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Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electric and Electronic Engineering
Electrical Installation
Graduation Project
EE400
Students: Ali Say (20033689) & Cihat Direk (20032292)
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21 21 22 22 1 Introduction CHAPTER-I LIGHTNING 2-15 1.1- Filaments Lamp 1.1.1-Coiled-Coil Lamp1.1.2-Effect of Voltage Variation . 1.1.3-Bulb-Fimsh
1.1.4-Reflector Lamps
1.1.5-Tungsten Halogen Lamps 1.2-Discharge Lamp
1.2.1-Cold Cathode Lamp 1.2.2-Hot Cathode Lamp 1.3-Ultra Violet Lamp 1.4-Flourescent Lamp
1.4.1-Electrical Aspects of Operations 1.4.2-Advantages
1.4.3-Disadvantages 1.4.3.1-Ballast
1.4.3.2-Power Factor 1.4.3.3-Power Harmonics
1.4.3.4-0ptimum Operatmg Temoerature 1.4.3.5-Dimming 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6
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12 12 13 13 14 14 14 14 14CHAPTER-2 TYPES OF CiRCuiT BREAKER 15-45
2.1-MCCB 2.1.1-Applications 2.1.2-Mechanism 2.1.3-Material 2.1.4-Accessories
2.1.5-The Technology of Tripping Devices 2.1.5.1-MCCB Arc Chamber
2.1.5.2-Fixed Contact 2.1.5.3-Materials
2.1.5.4-Repulsive Force 2.1.5.5-Time Delay Operation
2.1.5.6-Proper MCCB for Protection 2.1.5.7-Nominal Current
2.1.5.8-Fault Current Icu,Ics 2.2-MCB 2.3-RCD 2.3.1-Main Characteristics 2.3.2-Number of Poles[2p,3p or 4p] 2.3.3-Rated Rurrent 2.3.4-Sensitivity
2.3.5-Type [AC or A or B] 22
2.3.6-Break Time [in ms] 23
2.3.7-Surge Current Resistance 24
2.4-Contactor 24 2.4.1-Construction 24 2.4.2-0perating Principle 25 2.4.3-Ratings 26 2.5-MDRC 27 2.5.1-Technical Properties 27 2.5.2-Wiring Diagram 28
2.5.3-12 Channel 10 Amp Adaptive 29
2.5.3.1-Source Controller 30 2.5.3.1.1-Features 30 2.5.3.1.2-0verview 30 2.5.3.1.3-Electrical 31 2.5.3.1.4-Load Types 31 2.5.3.1.5-Dimmed Outputs 31 2.5.3.1.6-Terminal Size 31 2.5.3.1.7-Memory 32 2.5.3.1.8-Mechanical 32 2.5.3.1.9-Climate Range 32 2.5.3.1.10-Control Inputs 32
2.5.4- 4 Channel 10 Amp Adaptive 33
2.5.4.1-Source Controller 33 2.5.4.1.1-Features 33 2.5.4.1.2-0verview --- 34 2.5.4.1.3-Mechanical 34 2.5.4.1.4-Control Inputs 34 2.5.4.1.5-Electrical 34 2.5.4.1.6-0ptions 34 2.5.4.1.7-Load types 35 2.5.4.1.8-Dimmed Outputs 35 2.5.4.1.9-Switched Outputs 35 2.5.4.1.10-Terminal Size 35 2.5.4.1.11-Memory 35
2.5.5-Classic Series Control Panels 36
2.5.5.1-Features 36 2.5.5.2-0verview 37 2.5.5.3-Technival Specification 37 2.5.5.3.1-Mechanical 37 2.5.5.3.2-Electrical Data 38 2.5.5.3.3-Memory 38
2.6-Mini Touch Screen 39
2.6.1-0verview 39
2.6.2-Features 40
2.6.3.1-Mechanical 2.6.3.2-Control Inputs 2.6.3.3-Memory 2.6.3.4-Electrical Data 40 40 40 41
CHAPTER-3 SWiTCHES,SOCKETS AND BUTTONS 42-45
3.1-Switches 3.1.1-single key 3.1.2-commutator 3.1.3-vaevien
3.1.4-Well hole switches 3.2-Sockets 3.3-Buttons 42 42 42 42 43 43 44
CHAPTER-4 CONDUCTORS AND CABLES 45-56
4.1-Conductors 4.2-Insulators 4.2.1-Rubber 4.2.2-85°C Rubber 4.2.3-Silicone rubber 4.2.4-PVC 4.2.5-Paper 4.2.6-Mmeral Insulation 4.2.6.1-Gas insulation 4.3-Cables 4.3.1-Smgle Core 4.3.2-Two core 4.3.3-Three Core 4.3.4-Composite Cables 4.3.5-Wiring Cables 4.3.6-Power Cables 4.3.7-Mining Cables 4.3.8-Ship-Wiring Cables 4.3.9-0ver Head Cables
4.3.11-Communication Cables
4.3.12-Welding Cables 4.3.13-Electric Sign Cables 4.3.14-Equipment Wires 4.3.15-Appliance-Wiring Cables 4.3.16-Heating Cables 4.3.17-Flexible Cords 4.3.18-Twin-Twisted 4.3.19-Three-Core (Twisted) 4.3.20-Twin-Circular 46 48 48 49 49 49 50 50 50 50 51 51 51 52 52 52 52 52 53 53 53 53 53 53 54 54 54 54 54
4.3.21-Three Core (Circular) 55
4.3.22-Four Core (Circular 55
4.3.23-Parallel Twin 55
4.3.24-Twin Core (Flat) 55
4.3.25-Flexible Cables 55
CHAPTER-5 EARTHiNG 56-60
CHAPTER-6 VOLTAGE DROP 60-63
6.1-Voltage Drop in Direct Current Circuits 60
6.2-Voltage Drop in Alternating Current Circuits 61
6.3-Voltage Drop in Household Wiring 61
CHAPTER-7 POWER FACTOR CORRECTiON 63-70
CHAPTER-8 DiMMER BANK 70-80
CHAPTER-9 CALCULA TiONS OF
iLLUMiNATiON,POWER,CURRENT,VOLTAGE DROP AND TOTAL 81-144
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ACKNOWLEGMENT
Firstly we are glad to express our thanks to those who have role in our education
during four year Undergraduate program in Near East University.
Secondly we would like to thank Mr.Ozgur Cemal OZERDEM for giving his time and encouragement for the entire graduation project.He has given his support which is the
main effect in our succes.
Finally, I would like to express our thanks to Mr. Cemal KA VALCIOGLU for his
able guidance and useful suggestions, and also our friends/classmates for their help and
ABSTRACT
In the present day we have a branch for engineering as illumination enginnering. So we can understant the importance of the illumination.For satisfying the consumer requirements, electrical installation should be well designed and applied with a Professional knowledge, because in the present day when we are choosing an armature we are not looking only to its watt value.We are considering the lumen of the lamp the type and design of the armature if its suitable or not for the Project, and sometimes the working temperature.
Our Project is about the electrical installation of an international bank, and this Project needs well knowledge about electrical installation and also researching the present systems.This Project consist the installation of lighting circuits,the installation of sockets,the aircondition,telephone and data sockets and a local compensation system
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
MCB Miniature Circuit Breaker
MDRC Modular DIN Rail mounted Devices RCD Residual-current Devices
RCBO Residual-current Breakers with Overcurrent Protection
cu
Consumer UnitMCCB Moulded Case Circuit Breakers Ii,""': BMC Bold Moulded Compound
AUX Auxiliary
UVT Undervoltage Release ST Shunt Trip
AS Alarm Switch PIK Plug in Kit RH Rotary Handle
MOD Motor Operating Mechanism PFC Power factor Correction
INTRODUCTION
Design an electrical installation project, in most efficient way,is one of the essential subject in ~lectrical Engineering.This is taken into consideration in our project.
In this project all the related,electrical installation and some rules designing will be shown according priority.
Chapter one gives information abotut types of lamps and advantages of flourescent lamp and dis advantages of it
Chapter two gives information about type of circuit breaker
(mcb,mccb,rscd,mdrc,contactor,and aparatus) and technical details of them
Chapter three gives information about types of switches,sockets and buttons
Chapter four gives informatin about conductors and cables
Cahapter five based on earting and techniques
Chapter six and seven are devoted to two essential subjects.In these chapters 'Voltage Drop and Power Factor Correction' one cowered in daily applications.
Cahapter eight based on dimmer bank and gives information abotut operating principle and technical aparatus
Chapter nine is composed of the entire calculations in the project.The calculations are illumination, power,current,voltage drop, calculations and also 'Total Investment' is reff ered in this chapter.
The conclusion presents useful pointsand important results obtained from the theory and also comment belong to the students who preparedthe Project.
1-LIGHTING
Lighting plays a most important role in many buildings, not only for functional purposes (simply supplying light) but to enhance the environment and surroundings. Modem offices, shops, factories, shopping malls, department stores, main roads, football stadium, swimming pools - all these show not only the imagination of architects and lighting engineers but the skills of the practising electrician in the installation of
luminaries.
Many sources of light are available today with continual improvements in lighting
efficiency and colour of light.
Lm: This is a unit of luminous flux or (amount of light) emitted from a source. Luminous efficacy: This denotes the amount of light produced by a source for
the energy used; therefore the luminous efficacy is stated in 'lumens per watt' (lm I W).
A number of types of lamps are used today: filament, fluorescent, mercury vapour, sodium vapour, metal Halide, neon. All these have specific advantages and
applications
I.I-FILAMENT LAMPS
Almost all filament lamps for general lighting service are made to last an average of at least 1000 hours. This does not imply that every individual lamp will do so, but that the short-life ones will be balanced by the long-life ones; with British lamps the precision and uniformity of manufacture now ensures that the spread of life is small, most individual lamps in service lasting more or just less than 1000 hours when used as they
are intended to be used.
In general, vacuum lamps, which are mainly of the tubular and fancy shapes, can be used in any position without affecting their performance. The ordinary pear-shaped
gas filled lamps are designed to be used in the cap-up position in which little or no blackening of the bulb becomes apparent in late life. The smaller sizes, up to 150 W, may be mounted horizontally or upside-down, but as the lamp ages in these positions the bulb becomes blackened immediately above the filament and absorbs some of the light. Also vibration may have a more serious effect on lamp life in these positions Over the 150 W size, burning in the wrong position leads to serious shortening of life.
1.1.1-Coiled - Coil lamps:
By double coiling of the filament in a lamp of given wattage a longer and thicker filament can be employed, and additional light output is obtained from the greater surface area of the coil, which is maintained at the same temperature thus avoiding sacrificing
life. The extra light obtained varies from 20 % in the 40 W size to 10 % in the 100 W
size.
1.1.2-Effect of voltage variation:
Filament lamps are very sensitive to voltage variation. A 5 % over-voltage halves lamp life due to over-running of the filament. A 5% under-voltage prolongs lamp life but leads to the lamp giving much less than its proper light output while still consuming nearly its rated wattage. The rated lamp voltage should correspond with the supply voltage. Complaints of short lamp life very often arise directly from the fact that mains voltage is on the high side of the declared value, possibly because the complainant
happens to live near a substation
1.1.3-Bulb finish:
In general, the most appropriate use for clear bulbs is in wattages of 200 and above in fittings where accurate control of light is required. Clear lamps afford a view of the intensely bright filament and are very glaring, besides giving rise to hard and sharp shadows. In domestic sizes, from 150 W downwards, the pearl lamp - which gives equal light output - is greatly to be preferred on account of the softness of the light produced. Even better in this respect are silica lamps; these are pearl lamps with an interior coating of silica powder which completely diffuses the light so that the whole bulb surface
appears equally bright, with a loss of 5% of light compared with pearl or clear lamps. Silica lamps are available in sizes from 40 - 200 W. Double life lamps compromise slightly in lumen output to provide a rated life of 2,000 hours.
1.1.4-Reflector lamps:
For display purposes reflector lamps are available in sizes of 25W to 150W. They have an internally mirrored bulb of parabolic section with the filament at its focus, and a
lightly or strongly diffusing front glass, so that the beam of light emitted is either wide or
fairly narrow according to type. The pressed-glass (PAR) type of reflector lamp gives
a good light output with longer life than a blown glass lamp. Since it is made of borosilicate glass, it can be used out-of-doors without protection
1.1.5- Tungsten halogen lamps:
The life of an incandescent lamp depends on the rate of evaporation of the filament, which is partly a function of its temperature and partly of the pressure exerted on it by the gas filling. Increasing the pressure slows the rate of evaporation and allows the filament to be run at a higher temperature thus producing more light for the same life.
If a smaller bulb is used, the gas pressure can be increased, but blackening of the bulb by tungsten atoms carried from the filament to it by the gas rapidly reduces light output. The addition of a very small quantity of a haline, iodine or bromine, to the gas filling overcomes this difficulty, as near the bulb wall at a temperature of about 300°C this combines with the free tungsten atoms to form a gas. The tungsten and the haline separate again when the gas is carried back to the filament by convection currents, so that
the haline is freed the cycle.
Tungsten halogen lamps have a longer life, give more light and are much smaller than their conventional equivalents, and since there is no bulb blackening, maintain their colour throughout their lives. Mains-voltage lamps of the tubular type should be operated within 5 degrees of the horizontal. A lOOOW tungsten halogen lamp gives 21 000 lm and has a life of 2000 hours. These lamps have all but replaced the largest sizes of g.I.s. lamps for floodlighting, etc. They are used extensively in the automotive industry. They
are also making inroads into shop display and similar areas in the form of 1 v. (12 V.) Single-ended dichroic lamps.
1.2-DISCHARGE LAMPS
Under normal circumstances, an electric current cannot flow through a gas. However, if electrodes are fused into the ends of a glass tube, and the tube is slowly pumped free of air, current does pass through at a certain low pressure. A faint red luminous column can be seen in the tube, proceeding from the positive electrode; at the negative electrode a weak glow is also just visible. Very little visible radiation is obtainable. But when the tube is filled with certains gases, definite luminous effects can be obtained. One important aspect of the gas discharge is the 'negative resistance characteristic '. This means that when the temperature of the material (in this case the gas) rises, its resistance decreases - which is the opposite of what occurs with an 'ohmic' resistance material such as copper. When a current passes through the gas, the temperature increases and its resistance decreases. This decrease in resistance causes a rise in the current strength which, if not limited or controlled in some way, will eventually cause a short circuit to take place. Thus, for all gas discharge lamps there is always a resistor, choke coil (or inductor) or leak transformer for limiting the circuit current. Though the gas-discharge lamp was known in the early days of electrical engineering, it was not until the 1930s that this type of lamb came onto the market in commercial quantities. There are two main types of electric discharge lamp:
( a) Cold cathode. ( b) Hot cathode.
1.2.1-Cold Cathode Lamp:
The cold-cathode lamp uses a high voltage (about 3.5 kV) for its operation. For general lighting purposes they are familiar as fluorescent tubes about 25mm in diameter, either straight, curved or bent to take a certain form. The power consumption is generally
about 8 W per 30 cm; the current taken is in milliamps. The electrodes of these lamps are not preheated. A more familiar type of cold-cathode lamp is the neon lamp used for sign and display lighting. Here the gas is neon which gives a reddish light when the electric discharge takes place in the tubes. Neon lamps are also available in very small sizes in the form of 'pygmy' lamps and as indicating lights on wiring accessories (switches and socket-outlets). This type of lamp operates on mains voltage. Neon signs operate on the high voltage produced by transformers.
1.2.2-Hot-Cathode Lamp:
The hot-cathode lamp is more common. In it, the electrodes are heated and it operates generally on a low or medium voltage. Some types of lamp have an auxiliary
electrode for starting.
The most familiar type of discharge lamp is the fluorescent lamp. It consists of a glass tube filled with mercury vapour at a low pressure. The electrodes are located at the ends of the tube. When the lamp is switched on, an arc- discharge excites a barely visible radiation, the greater part of which consists of ultra-violet radiation. The interior wall of the tube is coated with a fluorescent powder which consists of ultra-violet rays into visible radiation or light. The type of light (that is the colour range) is determined by the composition of the fluorescent powder. To assist starting. The mercury vapour is mixed with a small quantity of argon gas. The light produced by the fluorescent lamp varies from 45 to 55 lm/W. The colours available from the fluorescent lamp include a near daylight and a colour-corrected light for use where colours (of wool, paints, etc.) must be seen correctly. The practical application of this type of lamp includes the lighting of shops, domestic premises, factories, streets, ships, transport (buses), tunnels and coal-
mines.
The auxiliary equipment associated with the fluorescent circuit includes:
(a) The choke, which supplies a high initial voltage on starting (caused by the interruption of the inductive circuit), and also limits the current in the lamp when the
(b) The starter;
(c) The capacitor, which is fitted to correct or improve the power factor by neutralizing the inductive effect of the choke.
The so-called 'switch less' start fluorescent lamp does not require to be preheated. The lamp lights almost at once when the circuit switch is closed. An auto-transformer is used instead of a starting switch.
Mercury and Metal Halide Lamps:
The mercury spectrum has four well-defined lines in the visible area and two in the invisible ultra violet region. This u.v. radiation is used to excite fluorescence in certain phosphors, by which means some of the missing colours can be restored to the spectrum. The proportion of visible light to u.v. increases as the vapour pressure in the discharge tube so that colour correction is less effective in a high-pressure mercury lamp than in a low-pressure (fluorescent) tube.
High pressure mercury lamps are designed MBF and the outer bulb is coated with a fluorescent powder. MBF lamps are now commonly used in offices, shops and in door situations where previously they were considered unsuitable. Better colour rendering lamps have recently been introduced MBF de-luxe or MBF-DL lamps and are at presents lightly more expensive than ordinary MBF lamps.
A more fundamental solution to the problem of colour rendering is to add the halides of various metals to mercury in the discharge tube. In metal halide lamps
( designed MBI ) the number of spectral lines is so much increased that a virtually continuous emission of light is achieved, and colour rendering is thus much improved. The addition of fluorescent powders to the outer jacket (MBIF) still further improves the colour rendering properties of the lamp, which is similar. to that of a de luxe natural
Metal halide lamps are also made in a compact linear from for floodlighting (MBIL) in which case the enclosed floodlighting projector takes the place of the outer jacket and in a very compact form (CSI) with a short arc length which is used for projectors, and encapsulated in a pressed glass reflector, for long range floodlighting of sports arenas, etc. In addition, single-ended low wattage (typically 150 W) metal halide lamps (MBI-T) have been developed offering excellent colour rendering for display lighting, floodlighting and up lighting of commercial interiors.
No attempt should ever be made to keep an MB and MBF lamp in operation if the outer bulb becomes accidentally broken, for in these types the inner discharge tube of quartz does not absorb potentially dangerous radiations which are normally blocked by the outer glass bulb.
Sodium Lamps:
Low pressure sodium lamps give light which is virtually monochromatic; that is, they emit yellow light at one wavelength only, all other colours of light being absent. Thus white and yellow objects look yellow, and other colours appear in varying shades of
c
grey and black.
However, they have a very efficacy and are widely used for streets where the primary aim is to provide light for visibility at minimum cost; also for floodlighting where a yellow light is acceptable or preferred.
The discharge U-tube is contained within a vacuum glass jacket which conserves the heat and enables the metallic sodium in the tube to become sufficiently vaporized. The arc is initially struck in neon, giving a characteristic red glow; the sodium then becomes vaporised and takes over the discharge.
Sometimes leakage transformers are used to provide the relatively high voltage required for starting, and the lower voltage required as the lamp runs up to full brightness a process taking up to about 15 minutes. Modern practice is to use electronic ignitors to
start the lamp which then continues to operate on conventional choke ballast. A power- factor correction capacitor should be used on the mains side of the transformer primary.
A linear sodium lamp (SLI/H) with an efficacy of 150 lm/W is available and in the past was used for motorway lighting. The outer tube is similar to that of a fluorescent lamp and has an internal coating of indium to conserve heat in the arc. Mainly because of its size the SLI/H lamp has been replaced with the bigger versions of SOX lamps as
described above.
Metallic sodium may burn if brought into contact with moisture, therefore care is necessary when disposing of discarded sodium lamps; a sound plan is to break the lamps in a bucket in the open and pour water on them, then after a short while the residue can be disposed of in the ordinary way. The normal life of all sodium lamps has recently been increased to 4 000 hours with an objective average of 6 000 hours.
SON High-Pressure Sodium Lamps:
In this type of lamp, the vapour pressure in the discharge tube is raised resulting in a widening of the spectral distribution of the light, with consequent improvement in its colour-rendering qualities. Although still biassed towards the yellow, the light is quite acceptable for most general lighting purposes and allows colours to be readily distinguished. The luminous efficacy of these lamps is high, in the region of 1001 m per watt, and they consequently find a considerable application in industrial situations, for
street lighting in city centres and for floodlighting.
Three types of lamp are available; elliptical type (SON) in which the outer bulb is coated with a fine diffusing powder, intended for general lighting; a single-ended cylindrical type with a clear glass outer bulb, used for flood-lighting, (SON.T); and a double-ended tubular lamp (SON.TD) also designed for floodlighting and dimensioned so that it can be used in linear parabolic reflectors designed for tungsten halogen lamps. This type must always be used in an enclosed fitting.
The critical feature of the SON lamp is the discharge tube. This is made of sintered aluminium oxide to withstand the chemical action of hot ionized sodium vapour, a material that is very difficult to work. Recent research in this country has resulted in improved methods of sealing the electrodes into the tubes, leading to the production of lower lamp ratings, down to 50W, much extending the usefulness of the lamps.
Most types of lamps require some from of starting device which can take the form of an external electric pulse ignitor or an internal starter. At least one manufacturer offers a range of EPS lamps with internal starters and another range that can be used as direct replacements for MBF lamps of similar rating. They may require small changes in respect of ballast tapping, values of p.f. correction capacitor and upgrading of the wiring insulation to withstand the starting pulse voltage. Lamps with internal starters may take up to 20 minutes to restart where lamps with electronic ignition allow hot restart in about
1 minute.
Considerable research is being made into the efficacy and colour rendering properties of these lamps and improvements continue to be introduced.
Recent developments have led to the introduction of SON deluxe or DL lamps. At the expense of some efficacy and a small reduction in life far better colour rendering has been obtained. They are increasingly being used in offices and shops as well as for
industrial applications
1.3-UL TRA - VIOLET LAMPS
The invisible ultra-violet portion of the spectrum extends for an appreciable distance beyond the limit of the visible spectrum. The part of the u.v. spectrum which is near the visible spectrum is referred to as the near u.v. region. The next portion is known
as the middle u.v. region and the third portion as the far u.v. region. 'Near' u.v. rays are used for exciting fluorescence on the stage, in discos, etc.
'Middle' u.v. rays are those which are most effective in therapeutics. 'Far' u.v. rays are applied chiefly in the destruction of germs, though they also have other applications in biology and medicine, and to excite the phosphors in fluorescent tubes.
Apart from their use in the lamps themselves fluorescent phosphors are used in paints and dyes to produce brighter colours than can be obtained by normal reflection of light from a coloured surface. These paints and dyes can be excited by the use of fluorescent tubes coated with phosphors that emit near ultra violet to reinforce that from the discharge. They may be made of clear glass in which case some of the visible radiation from the arc is also visible, or of black 'Woods' glass which absorbs almost all of it. When more powerful and concentrated sources of u. v. are required, as for example, on stage, 125W and 175W MB lamps with 'Woods' glass outer envelopes are used.
Since the 'black light' excites fluorescence in the vitreous humour of the human eye, it becomes a little difficult to see clearly, and objects are seen through a slight haze. The effect is quite harmless and disappears as soon as the observer's eyes are no longer irradiated.
Although long wave u.v. is harmless, that which occurs at about 3000nm is not, and it can cause severe burning of the skin and 'snow blindness'. Wavelengths in this region, which are present in all mercury discharge, are completely absorbed by the ordinary soda lime glass of which the outer bulbs of high pressure lamps and fluorescent tubes are made, but they can penetrate quartz glass. A germicidal tube is made in the 30W size and various types of high pressure mercury discharge lamps are made for scientific purposes. It cannot to be too strongly emphasised that these short-wave sources of light should not be looked at with the naked eye. Ordinary glass spectacles (although not always those with plastics lenses) afford sufficient protection.
Note that if the outer jacket of an MBF or MBI lamp is accidentally broken, the discharge tube may continue to function for a considerable time. Since short-wave u.v. as well as the other characteristic radiation will be produced these lamps can be injurious to health and should not be left in circuit.
1.4FLOURESCENT LAMP
A fluorescent lamp or fluorescent tube is a gas-discharge lamp that uses electricity to excite mercury vapor in argon or neon gas, resulting in a plasma that produces short- wave ultraviolet light. This light then causes a phosphor to fluoresce, producing visible
light.
Unlike incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps always require a ballast to regulate the flow of power through the lamp. In common tube fixtures (typically 4 ft (122 cm) or 8 ft (244 cm) in length), the ballast is enclosed in the fixture. Compact fluorescent light bulbs may have a conventional ballast located in the fixture or they may have ballasts integrated in the bulbs, allowing them to be used in lampholders normally used for
incandescent lamps.
1.4.1-Electrical aspects of operation
Fluorescent lamps are negative differential resistance devices, so as more current flows through them, the electrical resistance of the fluorescent lamp drops, allowing even more current to flow. Connected directly to a constant-voltage mains power line, a fluorescent lamp would rapidly self-destruct due to the uncontrolled current flow. To prevent this, fluorescent lamps must use an auxiliary device, a ballast, to regulate the current flow through the tube; and to provide a higher voltage for starting the lamp.
While the ballast could be (and occasionally is) as simple as a resistor, substantial power is wasted in a resistive ballast so ballasts usually use an inductor instead. For operation from AC mains voltage, the use of simple magnetic ballast is common. In countries that use 120 V AC mains, the mains voltage is insufficient to light large fluorescent lamps so the ballast for these larger fluorescent lamps is often a step-up
autotransformer with substantial leakage inductance (so as to limit the current flow). Either form of inductive ballast may also include a capacitor for power factor correction.
In the past, fluorescent lamps were occasionally run directly from a DC supply of sufficient voltage to strike an arc. The ballast must have been resistive rather than reactive, leading to power losses in the ballast resistor (a resistive ballast would dissipate about as much power as the lamp). Also, when operated directly from DC, the polarity of the supply to the lamp must be reversed every time the lamp is started; otherwise, the mercury accumulates at one end of the tube. Fluorescent lamps are essentially never operated directly from DC; instead, an inverter converts the DC into AC and provides the current-limiting function .
1.4.2-Advantages
Fluorescent lamps are more efficient than incandescent light bulbs of an equivalent brightness. This is because a greater proportion of the power used is converted to usable light and a smaller proportion is converted to heat, allowing fluorescent lamps to run cooler. A typical 100 Watt tungsten filament incandescent lamp may convert only 10% of its power input to visible white light, whereas typical fluorescent lamps convert about 22% of the power input to visible white light - see the table in the luminous efficacy article. Typically a fluorescent lamp will last between 10 to 20 times as long as an equivalent incandescent lamp when operated several hours at a time. Consumer experience suggests that the lifetime is much lower when operated for very short frequent intervals.
1.4.3-Disadvantages
Health issues
If a fluorescent lamp is broken, mercury can contaminate the surrounding environment. A 1987 report described a 23-month-old toddler hospitalized due to mercury poisoning traced to a carton of 8-foot fluorescent lamps that had broken. The glass was cleaned up and discarded, but the child often used the area for play.
Elimination of fluorescent lighting is appropriate for several conditions. In addition to causing headache and fatigue, 8 and problems with light sensitivity, they are listed as problematic for individuals with epilepsy, lupus, chronic fatigue syndrome, and vertigo
1.4.3.1-Ballasts:
Fluorescent lamps require a ballast to stabilize the lamp and to provide the initial striking voltage required to start the arc discharge. This increases the cost of fluorescent light fixtures, though often one ballast is shared between two or more lamps. Electromagnetic ballasts with a minor fault can produce an audible humming or buzzing
noise.
1.4.3.2-Power factor
Simple inductive fluorescent lamp ballasts have a power factor of less than unity. Inductive ballasts include power factor correction capacitors.
1.4.3.3-Power harmonics
Fluorescent lamps are a non-linear load and generate harmonics on the electrical power supply. This can generate radio frequency noise in some cases. Suppression of harmonic generation is standard practice, but imperfect. Very good suppression is possible, but adds to the cost of the fluorescent fixtures.
1.4.3.4-0ptimum operating temperature
Fluorescent lamps operate best around room temperature (say, 20 °C or 68 °F). At much lower or higher temperatures, efficiency decreases and at low temperatures (below freezing) standard lamps may not start. Special lamps may be needed for reliable service outdoors in cold weather. A "cold start" electrical circuit was also developed in the mid-
1970s.
Fluorescent light fixtures cannot be connected to a standard dimmer switch used for incandescent lamps. Two effects are responsible for this: the waveshape of the voltage emitted by a standard phase-control dimmer interacts badly with many ballasts and it becomes difficult to sustain an arc in the fluorescent tube at low power levels. Many installations require 4-pin fluorescent lamps and compatible dimming ballasts for
successful fluorescent dimming.
2-TYPE OF CiRCUiT BREAKER
2.1-MCCB
2.1.1-Application
The current limiting MCCB Superior series is suitable for circuit protection in individual enclosures, switchboards, lighting and power panels as well as motor-control centers. The MCCB is designed to protect systems against overload and short circuits up to 65kA with the full range of accessories.
2.1.2-Mechanisrn
The MCCB Superior series is designed to be trip-free. This applies when the breaker contacts open under overload and short circuit conditions and even if the breaker handle is held at the ON position. To eliminate single phasing, should an overload or short circuit occur on any one phase, a common trip mechanism will disconnect all phase contacts of a
multipole breaker.
2.1.3-Material
The Superior series circuit breakers' housing is made of BMC material, which is unbreakable and has a very high dielectric strength, to ensure the highest level of insulation. The same material is also used to segregate the live parts in between the
phases.
2.1.4-Accessories
To enhance the Superior series MCCB, internal and external modules can be fitted
onto the breaker. They are as follows:
• shunt trip coil • undervoltage release • auxiliary switch • alarm switch • motorized switch • rotary handle
• plug-in kit (draw-out unit) • auxiliary & alarm switch
2.1.5-THE TECHNOLOGY of TRIPPING DEVICES
2.1.5.1-MCCB Arc Chamber
The MCCB arc chamber is specially designed with an arc channel as a flow guide to improve the capability of extinguishing the arc and reducing the arc distance.
Mounting screws are used to insert thread nuts in the MCCB base. The cover can withstand high electromagnetic force during a short-circuit; this prevents the MCCB cover from tearing off. This is an improvement over self-taping screw of other models.
2.1.5.2-Fixed Contact
The MCCB fixed contact does not have any mounting screws near the contact points. A steel screw can generate heat and the magnetic flux surrounding the conductor carrying the current can create a very high temperature. If a short-circuit occurs, it will cause the contact points to be welded or melted.
2.1.5.3-Materials
The base and cover of the MCCB are made of a specially formulated material, i.e. bold moulded compound (BMC). It has a high-impact thermal strength, fire resistant and capable of withstanding high electromagnetic forces that occur during a short-circuit. Majority MCCB manufacturers in the market use pheonolic compounds with less electrical and mechanical strength.
2.1.5.4-Repulsive Force
An electromagnetic repulsive force is where the force works between acurrent of the movable conductor and a current (I) in the reversed direction of the fixed conductor. This is an improvement of the electromagnetic force during breaking over other models.
Time-delay operation occurs when an overcurrent heats and warps the bimetal to actuate the trip bar.
2.1.5.6-Proper MCCB for Protection
It is very important to select and apply the right MCCB for a long lasting and rouble free operation in a power system. The right selection requires a detailed understanding of the complete system and other influencing factors. The factors for selecting a MCCB are as follows:
1) nominal current rating of the MCCB 2 ) fault current Icu, Ics
3 ) other accessories required 4 ) number of poles
2.1.5.7-Nominal Current
To determine the nominal current of a MCCB, it is dependent on the full load current rating of the load and the scope of load enhancement in future.
2.1.5.8-Fault Current Icu, ks
It is essential to calculate precisely the fault current that the MCCB will have to clear for a healthy and trouble-free life of the system down stream. The level of fault current at a specific point in a power system depends on following factors:
a ) transformer size in KV A and the impedance
b ) type of supply system
c ) the distance between the transformer and the fault location
d ) size and material of conductors and devices in between the transformer and the fault location
2.2-MCB
MCBs are miniature circuit breakers with optimum protection facilities of overcurrent only.These are manufactured for fault level of up to lOKA only with operating current range of 0.5 to 63 Amps (the ranges are fixed), single,double and three pole verson.These are used for smaller loads -electronic circuits,house wiring etc.
MCCBs are Moulded case Circuit breakers,with protection facilities of overcurrent, earth fault.it has a variable range of 50% to 100% operating current.They can be wired for remote as well as local operation both.They are manufactured for fault levels of 16KA to 50KA and operating current range of 25A to 630Amps.They are used for aplication related with larger power flow requirement.
2.3-RCD
A
residual current device (RCD), or residual current circuit breaker (RCCB),
is an electrical wiring device that disconnects a circuit whenever it detects that the electric current is not balanced between the phase ("hot") conductor and the neutral conductor. Such an imbalance is sometimes caused by current leakage through the body of a person who is grounded and accidentally touching the energized part of the circuit. A lethal shock can result from these conditions; RCDs are designed to disconnect quickly enough to mitigate the harm caused by such shocksPurpose and operation
RCDs operate by measuring the current balance between two conductors using a differential current transformer, and opening the device's contacts if there is a balance fault (i.e. sufficient difference in current between the line conductor and the neutral conductor). More generally (single phase, three phase, etc.) RCDs operate by detecting a nonzero sum of currents, i.e. the current in the "live" (line) conductor plus that in the "neutral" conductor must equal zero (within some small tolerance), otherwise there is a leakage of current to somewhere else (to earth/ground, or to another circuit, etc.). In the United States, the National Electrical Code, requires GFCI devices intended to protect people to interrupt the circuit if the leakage current exceeds a range of 4-6 mA of current (the exact trip setting can be chosen by the manufacturer of the device and is typically 5 mA) within 25 milliseconds. GFCI devices which protect equipment (not people) are allowed to trip as high as 30 mA of current. In Europe, the commonly used RCDs have trip currents of 10-300 mA.
RCDs are designed to prevent electrocution by detecting the leakage current, which can be far smaller (typically 5-30 mA milliamperes) than the trigger currents needed to operate conventional circuit breakers, which are typically measured in amperes. RCDs are intended to operate within 25-40 milliseconds, before electric shock can drive the heart into ventricular fibrillation, the most common cause of death through electric shock.
Residual current detection is complementary to, rather than a replacement for, conventional over-current detection, as residual current detection cannot provide protection for faults which do not involve an external leakage current, for example faults that pass the current directly from one side of the circuit through the victim to the other. Notably, RCDs do not provide protection against overloads or short circuits between phase (live, hot, line) and neutral or phase to phase.
RCDs with trip currents as high as 500 mA are sometimes deployed in environments (such as computing centers) where a lower threshold would carry an unacceptable risk of accidental trips. These high-current RCDs serve more as an additional fire-safety protection than as an effective protection against the risks of electrical shocks.
In some countries, two-wire (ungrounded) outlets may be replaced with three-wire GFCis to protect against electrocution, and a grounding wire does not need to be supplied to that GFCI, but it must be tagged as such (the GFCI manufacturers provide tags for the appropriate installation description).
Types
A Residual Current Breaker with Overload (RCBO) is a combination of an RCD and a miniature circuit breaker (MCB).
In Europe RCDs can fit on the same DIN rail as the MCBs, however the busbar arrangements in consumer units and distribution boards can make it awkward to use them in this way. If it is desired to protect an individual circuit an RCBO (Residual-current Circuit Breaker with Overcurrent protection) can be used. This incorporates an RCD and a miniature circuit breaker in one device.
It is common to install an RCD in a consumer unit in what is known as a split load configuration where one group of circuits is just on the main switch (or time delay RCD in the case of a TT earth) and another group is on the RCD.
Electrical plugs which incorporate an RCD are sometimes installed on appliances which might be considered to pose a particular safety hazard, for example long extension leads which might be used outdoors or garden equipment or hair dryers which may be used near a tub orsink. Occasionally an in-line RCD may be used to serve a similar function to one in a plug. By putting the RCD in the extension lead you provide protection at whatever outlet is used even if the building has old wiring.
Electrical sockets with included RCDs are becoming common. In the U.S. these are required by law in wet areas (See National Electrical Code (US) for details.)
In North America, RCD ("GFCI") sockets are usually of the decora size (a size that harmonizes outlets and switches, so that there is no difference in size between an outlet cover and a switch cover). For example, using the decora size outlets, RCD outlets can be
mixed with regular outlets or with switches in a multigang box with a standard cover
RCDs may be obtained that have different behaviours if the circuit they are protecting is de-energised.
One type will trip on power failure and not re-make the circuit when the circuit is re- energised. This type is know as non-latching or active
Another type will re-make the circuit when the circuit is re-energised. This type is know as latching or passive
The first type are used when the power-drawing equipment is regarded as a safety hazard if it is unexpectedly re-energised after a power failure e.g. lawn-mowers and hedge trimmers.
The second type may be used on equipment where unexpected re-energisation after a power failure is not a hazard. An example may be the use of an RCD on a circuit providing power to a food freezer, where having to reset an RCD after a power failure may be inconvenient.
2.3.1-Main characteristics
The following key parameters determine the RCD:
Number of poles [2P or 3P or 4P]
Rated current [in A]
Sensitivity [in mA]
Type [AC or A or BJ
Break time [in ms]
Surge current resistance [in A]
2.3.2- Number of poles (2P, 3P or 4P]
RCDs may comprise one or two poles for use on single phase supplies (two current paths), three poles for use on three phase supplies (three current paths) or four poles for
n RCD is chosen according to the maximum sustained load current :Dis connected in series with, and downstream of a circuit-breaker, th items shall be the same).
11A]
xessed as the rated residual operating current, noted Lin. Preferred ied by the IEC, thus making it possible to divide RCDs into three ieir I~n value.
6 - 10 - 30 mA (for direct-contact I life injury protection),
IS): 100 - 300 - 500 - 1000 mA (for fire protection),
3 - 10 - 30 A (typically for protection of machines).
mind that nameplate rating and real trip current are not necessarily e UK 30mA RCDs must trip at an imbalance current lower than
(General requirements for residual current operated protective types of RCD depending on the characteristics of the fault current.
rich tripping is ensured for residual sinusoidal alternating currents.
.h tripping is ensured: alternating currents,
lirect currents,
lirect currents superimposed by a smooth direct current of 0.006 A, angle control, independent of the polarity.
h tripping is ensured:
t\,
for residual sinusoidal currents superposed by a pure direct current,
for pulsating direct currents superposed by apure direct current,
for residual currents which may result from rectifying circuits, i.e.:
three pulse star connection or six pulse bridge connection,
two pulse bridge connection line-to-line with or without phase-angle monitoring, independently of the polarity.
2.3.6-Break time [in ms]
There are two groups of devices:
G (general use) for instantaneous RCDs (i.e. without a time delay)
Minimum break time: immediate.
Maximum break time: 200 ms for lx I&l, 150 ms for 2x
Izxn,
and 40 ms for 5x Mn;S (selective) or T (time delayed) for RCDs with a short time delay (typically used in circuits containing surge suppressors).
Minimum break time: 130 ms for lx IL1n, 60 ms for 2x IL1n, and 50 ms for 5x IL1n.
Maximum break time: 500 ms for lx IL'.1n, 200 ms for 2x Mn, and 150 ms for 5x IL1n;
2.3.7-Surge current resistance (in
Al
Peak current an RCD is designed to withstand (8/20 µs impulse). The IEC 61008 and IEC 61009 standards impose the use of a 0.5 µs/ 100 kHz damped oscillator wave (ring wave) to test the ability of residual current protection devices to withstand operational discharges with a peak current equal to 200 A. With regard to atmospheric discharges, IEC 61008 and 61009 standards establish the 8/20 µs surge current test with 3000 A peak current but limit the requirement to RCDs classified as Selective.
2.4-CONT ACTOR
A contactor is an electrically controlled switch (relay) used for switching a power circuit. A contactor is activated by a control input which is a lower voltage I current than that which the contactor is switching. Contactors come in many forms with varying capacities and features. Unlike a circuit breaker a contactor is not intended to interrupt a short circuit current.
Contactors range from having a breaking current of several amps and 110 volts to
thousands of amps and many kilovolts. The physical size of contactors ranges from a few inches to the size of a small car.
Contactors are used to control electric motors, lighting, heating, capacitor banks, and other electrical loads
Contactors are used to control electric motors, lighting, heating, capacitor banks, and other electrical loads
2.4.1-Construction
A contactor is composed of three different systems. The contact system is the current carrying part of the contactor. This includes Power Contacts, Auxiliary Contacts, and Contact Springs. The electromagnet system provides the driving force to close the contacts. The enclosure system is a frame housing the contact and the electromagnet. Enclosures are made of insulating materials like Bakelite, Nylon 6, and thermosetting plastics to protect and insulate the contacts and to provide some measure of protection against personnel touching the contacts. Open-frame contactors may have a further enclosure to protect against dust, oil, explosion hazards and weather.
Contactors used for starting electric motors are commonly fitted with overload protection to prevent damage to their loads. When an overload is detected the contactor is tripped, removing power downstream from the contactor.
Some contactors are motor driven rather than relay driven and high voltage contactors (greater than 1000 volts) often have arc suppression systems fitted (such as a vacuum or an inert gas surrounding the contacts).
Magnetic blowouts are sometimes used to increase the amount of current a contactor can
successfully break. The magnetic field produced by the blowout coils force the electric arc to lengthen and move away from the contacts. The magnetic blowouts in the pictured Albright contactor more than double the current it can break from 600 Amps to 1500 Amps.
Sometimes an Economizer circuit is also installed to reduce the power required to keep a contactor closed. A somewhat greater amount of power is required to initially close a contactor than is required to keep it closed thereafter. Such a circuit can save a substantial amount of power and allow the energized coil to stay cooler. Economizer circuits are nearly always applied on direct-current contactor coils and on large alternating current contactor coils.
Contactors are often used to provide central control of large lighting installations, such as an office building or retail building. To reduce power consumption in the contactor coils, two coil latching contactors are used. One coil, momentarily energized, closes the power circuit contacts; the second opens the contacts.
A basic contactor will have a coil input (which may be driven by either an AC or DC supply depending on the contactor design) and generally a minimum of two poles which are controlled.
2.4.2-0perating Principle
Unlike general-purpose relays, contactors are designed to be directly connected to high- current load devices, not other control devices. Relays tend to be of much lower capacity and are usually designed for both Normally Closed and Normally Open applications. Devices switching more than 15 amperes or in circuits rated more than a few kilowatts are usually called contactors. Apart from optional auxiliary low current contacts, contactors are almost exclusively fitted with Normally Open contacts.
When current passes through the electromagnet, a magnetic field is produced which attracts ferrous objects, in this case the moving core of the contactor is attracted to the stationary core. Since there is an air gap initially, the electromagnet coil draws more current initially until the cores meet and reduct the gap, increasing the inductive impedance of the circuit.
For contactors energized with alternating current, a small part of the core is surrounded with a shading coil, which slightly delays the magnetic flux in the core. The effect is to average out the alternating pull of the magnetic field and so prevent the core from buzzing at twice line frequency.
Most motor control contactors at low voltages (600 volts and less) are "air break" contactors, since ordinary air surrounds the contacts and extinguishes the arc when interrupting the circuit. Modem medium-voltage motor controllers use vacuum contactors.
Motor control contactors can be fitted with short-circuit protection (fuses or circuit breakers), disconnecting means, overload relays and an enclosure to make a combination starter. In large industrial plants many contactors may be assembled in motor control centers.
2.4.3-Ratings
Contactors are rated by designed load current per contact (pole), maximum fault
withstand current, duty cycle, voltage, and coil voltage. A general purpose motor control contactor may be suitable for heavy starting duty on large motors; so-called "definite purpose" contactors are carefully adapted to such applications as air-conditioning compressor motor starting. North American and European ratings for contactors follow different philosophies, with North American contactors generally emphasizing simplicity of application while European rating philosophy emphasizes design for the intended life cycle of the application. A contactor basically consists of two parts; signaling and actual.
A motor rated contactor (AC3) would be better than a relay (ACl) because of arc suppression design for inductive loads. Relays generally don't have arc suppression (arcing plates). That is what pitting on the contact surface is caused by. For arduous starting conditions, use AC4 ratings.
2.5-MDRC
2.5.1-Technical properties:
The 16 A Switch Actuators are modular installation devices in
proM
designfor installation in the distribution board on 35 mm mounting rails. The connection to the ABB i-bus® EIB I KNX is implemented via a Bus Connection
Terminal.
The 2-, 4- and 8-fold switch actuators feature a load current detection on every output. A separate external voltage supply for the actuator is not required. The actuators switch up to 12 independent electrical loads via potential free contacts. The outputs are connected using screw terminals with combination drive head screws. Each output is controlled and monitored separately via
the EIB I KNX.
The switch actuators can be manually operated via an operating element which simultaneously indicates the switch status.
The actuators are particularly suitable for switching loads with high peak inrush currents such as fluorescent lighting with compensation capacitors or fluorescent lamp loads
The programming requires the EIB Software Tool ETS2 VI .3 or higher. If the ETS3 is used a ". VD3"
type file must be imported.
The application program is located within the ETS2 I ETS3 in the category ABB/output/Binary
output, x-fold/switch, xf16S/1 (x
=
2, 4, 8 or 12, number of outputs, S=
current detection)2.5.2Wiring diagram
SAIS x.16.SS
~ I.r.
~
f.i.I.I.
I.I.I.I.
I.f.r.r,
I' .
Iii ... ·.·~.· .. ·.···.·' ..I llillifi
1 Label carrier S Contact position indicatior
2 Programming button and manual operation
3 Programming LED 6 Load current circuits,
4 Bus Connection Terminal per circuit 2 connection terminals
'
1) For multiple element lamps or other types the number of electronic ballasts must be determined using the peak inrush current
of the electronic ballasts.
2.5.3-12 Channel 10 Amp Adaptive
SCH1210
2.5.3.1-Source Controller
2.5.3.1.1-Features
12 x 10 Amp fully rated iCAN™ programmable and adaptive source controller module 128 scene memory
Auto Senses for load type, and suitable for resistive, inductive and capacitive loads
Complete with iProtect TM lamp protection and auto short circuit protection
Multiple choice of circuit protection and security door to MCBs Fail to full safety feature
iCAN™ network inputs Audio Visual Port (RS485) Optional: DMX512 input Panic/fire alarm input
CE compliant to all relevant standards Future proof with FLASH memory
Designed and manufactured to IS09001 :2000 standards
2.5.3.1.2-0verview
This 12 x 10 amp source controller is designed to provide scene set dimming of lighting loads that require either leading or trailing edge dimming. This FET based adaptive dimmer automatically detects the type of load connected to it and adopts the appropriate dimming method. It is suitable for resistive, inductive and capacitive loads. In the event of reactive loads being detected, it uses patented circuitry to protect both itself and the connected load. With a 128 scene integral memory this device offers multiple control options to meet the most demanding specifications.
The device is complete with dynamic voltage and current monitoring. This facility provides short circuit protection, and protects the lamps from thermal shock and so extends the lamp life. It is completely silent in operating mode when using trailing edge dimming. In addition to the iCANnet™ connectivity,
it also has anaudio visual port and auxiliary, as well as a DMX512 optional input. The versatility and adaptability of this product makes it the perfect device for hotel ballrooms, museums, visitor centres, entertainment venues, and as part of large integrated systems. This compact HF Ballast controller is a 12 channel device that provides 12 switched power circuits with 12 channels of scene set dimming for 1-10 volt, Tridonic DSI or DALI digital HF Fluorescent ballasts. Its 10 Amp power relays make it suitable for independent non-dimmable loads as well.
In addition to the iCANnet™ connectivity, it also has an audio visual port. It is suitable for controlling other 0-10 volt devices, such as a motorised Iris in a projector and 0-10 and DSI I DALI controlled transformers, and cold cathode. It is typically used on its own in medium to larger spaces that need manageable and controlled light, such as open plan offices, auditoria circulation lobbies, or as part of a comprehensive network in large building complexes.
2.5.3.1.3-Electrical
Maximum Load: 40 Amp three phase @ 40°C
Maximum Channel Current: 10 Amp Supply: 415/230 volts-/+ 10% 50/60 Hz (optionally, 220/127 volt 60 Hz)
Protection: 10 Amp MCBs Type C, 6KA rated plus internal electronic short circuit protection
Options
SCA1210S - Single pole
SCA1210N - Neutral disconnect SCA1210D - Double pole
2.5.3.1.4-Load Types:
Incandescent 230 volt lamps, low voltage inductive lamps (wire wound or electronic) Low voltage electronic (capacitive), cold cathode
1-10 volts HF Fluorescent, 100 per channel, 1200 per unit.
Tridonic DSI HF Fluorescent Ballast, 64 per channel, 128 per unit. Broadcast DALI HF Fluorescent Ballast, 64 per channel, 128 per unit. 0-10 volt Iris control (20K Ohm input)
1-10 volt Multi-Load transformers 1000 (Control only)
2.5.3.1.5-Dimmed Outputs:
12 x 1-10 volts at 0.1 Amp sink current per channel
12 x Tridonic DSI outputs (uses electronic power switching in ballasts) 12 x DALI outputs (uses electronic power switching in ballasts) The output types above are selectable within iCANedit for each circuit Minimum Load: 20 watts per channel
Dimmed Outputs: 2 x 45 Amp FET's per circuit Switched Outputs:
12 x 230v 10 Amp (inductive or resistive)
The Dimmed outputs may be configured as switches for non-dimmed loads. They require a minimum load of 30mA for them to latch.
Before connecting discharge lamps, consult the iLight™ help desk
2.5.3.1.6-Terminal Sizes:
Incoming supply, max' cable size: 10mm2
Ballast output, max' cable size: 12 pairs x 2.5mm2
Loads, max' cable size: 1 x 4mm2 or 2 x 2.5mm2 per circuit iCANnet™ cable size: 5 x 1 mm2
Audio Visual Port: RS485 2 x lmm2 Panic/fire alarm input: 2 x 1 mm2
2.5.3.1. 7-Memory:
RASH memory to be able to upgrade firmware EEPROM for 128 scene memory
Fade Times: 0.1 seconds to 60 minutes Mains Stabilisation: 50: 1
Other Adaptive Source Controllers: SCA0410 and SCMA0402
Notes: Where control of HF ballasts for fluorescent lighting is required. Refer to the SCH0410S, SCH1210S, or SCH1200T. For further information on load compatibility, please refer to the iLight ™ technical binder.
2.5.3.1.8-Mechanical
Weight: 18kg
UK Version - Mains Cable Access: 12 x 25mm and 1 x PG29 knockouts Control Cable Access: 1 x 25mm knockout EURO Version - Mains Cable Access:
12 x PG16 and 1 x PG29 knockouts Control Cable Access: 1 x PG 16 knockout
2.5.3.1.9-Climate Range:
Temperature: +2°C to +40°C
Humidity: +5 to 95% non condensing
Temperature Monitor: This unit is complete with thermal monitoring. Should it over-heat the unit will automatically switch off
2.5.3.1.10-Control Inputs:
Two sets of terminals for the iCANnet™ network Suitable for CA T5 FTP
One RJ12 socket for the programming iCANnet™ network One set of terminals for the Audio Visual Port, RS485 One set of terminals for the panic/fire alarm input
Optional: DMX512 input card (add X to the end of the part number) Optional: DMX512 input card (add X to the end of the part number)
Typical Schematic:
CONTROLLER SOURCESOURCE CONTROLLER CONTROL PANEL iCANnet"'' (CAT5-fTP)
2.5.4-4 Channel 10 Amp HF Ballast
2.5.4.lSource Controller
SCH0410
2.5.4.1.1-Features
40 Amp total box load on 4 circuits 1-10 volt, DSI and DALI ballasts 128 Scene Memory
Multiple choice of circuit protection Security door for MCBs
Fail to full safety feature iCAN™ network inputs Audio Visual Port (RS485) Panic/Fire alarm input
Emergency Lighting Terminals CE compliant to all relevant standards Future proof with FLASH memory
Designed and manufactured to IS09001 :2000 standards
2.5.4.1.2-0verview
This compact HF Ballast controller is a 4 channel device that provides 4 switched power circuits with 4 channels of scene set dimming for 1-10 volt, Tridonic DSI or DALI digital HF Fluorescent ballasts. Its 10 Amp power relays make it suitable for independent non- dimmable loads as well.
In addition to the iCANnet™ connectivity, it also has an audio visual port. It is suitable for controlling other 0-10 volt devices, such as a motorised Iris in a projector and 0-10 and DSI I DALI controlled transformers and cold cathode. It is typically used on its own in small areas that need manageable and controlled light, such as meeting rooms, cinema and entrance lobbies, or as part of a comprehensive network in large building complexes.
2.5.4.1.3-Mechanical
Weight: 4kg
Mains Cable Access: 4 x 25mm, 4 x P16 and 1 x PG21 knockouts Control Cable Access: 1 x 25mm and 1 x PG 16 knockouts
Climate Range:
Temperature: +2°C to +40°C
Humidity: +5 to 95% non condensing
2.5.4.1.4-Control Inputs:
Two sets of terminals for the iCANnet™ network. Suitable for CA TS Ff P
One RJ12 socket for programming iCANnet™ network One set of terminals for the Audio Visual Port, RS485 One set of terminals for the panic/fire alarm input
2.5.4.1.5-Electrical
Maximum Load: 40 Amp single phase @ 40°c
Maximum Channel Current: 10 Amp Supply: 230 volts -/+ 10% 50/60 Hz (optionally, 127 volt 60 Hz)
Protection: 10 amp MCBs Type C, 6KA rated
2.5.4.1.6-0ptions:
SCH0410S - Single pole
SCH0410N - Neutral disconnect SCH0410D - Double pole*
2.5.4.1.7-Load Types:
1-10 volts HF Fluorescent, 100 per channel. Tridonic DSI HF Fluorescent Ballast, 32 per channel. DALI HF Fluorescent Ballast (Broadcast mode only), 32 per channel, max 28 per unit. 0-10 volt Iris control (20K Ohm input). 1-10 volt Multi-Load transformers 1000 (Control only)
2.5.4.1.8-Dimmed Outputs:
4 x 1-10 volts at 0.1 Amp sink current per channel
4 x Tridonic DSI outputs (uses electronic power switching in ballasts) 4 x DALI outputs (uses electronic power switching in ballasts)
The output types above are selectable within iCANedit for each circuit
2.5.4.1.9-Switched Outputs:
4 x 230v 10 Amp (inductive or resistive)
2.5.4.1.10-Terminal Sizes:
Incoming supply, max' cable size: 10mm2 Ballast output, max' cable size: 4 pairs x 2.5mm2
Loads, max' cable size: 1 x 4mm2 or 2 x 2.5mm2 per circuit iCANnet™ cable size: 5 x lmm2
Audio Visual Port: RS485 2 x lmm2 Panic/fire alarm input: 2 x 1 mm2
2.5.4.1.11-Memory:
FLASH memory to be able to upgrade firmware EEPROM for 128 scene memory
Fade Times: 0.1 seconds to 60 minutes
Other HF Ballast controllers: SCH1210, SCH1220, SCMH0410 and the SCH 1200T
2.5.5-Classic Series Control Panels
2.5.5.1-Features
Designed to match Wandsworth Series 2 or Series 3 metal Panels with 15 finishes available
Other special finishes to order
Up to 10 buttons per panel (single gang) or 20 buttons (double gang) Buttons have integral indication of active button
Choice of red (standard) or blue ( optional) button illumination All button functions are programmable
Engraving options on buttons or plate
Hidden RJl 2 programming socket or IR receiver option Keyswitch option
Eeprom program and sequence memory CE compliant to all relevant standards Future proof with FLASH memory Designed and manufactured to IS09001 :2000 standards
2.5.5.2-0verview
These control panels provide the interface between the user and the remote dimmer. Installed in a standard single gang UK style electrical wallbox connected to the dimmer by L V cable, these versatile units can be installed in any chosen position to suit the layout. These single gang control panels dim the lighting intensity as the user slides them. Control Panels perform a number of tasks. Their buttons allow users to select lighting scenes, raise or lower levels, or select any other programmed system function. If the Program function is set, they allow lighting scenes to be programmed locally, and their RJ12 socket, when connected to a suitable iCANsoft™ computer, allows full remote access to the whole iCANnet™ network. It is possible to have more than one control panel in an area. When used in this way the indicators in the buttons will show which function is selected in the area irrespective of which control panel activated it.
2.5.5.3-Technical Specification
2.5.5.3.1-Mechanical
UK Version
Control Cable Access: as standard 35mm deep wallbox - not provided Climate Range:
Temperature: +2°C to +40°C
Humidity: +5 to 95% non condensing Control Inputs:
One set of terminals for the iCANnet™ network
Suitable for CA TS FfP Button Functions Scene selection Scene raise/lower Channel raise/lower Toggle on/off Toggle raise/lower True off
Open/close (for curtains or blinds) Raise/lower (for motorized screens) Task (start/stop a sequence)
Program (to record a scene locally)
2.5.5.3.2-Electrical Data
Supply: +12V (via iCANnet™ cable) Terminal Sizes:
iCANnet™ cable size: 5 x lmm2
2.5.5.3.3-Memory:
FLASH memory to be able to upgrade firmware EEPROM for program and sequence memory
2.6-MINI TOUCHSCREEN
2.6.1-0verview
The LCD touch screen is a flexible device which provides an intuitive "user friendly" method of interfacing to the iCAN control system. The LCD touch screen provides virtually a limitless flexibility of system configuration and control. It is completely software based, and programs can be tailored to suit the precise needs of the user. The touch screen can also be used to provide control of other integrated systems such as audio, curtains, blinds and heating.
The TSC30 incorporates fully customisable graphics which allows the user to create the exact look and feel of their screen. From a welcome page in a hotel suite that includes a background image of the hotel, to a minimalist theme for a home cinema room, the LCD touch screen can be tailored for you. A full choice of fascia colours and metal finishes
