Teknoloji, Kamusal Alan
ve Sosyal Medya:
hQLYHUVLWHgùUHQFLOHULQLQ6RV\DO0HG\D.XOODQ×P×
YH3ROLWLN.DW×O×Ph]HULQH$PSLULN%LUdDO×üPD
LOHWLÁLPDUDÁW¿UPDODU¿ 8öXU<DöDQ Özet %XoDO×ùPDQ×QDPDF×VRV\DOPHG\DQ×Q\D\J×QODùPDV×\ODEHUDEHUHQoRNPHUDNX\DQG×UDQ NRQXODUGDQELULRODQVRV\DOPHG\DNXOODQ×P×YHSROLWLNNDW×O×PDUDV×QGDNLLOLùNL\LVRV\DO PHG\DNXOODQ×F×ODU×Q×QLIDGHOHULQHGD\DO×RODUDNRUWD\DNR\DELOPHNWLU%XDPDFD\|QHOLN RODUDNKD]×UODQP×ùRODQDQNHWHQLYHUVLWH|öUHQFLVLWDUDI×QGDQYHULOHQFHYDSODU HQIRUPDV\RQWRSOXPXYHNDPXVDODODQWDUW×ùPDODU×oHUoHYHVLQGHGHöHUOHQGLULOPLùWLU 6RQXoODUDJ|UHVRV\DOPHG\DNXOODQ×P×SRWDQVL\HORODUDNGDKDID]ODKDEHUHXODùPD\×YH SROLWLNELOJLHGLQPH\LGHVWHNOHVHGHSROLWLNNDW×O×PYHVRV\DOPHG\DNXOODQ×P×DUDV×QGD GRöUXGDQELULOLùNLEXOXQPDPDNWDG×U$\U×FDDQNHWVRQXoODU×QDJ|UH|öUHQFLOHUVRV\DO PHG\DGDoRöXQOXöXQD\N×U×NDEXOHGLOHELOHFHöLSROLWLNILNLUOHULQLSD\ODùPDPD\×WHUFLK HWPHNWHGLUOHU $QDKWDUNHOLPHOHUWHNQRORMLNDPXVDODODQVRV\DOPHG\D|öUHFLOHUSROLWLNNDW×O×P Technology, Public Sphere, Social Media: A Research on Political Participation and Social Media Use of University Students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
ͦQWHUQHW WHNQRORMLVLQLQ \D\J×QODüPDV×\OD EHUDEHU |]HOOLNOH VRV\DO ELOLPOHUDODQ×QGDEX\HQLWHNQRORMLQLQNXOODQ×PüHNLOOHULHWNLOHULHNR-QRPLNYHWRSOXPVDOGHùLüLPOHUOHLOLüNLOHUL]HULQH\DS×ODQWDUW×üPDODU GD K×]OD DUWPDNWDG×U ͦOHWLüLP GLVLSOLQL LoHULVLQGH \DS×ODQ oDO×üPDODU LQWHUQHW]HULQGHQKDEHUDN×ü×SROLWLNNDW×O×PRODQDNODU×GLMLWDOE|OQ- PHYHVDQVUJLELEDüO×NODUGD\RùXQODüVDGDoDO×üPDDODQODU×Q×QID]OD-O×ù× V×Q×UODQG×UPD \DSPD\× ]RUODüW×UPDNWDG×U (QIRUPDV\RQ WRSOXPX EDüWDLOHWLüLPYHPHG\DoDO×üPDODU×ROPDN]HUH\HQLPHG\D]HULQH \DS×ODQDUDüW×UPDODUGDHQV×NNXOODQ×ODQNDYUDPODUGDQG×U(QIRUPDV\RQ WRSOXPXN×VDFDHQIRUPDV\RQXQ´VHUPD\HHPHNYHKDPPDGGHJLEL NDYUDPODUOD ELUOLNWH HNRQRPLN NRüXOODUGDQ ELULVL RODUDN DQ×OPDV×µ %DüDUDQYH$\GRùDQüHNOLQGHWDQ×PODQDELOLU<HQLPHG\D LOH WRSOXP DUDV×QGDNL LOLüNLQLQ SROLWLN DODQGD \DUDWDFDù× o×NW×ODUD \|QHOLN LGGLDODU HOH DO×QG×ù×QGD EXQODU×Q ELU üHNLOGH HQIRUPDV\RQ WRSOXPX EDüO×ù× DOW×QGD V×Q×IODQG×U×ODELOHFHN \DNODü×PODUOD LOLüNLOL ROGXNODU×J|UOPHNWHGLU%XLOLüNL\HQLPHG\DQ×QNXUXPVDO\DGDLoH- ULNRGDNO×RODUDNGHùLOoRùXQOXNODDUDoPHUNH]OLWHNQRORMLNELUG|Q- üPRODUDNNDYUDQPDV×QDQHGHQROXU%XWU\DNODü×PODUoDO×üPDLoH-ULVLQGH PHG\DGHPRNUDVL LOLüNLVLQH \|QHOLN WHPHO YDUVD\×PODU oHUoH-YHVLQGH GHùHUOHQGLULOPLüWLU ho DQD EDüO×NWDQ ROXüDQ EX oDO×üPDGD LQWHUQHWLQJQP]WRSOXPXQGD\XUWWDüODU×QHQIRUPDV\RQHOGHHWPH SD\ODüPDYHSROLWLNWDUW×üPDODUDNDW×O×PODU×QDQDV×OHWNLHWWLùLNDW×O×P-F×ODU×QNXOODQ×PSUDWLNOHULQH\HQLPHG\DWHNQRORMLOHULQLQHDPDoODYH QDV×O NXOODQG×NODU×QD LOLüNLQ NHQGL EH\DQODU×QD GD\DQ×ODUDN RUWD\D NRQXOPXüWXU%LULQFLEDüO×NWDWHNQRORMLGHPRNUDVLSDUDGLJPDV×GL\H-ELOHFHùLPL] WHNQRORMLN G|QüPOH SROLWLN DODQ DUDV×QGD LOLüNL NXUDQ
Teknoloji, Kamusal Alan ve Sosyal Medya:
hQLYHUVLWHgùUHQFLOHULQLQ6RV\DO0HG\D.XOODQ×P×
\DNODü×PODU HOH DO×Q×UNHQ LNLQFL N×V×PGD PRGHUQ GHPRNUDVLOHUGHNL WHPVLOSUREOHPOHULEDùODP×QGD\HQLPHG\DQ×QGHPRNUDVLLOHLOLüNLVLQH GDLUNXUDPVDOELUoHUoHYHVXQXOPXüWXU
dDO×üPDQ×Q HVDV PRWLYDV\RQX RODQ HQIRUPDV\RQ HOGH HWPH YH SROLWLNNDW×O×PLOLüNLVL]HULQHGüQOUNHQPHG\DQ×QJHULNDODQ×JLEL LQWHUQHW WHPHOOL NOWU HQGVWULOHULQLQ GH VHUPD\H WDUDI×QGDQ NRQWURO HGLOGLùLDQFDN*DUQKDP·×QLIDGHVL\OH´]RUXQOXRODUDNHJHPHQLGHROR- ML\LGHVWHNOHPHGLùLµ·GDQDNW:DVFRVDYXQXOPDN- WDG×U%X\DNODü×P×WDNLEHQoDO×üPDQ×QLNLQFLE|OPQGHLQWHUQHWDUD- F×O×LOHWLüLPRUWDPODU×Q×QHJHPHQLGHRORMLNDUü×W×ELUFHSKHROXüWXUDELO-PH LPNkQODU× \D GD EX HJHPHQ LGHRORML\H KL]PHW HWF×O×LOHWLüLPRUWDPODU×Q×QHJHPHQLGHRORMLNDUü×W×ELUFHSKHROXüWXUDELO-PH HùLOLPOHUL NDPXVDODODQNDYUDP×HWUDI×QGDWDUW×ü×OP×üW×U
6RQ E|OPGH LVH EX DUDüW×UPD LoLQ WDVDUODQP×ü RODQinternet ve VRV\DO PHG\D NXOODQ×P DO×üNDQO×NODU× DQNHWLQLQ EXOJXODU×QD \HU YHULOPLü
VRQXoE|OPQGHHOGHHGLOHQEXOJXODULONLNLE|OPGHRUWD\DNRQPXü RODQ NXUDPVDO oHUoHYH EDùODP×QGD GHùHUOHQGLULOPLüWLU$QNHW DPDoO× |UQHNOHP\|QWHPLQHJ|UHEHOLUOHQPLüWRSODPNDW×O×PF×\DX\JXODQ-P×üEXQODUDUDV×QGDQNDG×QHUNHNYH/*%7ͦNDW×O×PF×\DDLW IRUPJHoHUOLNDEXOHGLOPLüWLU$QNHWIRUPODU×QGD·GHPRJUDILN ·LVRV\DOPHG\DYHJHOHQHNVHOPHG\DNXOODQ×PDO×üNDQO×NODU×Q×DQOD-PD\D\|QHOLNWRSODPVRUX\D\HUYHULOPLüWLU$UDüW×UPDYHULOHUL6366 6WDWLVWLFDO3DFNDJHIRUWKH6RFLDO6FLHQFHVSURJUDP×\DUG×P×\ODDQDOL] HGLOPLü YH HOGH HGLOHQ VRQXoODU LOJLOL OLWHUDWU ×ü×ù×QGD GHùHUOHQGLULO-PLüWLU
%LU7HNQRORML2ODUDN÷QWHUQHW
YH(QIRUPDV\RQ7RSOXPX
(QIRUPDV\RQWRSOXPX\DNODü×P×PRGHUQNDSLWDOLVWWRSOXPODU×Q G|QüPQGH EDüWD LOHWLüLP WHNQRORMLOHUL ROPDN ]HUH WHNQRORMLN JHOLüPHOHUOHLOLüNLOLRODUDNHQIRUPDV\RQDDWIHWWLùLPHUNH]L|QHPGROD-\×V×\OD LQWHUQHW YH WRSOXP LOLüNLVL GüQOUNHQ HQ V×N EDüYXUXODQ \DNODü×PODUGDQ ELULGLU (QIRUPDV\RQ WRSOXPX WHRULOHUL JQ JHoWLNoH \D\J×QODüVDGD:HEVWHU·DJ|UHNDYUDP×Q]HULQGHX]ODü×PVDùODQP×ü QHWELUWDQ×P×PHYFXWGHùLOGLU(QIRUPDV\RQWRSOXPXWHRUL-OHULLQWHUQHWLQ\D\J×QNXOODQ×P×QGDQoRNGDKD|QFHRUWD\Do×NP×üROVD GDLQWHUQHWLQ\D\J×QODüPDV×EXWHRULN\DNODü×P×QPRGHUQWRSOXPVDO LOLüNLOHULDo×NODPDN]HUH\D\×OPDV×QGD|QHPOLELUUROHVDKLSWLU ·O×\×OODU×QRUWDODU×QDJHOLQGLùLQGHKHQ]\D\J×QO×ù×ROGXNoD V×Q×UO×ROVDGDLQWHUQHWLQWRSOXP\DüDP×QDQDV×OHWNLHGHFHùL]HULQH WDUW×ü×ODQ LON NRQXODUGDQ ROPXü HQIRUPDV\RQ WRSOXPX WHRULV\HQOHUL DUDV×QGD VD\DELOHFHùLPL] 6KHU\ 7XUNOH 0DQXHO &DVWHOOV YH &OD\ 6KLUN\ JLEL LVLPOHU LQWHUQHW ]HULQH LON HVHUOHULQL ·O× \×OODUGD YHU-PLüOHUGLU %X \DNODü×PODUGD HQ V×N GLOH JHWLULOHQ LGGLD LQWHUQHWLQ ELU LOHWLüLPDUDF×RODUDNXODü×ODELOLUOLNK×]YHPDOL\HWGHQJHVLJ|]|QQH DO×QG×ù×QGD SROLWLN HWNLOHUL EDN×P×QGDQ \]\×OGD \D]×O× EDV×Q×Q \DUDWP×üROGXùXGHYULPVHOG|QüPOHUOHEHQ]HUOLNOHUHVDKLSROGXùX-GXU 5KHLQJROGGDQ DNW$WLNNDQ YH 7XQo +DUD YH (VWUDGD 7DUURZ %X \DNODü×P LoHULVLQGH RUWD\D NRQDQ WHPHO LGGLD\DJ|UHNDSLWDOL]PLOHWLüLPWHNQRORMLOHULQLQJHOLüLPL\OHEDùODQW×O× RODUDN \HQL ELU DüDPD\D JHoPLüWLU YH EX G|QüPOH EHUDEHU VL\DVHW \DSPD ELoLPOHUL GH GHùLüPHNWHGLU /DQFH %HQQHWWH J|UH LQWHUQHWLQ DNWLYL]PH NDWN×V× ELUH\OHULQ ]HULQGHQ ELOJL SD\ODü×S |UJWOHQPH LPNkQ×EXODELOPHOHULQLQ\DGDLOHWLüLPPDOL\HWOHULQLGüUPHQLQ|WH-VLQGHGLU ͦQWHUQHW WHNQRORMLOHULQLQ JHYüHN |UJWO \DS×V× YH WDUW×üPD üHNLOOHUL SURWHVWR SROLWLNDODU×QD \HQL ELU üHNLO YHUPHNWHGLU %HQQHWW %HQQHWW·LQEHOLUWWLùL\HQLüHNLOELUH\OHULQVHQGLNDODUYH\DSROLWLN SDUWLOHUDUDF×O×ù×LOHGHùLOKHUKDQJLELU|UJWH\HROPDGDQIDNDWRUWDN o×NDUODULoLQELUDUD\DJHOHQJHYüHNDùODUDUDF×O×ù×\ODSROLWLNPFDGHOH YHUPH HùLOLPLQL LIDGH HWPHNWHGLU 6RV\DO DùODU DUDF×O×ù×\OD RUJDQL]H
HGLOHQ \D GD \UWOHQ SROLWLN KDUHNHWOHUOH LOJLOL %HQQHWW·LQ RUWD\D NR\GXùXQDEHQ]HUELU\DNODü×POD/LQGJHQYH/LGVWU|PLQWHU-QHW ]HULQGHQ \UWOHQ SROLWLN KDUHNHWOHUOH DO×ü×OP×ü SROLWLN H\OHP \|QWHPOHULDUDV×QGDED]×IDUNODUROGXùXQXEHOLUWPHNWHGLUOHU%X\DN- ODü×PDJ|UHDUW×NSROLWLND\×SROLWLNSDUWLOHUGHYH\DVHoLPoDO×üPDODU×Q-GD DUDPDN GRùUX GHùLOGLU SROLWLNDQ×Q RUWD\D NRQGXùX PHFUDODU×Q GHùLüLPLKHPDUJPDQODU×KHPGHEXDUJPDQODU×QSD\ODü×PüHNOLQL GHùLüWLUPHNWHGLU /LQGJHQ YH /LGVWU|P /LQGJHQ YH /LGVWU|P LQWHUQHWLQ NLWOHOHU ]HULQGHNL HWNLVLQLQ DSROLWL]H HGLFL ROGXùXQD GDLU LGGLDODUDNDUü×V|]HGLOHQSROLWLNNDW×O×P×QELOLQHQDQODP×\ODELUSROL-WLNOHüPH ROPD\DELOHFHùLQL EHOLUWPHNWHGLUOHU dQN LQWHUQHWLQ ]DWHQ SROLWLND\DSPDüHNOLQLGHùLüWLUGLùLQLYH´VXESROLWLFVµDG×Q×YHUGLNOHUL ´EHOLUOLELUSDUWLYH\D|UJWOHQPHüHNOL\OHGHùLOGHEDù×PV×]WDUW×üPD-ODUOD RUWD\D o×NDQ ELU SROLWLNOHüPHµ \DUDWW×ù×Q× VDYXQXUODU <XNDU×GDNL |UQHNOHUGH GH J|UOGù JLEL WRSOXPVDO PXKDOHIHW YH \HQL PHG\D LOLüNLVL ]HULQH RUWD\D NRQDQ oDO×üPDODU LQWHUQHW DUDF×O× SROLWLN KDUHNHWOHUL JHQHO WRSOXPVDO KDUHNHWOHU WDULKLQLQ G×ü×QGD ELU \HUGH GHùHUOHQGLULUOHU %X oDO×üPDODUGD WRSOXPVDO PXKDOHIHWH GDLU LGGLDODUWDULKVHOUHIHUDQVODUDJHUHNGX\PDNV×]×QPPNQROGXùXQFD \DN×QWDULKWHRUWD\Do×NP×üRODQH\OHPOHUGLNNDWHDO×QDUDNGHVWHNOHQLU
6RV\DODùODU×QSROLWLNNDW×O×PDROXPOXHWNLHGHFHùLQH\|QHOLN\DN-ODü×P KkNLP HùLOLP JLEL J|UQVH GH LQWHUQHWLQ GDKD |]HOGH VRV\DO DùODU×QSROLWLNJFQHGDLUüSKHFL\DNODü×PODUGDV×NV×NGLOHJHWLULO-PHNWHGLUg]oHWLQ$VODQYH%LQDUN·×QGDGLNNDWoHNWLùLJLEL 0RUR]RY \XNDU×GD V|] HGLOHQ ROXPOX EHNOHQWLOHUH ´|UJW ROPDGDQ |UJWOHQHELOLUVLQL] DPD GHYULPFLOHU ROPDGDQ GHYULP \DSD-PD]V×Q×]µ GL\HUHN NDUü× o×NPDNWDG×U -DPHV : &DUH\ GH LQWHUQHWH PRGHUQWRSOXPODU×QJHQHOSUREOHPOHULQLQVWQGHRQODUGDQEDù×PV×] ELUNRQXPDWIHGLOPHVLQHNDUü×o×NDU+DUROG,QQLV·LQͦPSDUDWRUOXNYH ͦOHWLüLP$UDoODU× NLWDE×QGDRUWD\DNR\PXüROGXùXLGGLD\×
WDNLS HGHQ &DUH\ WHNQRORMLOHULQ WDUDIV×] ROPDG×ù×Q× YH EX WDUDI×Q oRùXQOXNODGHYOHWOHUYHE\NüLUNHWOHUJLELJoOOHULQWDUDI×ROGXùX-QXEHOLUWLU
÷QWHUQHW$UDF×O×3ROLWLN.DW×O×P'HPRNUDVL
YH.DPXVDO$ODQ7DUW×ùPDODU×
0HG\DGDQV|]HGLOLUNHQKHPLoHULNUHWLPLKHPGHG]HQOHPH\H LOLüNLQ HOHüWLULOHU V×NO×NOD GHPRNUDVL NDYUDP×QD UHIHUDQVOD \DS×O×U ']HQOHPHQLQ V×Q×UODU×QGDQ \D GD LoHULùLQ QLWHOLùLQGHQ V|] HWPHN oRùXQOXNOD QH\LQ YH QH üHNLOGH LIDGH HGLOHFHùLQLQ GROD\×V×\OD LIDGH |]JUOùQQ V×Q×UODU×QGDQ EDKVHWPHN DQODP×QD JHOLU 'HPRNUDVL SHNoRNIDUNO×WDQ×PDVDKLSROVDGDPRGHUQGHPRNUDVLOHULQ]HULQGH DQODüP×üROGXNODU×ED]×WHPHOQLWHOLNOHUEXOXQPDNWDG×U-RKQ.HDQHLQ EDV×Q YH LIDGH |]JUOù DUDV×QGDNL LOLüNLGHQ \ROD o×NDUDN \HQL ELU NDPXVDO\D\×QF×O×NPRGHOL|QHUGLùLMedya ve
DemokrasiNLWDE×QGDRUWD-\D NR\GXùX WDQ×PD J|UH ´<HWLüNLQOHUH HüLW YH HYUHQVHO R\ KDNN× oRùXQOXN \|QHWLPL YH D]×QO×N KDNODU×Q×Q JYHQFH DOW×QD DO×QPDV× KXNXNGHYOHWLWRSODQW×LIDGHYHGLùHU|]JUONOHULQDQD\DVDOJYHQFH DOW×QD DO×QPDV×µ ELU \|QHWLPLQ GHPRNUDWLN RODUDN DGODQG×U×ODELOPHVL-QLQ WHPHO NRüXOODU×G×U 7HPVLOL ELU GHPRNUDVLGH \XUWWDüODU×Q NDUDU DOPD VUHoOHULQH WHPVLOFLOHUL\OH NDW×OG×NODU× GüQOUVH IDUNO× o×NDU JUXSODU×Q×Q SROLWLN NRQXODUOD LOJLOL ILNLUOHULQL NDPXVDO RODUDN LIDGH HGHELOPHOHUL GHPRNUDVLQLQ LüOH\HELOPHVL LoLQ ]RUXQOXGXU .HG]LH·GHQ DNW *URVKHN 7RXUDLQH GH ´VHoLPOHU ELU GHPRNUDWLN VLVWHPLQ ROPD]VD ROPD] üDUW×G×U DQFDN KDON×Q VDGHFH VHoLPOHUOHVL\DVDOLNWLGDUDPGDKDOHHWWLùLELUVLVWHPGHPRNUDVLRODUDN DGODQG×U×ODPD]µ V|]OHUL\OH PHG\DQ×Q PRGHUQ WRSOXPODU LoLQ VDKLS ROGXùXUROQ|QHPLQHLüDUHWHWPHNWHGLU
0HG\DQ×QGHPRNUDWLNELUWRSOXPLoLQQHROGXùXQDLOLüNLQ\DNOD-ü×PODULQWHUQHWYHVRV\DOPHG\DWDUW×üPDODU×LoLQGHUHIHUDQVQRNWDV×Q× ROXüWXUPDNWDG×U 'HPRNUDVL YH PHG\D WDUW×üPDODU×Q×Q ELU X]DQW×V× RODUDN\HQLPHG\DYHVL\DVDONDW×O×PDUDV×QGDNLLOLüNL\LDQODPD\DoDO×-üDQELULQLQHQV×NNDUü×ODüDFDù×NDYUDPODU×QEDü×QGDkamusal alan JHOLU
0HG\DEXSHUVSHNWLIWHQEDN×OG×ù×QGDLNLWHPHOLüOHYVWOHQPHNWHGLU gQFHOLNOHVL\DVDOLNWLGDU×QVLYLOWRSOXPNDUü×V×QGDJoGHQJHVLQLWRS-OXPXQ EWQQQ o×NDU× LoLQ GHùLO GH LNWLGDU HOLWOHULQLQ o×NDU× LoLQ
NXOODQPDV×Q×Q|QQGHHQJHOROXüWXUDFDNGLùHUWDUDIWDQIDUNO×ILNLUOH-ULQ NHQGLOHULQL LIDGH HWPHOHUL YH IDUNO× ILNLUOHUOH HWNLOHüLP LoHULVLQH JLUHELOPHOHUL LoLQ LPNkQ VDùOD\DFDNW×U ´+DEHUPDV·×Q EXUMXYD NDPX-VDOO×ù× KDNN×QGD oL]GLùL oHUoHYH EDV×Q×Q G|UGQF NXYYHW ROGXùXQD GDLUEXL\LPVHULQDQFD\DVODQ×Uµ$UVODQg]oHWLQYH%LQDUN .DPXVDO DODQ NDYUDP× HWUDI×QGD PHG\D\× GHPRNUDWLN ELU WRSOXPXQ ]RUXQOX ELU SDUoDV× RODUDN J|UHQ YH EX UROQ JHOHQHNVHO PHG\DGDQ \HQLPHG\D\DJHoHFHùLQLLGGLDHGHQ\DNODü×P\HQLPHG\DDQDOL]OHULQ-GHV×NO×NODJ|UOPHNWHGLU.HOOQHU.DKQYH.HOOQHU+ROW YG +DEHUPDV·×Q WDQ×P×QD J|UH NDPXVDO DODQ ´KHU üH\GHQ |QFHWRSOXPVDO\DüDP×P×]LoLQGHNDPXR\XQDEHQ]HUELUüH\LQROXü- WXUXODELOGLùLELUDODQ×µLIDGHHGHUYH´EXDODQDWP\XUWWDüODU×QHULü-PHVL JDUDQWL DOW×QD DO×QP×üW×Uµ %X WDQ×PD J|UH \XUWWDüODU×Q ELU DUD\DJHOLSGüQFHOHULQLSD\ODüDUDNNRQVHQVVHXODüDELOHFHNOHULKHU RUWDPNDPXVDODODQRODUDNQLWHOHQHELOLU%DüWDJD]HWHOHUROPDN]HUH JHOHQHNVHOPHG\DSROLWLNDODQLOHVLYLOWRSOXPDUDV×QGDKHPELULOHWLüLP DUDF× KHP GH SROLWLND\× KDON×Q GLOLQH WHUFPH HWPHVL\OH WRSOXPVDO NRQXODUGD EX JQH NDGDU NDPXR\X ROXüWXUPD LüOHYLQLQ PHUNH]LQGH \HUDOP×üW×UͦQWHUQHWLQ\D\×OPDV×LOHELUOLNWHKHPVL\DVHWoLOHULQGRùUX-GDQ LOHWLüLP NXUPD\× ELU \|QWHP RODUDN EHQLPVH\HFHNOHUL KHP GH SROLWLN HQIRUPDV\RQX WHUFPH J|UHYLQH GX\XODQ LKWL\DF×Q JLWWLNoH D]DODFDù× GüQOPHNWHGLU 7XPEHU %HOLUOL VD\×GDNL PHU- NH]OHUGHQNLWOHOHUH\D\×ODQELOJLDN×ü×Q×QLQWHUQHWLQVXQGXùXRODQDN-ODUOD EHUDEHU GDKD GHPRNUDWLN ELU QLWHOLN ND]DQPDV×\OD \XUWWDüODU×Q SROLWLND\DELUDUDF×\DLKWL\DoROPDGDQNDW×ODFDù×QD\|QHOLNYDUVD\×P WHNQRORMLGHPRNUDVLSDUDGLJPDV×Q×QHQWHPHOYDUVD\×PODU×QGDQG×U
*HOHQHNVHO PHG\DQ×Q \HWHUVL]OLùLQH GDLU üLND\HWOHULQ DUWW×ù× ELU G|QHPGH :HE X\JXODPDODU×Q×Q GD \D\J×QODüPDV×\OD LQWHUQHW RUWDPODU×Q×QLGHDONDPXVDODODQDLPNDQWDQ×\DELOHFHùLQHGDLUJ|UüOHU \D\J×QODüP×üW×U*QP]GH]HULQHHQoRNNRQXüXODQLOHWLüLPRUWD-P× RODQ LQWHUQHWLQ HPDLOGHQ EDüODPDN ]HUH NROHNWLI LOHWLüLPL Jo-V]OHUOHKLQHDUWW×UG×ù×GüQOPHNWHGLU$QGHUVHQYG 0HWKDͦQWHUQHWGHPRNUDVLVLQLVDYXQDQODU%XFKVWHLQHJ|UH LQWHUQHWLQ GHPRNUDWLNOHüWLULFL HWNLVL RODUDN DGODQG×UG×NODU× EX VUHFL G|UWWHPHOEDüO×NDOW×QGDVDYXQPDNWDG×UODU´.RQWUROHGLOHPH]WDUW×ü-PD RUWDPODU× \DUDWDELOPHVL\OH RWRULWHU UHMLPOHUH NDUü× EDù×ü×NO×N
LPPXQL]LQJNROD\HULüLPWDEDQ|UJWOHQPHVLVD\HVLQGHHOHüWLUHOELU NDPXVDODODQ\DUDWDELOPHVLYHHYUHQVHOHULüLPHDo×NROPDV×µ%XFKVWHLQ g]HOOLNOH WRSOXPVDO PXKDOHIHWLQ üHNLOOHQGLùL JUXSODU×Q
KDEHUOHüPHND\QDù×RODUDNPHG\D\DLKWL\DoGX\PDODU×EXQXQ|WHVLQ-GH PHG\DQ×Q PXKDOLI KDUHNHWOHU LoLQ ELU NRRUGLQDV\RQ D\J×W× ROPD |]HOOLùL 6KDZ KDEHUOHüPH LPNkQODU×Q×Q DUWPDV×\OD EHUDEHU WRSOXPVDOPXKDOHIHWLQGHJoOHQHFHùLQHGDLU\DNODü×PODURUWD\DNRQ-PDV×Q×NROD\ODüW×UP×üW×U%XEDùODPGDRUWD\Do×NDQEHNOHQWLOHUHJ|UH
LQWHUQHW GROD\×PO× NDPXVDO DODQODU JHOLüPLü WRSOXPODUGD GHPRNUDWLN NDW×O×P×Q DUWPDV×Q× VDùODUNHQ GHPRNUDVL NOWU ]D\×I WRSOXPODUGD PXKDOHIHWLQJoOHQPHVLQHNDWN×VDùOD\DFDNODUG×UEXoHUoHYHGHND]D-QDQKHUNRüXOGDGHPRNUDVLRODFDNW×Ug]HOOLNOH´$UDS%DKDU×µRODUDN DGODQG×U×ODQ G|QüP VUHFLQGHNL URO\OH VRV\DO DùODU×Q WRSOXPVDO G|QüPOHU LoLQ \HQL YH JoO ELU DUDo NRQXPXQGD ROGXùX SHN oRN IDUNO× LVLP WDUDI×QGDQ LGGLD HGLOPHNWHGLU $PLU + $OL 0×V×U·GD
H\OHPOHULQEDüODPDDQ×QGDQGHYULNOLGHU0EDUHN·LQLVWLIDV×QDNDGDU JHoHQ VUH LoHULVLQGH \DüDQDQ ROD\ODUD GD\DQDUDN VRV\DO PHG\DQ×Q 0×V×UKDON×Q×QLOHWLüLPLLoLQ\HQLELUDUDoLüOHYLJ|UPüYHGD\DQ×üPD NXUXOPDV×QD \DUG×P HWPLü ROGXùXQX VDYXQXUNHQ %DüDUDQ YH $\GRùDQ·DJ|UHGH
g]HOOLNOH \×O× EDü×QGD 0×V×U YH 7XQXV·WD \DüDQDQ JHOLüPHOHUGH H\OHPFLOHUWDUDI×QGDQJ|QGHULOHQ7ZLWWHUPHVDMODU×KHPLQVDQODU×QGRùUX-GDQ ROD\ \HULQGHQ JHOHQHNVHO PHG\DQ×Q V]JHFLQGHQ JHoPHPLü HQIRU-PDV\RQD HULüLPLQL VDùODP×ü KHP GH JHOHQHNVHO PHG\D NXUXOXüODU×Q×Q H\OHPFLOHUL J|UPH]GHQ JHOPHOHULQLQ UHVPL ND\QDNODUD EDù×PO× KDEHU \DSPDODU×Q×Q|QQHJHoPLüWLU
ͦQWHUQHWRUWDP×|]HOOLNOHVRV\DOPHG\DX\JXODPDODU×\ODEHUDEHU JHOHQHNVHOPHG\DQ×QDNVLQHSHNoRNPHUNH]DUDV×QGDHü]DPDQO×LOHWL- üLPLRODQDNO×N×ODUDNNDPXVDODODQ×QGDKDHüLWOLNoLELU\DS×\DNDYXüPD-V×Q×VDùOD\DFDNW×U%XDo×GDQVRV\DODùODUIDUNO×DNWLYLVWKDUHNHWOHULoLQ KHP ELU ELUOHüWLUPH KHP GH ]HULQGHQ DOWHUQDWLI ELOJL VDùODQDELOHFHN ELU DUDo ROPD SRWDQVL\HOLQH VDKLSWLU 'RXJODV .HOOQHU·D J|UH LQWHUQHWWHNQRORMLOHULQLQHQ|QHPOL|]HOOLNOHULQGHQELUL´DKPDND\DNWD-N×P×µ WRWDOLWDUL]P YH SROLDUüL VDYXQXFXODU×Q×Q \HULQL XOXVODUDUDV× G]H\GH|UJWOHQPLü´DN×OO×D\DNWDN×P×µQDoHYLUPLüROPDV×G×U
7P EX ROXPOX EHNOHQWLOHUH NDUü×Q LQWHUQHWLQ VDQ×OG×ù× NDGDU |QHPOL ELU GHPRNUDWLNOHüWLULFL \D GD PXKDOHIHWL JoOHQGLULFL HWNLVL ROPDG×ù×Q× VDYXQDQ J|UüOHU GH DUWPDNWDG×U 'DKOEHUJ LQWHUQHWLQ GHPRNUDWLNWRSOXPDVXQDELOHFHùLNDWN×ODUD\|QHOLNüSKHFL\DNODü×P-ODUGDQüXüHNLOGHEDKVHWPHNWHGLU
ûSKHFL\DNODü×PODULQWHUQHWLIDUNO×ILNLUOHULQoDW×üW×ù×WDUW×üW×ù×YHNDUü×-ODüW×ù× ELU DODQ ROPDNWDQ ]L\DGH NDW×O×PF×ODU×Q NHQGLOHUL JLEL GüQHQ GLùHUOHUL\OH \DQ \DQD JHOPH\L WHUFLK HWWLùL EHQ]HUVHYHUOLNKRPRSKLO\ JHUoHN KD\DWWDNL JLEL NoN NDSDO× FHPDDWFLNOHUGHQ ROXüWXùX ELU PHFUD RODUDNJ|UUOHU'DKOEHUJ
ͦQWHUQHWGHPRNUDVLVLQH\|QHOLNüSKHFLLVLPOHULQEDü×QGD(YJHQ\ 0RUR]RY JHOLU 0RUR]RY LQWHUQHW ]HULQGHQ NXOODQ×ODQ VRV\DO PHG\D PHFUDODU×Q×Q RWRULWHU UHMLPOHU GH GkKLO ROPDN ]HUH GHYOHWLQ EDVN× JFQDUWW×UG×ù×Q×EHOLUWPHNWHGLU0RUR]RY·DJ|UHGLMLWDO RUWDP×Q VDùODP×ü ROGXùX GüN PDOL\HWOL LOHWLüLP YH |UJWOHQPH |]JUOù VL\DVDO RWRULWHOHU WDUDI×QGDQ DUWDQ ELU üHNLOGH EDVN× DOW×QD DO×QPD\DoDO×ü×OPDNWDG×UVHoLPOHULDUG×QGDQͦUDQ·GDRUWD\Do×NDQ SURWHVWR J|VWHULOHUL EDVW×U×OP×ü LON DüDPDGD LQWHUQHW ]HULQGH VDQVU DUWP×üDUG×QGDQͦUDQGHYULPPXKDI×]ODU×WDUDI×QGDQVLEHUDNWLYLVWOHUOH PFDGHOH HGHFHN ´VLEHU RUGXµ DG×QGD ELU JUXS ROXüWXUXOPXüWXU g]HOOLNOHRWRULWHU\|QHWLPOHULQHJHPHQROGXùXONHOHUGHFLGGLV×Q×UOD- PDODUODNDUü×ODüDQVRV\DODùODUoRùXOFXGHPRNUDVLLOH\|QHWLOHQONH-OHUGH GH IDUNO× G]H\PDODUODNDUü×ODüDQVRV\DODùODUoRùXOFXGHPRNUDVLLOH\|QHWLOHQONH-OHUGH NRQWURO HGLOPH\H oDO×ü×OP×üW×U 'LMLWDO KDUH-NHWOHUH NDUü× VL\DVDO RWRULWHOHU %DW×O× ONHOHUGH EX DODQ× NRQWURO DOW×QD DOPDN LoLQ WP I×UVDWODU× GHùHUOHQGLUPHNWHGLUOHU $%'·GH ´WHU|ULVW |UJWOHUµ NDSVDP×QGD WDQ×PODQDQ JUXSODU×Q LQWHUQHW ]HULQGHQ LOHWL-üLP NXUGXNODU× EDKDQH HGLOHUHN VLWHOHULQ ]L\DUHWoLOHULQLQ ILüOHQPHVL ED]× DODQ DGODU×Q×Q HULüLPH HQJHOOHQPHVL EX WU DQWLGHPRNUDWLN HùL-OLPOHUH|UQHNWHüNLOHGHU%HVWYH.HOOQHU*RRJOH·×Q\×O×QGD \D\×QODP×üROGXùXüHIIDIO×NUDSRUXQDJ|UH\×O×LoHULVLQGHVDGHFH $%' KNPHWL *RRJOH·GDQ GHID NXOODQ×F× ELOJLVL WDOHS HWPLüWLU 0DLRUDQD%XWDOHSOHUJQJHoWLNoHDUWPDNWDüLUNHWOHULQ|QHPOL ELUN×VP×EXELOJLOHULJ|QOUDKDWO×ù×\ODKNPHWOHUOHSD\ODüPDNWDG×U-ODU 3HN oRN |]HO üLUNHWLQ VRUJXVX] ELU üHNLOGH NXOODQ×F× ELOJLOHULQLQ
WRSODPDV×Q×Q\DQ×V×UDEXELOJLOHULQQHG]H\GHYHNLPOHUOHSD\ODü×OG×-ù× YH QH DPDoOD NXOODQ×OG×ù×QD GDLU ND\J×ODU JLWWLNoH DUWPDNWDG×U 6L\DVDORWRULWHOHULQEXNDGDUKDVVDVELUüHNLOGHNRQWUROHWPH\HoDO×üW×N-ODU× EX PHFUDQ×Q DVO×QGD VDQ×OG×ù× JLEL SROLWL]DV\RQ VDùODPDG×ù× 0R]RURYJLELSHNoRNLVLPWDUDI×QGDQ|QHVUOPHNWH-GLU %X DUDüW×UPDGD NXOODQ×F×ODU×Q LIDGHOHULQH EDüYXUDUDN V|] HGLOHQ GHPRNUDWLNOHüPH SUDWLNOHULQLQ LPNkQODU× YH EX LPNkQODU×Q |QQGHNL RODV×HQJHOOHURUWD\DNRQPXüWXU
6RV\DO0HG\DYH3ROLWLN.DW×O×P/LWHUDWUh]HULQH
ͦQWHUQHW NXOODQ×P× YH SROLWLN NDW×O×P LQWHUQHWLQ WLFDUL NXOODQ×PD Do×OG×ù×\×O×QGDQEXJQHEDüWDLOHWLüLPVRV\RORMLYHVL\DVHWELOLPL ROPDN ]HUH VRV\DO ELOLPOHU LoHULVLQGH HQ SRSOHU NRQXODUGDQ ELUL ROPXüWXU =DPDQOD DUDüW×UPDODU X]PDQODüP×ü SHN oRN DOW DUDüW×UPD DODQ×RUWD\Do×NP×üW×U%XNRQXGD\DS×ODQHQD\U×QW×O×DPSLULNoDO×üPD-ODUGDQ ELUL *URVKHN·LQ DUDV× G|QHPL NDSVD\DQ LQWHUQHW NXOODQ×P G]H\L YH GHPRNUDWLNOHüPH DUDV×QGDNL LOLüNL\L LQFHOH\HQ oDO×üPDV×G×U%XoDO×üPDGD*URVKHNLQWHUQHWLQ\D\J×QO×ù×VRV\RSROL-WLNLVWLNUDUHùLWLPG]H\LüHKLUOLOHüPHJLELGHùLüNHQOHULGLNNDWHDODUDN LQWHUQHWLQ\D\J×QODüPDV×Q×QGHPRNUDWLNOHüPH]HULQGHNLHWNLVLQLSROLW\
IV|OoHùLQHLOHV×QDP×üW×U$UDüW×UPDVRQXoODU×KkOLKD]×UGDGHPRNUDWLN
RODQ\DGDGHPRNUDWLNOHüPHVUHoOHULQGHRODQONHOHUG×ü×QGDLQWHUQH-WLQ EX WDU] ELU HWNL VDKLEL ROPDG×ù×Q× J|VWHULU *URVKHN GRùUXGDQ GHPRNUDWLNOHüWLULFLHWNLOHUHGDLUELUYHULROPDVDGDEX\|QGHSRWDQVL-\HOH LüDUHW HGHQ YHULOHU ROGXùXQX EHOLUWLU 3ROLWLN NDW×O×P YH LQWHUQHWDUDV×QGDDQODPO×LOLüNLOHUEXODQoDO×üPDODU×QVD\×V×GDROGXNoD ID]ODG×U 'UHZ YH :HDYHU SROLWLN HQIRUPDV\RQ ND\QDù× RODUDN LQWHUQHWNXOODQ×P×Q×QSROLWLNNDW×O×PDLüDUHWHGHQHQ|QHPOLJ|VWHUJH-OHUGHQELULROGXùXQXVDYXQXUODUͦVYHoJHQHOVHoLPOHULV×UDV×QGD \DüDUDV×NDW×O×PF×]HULQGH\DS×OP×üRODQVDKDoDO×üPDV×GD EHQ]HUVRQXoODUYHUPLüWLU(OGHHGLOHQYHULOHUHJ|UHX]XQVUHOLVRV\DO PHG\DNXOODQ×P×SROLWLNNRQXODUDGX\XODQLOJL\LDUWW×UPDNWDG×U+ROW 6KHKDWDYG*QFHOVRV\DOPHG\DYHSROLWLNNDW×O×POLWHUDWUQ- GHV×NO×NODGLOHJHWLULOHQELUGLùHU\DNODü×PJHQoOHULQSDUWLSROLWLNDOD-U×QGDQ X]DNODüDUDN ´ROD\ RGDNO×µ YH DUDF×V×] SROLWLN NDW×O×P× WHUFLK
HWWLNOHULGLU %DUQKXUVW 8OODK =KDQJ YH /DOODQD =KDQJELURWRULWHUGHPRNUDVLRODUDNDGODQG×UG×ù×6LQJDSXU·GDJHQoOHU DUDV×QGDSDUWLG×ü×oHYULPLoLSROLWLNNDW×O×P×Q|QHPOLELUHùLOLPROGXùX-QX EHOLUWLU =KDQJ )DNDW EX \DNODü×P× VDKLSOHQHQOHULQ YXUJXODG×NODU× ELU GLùHU QRNWD WDULKVHO RODUDN SROLWLN SUREOHPOHULQ üLGGHW\ROX\ODo|]OGùE|OJHOHUGHJHQoOHULQEXULVNOHULQHWUDI×QGDQ GRODQPD \ROX RODUDN oHYULPLoL NDW×O×P WHUFLK HWWLùLGLU 9HODVTXH] 8OODK=KDQJ8OODKoDO×üPDV×QGD%DQJODGHü·WHJHQo-OHULQ SROLWLN NDW×O×P DUDF× RODUDN VRV\DO PHG\D\× WHUFLK HWWLùLQL IDNDW %DQJODGHü·WHDOWJHOLUJUXSODU×YHHùLWLPVL]JUXSODU×QLQWHUQHWHHULüLPL oRNV×Q×UO×ROGXùXLoLQEXNDW×O×PWUQQONHQLQGHPRNUDWLNOHüPHVL-QH NDWN×V×Q× VDSWDPDQ×Q PPNQ ROPDG×ù×Q× EHOLUWPHNWHGLU 8OODK
3DSDFKDULVVL·QLQ NDPXVDO X]DP SXEOLF VSDFH YH NDPXVDO DODQ SXEOLF VSKHUH DUDV×QGD \DSW×ù× D\U×P GLNNDWH DO×QG×ù×QGD oHYULPLoL SROLWLNNDW×O×P|UQHNOHULQLQELUoRùXNDUDUDOPDPHNDQL]PDODU×]HULQ-GH|OoOHELOLUELUHWNLVDKLELROPDG×NODU×QGDQVDGHFHNDPXVDORUWDPODU RODUDNDGODQG×U×ODELOLUOHUdHYULPLoLVDQDOPXKDOHIHWLQVRNDNPXKDOH-IHWLQH G|QüWùQ J|VWHUHQ D] VD\×GD DUDüW×UPDGDQ ELUL +DUORZ 6XPPHU·×Q WDULKOL oDO×üPDV×G×U 6XPPHU EX oDO×üPDGD *XHWHPDOD·GD SROLV üLGGHWLQH NDUü× )DFHERRN ]HULQGHQ |UJWOHQHQ PXKDOHIHWLQVUHoLoHULVLQGHQDV×OVRNDNODUDWDü×QDUDNWRSOXPVDODGD- OHWWDOHELQL|UJWOHGLùLQLVRQDüDPDGDKNPHWLED]×\HQLG]HQOHPH- OHU\DSPD\D]RUODG×ù×Q×J|VWHULU+DUORZ)DFHERRN·XQLQWHUDNWLILOHWL-üLPHL]LQYHUHQ\DS×V×Q×QoHYULPLoL|UJWOHQPHQLQROXüPDV×QGDE\N SD\VDKLELROGXùXQXEHOLUWLU<LQHD\Q×oDO×üPDGD+DUORZ·XQJ|]OHP-OHULQH J|UH |UJWOHQPH ]HULQGH |QHPOL SD\ VDKLEL RODQ \RUXPODU×Q E\N N×VP×Q× \DSDQ \D GD KDUHNHWLQ )DFHERRN VD\IDV×QGD SD\ODü×P \DSDQODU SROLWLN RODUDN |QFHGHQ WHFUEH VDKLEL RODQODUG×U 6XPPHU
6RV\DOPHG\DYHSROLWLNNDW×O×P]HULQHoDO×üPDODU7UNoHOLWHUDWU-GHV×Q×UO×ROVDGDEXDODQGDNLoDO×üPDODU×QVD\×V×VRQELUNDo\×OGDFLGGL RUDQGD DUWP×üW×U $ODQGDNL LON oDO×üPDODUGDQ ELUL 1LOIHU 7LPLVL·QLQ WDULKOL<HQLͦOHWLüLP7HNQRORMLOHULYH'HPRNUDVLLVLPOLGRNWRUDWH]LGLU
7LPLVLJHOHQHNVHOPHG\DLOHNDUü×ODüW×U×OG×ù×QGDLQWHUQHWLQSROLWLNNDW×-O×PDoRNGDKDID]ODDODQWDQ×G×ù×Q×J|VWHUHQEXOJXODUDXODüP×üW×U 7LPLVL\LQHGHELUEWQRODUDNGHPRNUDVLYHWHNQRORMLDUDV×QGDNL EDù×HOHDO×UNHQWHPNLQOLROPD\×WHUFLKHGHUͦQWHUQHWYHSROLWLNNDW×O×P DUDV×QGDNLEXWHPNLQOLGXUXü|]HOOLNOHZHE·×QDUG×QGDQJHOHQPDODUGD \HULQL LGGLDO× \DNODü×PODUD E×UDNP×üW×U %X GRùUXOWXGD oDO×ü-PDODU ELU DQODPGD JHOHQHNVHOOHüHQ VDQD\L GHYULPL YH HQIRUPDV\RQ GHYULPL D\U×P×Q× V×NO×NOD NXOODQPDNWD $WLNNDQ YH 7XQo DQD DN×PPHG\DNDUü×V×QGDLQWHUQHWYHGDKD|]HOGHVRV\DOPHG\DQ×QWRS-OXPVDO KDUHNHWOHU EDùODP×QGD ´NLWOHOHUL \|QOHQGLUPH DYDQWDM×Q×µ HOGH HWWLùLQLûHQGHQL]VDYXQPDNWDG×UODUgWH\DQGDQ$OL7RSUDN YHGLùHUOHUL7RSOXPVDO3D\ODü×P$ù×)DFHERRNLVLPOLoDO×üPDGDHOH DOG×NODU×|UQHNROD\LQFHOHPHOHUL]HULQGHQDQDDN×PPHG\DLOHVRV\DO PHG\D DUDV×QGDNL ED]× SDUDOHOOLNOHUH GLNNDW oHNPHNWHGLUOHU ´W×SN× JHOHQHNVHOPHG\DPHWLQOHULQGHV|PUOHQYHWNHWLOHQ.DUDEXOXWDLOH-VL JLEL VDQDO X]DPGD GD EHQ]HUL üHNLOGH EX ROD\ HWLN ELU GXUXüOD HOH DO×QPDP×üW×Uµ$OL7RSUDNYHGLùHUOHULQHJ|UHVRV\DOPHG\D ULVNOHUL YH RODQDNODU× ELU DUDGD GüQOHUHN HOH DO×QPDO×G×U a.g.e.
$GHP6HUGDUg]PHQVRV\DOPHG\DQ×QJHOHQHNVHOPHG\DQ×Q\HUOHüLN NRGODU×Q×Q \DQ× V×UD VDKLSOLN LOLüNLOHUL GROD\×V×\OD NDPXVDO P]DNHUH |QQGHELUHQJHOHG|QüWùQ\HQLPHG\DODUDUDF×O×ù×\ODP]DNHUH RUWDP×Q×Q\HQLGHQVDùODQ×SNDPXVDODODQ×QJHQLüOHGLùLQLQJ|]OHQHELO- GLùLQLEHOLUWLUdD\F×YH.DUDJOOH·\HJ|UH\HQLPHG\DDUDo-ODU×Q×Q VDùODG×ù× LPNkQODUOD LQVDQODU SUREOHPOHUH NDUü× K×]O× WHSNL YHUPHLPNDQ×QDNDYXüPXüODUG×U$QFDNVRV\DOPHG\DQ×QVDùODG×ù×K×] YH|UJWOHQPHNROD\O×ù×D\Q×]DPDQGDGH]HQIRUPDV\RQYHSURYRNDV-\RQD ]HPLQ KD]×UODPDNWDG×U ͦVPDLO +DPGL .|VHRùOX o |UQHN ROD\ LQFHOHPHVL ]HULQGHQ KD]×UODG×ù× oDO×üPDV×QGD VRV\DO PHG\DQ×Q NDPXR\X ROXüWXUPD EDN×P×QGDQ HWNLOL ROGXùXQX EXQXQ|WHVLQGHPXKDOHIHWLoHYULPG×ü×QDWDü×\DELOGLùLQLEHOLUWLU6RV\DO PHG\DNDPXVDODODQLüOHYLJ|UVHGH.|VHRùOX·QDJ|UHVRV\DOPHG\D-Q×Q NDPXVDO DODQD VXQGXùX NDWN×\× WDP RODUDN RUWD\D NR\PDN LoLQ HUNHQGLU6RV\DOPHG\DQ×QGHPRNUDVLLOHLOLüNLLoHULVLQGH LQFHOHQGLùLoDO×üPDODUGDJHQHOHùLOLPLQROXPOXROGXùXVRV\DOPHG\D-Q×Q GHPRNUDVLQLQ JHOLüLPLQH NDWN× VDùOD\DFDN \HQL ELU LOHWLüLP WU
RODUDNGHùHUOHQGLùLJ|UOPHNWHGLU$VX.×]×ODUVODQEXHùLOLPLQDNVLQH oDO×üPDV×Q× VRV\DO PHG\DQ×Q GHPRNUDVL EDùODP×QGD QHJDWLI \|QOHUL ]HULQH NXUDUDN |]HO \DüDP×Q PHWDODüPDV× J|]HWLPLQ YH NRQWUROQ DUWPDV×HWUDI×QGDGHùHUOHQGLUHUHN´VRV\DOPHG\DQ×QVRNDNODUGDDo×ODQ SDQNDUWODUGDQ GDKD HWNLOL ROGXùXQD GDLU QHW ELU YHULµ EXOXQPDG×ù×Q× EHOLUWPHNWHGLU
%X oDO×üPD EX DODQGDNL OLWHUDWUOH EHQ]HU GRùUXOWXGD LGHDO ELU NDPXVDODODQ×QED]×WHPHO|]HOOLNOHULQLQL]LQLVRV\DOPHG\DGDVUPH\L DPDoODPDNWDG×U%XDPDoGRùUXOWXVXQGD\HQLWHNQRORMLDGDSWDV\RQX HQ \NVHN JUXSODUGDQ RODQ HùLWLPOL JHQoOHULQ KDEHU ND\QDù× RODUDN LQWHUQHWWHQ QH RUDQGD ID\GDODQG×NODU× YH JHOHQHNVHO PHG\D\D RUDQOD DOWHUQDWLIKDEHUND\QDNODU×QDQHG]H\GHLOJLGX\GXNODU×VRUJXODQP×ü-W×U$UG×QGDQNDW×O×PF×ODU×QVRV\DOPHG\D\×SROLWLNH\OHPDUDF×RODUDN NXOODQ×S NXOODQPDG×NODU× YH VRQ RODUDN VRV\DO PHG\D\× ILNLUOHULQL UDKDWoDSD\ODüDELOHFHNOHULELURUWDPRODUDNJ|USJ|UPHGLNOHULDUDüW×-U×OP×üW×U
$UDùW×UPDQ×Q6×Q×UO×O×NODU×
dDO×üPDQ×QDPDoODU×GRùUXOWXVXQGDKD]×UODQDQLQWHUQHWYHVRV\DO PHG\D NXOODQ×P DO×üNDQO×NODU× DQNHWLQLQ XODüPD\× KHGHIOHGLùL JUXS ELOJLVD\DU YH LQWHUQHW WHNQRORMLOHULQH XODü×PODU× \NVHN RODQ HùLWLPOL JHQoQIXVRODUDNEHOLUOHQPLüWLU$UDüW×UPDLoLQ|UQHNOHPVHoLPLQGH DPDoO× |UQHNOHPH \|QWHPOHUL DUDV×QGD WDQ×PODQDQ NROD\ XODü×ODELOLU
FRQYHQLHQW GXUXP |UQHNOHPHVL \|QWHPL WHUFLK HGLOPLüWLU EX \|QWHP
DUDüW×UPDF×Q×Q NROD\ HULüLOHELOLU ELU JUXEX VHoHUHN K×] YH SUDWLNOLN ND]DQPDV×Q×VDùODU<×OG×U×PYHûLPüHNgUQHNOHPH\|QWH- PLQHX\JXQRODUDN0DUWD\×QGDNLüLOLNELUJUXSLOHSLORWoDO×ü-PD \DS×OP×ü DUG×QGDQ 1LVDQ D\×QGD IRUPODU $QNDUD hQLYHUVLWHVL +DFHWWHSHhQLYHUVLWHVLYH2UWD'RùX7HNQLNhQLYHUVLWHVL·QGHGDù×W×O-P×üW×U$QNHWIRUPODU×Q×QGDù×W×OPDV×ELUKDIWDNDGDUVUPüWRSODQDQ IRUPGDQ·LJHoHUOLNDEXOHGLOPLüWLU
$QNHW VRUXODU× KD]×UODQ×UNHQ GHPRJUDILN YHULOHUOH LQWHUQHW YH VRV\DO PHG\D NXOODQ×P×QD GDLU YHULOHU DUDV×QGD oDSUD] VRUJXODPD
\DS×OPDV× KHGHIOHQPLüWLU $UDüW×UPDF× oDSUD] VRUJXODPD \|QWHPL\OH HNRQRPLNUHIDKG]H\L\DGDPXOWLPHG\DDUDoODU×QDVDKLSOLNYHVRV- \DOPHG\DNXOODQ×PSUDWLNOHULDUDV×QGDNLLOLüNL\LV×QDPD\×DPDoODP×ü- W×U<DS×ODQoDSUD]VRUJXODPDODUGDDQODPO×ELUIDUNO×O×NRUWD\Do×NPDG×- ù×LoLQEXVRUJXODPDODU×QVRQXoODU×QDEXOJXODUDUDV×QGD\HUYHULOPH-PLüWLU 2UWD\D o×NDQ KRPRMHQOLùLQ ELU QHGHQLQLQ$QNDUD·GDNL GHYOHW
QLYHUVLWHOHULQGH |ùUHQLP J|UPHNWH RODQ |ùUHQFLOHULQ HNRQRPLN NRüXOODU×DUDV×QGDNLEHQ]HUOLNROGXùXGüQOHELOLU
%XoDO×üPDGDSROLWLNNDW×O×PYHGHPRNUDVLNDYUDPODU×QDGDLUELU OLWHUDWU DUDüW×UPDV× YH LQWHUQHW NXOODQ×F×ODU×Q×Q NXOODQ×P WHUFLKOHULQH GDLU ILNLU HGLQHELOPHN LoLQ DODQ WDUDPDV× \|QWHPL NXOODQ×OP×üW×U +HUKDQJLELUDUDüW×UPD\|QWHPLJLELDODQWDUDPDV×\|QWHPLGH´ELOJL\H \DOQ×]FD \DNODüDELOLUµ 1HXPDQ $ODQ WDUDPDV× \|QWHPL EHOLUOL ELU JUXEXQ DUDüW×UPDF×Q×Q EHOLUOHGLùL ELU G|QHPGH EHOOL ELU ROD\D EDN×ü×Q× \D GD EHOOL ELU SUDWLùLQL DQODPDN ]HUH KD]×UODQP×ü DQNHWOHU \ROX\OD JUXS KDNN×QGD ELOJL WRSODQPDV×Q× YH EX ELOJLOHULQ X\JXQELUHYUHQGHJHQHOOHQPHVLQLKHGHIOHU
$QNHWLOHDODQWDUDPDV×\|QWHPLVRV\DOELOLPOHUHSR]LWLYLVW\DNOD- ü×PLoHULVLQGHQGDKLOROPXüWXU1HXPDQ%X\|QWHPEHOLU-OLELUGDYUDQ×ü\DGDLQDQoODLOJLOLVRUXODUVRUDUDNNDW×O×PF×ODUKDNN×QGD VD\×VDOODüW×U×OP×ü YHUL VDùODPDV× EDN×P×QGDQ LüOHYVHOGLU %XQD NDUü×Q LQVDQODU×QGDYUDQ×üODU×Q×GüQFHOHULQLQLFHOLNVHOOHüWLUHUHNNRQXKDN-N×QGD ILNLU UHWPHN EX oDO×üPDGD ROGXùX JLEL WRSOXPVDO PXKDOHIHW JLEL SHN oRN GHùLüNHQ WDUDI×QGDQ EHOLUOHQHQ ELU GXUXPXQ DQODü×OPD-V×QGDED]×N×V×WO×O×NODUDQHGHQRODELOLU
$UDùW×UPDVRUXODU×YHEXOJXODU×QGHöHUOHQGLULOPHVL
÷QWHUQHW(ULùLPLYH6RV\DO0HG\D.XOODQ×P$O×ùNDQO×NODU× ÷QWHUQHWHVUHNOLHULùLPLQL]YDUP×" F % 9DU 241 <RN 9 %HOLUWPHPLù 1 7RSODP 100 $ùDö×GD\HUDODQPXOWLPHG\DFLKD]ODU×QGDQKDQJLOHULQHVDKLSVLQL]" F % 0DVDVW%LOJLVD\DU 38 'L]VW%LOJLVD\DU 84 7DEOHW%LOJLVD\DU $N×OO×7HOHIRQ $ùDö×GD\HUDODQVRV\DOPHG\DRUWDPODU×QGDQKDQJLOHULQLNXOODQ×\RUVXQX] F % )DFHERRN 7ZLWWHU )RXUVTXDUH 0\6SDFH *RRJOH ,QVWDJUDP %LULQFLJUXSVRUXODUGDNDW×O×PF×ODUDLQWHUQHWHULüLPOHULPXOWLPHG-\DFLKD]ODUDVDKLSOLNOHULYHNXOODQG×NODU×VRV\DOPHG\DODUVRUXOPXüWXU .DW×O×PF×ODU×QLQWHUQHWHULüLPLEHNOHQGLùL]HUH\NVHNWLU.DW×O×PF×OD-U×Q VDKLS ROGXùX PXOWLPHG\D FLKD]ODU× DUDV×QGD DN×OO× WHOHIRQODU YH GL]VWELOJLVD\DUODU×Q\NVHNRUDQ×QHUHGH\VHDUDO×NV×]RODUDNLQWHU-QHW HULüLPLQH VDKLS ROGXNODU×Q× J|VWHUPHNWHGLU .DW×O×PF×ODU×Q HQ V×N NXOODQG×NODU×VRV\DOPHG\DODU×Q)DFHERRN7ZLWWHUYH*RRJOHROGXùX J|UOPHNWHGLU7UNL\H·GH\DüDOW×JHQoQIXVXQPLO\RQROGXùXYH\NVHNHùLWLPRUDQ×Q×QDUWPDNWDROGXùXGüQOUVHLQWHUQHWWHN- QRORMLOHULLOHLOLüNLOLWRSOXPVDOELUG|QüPQHQD]×QGDQPDGGLROD-QDNODUDo×V×QGDQPPNQROGXùXLOHULVUOHELOLU
*HOHQHNVHOKDEHUND\QDNODU×NDUù×V×QGD\HQLPHG\DQ×Q NRQXPXQXDQODPD\D\|QHOLNVRUXODU *QONKDEHULKWL\DF×Q×]×NDUù×ODPDN]HUHHQV×NID\GDODQG×ö×Q×]LOHWLùLP RUWDP×DùDö×GDNLOHUGHQKDQJLVLGLU" F % *D]HWH%DV×O× 26 7HOHYL]\RQ 27 ÷QWHUQHW 5DG\R 1 %HOLUWPHPLù 2 7RSODP 100 6L]LQLoLQHQJYHQLOLUKDEHUVDöODPDRUWDP×KDQJLVLGLU" F % ÷QWHUQHW 119 7HOHYL]\RQ 87 *D]HWH 30 5DG\R 6 %HOLUWPHPLù 9 'LöHU 100 6L]LQLoLQLQWHUQHWWHHQJYHQLOLUKDEHUVDöOD\×F×RUWDPKDQJLVLGLU" F % %ORJODU 20 ÷QWHUQHW*D]HWHOHUL 89 6RV\DO0HG\D 18 'LöHU 14 7RSODP 141 100 6L]FHWHOHYL]\RQXQWHPHOLùOHYLQHGLU" F % +DEHU%LOJLVDöODPD 68 (öOHQFH 161 'LöHU %HOLUWPHPLù 7 7RSODP 100
(QV×N]L\DUHWHWWLöLQL]oLQWHUQHWJD]HWHVLYHYH\DKDEHUSRUWDO×QHGLU" F % %HOLUWPHPLù 7RSODP +XUUL\HWFRPWU 136 6 5DGLNDOFRPWU 4 *D]HWHYDWDQFRPWU 7 0\QHWKDEHUFRPWU 30 12 4 6RQGDNLNDFRPWU 27 4 1WYPVQEFFRPWU 112 4 =DPDQFRPWU 7 4 +DEHUVRORUJWU 33 4 0LOOL\HWFRPWU 77 4 +DEHUWXUNFRPWU 4 2GDWYFRP 16 4 6DEDKFRPWU 10 4 'HPRNUDWKDEHUFRP 3 4 ÷QWHUQHWKDEHUFRP 14 4 6HQGLNDRUJ 7 4 %LDQHWRUJ 20 4 'LöHU 34 4 6RQoD\LoHULVLQGHHQD]ELUNH]EORJRNXGXQX]PX" F % (YHW2NXGXP 178 +D\×U2NXPDG×P 72 %HOLUWPHPLù 1 7RSODP 100 %ORJRNXPDV×NO×ö×Q×]QHGLU" F % 6×NO×NOD2NXUXP(QD]LNLJQGHELU 43 %D]HQ2NXUXP'HQNJHOGLNoH +Lo2NXPDP %HOLUWPHPLù 0 0 7RSODP 100
ͦNLQFL JUXS VRUXODUGD NDW×O×PF×ODU×Q KDEHU ND\QDù× NXOODQ×P×Q×Q RUWD\Do×NDU×OPDV×DPDoODQP×üW×U<XUWWDüODU×QSROLWLND\DNDW×ODELOPHOH-ULNDPXVDODODQ\DNODü×P×QDJ|UHGRùUXKDEHUDN×ü×QDYHHOHüWLUHOELU NDPXVDO DNO×Q RUWD\D o×N×ü×QD EDùO×G×U dDO×üPDGD EX NRQXGD HOGH HGLOHQ YHULOHULQ E\N ELU GHùLüLPH LüDUHW HWPHGLùL J|UOPHNWHGLU gQFHOLNOLRODUDNNDW×O×PF×ODU×Q|QHPOLELUN×VP×Q×QJQONKDEHULKWL- \DoODU×Q×LQWHUQHWWHQHOGHHWWLNOHULQLEHOLUWPHOHULDOWHUQDWLIKDEHUND\-QDNODU×QDXODüPDLKWLPDOOHULQLDUWW×UPDV×EDN×P×QGDQ|QHPOLGLU)DNDW NDW×O×PF×ODU ´VL]LQ LoL HQ JYHQLOLU KDEHU ND\QDù× QHGLUµ VRUXVXQGD ELULQFLV×UD\D\LQHLQWHUQHWL\HUOHüWLUVHOHUGHWHOHYL]\RQXQGDJYHQLOLU-OLNEDN×P×QGDQKDOD|QHPOLELU\HUHVDKLSROGXùXJ|UOUdDO×üPDQ×Q EX N×VP×QGD NDW×O×PF×ODUD LQWHUQHW ]HULQGHQ KDEHU HOGH HWPHN DPD-F×\ODHQID]ODQHUHOHUGHQID\GDODQG×NODU×VRUXOGXùXQGD·LQWHUQHW JD]HWHOHULQGHQID\GDODQG×NODU×Q×V|\OHPLüOHUGLU'ROD\×V×\ODDOWHUQDWLI KDEHU ND\QDNODU×QGDQVD KDOD JHOHQHNVHO KDEHU ND\QDNODU×Q×Q WHUFLK HGLOGLùLJ|UOPHNWHGLU%XQRNWD\×QHWOHüWLUPHNDG×QDNDW×O×PF×ODUGDQ HQID]OD\DUDUODQG×NODU×oLQWHUQHWJD]HWHVLQLLüDUHWOHPHOHUL\DGDOLV-WHGH\RNVDHNOHPHOHULLVWHQPLüWLU%XUDGDGDNDW×O×PF×ODU×QoRN|QHPOL ELU N×VP×Q×Q JHOHQHNVHO KDEHU ND\QDNODU×Q×Q LQWHUQHW VD\IDODU×QGDQ \DUDUODQG×NODU× J|UOPüWU $OWHUQDWLI KDEHU ND\QDNODU×Q×Q NXOODQ×-P×\OD LOJLOL ELU GLùHU VRUX LVH EORJ RNXPD DO×üNDQO×NODU×\OD LOJLOLGLU .DW×O×PF×ODU×Q·XVRQoD\LoHULVLQGHHQD]ELUGHIDEORJRNXGX-ùXQXV|\OHPLüWDNLSHGHQVRUXGDEORJRNXPDV×NO×ù×RODUDNoRùXQOXN ´GHQNJHOGLNoHµEORJRNXUXPVHoHQHùLQLLüDUHWOHPLüOHUGLU0HG\DYH GHPRNUDVLLOLüNLVL]HULQH\DS×ODQoDO×üPDODUGDNDPXVDODODQ×QWHPHO LüOHYOHULQGHQ RODQ WDUDIV×] GRùUX GHPRNUDWLN NDW×O×P× GHVWHNOH\LFL HQIRUPDV\RQDN×ü×Q×QJHOHQHNVHOPHG\DWDUDI×QGDQ\HULQHJHWLULOPHGL-ùLV×NO×NODGLOHJHWLULOHQüLNk\HWOHUGHQGLU%XVRUXQDo|]PRODUDN\HQL PHG\D DUDF×O×ù×\OD GRùUXGDQ ELOJL HGLQPH \D GD DQDDN×P PHG\DGD NHQGLQH \HU EXODPDP×ü KDEHUOHUH XODüPD Do×V×QGDQ NRQX\OD LOJLOL GDKD|QFH\DS×OP×üDUDüW×UPDODUODEHQ]HUüHNLOGHLQWHUQHWLQGDKDID]OD LPNkQ VDùODG×ù×Q× J|VWHUHQ NHVLQ EXOJXODUGDQ EDKVHWPHN PPNQ GHùLOGLU*HUKDUGVYH6FKDIHU
%LUSROLWLNNDW×O×PDUDF×RODUDNLQWHUQHWYHVRV\DOPHG\DNXOODQ×P× %XJQHNDGDULQWHUQHW]HULQGHQELULP]DNDPSDQ\DV×QDNDW×OG×Q×]P×" F % (YHWNDW×OG×P 126 +D\×UNDW×OPDG×P 123 49 %HOLUWPHPLù 2 7RSODP 100 6RV\DOPHG\DDUDF×O×ö×\ODRQOLQHH\OHPOHUHNDW×OG×Q×]P×"10 F % 3HNoRNNH]NDW×OG×P 31 %LU\DGDLNLNH]NDW×OG×P +LoNDW×OPDG×P 132 %HOLUWPHPLù 3 7RSODP 100 6RV\DOPHG\DDUDF×O×ö×\ODRUJDQL]HRODQVRNDNH\OHPOHULQHNDW×OG×Q×]P×" F % 3HNoRNNH]NDW×OG×P 23 %LU\DGDLNLNH]NDW×OG×P +LoNDW×OPDG×P 167 %HOLUWPHPLù 2 7RSODP 100 6RV\DOPHG\DGDWDUW×ùPDODUDNDW×O×SILNLUEH\DQHGHUPLVLQL]" F % 6×NO×NOD 16 %D]HQ +Lo 180 %HOLUWLOPHPLù 1 7RSODP 100
7UNL\H·GHNLHJHPHQSROLWLNKDYDGDQND\QDNO×RODUDNILNLUOHULQL]LVRV\DO PHG\DRUWDPODU×QGDSD\ODùPDNWDQoHNLQGLöLQL]ROX\RUPX" F % 6×NO×NOD2OX\RU %D]HQROX\RU 106 +LoROPD]ILNLUOHULPLUDKDWO×NODLIDGHHGHULP 91 %HOLUWLOPHPLù 2 7RSODP 100 dRöXQOXöXQILNLUOHULQHD\N×U×ROGXöXQXGùQGöQ]ILNLUOHULQL]L )DFHERRN·WDSD\ODù×UP×V×Q×]" F % 6×NO×NOD 47 %D]HQ 121 +LoSD\ODùPDP 70 %HOLUWLOPHPLù 13 7RSODP 100 dRöXQOXöXQILNLUOHULQHD\N×U×ROGXöXQXGùQGöQ]ILNLUOHULQL]L 7ZLWWHU·GDSD\ODù×UP×V×Q×]" F % 6×NO×NODSD\ODù×U×P 37 %D]HQSD\ODù×U×P 71 +LoSD\ODùPDP 49 7RSODP 100 6L]FHVRV\DOPHG\DQ×QWHPHOLùOHYLDùDö×GDNLOHUGHQKDQJLVLGLU" F % +DEHU%LOJL6DöODPD*QGHP7DNLS(WPH 83 (öOHQFH 113 )O|UW 'LöHU 12 %HOLUWPHPLù 8 7RSODP 100
6RQ JUXSWDNL VRUXODU o WHPHO DPDFD \|QHOPLüWLU %LULQFL DPDo NDW×O×PF×ODU×QoHYULPLoLRUWDPODU×KDNDUDPDLoLQNXOODQ×SNXOODQPD-G×NODU×Q×J|UHELOPHNWLUͦNLQFLDPDoLQWHUQHWDUDF×O×ù×\ODSROLWLNVDQDO GQ\DQ×Q G×ü×QD o×NDUDN SROLWLN WDOHSOHUL GLOH JHWLUPHN ]HUH VRNDN H\OHPOHULQH NDW×O×S NDW×OPDG×NODU×Q× DQODPDNW×U 6RQ RODUDN VRV\DO PHG\D RUWDPODU×Q× ILNLUOHULQL UDKDWoD SD\ODüDELOHFHNOHUL P]DNHUH RUWDPODU× RODUDN J|US J|UPHGLNOHULQL RUWD\D NR\DELOPHN DPDoODQ-P×üW×U
<DQ×WODUD EDN×OG×ù×QGD NDW×O×PF×ODU×Q \DU×V× LQWHUQHW ]HULQGH ELU LP]DNDPSDQ\DV×QDHQD]ELUGHIDNDW×OG×NODU×IDNDWLQWHUQHW]HULQ-GHQ \DS×ODQ H\OHPOHU LoLQ VD\×Q×Q D]DOG×ù× VRNDùD WDü×QDQ H\OHPOHU LoLQLVHLOJLQLQoRNGDKDD]ROGXùXJ|UOPHNWHGLU%XJQHNDGDUVRV- \DOPHG\DYHSROLWLNNDW×O×P\DGDVRV\DOPHG\DYHWRSOXPVDOPXKD-OHIHW LOLüNLVLQL DQODPDN ]HUH \DS×ODQ SHN oRN oDO×üPDGD EHOLUWLOGLùL JLEL\HQLPHG\DDUDF×O×H\OHPOHUROD\RGDNO×ROPDODU×LOHGLNNDWoHN-PHNWHGLUOHU %X QHGHQOH EXUDGDNL YHULOHU NDW×O×PF×ODU LoLQ |QHP DU] HGHQELUNRQXQXQJQGHPHRWXUPDV×LOHHOEHWWHGHùLüHELOLU)DNDW·OL \DüODU×QGDNLHùLWLPOLJHQoOHULQKD\DWODU×ER\XQFDoHYULPLoLELUH\OHPH KLoNDW×OPDP×üROPDODU×\DGDLQWHUQHW]HULQGHQELUVRNDNH\OHPLQH GkKLOROPDPDODU×LQWHUQHWYHSROLWLNDLOLüNLVLQHGDLUEHNOHQWLOHULQNDUü×-ODQPDG×ù×Q× J|VWHUPHNWHGLU $UDüW×UPD VRUXODU×QD YHULOHQ FHYDSODU DUDV×QGD LQWHUQHWLQ QH RUDQGD ELU NDPXVDO DODQ ROGXùXQX DQODPDN Do×V×QGDQVRQoVRUX\DYHULOHQ\DQ×WODUDo×NOD\×F×G×U%XVRUXODUDYHUL-OHQ \DQ×WODU NDW×O×PF×ODU×Q VRV\DO PHG\DGD VL\DVHWH LOLüNLQ ILNLUOHULQL SD\ODü×UNHQSHNUDKDWROPDG×NODU×Q×J|VWHULU'ROD\×V×\ODNDW×O×PF×OD- U×QVRV\DODùODU×´HùOHQFHµLüOHYLLOHWDQ×PODPDODU×YHSROLWLNILNLUSD\- ODü×P×NRQXVXQGDDNWLIROPDPDODU×Q×Q\DQ×V×UDILNLUSD\ODüPDNRQX- VXQGDJ|VWHUGLNOHULoHNLQJHQOLNVRV\DOPHG\DYHSROLWLNNDW×O×PLOLüNL-VL Do×V×QGDQ ELU GLùHU |QHPOL YHULGLU .DW×O×PF×ODU×Q \DU×V×QGDQ oRùX VRV\DO DùODUGD oRùXQOXùXQ ILNLUOHULQH X\JXQ ROPDG×ù×Q× GüQGù J|UüOHULQL SD\ODüPDNWDQ oHNLQGLùLQL EHOLUWPLüWLU 3ROLWLN NRQXODUGD VRV\DO PHG\D\× NXOODQ×UNHQ J|VWHULOHQ EX LOJLVL]OLùL Do×NODPDN ]HUH
oto-sansür YH VXVNXQOXN VDUPDO× \DNODü×PODU×QD EDüYXUXODELOLU11 %X
oDO×üPD LoLQ GLNNDW oHNLFL RODQ VRV\DO PHG\DQ×Q EHNOHQWLOHULQ DNVLQH
KHUNHVHDo×NWPILNLUOHULQ|]JUFHPEDGHOHHGLOGLùLELUDODQROPDN- WDQX]DNROPDV×G×U%XNRQXGD\DS×OP×üoDO×üPDODUGD\DO×W×OPDNRUNX-VXQXQ ILNLUOHULQ UDKDWoD SD\ODü×OPDV× |QQGH HQJHO ROXüWXUGXùXQX RUWD\DNR\PXüWXU+RYH0F/HRG6RQVRUXGDOLWHUDWUGHV×N-O×NODWHNUDUODQDQLQWHUQHWLQELUHùOHQFHDUDF×ROGXùXLGGLDV×5REELQV 0ZHVLJHV×QDQP×üW×U6RQXoRODUDNJ|UOPHNWHGLUNLNDW×- O×PF×ODU×Q\DOQ×]FDVRV\DOPHG\D\×KDEHUELOJLRUWDP×RODUDNJ|U-PHNWHGLUOHU
6RQXo
ͦOHWLüLPDUDoODU×Q×QNOWUHOUHWLPDODQ×\ODRODQLOLüNLVLEXDUDo-ODU×QD\Q×]DPDQGDSROLWLNDUDoODUROGXùXQXQGDJ|VWHUJHVLGLU$QFDN LOHWLüLP DUDoODU×\OD SROLWLND LOLüNLVL NOWUHO UHWLPOH V×Q×UO× GHùLOGLU LOHWLüLPWHNQRORMLOHULVL\DVDOLOHWLüLPLüOHYOHUL\OHGRùUXGDQSROLWLNDODQ LOH \XUWWDüODU DUDV×QGD ELU HWNLOHüLP NDQDO× RODUDN |QHPOL LüOHYOHUH VDKLSWLUOHU+HQ]\]\×OGDQLWLEDUHQLOHWLüLPDUDoODU×PRGHUQVL\D-VHWLQ |QHPOL ELU SDUoDV× KDOLQH JHOPLüOHUGLU ͦOHWLüLP WHNQRORMLOHULQLQ XODüW×ù× VRQ DüDPD VD\DELOHFHùLPL] LQWHUQHW WHNQRORMLVLQH NDGDU LOHWL- üLPDUDoODU×Q×QNDSLWDOLVWWRSOXPODUGDPEDGHOHDODQ×\ODRODQLOLüNLVL-QLQ \DQ× V×UD LGHRORMLüLPDUDoODU×Q×QNDSLWDOLVWWRSOXPODUGDPEDGHOHDODQ×\ODRODQLOLüNLVL-QLQ \D\×OPD DODQ× YH ELU J|]HWLP DUDF× RODUDN GHYOHWOHUOHLOLüNLVLQLQVUHNOLJoOHQGLùLQLEHOLUWPHOL\L]'LùHUWDUDIWDQ NOWUUQOHULQLQYHSROLWLNDODQDGDLUELOJLQLQUHWLOLS\D\J×QODüPD-V×Q×QELUDUDF×ROPDV×EDN×P×QGDQ\XUWWDüODU×QGDLOHWLüLPDUDoODU×QGDQ EHNOHQWLOHUL DUWPDNWDG×U 3L\DVD DNW|UOHUL GHYOHW YH \XUWWDüODU×Q LOHWL-üLPWHNQRORMLOHULQGHQEHNOHQWLOHULEXWHNQRORMLOHULQDQODü×OPDV×QGDYH NDPXVDORODUDNG]HQOHQPHVLQGHELUJHULOLPHQHGHQROPDNWDG×U7UNL\H·GH HùLWLPOL JHQo QIXVXQ EDüWD VRV\DO PHG\D RUWDPODU× ROPDN]HUHLQWHUQHWNXOODQ×PDO×üNDQO×NODU×Q×QSROLWLNNDW×O×PODLOLüNL-VLQLDQODPDoDEDV×EXoDO×üPDQ×QWHPHOPRWLYDV\RQXQXROXüWXUPXüWXU hQLYHUVLWH|ùUHQFLOHULQGHQROXüDQNDW×O×PF×ODU×Q\HQLPHG\D\DEDN×üOD-U× JHOHQHNVHO PHG\D\D LOLüNLQ ILNLUOHUL DOWHUQDWLI KDEHU ND\QDNODU×Q× NXOODQ×PODU×YHHQ|QHPOLVLoHYULPLoLRUWDPGDSROLWLNNDW×O×PYHPXKD-OHIHWHWPHGDYUDQ×üODU×DQODü×OPD\DoDO×ü×OP×üW×UdDO×üPDQ×QVRQXoODU× 3DSDFKDULVVLYH-DQNRZVNLYH9DQ6HOP·LQLGGLDHWWLNOHUL JLEL\DS×VDOVL\DVDOVRUXQODU×QSROLWLNNOWUQoHYULPLoLQHWDü×QG×ù×Q×
J|VWHUPHNWHGLU6DQDORUWDPJHUoHNKD\DWWDROGXùXJLELHOLWOHULQHWNLVL DOW×QGDG×UYHYDURODQ\DS×VDOV×Q×UO×O×NODU×QG×ü×QDo×NPDNVDGHFHWHN- QRORMLQLQLPNkQODU×\ODPPNQJ|UQPHPHNWHGLU$UDüW×UPDYHULOHUL-QH J|UH NDW×O×PF×ODU×Q \HQL PHG\D WHNQRORMLOHULQL NXOODQ×P G]H\OHUL ROGXNoD \NVHNWLU YH YDNLWOHULQLQ |QHPOL ELU N×VP×Q× LQWHUQHWWH JHoLU-PHNWHGLUOHU .XOODQ×F×ODU×Q E\N ELU N×VP×Q×Q ELUGHQ ID]OD VRV\DO Dù VD\IDV×QGD KHVDE× ROGXùX YH )DFHERRN NXOODQ×P RUDQ×Q×Q VW 7ZLWWHUYH*RRJOHSOXVNXOODQ×P×Q×QFLYDU×ROGXùXJ|UOPüWU 'LùHUWDUDIWDQEX\RùXQNXOODQ×PDNDUü×QVRV\DOPHG\DQ×QELUKDEHU ND\QDù× RODUDN SHN WHUFLK HGLOPHGLùL DQODü×OPDNWDG×U *HOHQHNVHO PHG\D NDQDOODU×QGDQ HOGH HGLOHQ ELOJLOHULQ \DQ× V×UD NXOODQ×F×ODU×Q DOWHUQDWLI KDEHU ND\QDNODU×QD HULüLPOHULQLQ DUWPDV× GRùUXGDQ ROPDVD GDSROLWLNPHVHOHOHUOHLOJLOLHOHüWLUHOWXWXPODU×QJoOHQPHVLQHNDWN×VDù- OD\DELOPHVLDo×V×QGDQEXoDO×üPDLoLQ|QHPOLELUYHULRODUDNGüQO-PHNWHGLU ͦQWHUQHWL P]DNHUHFL GHPRNUDVL RODQDNODU×Q×Q DUWPDV× LoLQ ELU I×UVDW RODUDN J|UHQ \DNODü×PODU×Q EHNOHQWLOHULQH NDUü×Q VRV\DO Dù RUWDPODU×Q×QEXEHNOHQWLOHULNDUü×ODPDNWDELUNDoDo×GDQ\HWHUVL]NDOG×ù× J|UOPHNWHGLU.DW×O×PF×ODU×QVRV\DODùODU×´HùOHQFHµLüOHYLLOHWDQ×POD- PDODU×Q×Q|WHVLQGHSROLWLNILNLUSD\ODü×P×NRQXVXQGD|QHPOLVD\×ODEL- OHFHNG]H\GHELUJHULoHNLOPH\DGDRWRVDQVUWHUFLKHWWLNOHULJ|UO-PHNWHGLU .DW×O×PF×ODU×Q \DU×V×QGDQ oRùX VRV\DO DùODUGD oRùXQOXùXQ ILNLUOHULQH X\JXQ ROPDG×ù×Q× GüQGù J|UüOHULQL SD\ODüPDNWDQ oHNLQGLùLQLEHOLUWPLüWLU%XYHULOHUWHPVLOLGHPRNUDVLQLQ\DS×VDOVRUXQ-ODU×\ODELUOLNWHGüQOGùQGHVRV\DODùODUV|]ONOHUYHEORJODUJLEL LQWHUDNWLI RUWDPODU×Q NXOODQ×F×ODU LoLQ |]JUFH ILNLU SD\ODüDELOHFHNOHUL ELURUWDP×QDVJDULüDUWODU×Q×VXQGXùXDQFDNEXüDUWODU×QNRUXQPDV×YH JoOHQGLULOPHVLLoLQPFDGHOHHWPHQLQ]RUXQOXROGXùXJ|UOPHNWHGLU ͦQWHUQHW RUWDP× VHUPD\H JUXSODU×Q×Q NDU DPDoO× YH GHYOHWLQ J|]HWLP DPDoO×RODUDNX\JXODG×ù×EDVN×QHGHQL\OH|]JUELUUHWLPYHSD\ODü×P RUWDP×ROPDLPNkQ×Q×\LWLUPHWHKOLNHVLDOW×QGDG×U
6RV\DO PHG\DQ×Q WP N×V×WO×O×NODU×QD UDùPHQ SROLWLN PXKDOHIHWH YHELUEWQRODUDNGHPRNUDVL\HNDWN×VXQPDSRWDQVL\HOLQLVUGUG-ùEHOLUWLOPHOLGLU6RV\DODùNXOODQ×P×RNDGDU\D\J×QG×UNLJHOHQHNVHO PHG\DGDWHPVLOHGLOPH\HQJUXSODU×QN×VPHQGHROVDEXDODQGDNHQGL-OHULQH\HUEXODELOPHOHULPPNQGU)DNDWV×Q×UO×O×NODU×YHLPNkQODU×
RUWD\D NR\PDN DG×QD \DQ×WODQPDV× JHUHNHQ SHN oRN VRUXQ RUWDGD GXUPDNWDG×U%XEDüO×NDOW×QGDELULNLPLJHOLüWLUPHN]HUHRWRVDQV-UQQHGHQLQLDo×NOD\DELOPHNLOHULoDO×üPDODULoLQELU]RUXQOXOXNRODUDN J|UQPHNWHGLU %LU GLùHU FHYDSODQPDP×ü VRUX NXOODQ×F×ODU×Q QHGHQ KDOD|QFHOLNOLRODUDNDQDDN×PPHG\D\×WHUFLKHWWLùLGLU6RQRODUDNKHU QHNDGDUWHNQRORMLNXOODQ×P×\NVHNHùLWLPOLJHQoQIXVGHPRNUDVLYH \HQL PHG\D LOLüNLVLQL DQODPDN DG×QD |QHPOL ROVD GD HùLWLP G]H\L GüNRUWD\DüVWJUXSODU×Q\HQLPHG\DWHNQRORMLOHULLOHNXUGXNODU× LOLüNL\HGDLUELOJLROGXNoDV×Q×UO×G×U
.D\QDNoD
$OL+$PLU´7KH3RZHURI6RFLDO0HGLDLQ'HYHORSLQJ1DWLRQV1HZ 7RROIRU&ORVLQJ*OREDO'LJLWDO'LYLGHDQG%H\RQGµHarvard Human Rights Journal $NGHQL]<DPDQ$OW×SDUPDN.HUHPͦQWHUQHW*LULOPHVL7HKOLNHOLYH <DVDNW×U$QNDUDͦPDM<D\×QHYL $QGHUVHQ5+%LNVRQ7./DZ6$YH0LWFKHOO%0Universal $FFHVVWR(0DLO)HDVLELOLW\DQG6RFLHWDO,PSOLFDWLRQV6DQWD0RQLFD 5$1' $WLNNDQ=H\QHSYH7XQo$VO×%ORJGDQ$O+DEHUL+DEHU%ORJODU× 'HPRNUDVLYH*D]HWHFLOLùLQ*HOHFHùLh]HULQHͦVWDQEXO<DS×.UHGL <D\×QODU× %DUQKXUVW*.HYLQ´7KH1HZ0HGLD$IIHFWDQG&ULVLVRI
5HSUHVHQWDWLRQIRU3ROLWLFDO&RPPXQLFDWLRQµThe International Journal RI3UHVV3ROLWLFV %DüDUDQ)XQGD$\GRùDQ$\OLQ´<HQL0HG\D\×$OWHUQDWLI0HG\D %DùODP×QGD$QODPDNµ$OWHUQDWLI0HG\D$OWHUQDWLI*D]HWHFLOLN7UNL\H·GH $OWHUQDWLI*D]HWHFLOLNh]HULQH'HùHUOHQGLUPHOHUGHUgPHUg]HU ͦVWDQEXO/LWHUDWUN %HQQHWW/DQFH´&RPPXQLFDWLQJ*OREDO$FWLYLVPµ1HZ0HGLD6RFLHW\ %XFKVWHLQ+XEHUWXV´%\WHV7KDW%LWH7KH,QWHUQHWDQG'HOLEHUDWLYH 'HPRFUDF\µConstellation &DUH\:-DPHV&RPPXQLFDWLRQ$V&XOWXUH(VVD\VRQ0HGLDDQG6RFLHW\ 1HZ<RUN/RQGRQ5RXWOHGJH &RUPRGH*UDKDPYH.ULVKQDPXUWK\%DODFKDQGHU´.H\'LIIHUHQFHV %HWZHHQ:HEDQG:HEµ)LUVW0RQGD\KWWS ILUVWPRQGD\RUJRMVLQGH[SKSIPDUWLFOHYLHZ DGUHVLQGHQ2FDNWDULKLQGHHULüLOGL dD\F×%HUNYH.DUDJOOH($\üHJO0RELOͦOHWLüLP7HNQRORMLOHUL\OH 'HùLüHQgUJWOHQPH%LoLPOHUL$ùODUGDgUJWOHQHQ7RSOXPVDO +DUHNHWOHU(-RXUQDO2I<DüDU8QLYHUVLW\
'DKOEHUJ/LQFROQ´5HWKLQNLQJWKH)UDJPHQWDWLRQRIWKH&\EHUSXEOLF )URP&RQVHQVXVWR&RQWHVWDWLRQµ1HZ0HGLD6RFLHW\ 'UHZ'DQ:HDYHU'DYLG´9RWHU/HDUQLQJDQG,QWHUHVWLQ
3UHVLGHQWLDO(OHFWLRQ'LGWKH0HGLD0DWWHU"µJournalism and Mass &RPPXQLFDWLRQ4XDUWHUO\ (OWDQWDZ\1DKHG:LHVW%-XOLH´6RFLDO0HGLDLQ(J\SWLDQ 5HYROXWLRQ5HFRQVLGHULQJ5HVRXUFH0RELOL]DWLRQ7KHRU\µ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI&RPPXQLFDWLRQ *HUKDUGV-XUJHQ6FKDIHU60LNH´,VWKH,QWHUQHW%HWWHU3XEOLF 6SKHUH"&RPSDULQJ2OGDQG1HZ0HGLDLQWKH86$DQG*HUPDQ\µ 1HZ0HGLDDQG6RFLHW\ *URVKHN-DFRE´7KH'HPRFUDWLF(IIHFWVRIWKH,QWHUQHW$ &URVV1DWLRQDO,QTXLU\RI&RXQWULHVµ,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RPPXQLFDWLRQ *D]HWWH +DEHUPDV-XUJHQ.DPXVDOO×ù×Q<DS×VDO'|QüPdHY7DQ×O%RUDYH 0LWKDW6DQFDUͦVWDQEXOͦOHWLüLP<D\×QODU× +DPSWRQ1.HLWK5DLQLH/HH/X:HL[X'Z\HU0DULD6KLQ,Q\RXQJ 3XUFHOO.ULVWHQ´6RFLDO0HGLDDQGWKH¶6SLUDORI6LOHQFH·Pew 5HVHDUFK&HQWHU:DVKLQJWRQ'&KWWSZZZSHZLQWHUQHW RUJVRFLDOPHGLDDQGWKHVSLUDORIVLOHQFH(ULüLP WDULKL +DUD1RULNR(VWUDGD=LOLD´$QDO\]LQJWKH0RELOL]DWLRQRI*UDVVURRW $FWLYLWLHVYLDWKH,QWHUQHW$&DVH6WXG\µ-RXUQDORI,QIRUPDWLRQ6FLHQFH +R66KLUOH\YH'RXJODV00F/HRG´6RFLDO3V\FKRORJLFDO ,QIOXHQFHVRQ2SLQLRQ([SUHVVLRQLQ)DFHWR)DFH&RPSXWHU0HGLDWHG &RPPXQLFDWLRQµ&RPPXQLFDWLRQ5HVHDUFK +ROW.6KHKDWD$6WU|PEDFN-/MXQJEHUJ(´$JHDQG7KH(IIHFWV RI1HZV0HGLD$WWHQWLRQDQG6RFLDO0HGLD8VH2Q3ROLWLFDO,QWHUHVW DQG3DUWLFLSDWLRQ'R6RFLDO0HGLD)XQFWLRQ$V/HYHOOHU"µ(XURSHQ -RXUQDORI&RPPXQLFDWLRQ -DKQNRZVNL1LFKRODVYH9DQ6HOP0DUWLQH´7KH3URPLVHDQG3UDFWLFH RI3XEOLF'HEDWHLQ&\EHUVSDFHµ'LJLWDO'HPRFUDF\,VVXHVRI7KHRU\ DQG3UDFWLFHGHU.HQQHWK/+DFNHUYH-DQ9DQ'LMN/RQGRQ6DJH
.DKQ5LFKDUG.HOOQHU'RXJODV´1HZ0HGLDDQG,QWHUQHW$FWLYLVP )URP7KH%DWWOHRI6HDWWOHWR%ORJJLQJµ1HZ0HGLDDQG6RFLHW\
.HDQH-RKQMedya ve Demokrasi. dHY+DOXNûDKLQͦVWDQEXO$\U×QW×
<D\×QODU×
.HOOQHU'RXJODV´7DEDQGDQ.UHVHOOHüPH5DGLNDO'HPRNUDWLN%LU 7HNQRSROLWLND\D'RùUXµKamusal Alan. GHU0HUDOg]EHNͦVWDQEXO
+LO<D\×QODU× .×]×ODUVODQ$VX6RV\DO0HG\DQ×Q7RSOXPh]HULQGHNL(WNLOHULQH (OHüWLUHO%LU<DNODü×P<D\×PODQPDP×ü<NVHN/LVDQV7H]LMarmara hQLYHUVLWHVL6RV\DO%LOLPOHU(QVWLWVͦVWDQEXO .|VHRùOX+ͦVPDLO7KH1HZ6RFLDO0HGLDDQG7KH3XEOLF6SKHUHLQ 7XUNH\<D\×QODQPDP×ü<NVHN/LVDQV7H]L)DWLKhQLYHUVLWHVL6RV\DO %LOLPOHU(QVWLWVͦVWDQEXO /LQGJUHQ6LPRQYH/XQGVWU|P5DJQDU´3LUDWH&XOWXUHDQG+DFWLYLVW 0RELOL]DWLRQ7KH&XOWXUDODQG6RFLDO&RGHVRI:LNLOHDNVRQ 7ZLWWHUµ1HZ0HGLDDQG6RFLHW\ 0DULRUDQD0DWW´86*RYHUQPHQW$VNHG*RRJOHIRU8VHU'DWD 7LPHV7KH)LOWHU%XEEOHµKWWSZZZWKHILOWHUEXEEOHFRP XVJRYHUQPHQWDVNHGJRRJOHIRUXVHUGDWDWLPHV(ULüLPWDULKL 0HWKD$UXQµ:K\$FWLYLVWV&DQQRW$IIRUGWR1HJOHFWWKH,QWHUQHWµ 6DUDL5HDGHU3XEOLF'RPDLQLoLQGHKWWSDUFKLYHVDUDLQHW ILOHVRULJLQDOIFDIIFDFDIFSGI(ULüLPWDULKL
0RUR]RY(YJHQ\´7KH'LJLWDO'LFWDWRUVKLSµThe Wall Street Journal
KWWSZZZZVMFRPDUWLFOHV6% (ULüLPWDULKL
0RUR]RY(YJHQ\The Net Delusion: The Dark Side of The Internet )UHHGRP1HZ<RUN3XEOLF$IIDLUV3UHVV
0ZHVLJH*3HWHU´&\EHU(OLWHV$6XUYH\RI,QWHUQHW&DIH8VHUVLQ 8JDQGDµ7HOHPDWLFVDQG,QIRUPDWLFV
1HXPDQ:/DZUDQFH7RSOXPVDO$UDüW×UPD<|QWHPOHUL1LWHOYH1LFHO
g]oHWLQ%XUDN$VODQ78PXWYH%LQDUN0XWOX´7UNL\H·GH ͦQWHUQHW.DPXVDOO×NYH'HPRNUDWLN.DQDDW2OXüXPXµ)RONORU (GHEL\DW g]PHQ6$GHP7RSOXPVDO0XKDOHIHW$o×V×QGDQ6RV\DO0HG\D 3UDWLNOHULQLQ'HPRNUDWLNͦüOHYOHUL<D\×QODQPDP×ü<NVHN/LVDQV 7H]L0DUPDUDhQLYHUVLWHVL6RV\DO%LOLPOHU(QVWLWVͦVWDQEXO 3DSDFKDULVVL=L]L´'HPRFUDF\2QOLQH&LYLOLW\3ROLWHQHVVDQGWKH 'HPRFUDWLF3RWHQWLDORI2QOLQH3ROLWLFDO'LVFXVVLRQ*URXSVµNew 0HGLD6RFLHW\ 5REELQV%0HOLQGD´$UH$IULFDQ:RPHQ2QOLQH-XVW,&7 &XVWRPHUV"µ7KH,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RPPXQLFDWLRQ*D]HWWH 6KDZ5DQG\$NWLYLVWLQ(O.LWDE×dHY%DU×ü<×OG×U×PͦVWDQEXO$\U×QW× <D\×QODU× 6XPPHU+DUORZ´6RFLDO0HGLDDQG6RFLDO0RYHPHQWV)DFHERRNDQG DQ2QOLQH*XHWHPDODQ-XVWLFH0RYHPHQWWKDW0RYHG2IIOLQHµNew 0HGLD6RFLHW\ ûHQGHQL]g]OHP´7RSOXPVDO+DUHNHWOHU5HSHUWXYDU×YH6RV\DO$ùODU +(60XKDOHIHWLgUQHùLµYeni Medya Yeni Pratikler Yeni Olanaklar
GHU(PHO%DüWUN$NoDͦVWDQEXO8PXWWHSH<D\×QODU× 7DUURZ6LGQH\´.|NO.R]PRSROLWOHUYH8OXV|WHVL$NWLYLVWOHUµdHY *'RùGXDVODQ7RSOXPVDO+DUHNHWOHUGHU'<dHWLQND\DͦVWDQEXO ͦOHWLüLP<D\×QODU× 7LPLVL1LOIHU<HQLͦOHWLüLP7HNQRORMLOHULYH'HPRNUDVLͦQWHUQHW 2UWDP×QGD.DPXVDO.DW×O×P<D\×QODQP×ü'RNWRUD7H]L$QNDUD hQLYHUVLWHVL6RV\DO%LOLPOHU(QVWLWV$QNDUD7H]LQ\D\×QODQP×ü KDOL7LPLVL1LOIHU<HQLͦOHWLüLP7HNQRORMLOHULYH'HPRNUDVL $QNDUD'RVW.LWDEHYL<D\×QODU× 7RSUDN$OL<×OG×U×P$\üHQXU$\JO(VHU%LQDUN0XWOX%|UHNoL6HQHPYH dRPX7XùUXO7RSOXPVDO3D\ODü×P$ù×)DFHERRN*|UO\RUXP g\OH\VH9DU×PͦVWDQEXO.DONHGRQ<D\×QODU×
7RXUDLQH$ODLQDemokrasi Nedir? dHY2OFD\.XQDOͦVWDQEXO<DS×
7XPEHU+RZDUG´'HPRFUDF\LQ7KH,QIRUPDWLRQ$JH7KH5ROHRI 7KH)RXUWK(VWDWHLQ&\EHUVSDFHµ&XOWXUHDQG3ROLWLFVLQ7KH ,QIRUPDWLRQ$JH$1HZ3ROLWLFV"(G)UDQN:HEVWHU/RQGRQ1HZ <RUN5RXWOHGJH 8OODK60RKDPPDG´,&7·V&KDQJLQJ<RXWKV·3ROLWLFDO$WWLWXGHVDQG %HKDYLRXULQ%DQJODGHVKµ,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RPPXQLFDWLRQ*D]HWWH 9HODVTXH]$OFLGHV´6RFLDO0HGLDDQG2QOLQH3ROLWLFDO'LVFXVVLRQ7KH (IIHFWVRI&XHVDQG,QIRUPDWLRQ&DVFDGHVRQ3DUWLFLSDWLRQLQ2QOLQH 3ROLWLFDO&RPPXQLWLHVµ1HZ0HGLD6RFLHW\ :DVFR-DQHW´6WXG\LQJ7KH3ROLWLFDO(FRQRP\RI0HGLDDQG &RPPXQLFDWLRQµ&RPXQLFDoDRH6RFLHGDGH :HEVWHU)UDQN7KHRULHVRI7KH,QIRUPDWLRQ6RFLHW\1HZ<RUN 5RXWOHGJH <×OG×U×P$OLYHûLPüHN+DVDQ6RV\DO%LOLPOHUGH1LWHO$UDüW×UPD <|QWHPOHUL$QNDUD6HoNLQ<D\×QODU× =KDQJ:HL\X´5HGHILQLQJ<RXWK$FWLYLVP7KURXJK'LJLWDO 7HFKQRORJ\LQ6LQJDSRUHµ,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RPPXQLFDWLRQ*D]HWWH =KDQJ:HL\X(PPDQXHO&/DOODQD´<RXWK,&7VDQG&LYLF (QJDJHPHQWLQ6RXWK$VLDµ,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RPPXQLFDWLRQ*D]HWWH
6RQQRWODU
%XoDO×üPDDUDüW×UPDF×Q×Q\×O×QGD$QNDUDhQLYHUVLWHVL6RV\DO%LOLPOHU(QVWL-WV 5DG\R 7HOHYL]\RQ 6LQHPD $QDELOLP 'DO×·QGD NDEXO HGLOPLü RODQ \NVHN OLVDQVWH]LQGHQUHWLOPLüWLU
(QIRUPDV\RQ WRSOXPX WHRULOHUL EDüO×ù× DOW×QGD VD\DELOHFHùLPL] HQGVWUL VRQUDV× WRSOXP ULVN WRSOXPX SRVWIRUGLVW WRSOXP \DNODü×PODU× ·OHUGHQ LWLEDUHQ RUWD\D NRQPXüWXU'DQLHO%HOO$QWKRQ\*LGGHQV=\JPXQW%DXPDQYH8OULFK%HFNJLEL |QHPOL LVLPOHU EX NRQXODUGDNL LON HVHUOHULQL LOH DUDV×QGDNL G|QHPGH JHOLüWLUPLüOHUGLU
%X HùLOLP WHNQRORML\H LoVHO ELU GHPRNUDWLNOHüPH\H LüDUHW HGHU g]HOOLNOH ZHE ·GDQ ZHE ·D JHoLüOH EHUDEHU LQWHUQHW YH GHPRNUDVL DUDV×QGD LOLüNL NXUPDN GDKD\D\J×QELUHùLOLPHG|QüPüWU&RUPRGHYH.ULVKQDPXUWK\·DJ|UH ZHE YH DUDV×QGDNL WHPHO IDUNO×O×N ZHE |QFHVL oHYULPLoL LoHULN UHWLFL VD\×V×Q×QEXJQLOHNDUü×ODüW×U×ODPD\DFDNG]H\GHV×Q×UO×ROPDV×G×U.XOODQ×F×ODU×Q LoHULNUHWLPLQHNDW×OPDV×DQO×NPHVDM\ROOD\DELOPHOHULIDUNO×ZHEVD\IDODU×DUDV×Q- GDEDùODQW×NXUDELOPHVLELUDGUHVLEDüNDELUZHEVD\IDV×QGDNLKDULWD\DEDùOD\DELO- PHNLoHULNGHùLüWRNXüXJLEL|]HOOLNOHUZHE·×QNHQGLQHKDVGHPRNUDWLN|]HOOLN-OHULRODUDNJ|VWHULOLUa.g.e. =L]L3DSDFKDULVVLLQWHUQHWEDùODP×QGDNDPXVDODODQ]HULQHGüQUNHQELUD\U×P |QHULU3DSDFKDULVVL·\HJ|UH´\HQLNDPXVDOX]DPQHZSXEOLFVSDFH\HQLNDPXVDO DODQQHZSXEOLFVSKHUHLOHD\Q×üH\GHùLOGLU.DPXVDOELUX]DPRODUDNLQWHUQHW SROLWLN WDUW×üPD LoLQ \HQL ELU IRUXP VXQDU .DPXVDO DODQ RODUDN LQWHUQHW ILNLU YH NDQDDWOHULQ GHPRNUDVL\L JoOHQGLUHFHN üHNLOGH WDUW×ü×OPDV×QD LPNDQ VDùODU %LUL WDUW×üPDDODQODU×Q×JHOLüWLULUNHQGLùHULGHPRNUDVL\HNDWN×VXQDQWDUW×üPD\×JHOLüWL-ULUµ ·GH\D]×OP×üRODQEXPDNDOHGHQEX\DQDSHNoRNüH\GHùLüPLüWLU%XJQLQWHU- QHWLQRWRULWHUUHMLPOHUHNDUü×ELU´EDù×ü×NO×ùDµVDKLSROGXùXQXV|\OHPHNSHNPP- NQGHùLO'LùHUWDUDIWDQ%XFKVWHLQ·LQWDQ×PODG×ù×oHUoHYHE\NRUDQGDSRSOHU-OLùLQLNRUXPDNWDG×U
ͦOHWLüLP LPNDQODU×Q×Q DUW×ü×\OD GHPRNUDWLNOHüPH DUDV×QGD SDUDOHOOLN J|UHQ \DNOD- ü×PODUDELU|UQHNRODUDNEDN×Q×]0DVRQ3DXO:K\,W·V.LFNLQJ2II(YHU\-ZKHUH7KH1HZ*OREDO5HYROXWLRQV/RQGRQ9HUVR
%DKVHGLOHQ DUDüW×UPDODU G×ü×QGD D\U×FD EDN×Q×] (OWDQWDZ\ 1DKHG :LHVW % -XOLH ´6RFLDO0HGLDLQ(J\SWLDQ5HYROXWLRQ5HFRQVLGHULQJ5HVRXUFH0RELOL]DWL-RQ7KHRU\µ,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
6RUXIRUPXQXQ´GHPRJUDILNVRUXODUµN×VP×QGDNDW×O×PF×ODUDFLQVL\HWOHUL\DüODU× SROLWLNHùLOLPOHULNHQGLOHULQLQYHDLOHOHULQLQD\O×NJHOLUG]H\OHULVRUXOPXüWXU%X
VRUXODUDYHULOHQ\DQ×WODUODVRUXIRUPXQXQLNLQFLN×VP×QGD\HUDODQVRV\DOPHG\D YH JHOHQHNVHO PHG\D NXOODQ×P SUDWLNOHULQL DQODPD\D G|QN VRUXODUD YHULOHQ FHYDSODUDUDV×QGDDQODPO×ELUIDUNO×O×NRUWD\Do×NPDP×üW×UgUQHùLQDLOHVLQLQD\O×N JHOLUL 7/·QLQ DOW×QGD RODQODUOD 7/·QLQ VWQGH RODQODU×Q VRV\DO PHG\D NXOODQ×PODU×QD LOLüNLQ DQODPO× ELU IDUN J|UOPHPLüWLU %HQ]HU üHNLOGH SROLWLN HùL-OLPOHUL]×WRODQ|ùUHQFLOHULQVRV\DOPHG\DNXOODQ×PODU×DUDV×QGDGDDQODPO×ELUIDUN WHVSLWHGLOHPHPLüWLU
7hͦ.QIXVLVWDWLVWLNOHUL7LNJRYWUWHPHOLVWDWLVWLNOHUQIXVYHGHPRJUDIL \×OODUD \Dü JUXEX YH FLQVL\HWH J|UH QIXVJHQHO QIXV VD\×PODU× KWWSZZZ WXLNJRYWU8VW0HQXGR"PHWRG WHPHOLVW
%X VRUXGD NDVWHGLOHQ EHOLUOL ELU DPDFD \|QHOLN RODUDN DPDo GRùUXOWXVXQGD ELU JUXSLOHEHUDEHUPDLODWPDNWZLWWHU·GDKDVWDJROXüWXUPDN\DGDIDFHERRN·WDEHQ-]HUüHNLOGHSD\ODü×PGDEXOXQPDNW×U7HPHOPHVHOHELUDPDoGRùUXOWXVXQGDEDüND LQVDQODUODEHUDEHU\DS×OPDV×G×U6RUXNDW×O×PF×ODUDEXüHNLOGHDo×NODQP×üW×U 6RV\DOPHG\D\×SROLWLNDPDoODUODNXOODQPDQ×Q|QQGHNLHQJHOOHULRUWD\DNR\PDN
GRùUXGDQ EX oDO×üPDQ×Q NRQXVX ROPDPDNOD EHUDEHU WDULKOL YH VD\×O×´ͦQWHUQHWRUWDP×QGD\DS×ODQ\D\×QODU×QG]HQOHQPHVLYHEX\D\×QODU\ROX\-OD LüOHQHQ VXoODUVD\×O×´ͦQWHUQHWRUWDP×QGD\DS×ODQ\D\×QODU×QG]HQOHQPHVLYHEX\D\×QODU\ROX\-OD PFDGHOH HGLOPHVL KDNN×QGD NDQXQµ YH NDQXQXQ \UUOùH JLUPHVLQGHQ EX JQH \DS×ODQ JQFHOOHPHOHU VRV\DO PHG\DQ×Q SROLWLN DPDoODUOD NXOODQ×P× |QQGH HQJHO RODUDN J|UOHELOLU %X G]HQOHPH LOH LOJLOL D\U×QW×O× ELOJL LoLQ EDN×Q×] $NGHQL] < $OW×SDUPDN . ͦQWHUQHW *LULOPHVL 7HKOLNHOL YH <DVDNW×U$QNDUDͦPDM<D\×QHYL$\U×FDVRV\DOPHG\DQ×QV×Q×UO×SROLWLNNXOODQ×P× ELUWUVXVNXQOXNVDUPDO×RODUDNGDGHùHUOHQGLULOHELOLU6XVNXQOXNVDUPDO×\DNODü×-P×3HZ5HVHDUFK&HQWHU×Q$ùXVWRVWDULKLQGHNRQX\ODLOJLOL\D\×QODQP×ü RODQUDSRUXLOHX\XPOXGXU%DN×Q×]+DPSWRQ.15DLQLH//X:'Z\HU0 6KLQ, 3XUFHOO.´6RFLDO0HGLDDQGWKH¶6SLUDORI6LOHQFH·3HZ5HVHDUFK Center:DVKLQJWRQ'&