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Başlık: Teknoloji, kamusal alan ve sosyal medya: Üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyal medya kullanımı ve politik katılım üzerine ampirik bir çalışmaYazar(lar):YAĞAN, UğurCilt: 11 Sayı: 1.2 Sayfa: 123-153 DOI: 10.1501/Iltaras_0000000145 Yayın Tarihi: 2013 PDF

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