLPOHUL(QVWLWV%DVÕOPDPÕú
Doktora Tezi, Kayseri, 2002.
[17] BEHAN- 3(//(7ø(5 90 DQG ($0(5 % 'LYHUVLW\ RI 2ULEDWLGD LQ Canada, Available from:
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[21] NIEDBALA, W., Essai Critique sur Mesoplophora (Acari, Oribatida, Mesoplophoridae ) Ann. Zool. (Warsaw), 39, 93-117, 1985
[22] AYYILDIZ 1 7UNL\H IDXQDVL LoLQ \HQL RULEDWLG $FDUL WUOHUL 7XUN
Entmol Derg 12:49±54, 1988a.
[23] AYYILDIZ 1 7UNL\H IDXQDVL LoLQ \HQL o 6FKHORULEDWHV %HUOHVH $FDUL
ScheloribatidDH WU7XUN(QWPRO'HUJ ±177. 1988b.
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[25] '2ö$16 $NDURORML EDVÕOPDPÕúGHUVQRWODUÕ $WDWUNhQLYHUVLWHVL.D]ÕP .DUDEHNLU(÷LWLP)DNOWHVL%L\RORML(÷LWLPL$QDELOLP'DOÕ(U]XUXP
[26] BALOGH, J., MAHUNKA, S., Primitive Oribatids of the Palearctic region.
The soil mites of the world, Bd. 1, Elsevier, Amsterdam, s. 1±372, 1983.
[27] 7$ù'(0ø5$<R]JDWdDPOÕ÷Õ0LOOL3DUNÕ¶QÕQ=\JRUÕEDWXOD%HUOHVH
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5HQNOHUYHJ]HOOLNOHUGL\DUÕ6DNDU\Dhttp://www.sakaryacevreorman.gov.tr [29] KUNTZ, M., Nadkohorta Pancirnici ± Oribatei. In: Daniel, M./ Czerny, V.
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