COVID-
YL-22.30
Bilim Alan Kodu: 130109
2022
T.C.
T.C.
COVID-
YL-22.30
TEZ
Bilim Alan Kodu: 130109
R
2022
T.C.
TEZ KABUL VE ONAY
COVID- ve
-
Tez Savunma Tarihi: 29/08/2022
Dr. Erdil DURUKAN
( )
. Dr. Dr. Gizem
29/08/2022
Prof. Dr.
BEYAN
beyan ederim.
29/08/2022
sevgilerimle
camam g
yle
, Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ve Prof. Dr. Musa
ve
ul Eymen
i
Sayfa No
... i
...iii
ABSTRACT ... iv
... v
... vi
...vii
1. ... 1
1.1. ... 2
... 2
... 3
... 3
... 5
... 5
... 5
2. ... 7
2.1. ... 7
2.1.1. COVID-19 Epidemiyolojisi ... 8
2.1.2. COVID-19 Pandemisi ve Etkileri ... 9
-19 Pandemisinin Etkileri ... 11
2.2. ... 12
... 13
2.2.2. ... 13
jik Etkileri ... 14
... 15
2.3. Anksiyete ... 17
2.3.1. Anksiyetenin Fizyolojik Etkileri ve Belirtileri ... 17
2.3.2. Anksiyetenin Psikolojik Etkileri ve Belirtileri ... 18
... 19
... 19
ii
... 19
2.4. Fiziksel Aktivite... 21
... 22
2.4.2. Fiziksel Aktivitenin Fiziksel Etkileri ... 23
... 23
2.4.4. Fiziksel Aktivitenin Psikolojik Etkileri ... 24
... 25
... 25
... 25
... 26
3.3.1. Demografik Bilgi Formu... 26
... 26
... 27
3.4. Veri Analizi ... 27
4. BULGULAR ... 28
... 34
... 40
KAYNAKLAR ... 41
... 47
EKLER ... 48
EK- ... 48
EK- ... 50
EK- ... 51
EK- ... 52
iii COVID-
COVID-19 pandemisi
n hem de pandemi tedbirleriyle
ve n
n etkilerinin incelenmesi Bu
-
ve e 167
ldi.
< 0.05 olarak kabul edildi.
-
. -
.05).
-
r
Anahtar Kelimeler: Anksiyete, covid- .
iv ABSTRACT
INVESTIGATION OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVEL AND HEALTH ANXIETY STATUS IN ADULTS AGED 65 YEARS AND OLDER DURING
COVID-19 PANDEMIC
While the COVID-19 pandemic has caused the death of some 15 million people in the last two years, it has also caused significant changes in daily life within the scope of the measures taken to combating the COVID-19 pandemic. The disease has affected people psychologically, mentally and physically, both directly and indirectly with pandemic precautions. Strict isolation precautions have been implemented, especially for individuals aged 65 years and older. Examining the effects of this extraordinary process in terms of psychological and physical health in elderly individuals is as important as the direct effects of the disease. In this context, the aim of study is to examine the level of physical activity and health anxiety status in elderly individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic period.
A total of 377 volunteers, 210 (55.7%) women and 167 (44.3%) men who and aged 65 years and older, participated in this study.
Demographic information form, International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form and Health Anxiety Scale were used as data collection tools in the study. The data were analyzed in the SPSS statistical program. In statistical analysis, the level of significance was accepted as p < 0.05.
It was found that the general health anxiety scores of the participants who had the COVID-19 test and low physical activity group were significantly higher than their peers (p <0.05). Also, it was revealed that high physical activity group had lower COVID-19 anxiety levels than those with low and moderate physical activity groups (p <0.05). Moreover, it was determined that the COVID-19 anxiety levels of the participants with high physical activity levels were lower than their peers with low and moderate physical activity levels (p<0.05). As a result of the research, it was revealed that general health anxiety is higher in elderly individuals with low physical activity levels, while COVID-19 anxiety is lower in elderly individuals with high physical activity levels. Finally, it was determined that moderate and high levels of physical activity were beneficial in terms of psychological health in elderly individuals.
Keywords -19, health, older, physical activity
v
BU
Cm : Santimetre
COVID-19 : Yeni Tip
Kg : Kilogram
MET MERS P
:
SARS
: Aritmetik Ortalama
VA
vi
EK LLER D Z N
Sayfa No 2.1. D S ... 12
vii
TABLOLAR D Z N
Sayfa No Tablo 4.1. ... 28
Tablo 4.2. ... 29
Tablo 4.3. COVID-19 Analizi.... 30
Tablo 4.4. ... 31
Tablo 4.5. , ve
... 32
1 1.
lar
olmaktan ziyade daha geni bir
, fiziksel ve psiko-sosyal dur.
leri genetik referanslar olarak ortalama ve ne sahiptir
deformasyon ve
dir (Keskin vd., 2016). Genel ol
uzun bir periyottur.
resmi ki
olarak belirtilmektedir 2010). Ancak genetik ,
, dinlenme
sapmalar vd.,
2005). Ancak genel anlamda ve kapasite,
da bir
ID-19 pandemi e psikososyal etkilerinden
vd., 2020).
etkileyen temel parametrelerden biri psikolojik durumud n psikolojik
ir. Bu duygulardan a
gelecekte belirsizlik yaratan
b da
2
Anksiyete normal yken
ruhsal, fiziksel ve problemi olarak
.
; Peltzer ve Pengpid, 2016).
20 yeni
COVID-19)
d (Sayar, 2022; Zhou vd., 2020).
Bu duruma ek olarak
da
1.1.
- ksiyete
COVID- fiziksel
anksiyete durumu ?
3 Problemleri
1. genel bir fark var
2. - fark var
3. COVID-
fark
4. COVID- -19 anksiyete
fark
5.
6. -
7.
8. COVID-19
9. -19 anksiyete
1.4. Ara
H1.
4
H2. -
H3. COVID-
H4. COVID- -19 anksiyete
H5. COVID-
H6. COVID- -
H7. COVID-
H8. COVID- -
H9.
H10. -
H11.
H12. COVID-19
5
H13. -19 anksiyete
1.5. Ara
1.
2.
3. -
1.
2.
3.
enfekte olma -
6
elik hayatta
rdeki fiziksel
7 2.
2.1. Koronavir sler
a ye
( ).
(CoV), memeli hayvanlarda ve insanlarda solu
enfeksiyonlara sebep olan bir grup patojen olarak kabul edilir. lk kez
Kuzey Amerika'da 1920'l sonununda tavuklarda akut solunum
yolu enfeksiyon Bu hayvanlarda n
enfeksiyon
(Saif vd., 2019).
Charles D. Hudson ve Fred
Robert .
olara (Lalchhandama, 2020).
. T
(Chathappady House, Palissery ve Sebastian, 2021). Bu
kemirgenler ve domuzlar gibi hayvanlara enfekte
olabilmektedirler.
neden
olmak - (McIntosh ve Peiris,
8 2009; Supuran, 2021).
respiratuar sendrom)
. in ileriki
SARS ve
(Yin ve Wunderink, 2018).
2.1.1. COVID-19 Epidemiyolojisi
e
enfeksiyonlar viral daha hafif semptomlar
. sebebiyet
veren SARS-CoV ve MERS-CoV
2002- Kong'da saptanan SARS- n
Himalaya misk kedileri i net
olarak . SARS-CoV s periyotta
-
k bilinmemekle develerden
haziran -
. Bu
Wuhan kentinde -CoV-
Hui, Memish ve Zumla, 2014; Zhu ve ark
-19:
omu Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV- COVID-
SARS-CoV-2, genel olarak
9
(Harapan vd., 2020).
-19 enfeksiyonu, 2003
vd., 2020). COVID- m
solunum yolu enfeksiyonuna sebep olurken,
neden olabilmektedir COVID-
- -koku
kesin
COVID-
-CoV- -
COVID- (Al-
Zahrani, 2021).
2.1.2. COVID-19 Pandemisi ve Etkileri
ok
kez . -19 pandemisi
Pandemiler
10
alanda da (Xiong vd., 2020;
).
COVID- -
ki
belirtmektedir. dair
bildirisinde
solunum tutun a viral
7 Ocak 2020 tarihinde ise
DS an COVID-19 ol
. sal e
(World Health Organization, 2022a).
COVID-19 pandemi olarak ilan edilmes
.
toplum soyal hizmetleri,
ekonomik sistemleri olumsuz .
kapat pandemi
tedbirler (Shu-Ching, Yeur-Hur, ve Shiow-Luan, 2020). likle
sosyal
etkiler
(Barouki vd., 2020; Manivannan vd., 2021).
11
vd., 2021).
2.1.3. -19 Pandemisinin Etkileri
COVID-
ni ve ya
-19'a
de vd., 2020; Manivannan vd., 2021). COVID-
ye sebep olma daha
seyretmesinde Tedavi
ABD da COVID-
COVID- %80
2).
COVID-
(Banerjee, 2020).
12 2.2.
ranslara
vd., 2016). Genel
etkisini
2010) ( 2.1).
vd., 2005).
eden
morfolojik, anatomik ve fizyoloj kabul edilir.
0- 15- 25-
13
ve rollerindeki
ta
y
birlikte toplumdaki
e da
, 2016 senesinde
6,651, 8,245,124
ye Toplumda y 2016 %8.3
iken 2021 %9. (
2.2.1. Genel
Genel olarak sel, psikolojik ve sosyal
(Erkuran, 2020).
ekle birlikte
boyutlu olarak de Spor bilimleri n
fiziksel, fizyolojik .
2.2.2.
den en belirgin
fiziksel i
14
ve
(Saxon, Etten ve Perkins, 2021).
2.2.3.
k olarak
birlikte ins
sistemlerinde fonksiyonel yetersizlikler, nde
lar
meta
neden olur (Karan ve Tufan, 2010)
kas atrofisi ve kemik mineralizasyonundaki azalma ile fiziksel n uvar sistemde oksijenlenme,
15 Beyin
Sinir sistemindeki bu dejenerasyon du
Endokrin sistemde hormon neden olur.
f
.
s -
fazla etkilenen gr stermektedir
(Al-Zahrani, 2021).
2.2.4. Psikolojik Etkileri
i -
n Erikson benlik
Ancak y
k duygusal
. bilitenin
becerisinde tetikler
16 a
ge
ra
birlikte kinezyofobi o
. da
roblemlerin depresyon, deliryum, demans, alzheimer, uyku problemleri, distimik bozukluk
bu genel
( , 2013):
.
. .
dir.
on zamanlarda COVID-19 pandemi
ark., 2020). -
tedbirlerin uyg ve gibi
etmenler n psikolojik olarak olumsuz etkile . Bu
pskilojik etkilerinin
n vd., 2021).
17 2.3. Anksiyete
Anksiyete i tahmin edilemeyen veya belirsiz yeni bir durum stres ve kor bir psikolojik tepkidir.
en sonucunda
vd., 2012; Beesdo, Knappe ve Pine, 2009
olarak
vd.,
olarak etkileri ve belirtileri olan bir ruh halidir ve
duygus
(Noyes ve Hoehn-Saric, 1998).
2.3.1. Anksiyetenin Fizyolojik Etkileri ve Belirtileri
nin
nlarla
18
rlerden arak homeostatik dengeyi
sempatik ve parasempatik sistemle kontrol edilse dengesinin in
nir (McArdle, Katch ve Katch, 2006).
ik
da v
etkilenir nu ve meydana
gelmektedir
titreme ve refleks harake de
olur (Muhammad vd., 2017).
2.3.2. Anksiyetenin Psikolojik Etkileri ve Belirtileri
ve depresyon gibi psikolojik sorunlar ortaya (Baxter vd., 2012).
19
2.3.3. Etkileri ve Belirtileri
neden olabilmekted
de ve mesleki aktivite (Noyes ve Hoehn-Saric,
1998).
2.3.4. Etkileri ve Belirtileri
Anksi
si
k
de g
ve
o Sungur, 2006).
2.3.5
20 m
(Asmundson vd., 2010). B
seviye ve bedensel
durumdur. Ancak
s ciddi psikolojik sorun
;
hassasiyet durumu t
(Abramowitz, Olatunji ve Deacon, 2007).
e
de -19
ifade edilmektedir.
- toplumda
hissettikleri devam etmesinin
etkileyecek ciddi b (Acharya vd., 2022;
Vintila vd., 2022).
21 2.4. Fiziksel Aktivite
gerektiren bedensel hareketlerdir.
.
psiko-
haftada 3- - ksel aktivitelerin ve egzersizlerin
.
da
lipoprotein esi gibi fizyolojik
olumlu
(Jurimae ve Jurimae, 2001).
itenin n
bilimsel Fiziksel aktiviteden maksimum
22 .
2.4.1. Fiziksel Aktivitenin Etkileri
mevcuttur. n
fiziksel aktivite sonucu bu
len bu olumsuz
kat (Bruning ve Sturek, 2015; Jackson vd.,
1999).
iziksel uygunluk parametrelerinde performans
g ndelik zinde ve
ba ms z V cut
sistemlerinin rak daha sa l kl bir metabolizma
sa lar. sisteminin g lenmesini
hastal klara kar metabolik diren . nerji metabolizmas n n etkin ve
verimli cut enerji dengesinin korunmas n
sa l kl bir beden kompozisyonu sa lar. skelet ve kas daha
olmas n sa layarak postural bozukluklar n
nlenmesini ve tedavisini sa lar. bezite, Tip 2
diyabet ve kalp damar hastal klar gibi kronik hastal ktan korunma
23
olur. tres ve depresyon gibi ruhsal sa l k problemlerinin nlenmesinde ve tedavisinde yararl d r (Bouchard, Blair ve Haskell, 2012; WHO, 2010).
2.4.2. Fiziksel Aktivitenin Fiziksel Etkileri
koordinasy
(Jakicic, 2009; .
Genel olarak d
yarak fonksiyonel kapasitenin
(Fulton vd., 2004).
2.4.3. Fiziksel Aktiv
n
eimer gib r
le
24 kapasitesi
me
da (Howie ve Pate,
2012; Kwak vd., 2009).
2.4.4. Fiziksel Aktivitenin Psikolojik Etkileri
n
i negatif
ka (Salmon, 2001).
olarak
i a fiziksel
de n
ruh halind belirlenirken de
Bilimsel bulgular
faaliyetlerde
(Mandolesi vd., 2018).
25
3. VE
3.1.
Bu nicel Temmuz 202
-
. .
- bilgiler
onam formunu onay ve ler
dahil edildi.
Etik Kurulu 17.02.2022 tarih, E-11811414- karar
0,05 sapmayla ve
70
zere 377
26 3.3. Veri Toplama A
i Demografik Bilgi Formu
tespit fiziksel aktivite
etmek
demografik ler Google
Forms . Bu elektronik anket
formlar .
ak Google Forms sistemine kaydedenlere ait veriler istatistiksel analizlere dahil edildi.
3.3.1. Demografik Bilgi Formu
-
dan bu formda yer alan sorulara kimlik bilgilerine
d -
.
.
27
-dk/hafta), orta (600-1500 MET- - d., 2005).
Salkovskis vd. vd. (2013)
n ruhsal ve
ID-
vars -3 puan
2- boyutunda 12-0 puan a
. (Aydemir vd., 2013).
3.4. Veri Analizi
er SPSS 22.0 (Trial) istatiksel analiz
Kolmogorov-Smirnov testi ve Skewness-
incelendi. Normallik analizinde verilerin belirlendi
ve Post-Hoc LSD test protoko . .05 olarak kabul edildi.
28
4. BULGULAR
bilgiler,
fiziksel aktivite ve istatistiksel analiz
da
cinsiyet sunuldu.
Tablo 4.1.
Cinsiyet n Min. Maks.
210 65 90 71. .18
Erkek 167 65 94 70. .66
Toplam 377 65 94 71. .97
Boy (cm)
210 150 190 164. .35
Erkek 167 156 195 175. .58
Toplam 377 150 195 169. .42
210 40 120 67. .25
Erkek 167 47 112 79. .05
Toplam 377 40 120 72. .25
210 16.02 41.52 25. .68
Erkek 167 16.71 37.86 25. .17
Toplam 377 16.02 41.52 25. .09
.04 erkeklerin
. n 25.79
.
29 Tablo 4.2.
n %
Anksiyetesi
SS t/f p
Cinsiyet
210 (55.7) 29. .92
0.004 0.99
Erkek 167 (44.3) 29. .48
COVID-19 Testi
101 (26.8) 31. .40
2.314 0.02*
276 (73.2) 29. .20
COVID-
Pozitif 55 (14.6) 29. .99
0.907 0.91
Negatif 322 (85.4) 29. .20
COVID-
107 (28.6) 35. .30
7.196 < 0.01*
263 (71.4) 27. .82
Var 95 (25.2) 31. .12
1.574 0.11
Yok 282 (74.8) 29. .99
Fiziksel Aktivite Durumu
242 (64.2) 31.16 .23a
8.851 < 0.01*
Orta 74 (19.6) 27. .46b
52 (16.2) 25. .02b
Not: a *; p< 0.05
4.2 d ID-19
genel nda istatistiksel olarak
0.05). Ancak COVID-19 test
i nda
0.05). Analiz sonucuna
-19 testi yap 31. .40
(29. .20
[MD= 2.52, t = 2.31, p<0.01].
COVID- 35. .3 27. .82)
[MD= 7.96, t = 7.19, p<0.01].
30
25. .02) 27. .46) olan
25. .02)
(F=8.851, p<0.01).
Tablo 4.3. -
n %
COVID-19 Anksiyetesi
SS t/f p
Cinsiyet
210 (55.7) 7. .75
-0.371 0.75
Erkek 167 (44.3) 7. .91
COVID-19 Testi
101 (26.8) 7. .52
1.009 0.31
276 (73.2) 7. .94
COVID-
Pozitif 55 (14.6) 7. .71
0.875 0.07
Negatif 322 (85.4) 7. .86
COVID-
Evet 107 (28.6) 9. .22
5.888 < 0.01*
263 (71.4) 7. .44
Var 95 (25.2) 7. .75
0.469 0.64
Yok 282 (74.8) 7. .87
Fiziksel Aktivite Durumu
242 (64.2) 7.94 .89b
7.639 < 0.01*
Orta 74 (19.6) 7. .81b
52 (16.2) 6. .16a
Not: a *; p< 0.05
COVID-19 4.3 t
cinsiyet, COVID-19 COVID-19
yakalanma ve -19 anksiyete skor
nda
(p>0.05). Ancak COVID- 9.06 3.22) olmayan
7.01 2.44 COVID-19
[MD= 2.5, t =
5.88, p<0.01]. i -19 anksiyete skor
31
ortala nda lar 0.05).
(6.28 .16) .94 .89 .50 .81
COVID-
(F=7.639, p<0.01).
Tablo 4.4.
n %
Toplam Anksiyetesi
SS t/f p
Cinsiyet
210 (55.7) 37.17 10.21
-0.235 0.82
Erkek 167 (44.3) 37.45 12.25
COVID-19 Testi
101 (26.8) 39.49 11.32
2.225 0.03*
276 (73.2) 36.54 11.32 COVID-
Pozitif 55 (14.6) 37.31 12.17
-0.009 0.99
Negatif 322 (85.4) 37.32 11.27
COVID-
Evet 107 (28.6) 44.44 12.68
7.379 < 0.01*
263 (71.4) 34.43 9.41
Var 95 (25.2) 38.84 12.24
1.482 0.14
Yok 282 (74.8) 36.82 11.06
Fiziksel Aktivite Durumu
242 (64.2) 39.11 11.30a
10.688 < 0.01*
Orta 74 (19.6) 35.47 11.47b
52 (16.2) 31.87 9.51b
Not: a *; p< 0.05
4.4 t ID-19
toplam nda istatistiksel olarak
0.05). Ancak COVID-19 test
i nda
0.05). Analiz sonucuna
32
- 39. .32
(36. .32 toplam larak
[MD= 3.34, t = 2.25, p<01]. COVID-
44. .68 34. .41
toplam
[MD= 10.01, t = 7.38, p<01]. Fiziksel a
39. .30) 35. .47) olan
31. .51) toplam
(F=10.688, p<0.01).
Tablo 4.5.
Toplam MET Ortalama MET
Anksiyetesi
r= .150 p= 0.04*
r= -.244 p= 0.01*
r= .013 p= 0.80
r= .013 p= 0.80 COVID-19
Anksiyetesi
r= .051 p= 0.33
r= -.242 p= 0.01*
r= .046 p= 0.38
r= .046 p= 0.38 Toplam
Anksiyete
r= .135 p= 0.01*
r= -.260 p= 0.01*
r= .022 p= 0.67
r= .022 p= 0.67
*: p < 0.05
g
(p<0.05). Analiz
fiziksel aktivite toplam -19 ve
(p<0.05).
elirlendi. Ancak
33
34
-
-19 pandemisi
olumsuz etkileyen beklenmedik bir durum ola
birlikte ve
korku ve ola
(WHO, 2022).
Bu s
egzersiz
Bu durumun COVID-19 anksiyetelerini
Bu da
durumu incelendi.
e COVID-19
in genel ve COVID-
ik
bilinmektedir.
35
ter vd., 2012; Mclean ve Anderson, 2009). de Bal,
( ve Durmaz, 2017).
-
Karaoglu,
Zahid vd. (2016), Pakista i e
Khalil, El-Moniem ve Desoky (2018) akut kardiyak
- etkisini
-
-
36 -
-
hipotez kabul edilirken, COVID-
(Hadjistavropoulos, Craig ve Hadjistavropoulos, 1998; Tomenson vd., 2012).
Tomenson vd. (2012), 25-
anksiyetesi konusunda El-Gabalalawy vd
eylerin COVID-19 testi da
COVID- yakalanan ve yakalanmayanlar
-19 anksiyete d
COVID- genel ve COVID-
el ye
(Lebel vd., 2020).
-
esyon durumunu inceledikleri -
37
Ayca vd. (2021) -
-
Tomasoni vd. (2021) 105 COVID- -65
- da
Lite
-
-
belirlendi. -
- ler kabul edildi.
Hadjistavropoulos, Craig ve Hadjistavropoulos, 1998; Tomenson
Tomenson vd. (2012) ve El-
COVID- a
e
D-
-
hipotezle Liter
38
(Bourgault-Fagnou ve Hadjistavropoulos, 2009; Gerolimatos ve Edelstein, 2012)
-19 bu
-
-
fiziksel aktivi
fiziksel aktivite -19
Uzun
san -40 dk
-10.000
ne (WHO, 2010).
mektedir (Bouchard vd., 2012).
(Erdem vd., 2021)
- bilgileriyle uyumludur.
39
si 1
.
Violant-Holz vd. (2020) COVID-19 pandemisinin insanlarda fiz
n
n .
Ancak
- smen kabul edildi.
ye
El-Gabalawy vd.
a
40
seviye -19 testi ve
- seviyede
ve
-
na tabi ve fiziksel
41 KAYNAKLAR
Abramowitz, J. S., Olatunji, B. O. and Deacon, B. J. (2007). Health anxiety, hypochondriasis, and the anxiety disorders. Behavior Therapy, 38(1), 86-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2006.05.001
Acharya, S. R., Moon, D. H., Chun, J. H. and Shin, Y. C. (2022). COVID-19 and mental health:
Anxiety disorders among immigrants due to COVID-19 outbreak in South Korea. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 57(4), 323-337.https://doi.org/10.1177/00912174211042695
ve -19). ve
. , ,
Al-Zahrani, J. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 associated COVID-19 in geriatric population: A brief narrative review. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(1), 738-743.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.11.001
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