LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Thermal generation station... 3

Figure 1.2 Basic Components of Thermal Power Plant……… 4

Figure 1.3 Turbine Blades………. 6

Figure 1.4 The Condenser... 7

Figure 1.5 Cooling Towers……… 8

Figure 1.6 Steam Turbine Generator... 9

Figure 1.7 Example of Hydropower Plant... 10

Figure 1.8 Schematic Diagram of a Nuclear Power Station... 16

Figure 1.9 Generation of Wind Power... 17

Figure 1.10 Structure Design of Wind Turbine... 18

Figure 1.11 Example of Solar Cell... 22

Figure 1.12 Examples of Parabolic Trough Cells... 24

Figure 1.13 Example of Solar Power Tower And Cells... 25

Figure 2.1 Simplified of Electrical System………... 29

Figure 2.2 Equivalent circuit of a short-length transmission line………. 31

Figure 2.3 Equivalent circuit of a medium-length transmission line……… 31

Figure 2.4 Equivalent circuit of a long-length transmission line……….. 32

Figure 2.5 Stranded Aluminum Conductor with Stranded Steel Core (ACSR)… 34 Figure 2.6 Stranded conductors arranged in bundles of (a) two, (b) three, and (c) four………... 36

Figure 2.7 External and internal concentric magnetic flux lines around the conductor……….. 38

Figure 2.8 Internal magnetic flux……….. 38

Figure 2.9 External magnetic flux………. 40

Figure 2.10 Arrangement of conductors in a transposed line conductor………... 43

Figure 2.11 Electric field produced from a single………. 43

Figure 2.12 Capacitance between line-to-ground in a two-wire, single-phase line………. 45

Figure 2.13 Two High Voltage Double Circuit Transmission Structure……….. 48

Figure 2.14 Closed up of a Double Circuit Transmission Structure………. 48

Figure 2.15 Different Transmission Structures………. 49

Figure 2.16 Simplified Diagram of a Power System From Generation to Distribution………... 52

Figure 2.17 A Typical Small Substation………... 53

Figure 2.18 One-line diagrams of substation switching arrangements…………. 54

Figure 2.19 Simplified Diagram of a Power Distribution Feeder………. 57

Figure 2.20 Simplified diagrams of the basic electrical distribution systems…... 58

Figure 2.21 20 MVA, Three-Phase Transformers………. 60

Figure 2.22 Transformer Constructions Using a Box Core with Physical Separation ……… 61

Figure 2.23 Schematic of single-phase shell-form construction………... 62

Figure 2.24 Radial and axial forces in a transformer winding……….. 63 Figure 2.25 Construction of an oil-filled three-phase power transformer used

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for commercial power distribution……… 68

Figure 2.26 Layers of a modern EMS………... 72

Figure 2.27 Elementary Tripping Circuit for circuit Breaker………... 75

Figure 2.28 Cross-section of Oil Circuit Breaker……….. 76

Figure 2.29 Cross-section of One Module of an air-blast Circuit Breaker……... 77

Figure 2.30 Three Phase Vacuum Circuit Breaker……… 77

Figure 2.31 Expulsion Type Fused Cutout……… 78

Figure 3.1 Residential Load Curve………... 84

Figure 3.2 Commercial Load Curve……….. 84

Figure 3.3 Industrial Load Curve……….. 85

Figure 3.4 Simple Power System……….. 86

Figure 3.5 Real Power-Voltage (PV) Curve………. 86

Figure 3.6 Subdivision of System Reliability………... 89

Figure 3.7 Power Triangle………. 91

Figure 3.8 Supply Waveform Distorted due to the Presence of Harmonics……. 96

Figure 3.9 Simple Example of Power System………... 98

Figure 3.10 Converting from Single to Bundle Conductor………... 99

Figure 3.11 Simple Example of Power System with Parallel Line………... 99

Figure 3.12 Two Bus System with Parallel Transmission Line... 100 Figure 3.13 P-V Curve of Two TL with X = 0.5 p.u... 101

Figure 3.14 P-V Curve if The Lower Impedance is Only Working... 102

Figure 3.15 P-V Curve if The Higher Impedance is Only Working... 102

Figure4.1 Proposed Case Study (full load circuit)……… 115

Figure 4.2 Proposed Case Study (overload circuit)………... 119

Figure 4.3 Proposed Case Study (Full Load Circuit Considering Transformer Limitation)……… 121

Figure 4.4 Proposed Case Study (Overload Circuit Considering Transformer Limitation)……… 122

Figure 4.5 Solution 1 (Bundle Transmission Line)………... 125

Figure 4.6 Solution 2 (Parallel Transmission Line)……….. 127

Figure 4.7 Solution 3 (Parallel Generation with Parallel Transmission Line)….. 130

Figure 4.8 Solution 4 (Three Distribution Generation)………. 132

Figure 4.9 Solution 5 Parallel Distribution Transformer……….. 134

Figure 4.10 Voltage Results in Phase a, of Load 9 (Solution 1)………... 141

Figure 4.11 Voltage Results in Phase a, of Load 8 (Solution 2)………... 142

Figure 4.12 Voltage Results in Phase a, of Load 2 (Solution 4)………... 146

Figure 4.13 Voltage Results in Phase a, of Load 5 (Solution 5)………... 150

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