UMAYYADS
Umayyads (Banû Umayya)The dynasty of caliphs which, from its centre in Syria, ruled the whole of the Arab Islamic territories from 41/661 to 132/750. All of the caliphs during this period are descendants of Umayya b.
Abd Shams, a pre Islamic notable of the tribe
of Quraysh of Mecca, but they represent two
distinct lines within the clan of Umayya.
The first three caliphs, descended from Abu Sufyan b.Harb, are referred to as Sufyanids:
the remaing eleven, descendants of Marwan
b. al-Hakam b. Abi’l-As, as Marwanids.
UMAYYADS CALİPHS
Muawiyah I – 41-61/661–680 (Founder of the Umayyad dynasty).
Yazid I- 60-64/680–683
Muawiyah II- 64/ 683-84
Marwan I -64-65/684–685
Abd al-Malik- 65-86/685–705
Al-Walid I- 86-96/705–715
Sulayman – 96-99/715–717
Umar II- 99-101/ 717–720
Yazid II- 101-105/720-724
Hişam- 105-125/ 724–743
Al- Walid II- 125-126/ 743–744
Yazid III- 126/ 744
İbrahim – 126/744
Marwan II- 127-132/ 744–750
G.R. Hawting, “Wellhausen’s book conveys a rather favourable image of the Umayyads and their officials as pragmatic politicians, creators and leaders of an empire based on the idea of Arab domination over non-Arabs, and largely unconcerned with religious
matters unless forced to be by their pietist
opponents .”
Muawiya succeed his son Yazid (principle of hereditary succession/hereditary monarchy)
Oppsitions of Husayn b. Ali-Abdullah b. az- Zubayr
The disaster of Karbala-10 Muharram 61/10 October 680
The disaster of Harra- Zulhijja 63/ August 683
Tawwabun (the penitents) Leader:
Suleiman bin Surad al-Khuzai. They made themselves secret until Yazid’ death.
the Tawwabun raised their call for "revenge for the blood of Hussain“ in 65/684, and
gathered at Nukhayla, a suburb of Kufa, from
where they had to march against the forces
of Ibn Ziyad, the Umayyad governor who had
been responsible for the massacre of Karbala
upon the instructions of Yazid.
al-Mukhtār ibn Abī ‘Ubayd Allah al-Saqafi.
He claimed he was rebelling on behalf of Ali’s son Muhammad ibn Hanafiyyah. Al-Mukhtar was in prison whilst the Battle of Karbala was taking place. After his release, he found out about
what happened in Karbala and set out to avenge the death of Al-Husayn.
Al-Mukhtar captured many of the killers of
Husayn ibn Ali and his companions in the Battle of Karbala but was later killed by the forces
under the command of Mus’ab ibn al-Zubayr in
Kufa in 67/ April 687, after beseiging the castle.
It was only during the reign of Abd al-Malik that government work began to be regularly recorded in Arabic. The development of a
standard Arabic coinage to replace the imitation Byzantine and Sassanian issues which had been used up to this time.
Central diwans
To assist the Caliph in administration there were six Boards at the Centre: Diwan al-
Kharaj (the Board of Revenue), Diwan al-
Rasa'il (the Board of Correspondence),
