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(41). 175. (NùHNLO. <ÕODQOÕGD÷ÕQÕQX]DNWDQJ|UQP. 176. (NùHNLO. <ÕODQOÕGD÷Õ. 176. Ek ùHNLO9. <ÕODQOÕ'D÷ÕQGDQ%LU*|UQW. 177. (NùHNLO10 <ÕODQOÕ'D÷Õ9RONDQLN&UXIXQ<DNÕQGDQ*|UQP. 177. (NùHNLO øQFHVXWI. 178. (NùHNLO *HVL7I. 178. (NùHNLO øQFHVXWIOHUL. 179. (NùHNLO 7RPDU]DWIOHUL-. 179. (NùHNLO 7DODVWI. 180. (NùHNLO .DURWDOÕQPÕúWIEORNODUÕ. 180. xii.
(42) 7$%/2/$5/ø67(6ø. Tablo 2.1. %LVKRSWIQQND\QDNODQPDGHUHFHVLLoLQDUD]LWDQÕPODPDVÕ. Tablo 3.1. '|UWYRONDQLNND\DWUQQNLP\DVDONRPSR]LV\RQX. 36. .D\VHUL WIOHULQH DLW QXPXQHULQ NLP\DVDO DQDOL] VRQXFODUÕ. 37. Tablo 3.2. Tablo 4.1. Tablo 4.2. Tablo 4.3. $\UDQFÕYH:HLEHO
(43) 6UHNVL]OLN \]H\OHULQLQ WHN HNVHQOL VÕNÕúPD GD\DQÕPÕQD YH 1RNWD \N GD\DQÕP øQGHNVLQH ,s(50)
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(45). Tablo 5.6. 67. DUD]LWDQÕPODPDODUÕQDJ|UHVÕQÕIODQGÕUÕOPDVÕ ,650
(46). Tablo 4.4. Tablo 5.5. 21. 95 102. [[ PP ER\XWXQGD .D\VHUL WIOHUL ]HULQGH \DSÕODQ 114 H÷LOPHGHoHNPHGHQH\L 6LOLQGLULN.D\VHULWIOHULQHDLWED]Õ |UQHNOHULQ H÷LOPHGHoHNPH 115 GD\DQÕPODUÕ .D\VHUL 7IOHULQH DLW 6X LoHUL÷L g]JO $÷ÕUOÕN %LULP +DFLP 109 $÷ÕUOÕN$÷ÕUOÕNoD6X(PPH'HQH\6RQXoODUÕ *HVL 7I øoLQ 'RQPD-d|]OPH 'HQH\LQGH .XOODQÕODQ 111 1XPXQH0LNWDUODUÕ 76 *|UH
(47) øQFHVX 7I LoLQ 'RQPD-d|]OPH 'HQH\LQGH .XOODQÕODQ 112. Tablo 5.3. 1XPXQH0LNWDUODUÕ 76 *|UH
(48). Tablo 5.4. .D\VHUL7IOHULQLQoHNVHQOL WULD[LDOWHVW
(49) GHQH\VRQXoODUÕ. Tablo 5.7. 113. Kayseri GeVL 7I $670 -¶H J|UH \DSÕODQ ,VODQPD 123 Kuruma Deneyi (Wetting-Draying Test). xiii.
(50) Tablo 5.8. *HVL7I'LQDPLN(ODVWLVLWH3DUDPHWUHOHU. 125. Tablo 5.9. dDOÕúPDE|OJHVLQGHNLWIOHU. 126. Tablo 5.10. dDOÕúPDE|OJHVLQGHNLWIOHULQLVWDWLVWLNVHOVRQXoODUÕ. 127. Tablo 5.11. 7P.D\VHUL7IOHULLOHLOJLOLJHQHOLVWDWLVWLNLELOJLOHU. 128. .D\VHULWIQGHSDUDPHWUHOHULDUDVÕQGDNLGR÷UXVDO. 131. Tablo 5.12. korelasyonlar. Tablo 5.13. E-8&6DUDVÕQGDNLPRGHOLQ|]HWLYHSDUDPHWUHWDKPLQL. 132. Tablo 5.14. E-QDUDVÕQGDNLPRGHOLQ|]HWLYHSDUDPHWUHWDKPLQL. 133. Tablo 5.15. E-%+$DUDVÕQGDNLPRGHOLQ|]HWLYHSDUDPHWUHWDKPLQL. 134. Tablo 5.16. E-9SDUDVÕQGDNLPRGHOLQ|]HWLYHSDUDPHWUHWDKPLQL. 135. Tablo 5.17. UCS-9SDUDVÕQGDNLPRGHOLQ|]HWLYHSDUDPHWUHWDKPLQL. 136. Tablo 5.18. UCS-QDUDVÕQGDNLPRGHOLQ|]HWLYHSDUDPHWUHWDKPLQL. 137. Tablo 5.19. UCS-%+$DUDVÕQGDNLPRGHOLQ|]HWLYHSDUDPHWUHWDKPLQL. 138. Tablo 5.20. 7IOHULQ(GH÷HULQLQWDKPLQLQGHGR÷UXVDOELUPRGHO. 139. Tablo 5.21. 7IOHULQ(GH÷HULQLQWDKPLQLQGHGR÷UXVal olmayan bir model. 141. Tablo 5.22. 7IOHULQ8&6GH÷HULQLQWDKPLQLQGHGR÷UXVDOELUPRGHO. 142. Tablo 5.23. 7IOHULQ8&6GH÷HULQLQWDKPLQLQGHGR÷UXVDOROPD\DQELUPRGHO 144. Tablo 5.24. (¶QLQWDKPLQLQGH<6$PRGHOLQLQH÷LWLPYHWHVWSHUIRUPDQVÕ. 145. Tablo 5.25. 8&6¶QLQWDKPLQLQGH<6$PRGHOLQLQH÷LWLPYHWHVWSHUIRUPDQVÕ. 146. Tablo 6.1. (GH÷HULQLQWDKPLQLQGHPRGHOOHULQNDUúÕODúWÕUÕOPDVÕ. 148. Tablo 6.2. 8&6GH÷HULQLQWDKPLQLQGHPRGHOOHULQNDUúÕODúWÕUÕOPDVÕ. 148. Tablo 6.3. TS- LOH<ÕODQOÕGD÷Õ0DO]HPHVLQLQ.DUúÕODúWÕUÕOPDVÕ. 153. Ek Tab.1. Ek Tab.2. Ek Tab.3. .D\VHUL *HVL WI GRQPD o|]OPH GDYUDQÕúÕQÕQ 76 161 \|QWHPL\OHEHOLUOHQPHVL .D\VHUL øQFHVX WI GRQPD o|]OPH GDYUDQÕúÕQÕQ 76 164 \|QWHPL\OHEHOLUOHQPHVL *HVL 7IOHUL QLQ $670- H J|UH 'RQPD d|]OPH 166 'DYUDQÕúÕ. Ek Tab.4. øQFHVXWIGRQPDo|]OPHGDYUDQÕúÕ$670-92. 168. Ek Tab.5. øQFHVXWI$670'-¶J|UH Islanma-.XUXPDVRQXoODUÕ. 171. Ek Tab.6. .D\VHULWIOHULQLQ,VH,VFYH%UW2UWDODPD'H÷HUOHUL. 173. .D\VHULWIOHULQHDLWGHQH\VRQXoODUÕ. 181. Ek Tab.7. xiv.
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(70) *(27(&+1,&$/ 3523(57,(6 2) .$<6(5ø 78))6 AND MODELED WITH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNIQUE. SUMMARY Key Words: Tuff, Kayseri, Stone, Ignimbirite, Artificial Intelligence, Geotechnic, ANN Kayseri tuff was investigated as a multi-faceted, geotechnical properties such as the strength and the deformation were examined, as well as in terms of environmental geotechnics. From easily measurable parameters of Kayseri tuffs, the models developed for the estimation of the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) or the modulus of elasticity (E) based on statistical and artificial intelligence techniques. With these obtained models, the geotechnical properties of Kayseri tuff such as elasticity (Young's) modulus and uniaxial compression strength can easily be found by simple experiments such as point load strenght, indirect tension strength, sismic wave velocity, porosity etc. without having to make expensive, challenging and timeconsuming experiments. Kayseri tuff with the various length, diameter and weights, the geotechnical properties of a total of 575 cylindrical core samples were found. These parameters, uniaxial compression (UCS), the seismic wave velocity (Vp), elasticity (Young's) modulus (E), dry unit weight (BHA), porosity (n), axial point load strength (Is(50)e), diametral point load strength (Is (50)c) and Brazillian indirect tensile strength (BRT), respectively. In the regression analysis and the artificial neural network models made for the estimation of the dependent variables modulus of elasticity and unconfined compression strength, geotechnical parameters such as n, Vp, BHA, Ise, Isc and BRT are used as independent variables. The highest coefficient of determination (R2) and the lowest mean squared error (MSE) and the lowest total absolute error (TAE) values were obtained in artificial neural network models for estimation of both E and UCS. Finally, KayVHUL<ÕODQOÕPRXQWDLQYROFDQLF slag with the grain size (60mm-0, 002mm) was investigated to use as sub-base fill material in the flexibale pavement roads. ,W¶V IRXQG WKDW <ÕODQOÕ 0RXQWDLQ YROFDQLF slag was used successfully as subbase fill materials in roads.. xvi.
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(114) YH\D ND\QDNODQPÕú WI ZHOGHG WXII
(115) WHULPLNXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU 2.4. 7I.D\DODUÕQ6WDWLNve Dinamik g]HOOLNOHULYH7HRrisi %LQD EDUDM N|SU KDYDDODQÕ NDUD\ROODUÕ WQHOOHU JLEL \DSÕODU WHPHOOHUL\OH LUWLEDWOÕ ROGX÷XQGDQ \DSÕGDQ YH ]HPLQGHQ JHOHFHN KHU WUO VWDWLN YH GLQDPLN \NOHUL WDúÕ\DELOHFHN bir temHOWDVDUÕPÕ\DSÕOPDOÕGÕU. <DSÕNXOODQÕPVUHVLER\XQFDVWDWLNYe GLQDPLN\NOHUHPDUX]NDOÕU%X\NOHULQ]HPLQHRODQHWNLVLQLQEHOLUOHQPHVLQGHDUD]L YHODERUDWXDUGHQH\OHULX\JXODQÕUg]HOOLNOHND\D]HPLQOHULQJHRWHNQLN|]HOOLNOHULQLQ EXOXQPDVÕQGD ODERUDWXDU GHQH\OHULQGHQ ID\GDODQÕOÕU øQFHOHPH E|OJHVLQGHQ DOÕQDQ ka\D NWOHVLQL WHPVLO HGHQ QXPXQHOHU ODERUDWXDU RUWDPÕQGD WHVW HGLOHUHN DUD]LGHNL ]HPLQLQ JHUoHN GDYUDQÕúÕ WDKPLQ HGLOPH\H oDOÕúÕOÕU %XQXQ \DQÕQGD DUD]L YH ODERUDWXDU RUWDPÕQGD X\JXODQDELOHQ VLVPLN NÕUÕOPD JLEL ED]Õ WDKULEDWVÕ] GHQH\ \|QWHPOHUL\OH GH WHPHO ND\D GHULQOL÷L MHRORMLN \DSÕODUÕQ NDOÕQOÕNODUÕ YH ND\D WDEDNDVÕQÕQ GLQDPLN HODVWLN SDUDPHWUHOHUL EHOLUOHQLU %Xrada WI ND\DODUÕQ VWDWLN YH GLQDPLN\NOHU DOWÕQGDPHNDQLNGDYUDQÕúODUÕYH WHRULVLDoÕNODQDFDNWÕU.
(116) 10. 2.4.1. 6WDWLN|]HOOLNOHUL .D\DQÕQ VWDWLN |]HOOLNOHUL VWDWLN \NOHU DOWÕQGD ND\D PDO]HPHVLQLQ JHULOPH-úekil GH÷LúWLUPH |]HOOL÷L\OH \DNÕQGDQ LOJLOLGLU 6WDWLN \NOHU úLGGHWL YH \|Q DQL GH÷LúPH\HQ ND\D WDEDNDODUÕQD KHU ]DPDQ D\QÕ ELoLPGH HWNL HGHQ |O YH KDUHNHWOL \NOHUGLU *HULOPH-úekil GH÷LúWLUPH |]HOOLNOHULQLQ EHOLUOHQPHVLQGH ODERUDWXDU GHQH\OHULQH JHoPHGHQ |QFH ND\DQÕQ HODVWLVLWH PRGO SRLVVRQ RUDQÕ HODVWLN J|VWHUHELOGL÷L DUDOÕN DNPD QRNWDVÕ NRSPD GD\DQÕPÕ JHYUHNOLN VQHNOLN YH \N DOWÕQGD ND\DGDNL ERúOXNODUÕQ QDVÕO GDYUDQGÕ÷Õ JLEL NRQXODUÕQ WHRULN DOW \DSÕVÕQÕQ L\L DQODúÕOPDVÕJHUHNLU Gerilme (V), kD\DQÕQ ELULP DODQÕQD HWNL\HQ NXYYHW JHULOPH RODUDN WDQÕPODQÕU (kuvvet/uzunluk2) ve SI cinsinden birimi N/m2 \DQLSDVFDO 3D
(117) GÕU .D\DPHNDQL÷LQGHSDVFDO oRNNoNELUELULP ROGX÷XLoLQPHJapaskal (MPa) veya JLJDSDVNDO *3D
(118) NXOODQÕOÕU 1RUPDO JHULOPHGH \N X\JXODQGÕ÷Õ DODQD GLN LNHQ ND\PDJHULOPHVLQGH\NX\JXODQGÕ÷ÕDODQDSDUDOHOROXU. ùHNLO2.1. øNLER\XWOXJHULOPHoHúLWOHUL.
(119) 11. Gere ve Timoshenko (1990), normal gerilme ve kayma gerilmesini 3 boyutlu olarak DúD÷ÕGDNLJLELDoÕNODPÕúWÕU Burada; Birim úHNLOGH÷LúWLUPH (ߝሻER\GDNLGH÷LúLPLQRULMLQDOX]XQOX÷DRUDQÕRODUDN WDQÕPODQÕU%LULPVL]RODQEXWHULPELULPNÕVDOPDYH\DELULPX]DPDRODUDNGDLIDGH HGLOHELOLU.D\DPHNDQL÷LQGHEDVPDJHULOPHOHULSR]LWLIoHNPHJHULOPHOHULQHJDWLI olarak kabul edilir.. ùHNLO2.2. *HULOPH7HQV|U *HUHYH7LPRVKHQNR
(120). 6WDWLN\NOHUDOWÕQGD kayma gerilmesi W୧୨ ൌ W୨୧ RODFD÷ÕQGDQJHULOPHPDWULVLDúD÷ÕGDNL hale gelir ve denge halindeki bir cisLP LoLQ Wzx = Wxz , Wxy = Wyx , Wyz = Wzy olur.. %|\OHFH GRNX] ED÷ÕPVÕ] JHULOPH ELOHúHQL \HULQH DOWÕ JHULOPH ELOHúHQL WDQÕPODPDN PPNQROXU. ùHNLO*HULOPHWUOHULD
(121) 1RUPDOJHULOPHE
(122) .D\PDJHULOPH -HRQ
(123).
(124) 12. Birim deformasyon ,. Kayma birim deformasyon. İൌ. ο. Ȗൌ. ο౩. బ. (2.1). ୌబ. '/Q .D\DQXPXQHVLQLQGHQH\|QFHVLYHVRQUDVÕX]XQOXNODUÕDUDVÕQGDNLIDUN L0=Kaya numunesinin ilk uzunluk 'LS .D\PD|QFHVLYHVRQUDVÕQRNWDODUDUDVÕX]DNOÕN H0 'HQH\|QFHVLNHQDUX]XQOX÷X T .D\PDDoÕVÕ. ߪ ൌ ܧǤ ߝ. (2.2). <XNDUÕGDNLIRUPO+RRNH\DVDVÕRODUDNELOLQLU%XUDGD. V=Gerilme E=(ODVWLVLWH0RGO <RXQJ0XGO
(125) . H ùHNLOGH÷LúWLUPH Elastik cisimlerin, gerilme-deformaV\RQ LOLúNLOHULQL kontrol eden parametrelere HODVWLNSDUDPHWUHOHUGHQLU.D\DoODUGDNLGHIRUPDV\RQEXSDUDPHWUHOHUHED÷OÕGÕU%X SDUDPHWUHOHU HODVWLVLWH PRGO SRLVVRQ RUDQÕ ND\PD PRGO YH NRPSUHVVLELOLWH KDFLPVHOVÕNÕúDELOLUOLN
(126) ¶GLU (ODVWLVLWH PRGO (
(127) WHN HNVHQOL EDVÕQo GHQH\L DOWÕQGD EHOLUOHQLU 1XPXQH\H X\JXODQDQ \NOHU \N KFUHVL LOH \DWD\ YH GúH\ GHIRUPDV\RQODU LVH JHULQLP SXOX (starain gauge) ve/veya LVDT (linear variable differential transformer) ile data ORJJHU¶D ED÷ODQDUDN EXOXQPXúWXU .D\DODUÕQ WHN HNVHQOL EDVÕQo GHQH\L DOWÕQGD JHULOPH GHIRUPDV\RQ LOLúNLVL oRN GH÷LúNHQGLU YH GHQH\OHUGH Pkemmel elastiklik J|VWHUPH]OHUBu nedenle, G|UWHODVWLVLWHPRGOWDQÕPODQPÕúWÕU ùHNLO2.4)..
(128) 13. a) %DúODQJÕo(ODVWLVLWH0RGO *HULOPH- GHIRUPDV\RQH÷ULsininEDúODQJÕo. NÕVPÕQD. oL]LOHQWH÷HWLQH÷LPLGLU%XHODVWLVLWHPRGOND]ÕODELOLUOLNLoLQ|QHPOLGLU b) 7DQMDQW 7H÷HWVHO
(129) (ODVWLVLWH 0RGO JHULOPH LoLQ oL]LOHQ WH÷HWLQ H÷LPL WDQMDQWHODVWLVLWHPRGOQYHULU. c) 6HNDQW .LULú
(130) (ODVWLVLWH0RGO .D\DFÕQEHOLUOLELUJHULOPHE|OJHVLQGHRUWDODPD ELUGDYUDQÕúÕLoLQNXOODQÕOÕU d) 2UWDODPD (ODVWLVLWH 0RGO %X HODVWLVLWH PRGOQGH JHULOPH GHIRUPDV\RQ H÷ULVLQLQGR÷UXVDOE|OPQQH÷LPLKHVDSODQÕU.. ùHNLO'|UWIDUNOÕ(ODVWLVLWHPRGO <RXQJPRGO
(131).
(132) 14. Kompressibilite (K), øONKDFPLYRODQELUFLVPHJHULOPHX\JXODQGÕ÷ÕQGDįYNDGDUELU deformasyon meydaQDJHOGL÷LNDEXOHGLOLUVHDúD÷ÕGDNLED÷ÕQWÕHOGHHGLOLU. . įıįY. (2.3). 3RLVVRQ2UDQÕ 3RLVVRQ¶V5DWLR
(133) ɓND\DNWOHVLQHWHN\|QOELUJHULOPHHWNLGL÷LQGH ER\XQGD YH HQLQGH ELU GH÷LúLP PH\GDQD JHOHFHNWLU (QLQH JHULQPHQLQ ER\XQD JHULQPH\HRUDQÕGD3RLVVRQRUDQÕRODUDNWDQÕPODQÕU 7IOHU KRPRMHQ YH L]RWURS ELU PDO]HPH GH÷LOGLU DQFDN KHVDSODPDODUGD ED]Õ EDVLWOHúWLUPHOHU YH YDUVD\ÕPODU NXOODQDUDN HODVWLN PDO]HPHOHULQ JHULOPH DOWÕQGDNL GDYUDQÕúÕQÕ PRGHOOHQHUHN WI ND\DVÕQÕQ |]HOOLNOHULQLQ EHOLUOHQPHVL PPNQGU Kayalarda tek eksenli EDVÕQoGHQH\LQGHı-İ ED÷ÕQWÕVÕ LNLYHo eksenli gerilme hali LoLQ JHQLúOHWLOHELOLU Kaya mDO]HPHQLQ OLQHHU HODVWLN YH úHNLO GH÷Lútirmelerin NoN ROGX÷X NDEXOHGLOGL÷LQGHQVSHUSR]LV\RQ \DSÕODUDN LNLYHo eksenli gerilme durumu LoLQ+RRNH\DVDODUÕ IRUPOHHGLOHELOLU. Y eksenine paralel bir sondaj kuyusunda, i]RWURS YH GR÷UXVDO HODVWLN FLVLPOHU LoLQ gerilme-ELULP. GHIRUPDV\RQ. LOLúNLVL. NDEXO. HGLOLUVH,. WDEDQ. \]H\LQGH. ɐ୷୷ =W୶୷ =W୷ ¶ROXU 2 KDOGH ùHNLO ¶GHNL ED÷ÕPVÕ] GH÷LúNHQOHU oH LQHU YH. JHULOPH ELULP GHIRUPDV\RQ LOLúNLOHUL ıx YH ıy JHULOPHOHULQLQ HWNLVL DOWÕQGD [ YH \. GR÷UXOWXVXQGDNLELULPX]DPDRUDQODUÕLNLER\XWOXKRRNNDQXQXRODUDNDúD÷ÕGDNLJLEL ifade edilebilir. (Goodman, 1989). ɂ୶ ൌ. ౮. ɂ୶୷ ൌ. . െɓ. ౯. ɀ୶୷ ൌ. . . െɓ. த౮౯ ୋ. ౯. . ౮ . (2.4). (2.5). (2.6).
(134) 15. (2.5
(135) ¶L߭ LOHoDSWÕNWDQVRQUD
(136) YH 2
(137) WRSODQDUDNDúD÷ÕGDNLGHQNOHPEXOXQXU. ߪ௫ ൌ. ܧ ൫ߝ ߭߳௬ ൯ሺʹǤሻ ͳ െ ߭ଶ ௫. (2.4
(138) ¶߭ LOHoDSWÕNWDQVRQUD
(139) YH 2.5
(140) WRSODQDUDNDúD÷ÕGDNLGHQNOHPEXOXQXU. ߪ௬ ൌ ߛ௫௬ ൌ. ܧ ൫߭߳௫ ߝ௬ ൯ሺʹǤͺሻ ͳ െ ߭ଶ ʹሺͳ ߭ሻ ߬௫௬ ሺʹǤͻሻ ܩ. %HQ]HUùHNLOGHoER\XWOXJHULOPHKDOLQLQú|\OH\D]DELOLUL] (Goodman, 1989) ଵ. ଵ. ଵ. ߝ௫ ൌ ா ൣߪ௫ െ ߭൫ߪ௬ ߪ௭ ൯൧, ߝ௬ ൌ ா ൣߪ௫ െ ߭൫ߪ௬ ߪ௭ ൯൧, ߝ௭ ൌ ா ൣߪ௫ െ ߭ሺߪ௬ ߪ௭ ሻ൧ (2.10). ߛ௫௬ ൌ. ఛೣ ீ. ,. ߛ௫௬ ൌ. ఛೣ ீ. ,. ߛ௫௬ ൌ. ఛೣ ீ. (2.11). .D\DoODUÕQ GHIRUPDV\RQODUÕQÕ NRQWURO HGHQ EX SDUDPHWUHOHUH HODVWLN SDUDPHWUHOHU GHQLU .D\DoODUGDNL GHIRUPDV\RQ EX SDUDPHWUHOHUH ED÷OÕGÕU 6RQXo RODUDN elastik PDO]HPHOHULQ JHULOPH DOWÕQGDNL GDYUDQÕúÕQÕ * ND\PD ULMLWOLN
(141) PRGO ( HODVWLVLWH PRGO
(142) . KDFLPVHO VÕNÕúPD]OÕN PRGO
(143) ¶Q ߭ SRLVVRQ RUDQÕ
(144) FLQVLQGHQ LIDGH HGLOHELOHFH÷LQLV|\OH\HELOLUL]. ൌ ൌ. ሺʹǤͳʹሻ ʹሺͳ െ ɓሻ. ሺʹǤͳ͵ሻ ͵ሺͳ െ ʹɓሻ.
(145) 16. 2.4.2. 'LQDPLN|]HOOLNOHUL 'LQDPLN YH VWDWLN \NOHUH J|UH ND\D ]HULQH LQúD HGLOHQ \DSÕODUÕQ WDVDUÕPÕQGD ND\DODUÕQ KHP GLQDPLN KHPGH VWDWLN HODVWLN SDUHPHWUHOHULQLQ EHOLUOHQPHVL JHrekir. 6WDWLN |]HOOLNOHU 7HN HNVHQOL EDVÕQo GHQH\L ho HNVHQOL EDVÕQo GHQH\L %UD]LOOLDQ GROD\OÕ oHNPH GHQH\L 6FKPLWK oHNLFL GHQH\L 1RNWD \NOHPH GHQH\L (÷LOPHGH oHNPH GHQH\L JLEL ELOLQHQ GHQH\ \|QWHPOHUL LOH EXOXQXUODU 'LQDPLN |]HOOLNOHULQ belirlenmeVLQGHLVHVLVPLNGDOJD\D\ÕOÕPÕNXOODQÕOÕU 6LVPLN GDOJDODU NDWÕ YH VÕYÕODUGD \D\ÕODQ ER\XQD YH HQLQH WLWUHúLP GDOJDODUÕ LOH LOHWLOHQ HODVWLN GDOJDODU RODUDN WDQÕPODQÕU *HQHOOLNOH VLVPLN GDOJD \D\ÕOÕP |]HOOLNOHUL PDO]HPHQLQ GLQDPLN |]HOOLNOHULQH J|UH GH÷LúLU 6LVPLN |OoPOHUGHQ \DUDUODQDUDN (ODVWLVLWH <RXQJ
(146) PRGO %XON PRGO .D\PD 6KHDU
(147) PRGO 3RVVLRQRUDQÕJLELND\DQÕQGLQDPLNSDUHPHWUHOHULEXOXQXU 6LVPLN GDOJDODU RUWDP LoHULVLQGH LNL IDUNOÕ GDOJD DUDFÕOÕ÷Õ\OD \D\ÕOÕU %X GDOJDODU cisim ve \]H\ GDOJDODUÕGÕU &LVLP GDOJDODUÕQÕQ LNL WU YDUGÕU %XQODU 6ÕNÕúPD 3 GDOJDODUÕ
(148) YHNHVPH 6GDOJDODUÕ
(149) GÕU %XGDOJD\D\ÕOÕPODUÕùHNLO2.5 ve ùHNLO2.6¶GD J|VWHULOPHNWHGLU. ùHNLO2.53GDOJDVÕ\D\ÕOÕPÕ KWWS ZZZVD\LVDOJUDILNFRPWU
(150).
(151) 17. ùHNLO 2.66GDOJDVÕ\D\ÕOÕPÕ KWWS ZZZVD\LVDOJUDILNFRPWU
(152). %R\XQD GDOJD VÕNÕúPDVÕQGD ND\DGDNL SDUWLNOOHU GDOJDQÕQ JHOLúLP \|QQGH VÕNÕúÕU .D\PD GDOJDVÕ ND\D SDUWLNOOHULQL GDOJD \D\ÕOÕPÕQD GLN \QGH VÕNÕúWÕUÕU %X GDOJDODUÕQ ND\D LoLQGHQ \D\ÕOÕPÕ GLQamik elestik parametrelerinin belirlenmesini VD÷ODU 6LVPLN \|QWHPOHU DUD]LGH YH ODERUDWXDUGD ROPDN ]HUH LNL IDUNOÕ RUWDPGD oHúLWOL |]HOOLNOHUHVDKLSFLKD]ODULOH\DSÕOÕU $UD]LGH \DSÕODQ VLVPLN GHQH\ EDO\R] YLEUDW|U YH\D GLQDPLW JLEL VLVPLN ND\QDN yDUGÕPÕ\OD ROXúWXUXODQ \DSD\ VDUVÕQWÕ YH\D GHSUHP GDOJDODUÕQÕQ WDEDND VÕQÕUODUÕQGD NÕUÕODUDN YH\D \DQVÕ\DUDN \HU\]QGH EXOXQDQ MHRIRQODU DOÕFÕODU
(153) WDUDIÕQGDQ DOJÕODQDUDN VLVPLN FLKD]ODUOD ND\GHGLOPH HVDVÕQD GD\DQÕU %X ND\ÕWODUGDQ VLVPLN ER\XQD GDOJDODUÕQ 3
(154) YH VLVPLN HQLQH GDOJDODUÕQ 6
(155) KHU MHRIRQD JHOLú ]DPDQODUÕ belirlenerek zaman- X]DNOÕN JUDILNOHUL oL]LOLU %X ]DPDQ- X]DNOÕN JUDILNOHULQGHQ VLVPLNKÕ]ODUYHWDEDNDNDOÕQOÕNODUÕVDSWDQÕU /DERUDWXYDUGD\DSÕODQVLVPLNGHQH\VLOLQGLUúHNOLQGHNLNDURWODUÕQFLKD]ÕQWUDQVGVH XoODUÕ VLVPLN DQDOL]DW|UQ DOÕFÕ-YHULFL XFODUÕ
(156) DUDVÕQD \HUOHúWLULOHUHN 3 YH 6 GDOJD KÕ]ODUÕQÕQ |UQH÷L ELU XoWDQ GL÷HU XFD JHoPHVL LoLQ JHUHNOL QHW VUHOHULQ EHOLUOHQPHVL HVDVÕQDGD\DQÕU.
(157) 18. %X oDOÕúPDGD *HRPHWULFV (6-3000 marka 12 NDQDOOÕ VLQ\DO ELULNWLUPHOL VLVPLN NÕUÕOPDYH\DQVÕPDFLKD]ÕNXOODQÕOPÕúWÕU %XFLKD]LOHDOÕQDQ|OoOHUGHVLQ\DOLL]OHPH YH JUOW\ D\ÕUDQ DQDORJ YH VD\ÕVDO ILOWUHOHPH LúOHPL RWRPDWLN RODUDN \DSÕOÕU 'ROD\ÕVÕ\ODVLQ\DOJUOWRUDQÕoRN\NVHNRODUDN elde edilir. Yerdeki katmanlardan JHoHUHN MHRIRQODUGDQ JHOHQ EX JoO VLQ\DOOHU LOH ]DPDQ- X]DNOÕN JUDILNOHUL ROXúWXUXOXU $UD]LGH YHYH\D ODERUDWXDUGD 9S YH 9V VLVPLN KÕ] GH÷HUOHUL |OoOGNWHQ VRQUD ]HPLQLQ.D\PDPRGO *
(158) (ODVWLVLWHPRGO (
(159) 6ÕNÕúPDPRGO (F
(160) +DFLPVHO PRGO .
(161) YH 3RLVVRQ RUDQÕ ߭
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