EDUCATION OF ADDRESSES FROM DEEPRICAGES IN TURKIC LANGUAGES
Abdullina G.R., Doctor of Philology, Professor, Bashkir State University, Ufa, Zaki Validi Str., 32;
Miziev A.M, Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor, Kabardino-Balkaria State University. H. Berbekova, Nalchik, ul. Chernyshevsky, No. 173;
Nasipov I.S., Doctor of Philology, Professor, Bashkir State Pedagogical University. M.
Akmullah, Ufa, ul.Oktyabrskaya revolution, 2 A;
Akilova M.F., Candidate of Philological Sciences, Senior Lecturer, Bashkir State University, Ufa, Zaki Validi Str., 32;
Kuular E.M.-O., Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor, Tuva State University, Kyzyl, Lenin str., 36
ABSTRACT
The article is devoted to the study of the lexicalization of verbal participial forms and adverbs formed on this basis. The reasons for the rare isolation of these forms in comparison with the forms of action and participle names, the factors and conditions affecting this process, as well as the degree of lexicalization of the verbal participles are determined. The article also pays much attention to the reasons contributing to the lexicalization of gerunds. The relevance of the study: The study of the morphological and derivational systems of the language, conducted in different directions of modern linguistics in various aspects, has recently received a wide scope. Among the linguistic types of meanings that semantics deals with, a special role belongs to the word-formation type. The study of word-formation values acquires an important role from the point of view of determining the categorical affiliation of newly formed linguistic units at the level of parts of speech. Semantic development and enrichment of language cause not only the fork of lexical meanings, but also the transition of words from one grammatical category to another, the acquisition of a new categorical content. This living process is also widely spread in the Turkic languages, and it continually attracted attention in the works on word formation and morphology, including works devoted to the formation of adverbs. However, many aspects of the problem of the formation of adverbs remain unclear. This is, first of all, the formation of adverbs of verbal participles. The purpose of the study: the study of participial forms of the verb and adverbs formed on this basis. Research methods: The leading method to investigate this problem is the empirical method: retrospective analysis, observation, generalization of the facts of the language of fiction and works of Turkic folklore using elements of the method of mathematical and statistical processing of linguistic material. Results of the study: according to the results of the study, it is planned to develop a monograph, a training manual, curricula, teaching and methodological complexes. The significance of the research lies in the fact that the results, undoubtedly, will allow solving fundamentally new problems in the field of word formation, vocabulary, and morphology of Turkic languages. They enrich and expand the scientific and theoretical basis for further research on relevant issues. The obtained results can be used in further development of many specific questions of word formation and morphology in Turkic languages.
Research materials can be used in lectures and special courses on Turkic languages.
Keywords: adverb, participle, isolated gerundive, affixation, lexicalization, name of action, verb control.
1. Introduction
The material of the Turkic languages shows that in them the participial forms are isolated much less often than the case forms. At the same time, the secondary verbal participles can be isolated only
in isolated cases and in certain Turkic languages (for example, in Bashkir, Karachay-Balkar, Kumyk, Kazakh, Nogai, Kirghiz).
In modern Turkic languages, judging by their grammars and common dictionaries, the following forms of gerunds were isolated and became adverbs: -n, -a / -e, -mai / -me, -gunchu / -gunchyu, - gyncha / -gynch, -guncha (1, p.275-276, 280, 2, p.196, 3, p.206-207; 4, p.205-206; 5, p. p.97, 106-107, 6, p.504).
The aim of the study is to identify the lexicalization of verbal participial forms and the formation of adverbs on this basis.
The subject of the study became forms of verbs, adverbs in Turkic languages.
Based on the purpose and subject of the study, the following research objectives were identified:
1) identify the formation of adverbs by affixing;
2) the formation of adverbs from primary gerunds;
3) to reveal the transition of lexicalized verbal participles into categories of adverbs;
4) describe the methods of the degree of lexicalization of the verbal participle.
2. Literature Review
In the opinion of linguists, the formation of adverbs by lexicalization of grammatical forms of words and affixation in Turkic studies is usually considered: the forms of spatial cases originated exactly as case words, and then in the process of functioning, they degenerated into adverbs as circumstances (Dmitriev 1948, Sevortian 1956, Kononov 1960). Most of these forms arose not at the level of the morphology of inflectional, but from the very beginning it was created as an adverb in the likeness and a pattern of externally similar, really isolated and lexicalized forms of cases at the level of the derivational morphology itself.
By their origin adverbs - isolated forms of spatial names - appear in two forms. The first include adverbs, which from the point of view of modern languages are words that are indecomposable into separate morphemes, i.e. primitive adverbs. However, as recognized by many researchers, "adverbs that are indistinguishable from the point of view of modern linguistics have historically been derived" (17, p. 137).
The weakly expressed connection of gerunds with the subject creates a favorable ground for his lexicalization. According to A.A. Yuldasheva, it is possible under two conditions: 1) if the verb in the form of gerunds has a broad or even predominant use in comparison with the rest of its word forms; 2) if the verbal participle is the only word form of the given verb (16, p. 55-56).
3. Materials and methods
In the solution of objectives the complex of scientific and methodical methods has been used. Among them:
- theoretical methods - analysis and synthesis of philological, philosophical, psychological, pedagogical sources on the research problem;
- empirical - retrospective analysis, observation, generalization of facts. The main material for the study of the problem was the works of modern Turkic fiction, oral and poetic creativity of the Turkic peoples, and remarks of dramatic works.
The selection of the material was carried out without genre restrictions, since our main goal was to reveal the general-political characteristics of the description inherent in any prosaic text - a novel, a story.
4. Results
Analysis of the actual language material shows that, in comparison with the names of actions and participles, gerunds are lexicalized less often. This is due to the fact that expressing the action, possessing the attributes of the verbal categories of the pledge, the forms of verbal control and negation, the verbal participates more fully reflect the verbal nature than other non-finite forms, especially their form on -n (5, p. 56). Lexicalizing, the forms of gerunds usually pass into adverbs and postpositions.
At the same time, most adverbs are formed from the primary verbal participles in the -mai / -
Primary verbal participles in -n, -un / -un, -un / -yup, passed into adverbs, a little: oynap "in jest", juslep "in hundreds", ailap "months", tertgullep "gallop", minglep "thousand ¬ìì », tjurslep«
carefully ». Secondary verbal participles that have passed into adverbs are even less: Tuugyanli, zharatylgyanli "for the whole life, for the whole life," chapkhanlai "run", taimazdan "constantly, steadily, regularly," kaitmazdan "forever, forever", Tokhtamazdan "Incessantly, constantly".
The lexicalized verbal participles pass into the following categories of adverbs:
1. Adverbs of the mode of action: ayamay, bilmey, ashykmai, ojnap, etc.
Examples: Malzhe, ekikyzy, sora Bekbolat, birirjugaralyp, ayamai bakhcha kazdala (Gurtulany S.) "Malzhei, his two daughters and Bekbulat diligently digging the garden"; Ala ua [MutayblaBaraz]
ashykmayishleidile: kyunuzundu, ish da kopdju ("Mingi-Tau" magazine) "They work quietly: a long day and a lot of work"; [Shauluk]: Allah, billyahiy, bilmeethengme! ("Mingi-Tau") "By God, it came to me by accident!"; Ynnamenialiagatany gyangbolmazedi: ekinchiker yes turslekkarady yes, alaykuuchaklady (Khuchinlanany M.) "Apparently, my grandmother did not recognize me at once: she again looked at me attentively, then only hugged me"; Oynapsolenseng yes, nylapsold (ate.) "If you even say as a joke, say deliberately ".
Adverbs of the time: zharatylgyanli, tuugyanli, kaytmazdan, taymazdan, etc.
Examples: Tuuganlyyes kyabyrgyakon shulaedik, - Dadi Dahir, kolyu tola, Bashyn Erkeko Turkmai (Shaualanah X.) "All our lives we were our closest neighbors," Dahir said, feeling unmoved and not raising his head "; Temurcianyzharatylgianlipravanenge kelgenden syumesi jokyedi (Appalani X.) "Temurka did not like to go to the government most of all in his life"; Ishchilenish Khaklari taimazdan kotyuruledi (TSKBYA) "The wages of workers are steadily growing"; Kaitmazdan ketseng, artyng kyaramai ket (pogov.)"If you leave irrevocably, then leave without looking back."
3. Adverbs of measure: juslep, minglep, bile-bile "significantly, noticeably, much," etc.
Examples: Külelebile-bile kysharga-dylla (TSKBYA) "The days are noticeably shorter"; Juslep Bersseng, Mingpel Kelir (last) "If you give hundreds, you'll get thousands."
4. Adverbs of the goal: bilip "intentionally, intentionally," bile turglanlay (with the same meaning), ishtip "deliberately, for the purpose, purposely, intentionally."
Examples. - Allahiy depen aytama, ol [Aslan] anna bilip etgendi. Byrda ishkeli bolmagyz siz anga! (Zalihihanlana Zh.) "By God, he [Aslan] did it intentionally! Do not doubt at all - you are in this "; Toba! Allaitere and the bolu-chudu! Qaidancchikindling ?!Ishtip chakyrsak, kelmezeding!
(Shaualans X.) "Here you are! It happens! What are your destinies ?! Now, if we had specially invited you, it's unlikely that you have come! ".
A number of state verbs have the circumstantial significance of the method or mode of action.
This contributes to the weakening of the grammatical nature of gerunds as a grammatical category and verb as part of speech, as a result, a partial and sometimes complete lexicalization of individual forms with zero valence is observed.
The value of the mode of action for the brightness of its expression overshadows the value of simultaneity and obscures the predicative characteristic of the verbal participle, i.e. its connection with the subject (19, p.7). For example, in the sentence Sąznu Naden bashlag abymmei, olturama "I sit, not knowing where to start a conversation," the connection of the gerund of bilmey with the subject is guessed only by words that are dependent on him, which indirectly characterizes him as a verbal part of speech.
The weakly expressed connection of gerunds with the subject creates a favorable ground for his lexicalization. According to A.A. Yuldashev, it is possible under two conditions: 1) if the verb in the form of gerunds has a broad or even preferential use in comparison with the rest of its word forms; 2) if the verbal participle is the only word form of the given verb (7, pp. 55-56).
For example, in the Karachay-Balkar language of the gerund, the kesiulep was completely lexicalized and went into different languages: Yirhyua allyna tushgen is harassed by barysyn and jamlapzhutada. "The mudflow is on its way with greed swallows"; Mukhtar blah Qasim tykenchi keeziulip saklaidyl (Tokumulan Zh.) "Mukhtar and Qasim are in shifts guarding the store." Verbs zhamla, "absorb, swallow", kesiule- "to change, alternate" in the form of gerunds are used much more widely than in the form of participle (jamlagan "swallow", zhamlauchu "swallowing", kesiuleshgen
"alternated", keesiushiuchyu "Alternating"), the name of the action (jamlau "swallowing", keesiulshiu
"alternation"), infinitiva (jamlargia "swallow", kesiouleshire "alternate").
Words turslep, yshanlap "carefully", ayaklashyp "valet" (lie) are used only in this participial form and with certain words: turslepchyara- "watch attentively", yshanlapkyara (with the same meaning), ayaklashyp zhat- " ".
They are adverbs. Of the other reasons contributing to the lexicalization of the participles, we can name the following:
1. Acquisition of a new lexical meaning by a verb in the form of a participial form. For example, adverbial ayamai "without regret, without saving", bilmey "not knowing", Toktamai
"without stopping" acquired those values that are not in their basis: Har kyunsayin ayamai kureshebiz, malchylykda haman kata arshibiz (Kaulylany X.) "Every day we work tirelessly, we compete in animal husbandry very diligently"; Ol [Shahim] Tokhtamay tarykganlay toready ("Mingi-Tau")
"And he [Shahim] is constantly complaining."
2. The use of the verbal basis of the verbal participle in the transcendental meaning. Its influence on the lexicalization of gerunds is evident from the fact that in the given language, all the lexicalized verbal participles in the given language have a figurative meaning: ayamai (ayabai) "very strongly, healthy, incessantly, relentlessly" (aya-1. "save", 2. "skimp", 3. transfer "regret, spare"), buzmai "exactly-exactly" ("break, dissolve," 2. "spoil", 3. transfer "break what"), oynap (oynop) "in jest" (ohna- ( "Shashmai" (shashpai) "constantly" (shash-"get lost", "mistaken", "get mad"), taymazdan "steadily, regularly" (tai-tai) 1. "slide", 2. rename "retreat, deviate, cut off from what"), etc.
3. Use with certain cases. Some adverbial participles, as already indicated, passed into postsogues, the reason for this was their use with certain cases, in which case they lose their verbal signs. For example, the gerunds of köre "seeing," kharaganda "when he looked", kaaramay (karabai)
"not looking", using dative case, went into postpositions: biliminekere "according to their knowledge", angakyaraganda "by comparison with him, "kartligyama da karamay" despite his old age ". Became postpositions and gerunds, used with the original case ("start ramp", tebierep "going off, touching"):
ertentenkil slap in the morning, kyunortadan tebirep "from noon".
4. The dual use of gerunds, when the second component of a complex unit formed in this way is the phonetic echo of the first, which has no lexical meaning: aaa-saua "waddle", yolup-euchup "with great difficulty," sormay-oreai " ", While other paired gerunds, in which both components are of real value, are lexicalized rather seldom (11, p 44).
5. Translatability of verbal participle in Russian by adverb. The influence of this condition on the lexicalization of deeptiparity is evidenced by the fact that not a single verbal participle in a given language, not translated into Russian by an adverb, was lexicalized. For example, gerunds aitmai
"without saying", ashamay "without eating", zhalyap "weeping", chapmai "not running", kelgens "how came" and hundreds of others did not go into contradictions, i.e. Not lexicalized, because of the untranslatability in Russian of dialects (12, p.36). Other adverbial participles, in which the adverbs correspond in Russian, became full-blooded lexical units-adverbs: bilmey "without knowing" and
"accidentally, accidentally," bilip "recognizing" and "intentionally," esletmei "without showing" and
"imperceptibly", Tuugianli "from the moment of birth" and "to the day, the offspring", etc.
5. Discussion
By the degree of lexicalization, gerundive can be divided into four groups:
Lexical verbal participles that have lost their verbal signs and are used only in the meaning of adverbs: minglip, juzlep, ailap, zhyllap, tohtamazdan, taymazdan.
Examples: Nasyp berzin, kepbersin, harneni minglep bersin (folk.) "Let him give happiness, give much, give everything in thousands"; Nart kelirle left, ailap konakabolurla, zhyllyk bozadanichip, alazauuk solurla (folk.) "Nart's sons will come, they'll stay for months, drinking a year-old buzu, resting, enjoying"; Alans Ushaklars Tokhtamazdan Fry Kunnyu Bards (Dotdulany X.) "Their conversation was continuously half a day."
This includes the adverbs turslep, kyazhmai, kaitmazdan, tertgullep, which have a phraseological connotation and are used only in limited combinations, only in combination with certain words: turslekkararga "watch attentively", kyzhymayislerge "work tirelessly" (with the same meaning), kaitmazdankterge "go away irrevocably" , tertgjullep barrygia "to trot" (about a horse).
Examples: Agachichinden chykghanlai, Mykurtert Gullepte Biredi (folk.) "As soon as they came out of the forest, the nag started off at a gallop." Kyazhmai kyureshgen muratynazher (pogov.)
2. Lexicalized gerunds, used both in the meaning of gerunds and in the meaning of adverbs:
ayamai "not sparing, not regretting" and "zealously," "without separating, not separating" and
"regularly, constantly," buzai "without spoiling, not destroying "and" exactly the same, "taimai"
without retreating; not moving, not sliding; without departing, not deviating "and" constantly ", totmai" without stopping, not stopping "and" continuously, constantly, "oynap" joking "and" for fun,
"tuuganly" since he was born "and" one day, the child " , etc.
These values of the verbal participles can only be distinguished in the context. Examples: The car, yukkatynda Tokhtamay, enishge hetupketgende, tygnysyz bolduk (Khuchinanany A.) "When the car, without stopping near the house, drove down, we began to experience" (de.pr.); [Mukhadin.]
Tokhtamayitiptrurghuayulguaneteme, alaysiza a siz angylargasyukmeiss (Teppelany A.) "[Mukhadin:]
It's inconvenient for me to constantly reminisce, but without this you do not want to understand" (nar.); Sizgehuaununybuzmaayotergekjaramayedi? (Tokumulan Zh.) "Why could not you go over without breaking the fence (from the stones that were built)?" (Depr).
Atasynaanychabuzmayushagankermengenme (Tekhelany G.) "I have not seen anyone else like this (the boy) was exactly like his father" (nar.). Oltu-Yuganlybuyuygekallai mound keldiderechabonsun (Khuchinala M.) "For people to say:"
3. Lexicalized gerunds, who have lost their verbal attributes and are used only in the meaning of postpositions: ala, taba, kore. Examples: Ingir ala, kyunbuzulup, uyakshulpu epiphas (Tolgourlans 3.)
"By evening the weather had deteriorated and rain began to fall"; Sholeshgenine kyore, jasbasymly, akylly adhamya ushaydy ("Mingi-Tau") "Judging by the way he talks, the guy looks like a smart, smart person."
4. Lexicalized gerunds, used both in the meaning of gerunds and in the meaning of postpositions: "beginning" and "beginning with" (with the same meanings), karap "looking" and
"according to", kaaramay "not looking" and "despite," karaghanda "when he looked (looked)" and
"compared with, in accordance with, in comparison."
These values of the verbal participles, like the values indicated in point 2, are delimited only in the context.
6. Conclusions
Thus, from the examples given, it can be seen that adverbial adverbs only become adverbs when they lose their verbal attributes.
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