TRANSLATION METHODS

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TRANSLATION

METHODS

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• Translation methods are named according to the degree of faithfulness of the translator to the material he

translates or to the degree of his freedom in changing the form and style of it while carrying out his job.

• For instance, literal or word-for-word translation methods

denote the translator’s faithfulness to the content; on the

other hand, free, communicative and idiomatic translation

methods signal the writer’s freedom in changing the form.

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Literal Translation

• This is a kind of word-for-word translation.

• This can be applied when the content and form of the source text overlap with those of the target

text.

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Structural Translation

• Structural translation is carried out with reference to surface forms of the source language and those of the target language.

• This method should be used when form is more important than content. For instance, some jingles, political slogans and

advertisements can be translated structurally as the sound

effect and rhythm are more important than the content in such

texts.

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(listen)

this a dog barks and how crazily house eyes people smiles faces streets

steeples are eagerly tumbl

ing through wonder ful sunlight

- look –

selves,stir:writhe o-p-e-n-i-n-g

are(leaves;flowers)dreams ,come quickly come

(dinle)

bu bir köpek havlar ve nasılda çılgınca evler gözler insanlar gülüşler yüzler caddeler

kuleler istekle düşü

yor mükem

mel günışığında -bak-

kendileri,karıştır:kıvran a-ç-ı-y-o-r

lar(yapraklar;çiçekler)rüyalar ,gel çabucak gel

e.e. cummings, poem 63

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l(a le af fa ll s) one l

iness

e.e. Cummings

«l(a»

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Semantic translation:

• When analyzing the two languages and taking the language constraints into account, the translator reproduces “...the

precise contextual meaning of the author.”

• If a translator follows the path through semantic

representations, he can demonstrate how sentences in the

source language and target language relate to a common

deep structure.

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• This method is author-centered.

• In this method, the translator tries to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the author within the bare syntactic and semantic constraints of the

target language.

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• Semantic method emphasizes the content of the message rather than the effect.

• All important statements, legal documents, contracts,

scientific and technical articles and informative texts must be translated semantically to convey the essence and flavour of the original text. In such texts, the effects of the translator

on the target reader is not as important as conveying the

information.

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Communicative translation:

• Through this type of translation, the translator’s efforts are directed towards more adaptation of the two languages

involved such that the readers get the same impression

from the translated text as the readers of the author’s work experience while reading the original in the source

language.

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• Communicative translation assumes that translation should read like the original. The translator must take his customers’

demands into consideration.

• He translates to inform, to give advice or to meet whatever the reader’s demand is. Therefore, he can improve or

rearrange the source text to apply the equivalent effect principle.

• The aim is to reexpress the original message effectively and

elegantly.

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• The potential risk the translator must notice is that more communication may mean more

generalization and simplification and as a result the

loss of meaning.

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• In communicative translation, the translator finds himself more free to ‘correct’ the text, to ‘replace clumsy with

elegant’ structures, to ‘remove obscurities’, to ‘eliminate tautology’, to modify and clarify jargons, and to correct mistakes of facts and slips.

• Semantic translation, on the other hand, is ‘always inferior to the original and, in contrast with the

communicative translation, tends to lose more meaning.’

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1) “Keep of the grass”

Semantic translation: Çimlerden uzak durun.

Communicative translation: Çimlere basmayınız veya Çimlere basmak yasaktır.

2) “The last straw that broke the camel’s back.”

Semantic translation: Devenin belini kıran son saman çöpü.

Communicative translation: Bardağı taşıran son damla 3) “Save money for rainy days.”

Semantic translation: Yağmurlu günler için para biriktir.

Communicative translation: Kara günler için para biriktir.

4) “My mother is younger than I am.”

Semantic translation: Annem benden daha genç.

Communicative translation: Annem benden daha enerjik veya Annem

benden daha çok hayata bağlı.

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• The distinction between semantic translation

versus communicative translation is more or less the same distinction which had been made

between ‘literal’ versus ‘free’ types of translation

traditionally.

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• In communicative translation, the emphasis is on the ‘message’, ‘reader’, ‘utterance;’ whereas the semantic translation emphasizes more on

‘meaning’, ‘author’s thought processes’, and

‘hows.’

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• Communicative translation, in contrast with the

semantic translation, is smoother, simpler, cleaner,

more direct, more conventional, more conforming to

a particular register of language, and equipped more

with generic words; whereas, semantic translation is

more complex, more awkward, more detailed, more

concerned with the thought-process rather than the

intention of the transmitter, and more specific.

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• SL text: It’s raining cats and dogs.

Word-for-Word:

Literal:

Communicative:

• SL text: Çok yaşa!

Word-for-Word:

Literal:

Communicative:

Kediler ve köpekler yağıyor.

Kedi ve köpek kadar yağmur yağıyor.

Badaktan boşanırcasına yağmur yağıyor.

Long live!

God bless you!

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