YDS BILINMESI GEREKENLER
1: Present Simple:
do/does + V1, V1, V(e)s – am/is/are + isim veya sifat – Passive Sekli: am/is/are + V3 - Gelirim – giderim - izlerim – yazilir – yapilir – kullanilir. Always Usually Generally Occasionally Frequently Often Hardly ever Seldom Scarcely Rarely Every + time Every day Every year Once a week Twice a year Four times a day On Fridays At the weekends Kullanim alanlari - Bilimsel gercekler ve doga kanunlari- Evrensel gercekler - Genel kurallar
- Duzenli yapilan eylemler ve aliskanliklar - Timetable ( planlanan olaylar.
2: Present Continuous
: am/is/are + Ving - passive sekli : am/is/are + being + V3 Yapiyorum , izliyorum, geliyorum – yapiliyor- gonderiliyor, temizleniyor.Now Currently
At this very moment At present
Presently
For the time being At the present time Every passing minute Look!
Listen! Nowadays These days
What a beautiful night! Steadily
Rapidly Continuously Constantly Just this time
3: Present Perfect Tense :
Have / Has + V3 Passive sekli - have/has been + V3 Calismaktayim, kullanmaktayim, izlemekteyim, yeni temizledim – temizlenmekte, henuz gonderildi, yapildi)Since 1980 Since 2000 Since then Ever since Since I was born Since she came here Since + ozne + V2 gelir For a long time
For two decades For two hours For five years now Just Yet Already Still So far Thus far Up till now Until now By now Up to now Hitherto Recently – recent In recent years
During the recent days Lately
All my life – all day- all night All week, all this month My whole life
Two times, three times Several time this month Many times
Many times this year How long ….?
In my life Never Ever
In past + five years Over + the + ten days
For last + few weeks During six hours
It first, second, third time, student, patient, …
+ is the + best, worst, longest + isim book, film, city,… + perfect tense This most beautiful girl, country,…
4: Past Simple:
did – didn’t + V1, V2 - was/ were + isim veya sifat Passive sekli: was/were+ V3Yazdim, gonderdim, temizledim, yapti, satti - passive: yapildi, kirildi, edildi. Yesterday Last + zaman Last week Last year Last week In 1980 In 2010 Previous + zaman Previous week Previous year Zaman + ago Two years ago Two weeks ago Five hours ago
The other day At that time
During the world war II During the 19th century How long ago …? From 1980 to 2000 Between 2005 and 2010
Since + Ozne + Past simple –since I saw It is time + Ozne
It is high time+ Ozne It is time you went It is high time she went
I would rather + Ozne + past Simple I would rather you watched
I would sooner she wantched In the seventeenth century At the beginning of the twentieth century
5: Past CONTINUOUS :
was/were + Ving - Passive sekli : was / were + being V3 Yapiyordum, oynuyordu, izliyordu – passive: yapiliyordu, gonderiliyordu, izleniyordu While + past cont. (iken)Just as + Past cont As + past cont. This time yesterday
This time last year At five yesterday
Between 10:00 and 12:00 yesterday At the time of the accident
6: Past Perfect Tense:
had V3 - passive sekli: had been V3 Yapmistim, gondermistim, satmisti, olmustu : passive – yazilabilmisti. By the time + past simple - Past perfectNever …… before. The night before.
The year before. Before.
Earlier. By then
I regretted / noticed / found / felt / expected / realized that + had V3 (Onemli)
7: Past Perfect Continuous:
had been+ Ving WhenBy the time + Past simple gelirse 2. Cumlede for + zaman var ise had been +Ving Before
FUTURE
8: Simple Future:
Will + V1 – am/is are going to + V1 – Present Modals + V1 (can, may, should, had better, ought to, must, have to, shall … etc. + V1.)Passive sekli: Will be + V3 – am/is/are going to + be + V3 – Modals + be + V3 Yapacak – izleyecek, kullanacagim – kullanilacak, temizlenecek.
Tomorrow Tomorrow morning … Next + zaman Next week Next year Next meeting Next weekend Soon Before long In two years This evening In a month In a week Five days later Six days later From now on In 2020 In the future Threat think assume hope
Ozne + predict Ozne + Will + V1 ( %80) – Am/is/are going to + V1 – Modals + V1 investigate imagine suppose swear quarantee warn request expect I am sure I am afraid promise
It is probable / possible / likely / unlikely that + will
9: Future Continuous : Will be + Ving – Passive Sekli will being + V3 Yapiyor olacagim – izliyor olacak – izleniyor olacak
This time tomorrow This time next week At this time next year All the day tomorrow
Three days from now …... which is due tomorrow In a few hours
10: Future Perfect Tense:
Will have + V3 – Passive Sekli : Will have been + V3 Yapmis olacagim, bitirmis olacak – Yapilmis olacak – gonderilmis olacak.By + Zaman By tomorrow By next week By may
By next April
By the end of the year By the end of the week Before then
By sunset tomorrow In two weeks
In a month By the year 2023 By the time + Present Simple - Will have V3 (Onemli)
11: Future Perfect Continuous Tense :
Will have been + Ving : by - forNote: Bu tense icin yine Future Perfect Tense zaman ifadeleri olmasi gerekir. Ancak burda continuous olmasi icin ayrica For + zaman Olmasi gerekir.
By + Zaman – For + zaman
By the time you come here we will have been watching TV for 3 hours
By the end of next year I will have been working in this company for 10 years.
12: Future in the Past :
was/were going to + V1 – would + V1 Passive sekli : was/were going to be + V3 – would be + V3Gecmisteki gelecek: Yapacaktim, arayacaktim, yapilacakti, temizlenecekti Fakat… We were going to visit you in the hospital but my friend died so we couldn’t. She said she would clean the living room.
He knew that she would accept his offer before long. Tenses Notes
1: Zaman uyumuna dikkat etmeliyiz.
2: zaman baglaclarindan hemen sonra`will – be going to / would Gelmez. When I will – olmaz. Until I would see olmaz.
3: Past Perfect (Had V3 – Had been Ving ) Past simple olmadan calismaz.
4: Future (will – Be going to) present simple yada present perfect olmadan calismaz. 5: Zaman baglaclarinda present perfect / present perfect yan yana gelmez.
Ayrica past perfect – past perfect ve future perfect – future perfect olmaz. When she has come, I have just left olmaz. Yani asagidaki siklar elenir. Yanlistir.
A) have done / has listened/ has been reading B) had called / had visited – had been using
6: Would have V3 : if + had V3 (type -3) yada if anlami veren yapilar olmadan calismaz. 7: By the time ve before dan hemen sonra had V3 kullanilmaz.
Before he had called me … olmaz.
8: After, as soon as, once yapilarinda 2. Cumlede Had V3 kullanilmaz After I came she had left olmaz.
9: No sooner …. Than ile , scarcely/ hardly …. When ile calisir ve ilk cumle had V3 olur. She had no sooner arrived in Malaysia than she was called back.
He had scarcely called me when I left the room.
Bu yapilar cumle basinda gelirse devrik olarak kullanilir.
No sooner had she arrived in Malaysia than she was called back
10: Zaman baglaclarindan hemen sonra Present Simple veya Present Perfect geldiginde, diger cumlede Present perfect Tense gelmez.
When I arrive, I have finished olmaz. 12: Before
After
Until/till Bu baglaclarin bulunduğu yan cümlelerde continuous tense By the time kullanılmaz.
Since As soon as
13: Eger bosluktan sonra By + isim var ise boslukda Passive yapi gelir. The report which was prepared by the factory …..
14: Causitives (ettirgen yapilar) Have / get something done Have somebody do smt Get somebody to do smt
Make somebody do smt Passive ( was made to + V1) Let somebody do smt
Help somebody (to) v1
15: allow, assist, compel, convince, employ, encourage, force, hire, motivate, permit, require + Subject to V1 – permit me to go – allow her to sleep.
16: Would rather V1 than v1 (Tercih etmek – yeglemek) I would rather drink coffee than drink tea.
Would rather subject V2 than V2
Would rather have V3 than have V3 (past)
I would rather have stayed in Turkey than have gone abroad last year. Would prefer to V1 than to V1
I would prefer to learn English than to learn German. Would prefer subject to V1 to V1
I prefer tea to coffee.
I prefer dancing to swimming. 17: if clauses
Type 0 – If + Present Simple - Present Simple
Type 1 – if + present simple /present perfect / have to / can - will / modals 1 Type 2 – if + past simple / were/ had to / could – would / could / might +V1 Type 3 – if + past perfect – would have V3 / could have V3 / Perfect Modals Mix Type 1 – if + Past perfect Tense – would / could + V1 (now, today) Mix Type 2 – if + Past Simple - would have V3
18: Unless + Present Simple / present perfect - will + V1 / Modal 1 + V1 Unless + Pas Simple - would / could
19: Providing (that)
Provided (that) 1: Present Simple - will / can / may / Modal 1 As long as / so long as Present Perfect
On condition that Even if
In case 2: Past Simple - would / could / might Suppose (that)
Supposing (that)
20: Only if 1: Present Simple/Present Perfect – can they – will they +V1(2. cumle Only when devamli devrik olur.
21: If only (I wish) 1: Past perfect Tense - would have V3 / Perfect Modals 2: Past Simple - would/could + V1
22: Devrik - If yapilari
Type 1 – should I see Ali, I will speak with him. Type 2 – were I to you, I would help him
23: wish clauses
1: I wish + Past Simple / would +V1 – Farazi konusmalar. I wish I had a car 2: I wish + Past Perfect Tense – Pismanlik – I wish I had taken my pen
3: I wish + would – could + V1 – gelecek ile ilgili istekler. I wish she could call me soon. Not: Wish yapisinda Present, future ve Modal 1 ifadeleri gelmez. I wish I will olmaz. 24: Noun Clauses
1: That
I believe that she will pass the exam. I know that she will come soon. (nesne gorevinde) That she will pass the exam is believed. That She will come soon is know. (Ozne)
2: Whether / if – or not
I don’t know whether /if she can answer all of the questions or not. (nesne gorevinde) Whether she can answer all of the questions or not is not known. (ozne Gorevinde) Not: IF noun clause olarak cumle basinda kullanilamaz.
3: WH questions
I want to learn when she will call you. Please ask him how he wants his coffee. Not:1
Opinion Belief Contention Assumption
Fear bu isimler yanlarına that almayı severler.
Idea Fact Claim Clear Obvious True Certain
Interesting kendilerinden sonra that almayı severler.
Surprising A shame Pity Disturbing Dreadful Know Say Indicate Tell Not: 2
learn explain
wonder + whether / that / WH questions(noun clause) gelir. I depend on
remember I wonder why he is reading this magazine. understand
ask don’t know
4: That – kullanimi
1: Virgülden sonra that kullanılmaz (non-defining relative clause)
2: Preposition (edat) dan sonra that kullanılmaz. ( on that – of that – for that)
3: all, everything, something, anything, nothing, none, little, few, much dan sonra that kullanılır. There's something that I should tell you.
4: Superlative` lerden sonra that kullanılır. It was the best film that I've ever seen.
4: Subjunctives Yapilari: Bu yapilardan sonra `should + V1` gelir. Genellikle should kullanilmadigindan fiil V1 seklinde gelir. Ayrica passive yapisi ise (should ) be V3 olur. It is crucial
It is important you should obey the traffic rules. It is significant she send the mail soon.
It is vital
It is mandatory that the letter (should) be written by the manager. It is imperative
It is essential all the task be completed on time. importance
significance urgency
5: Bosluktan once sifat veya zarf var ise how veya however gelir. --- beautiful she is burda sadece however gelir
--- could you tell me --- strong it is – Burda how gelir. 6: Bosluktan sonra WH question var ise sadece No Matter gelir.
No matter what she says, we will go on watching this film. However + sıfat
However + zarf
25: Adjective Clause
1: Bosluktan onceki ismi nitelerler. Buyuzden bosluktan once isim var ise; ( the manager --- lives in upstairs will come us tonight. Burda Who gelir. who Ali who is a teacher has a car.
Insanlar icin – whom + ozne The person whom I called is Ahmet
whose + isim. The writer whose name is Hasan is writing a new book. Edat, of, for, on,+ whom He is a good person to whom you should listen.
Some of/most of whom There are some doctors, some of whom I know.
Nesneler ve hayvanlar icin – Which/That; the car which is blue is mine.
Edat, on, of, at, in + which There are some books in which a girl loves a man. Most of, some of + which I have many cars, some of which are very expensive. Zaman icin – when/on which ; I know the day when we met. 1923 when/in which is….
At which / In which tha day on which … 12.00 at which At which This is the airport at which she works.
Yerler (places)icin – where There is a restaurant where I had dinner with her. In which There is a restaurant in which I had dinner with her.
Not 1: Bosluktan once;
The method
The way in which gelir. The situation in which she … The situation
The condition The manner
Sebep – the reason – why/for which: The reason why she came her is to inform us about him.
Note 2:
Where The place where She…. When The day when I…. Why + ozne gelir. The reason why they ….. Whose The man whose name … Whom The manager whom I …. In which
On which
At which
Fakat of whom dan sonra Fiil gelebilir.
Non- defining; iki virgule arasinda kullanilir. (,_______,) burda That kullanilmaz. Turgut Ozal, who is the 8th president of Turkey, died in 1993.
Relative clause cikarim:
1: Nesne gorevinde relative clause kullanilmayabilir.
The lady whom you met is Mrs. Alice. The lady you met is Mrs. Alice.
2: Fakat ozne gorevinde cikarim yapilirken yapi degisir. Cumle aktif ise Ving gelir, Passive ise V3. The man who lives in this home is Ahmet Celebi
The man living in this home is Ahmet Celebi. Please call the person who came here yesterday. Please call the person coming here yesterday.
Did you visit the Selimiye Mosque which was built by Mimar Sinan. Did you visit the Selimiye Mosque built by Mimar Sinan.
2: infinitive `to` kullanilmasi.
She is the only person who works here. She is the only person to work here. Ali is the first man who finished the race. Ali is the first man to finish the race.
Ayse is the best student who plays the piano. Ayse is the best student to play the piano. The first
The third person
The next car to come
The last man to + v1 (aktif ise) The only manager to be + V3 (passive ise) The best way to be solved
The worst
3: whose ve of which kullanimi. The isim of which… isim whose isim. Can you repair the chair whose legs are broken?
Can you repair the chair the legs of which are broken?
Note: what, whatever, how, wherever, sadece Noun clause olarak kullanilir. 26: Be used to Get used to Be accustomed to Get accustomed to Look forward to Be opposed to Object to Feel like
Can’t help + Ving Can’t stand
Can’t bear It is no use It is no good It is worth
In the habit of There is no point in Feel like
It is a waste of time/money
To have difficulty / trouble /problems
To have a hard time / a-an bad-good-hard/ enjoyable time Without
By
27: Baglaclar - conjunction 1: Zaman Baglaclari
after, before, by the time, until, till, since, as long as, while, as, when, whenever, once, as soon as, immediately, now that, the last time, at that time.
2: Neden – Sonuc
Because Since
As / now that 1: devamli cumle gelir. (oldugu icin, den dolayi) Inasmuch as
On the grounds that 2: Es anlamli olduklari icin beraber kullanilmalarinda elenirler. Seeing that/ in that
Due to the fact that Owing to the fact that Because of the fact that In view of the fact that 3:
Because of 1: isimle kullanilir. Cumle gelmez. (den dolayi – oldugu icin) Due to
Owing to In view of On account of Thanks to
4: Sonuc bildiren baglaclar: (noktalama işaretlerine dikkat ediniz!)
Cause Effect
People eat fast and carelessly; therefore, they become very fat. (… sonucunda) as a result, as a result of this, consequently, as a consequence of this, because of this, thus/hence
Ayşe went to the bed late last night, so she couldn't get up early. Ayşe went to the bed so much late that she couldn't get up early. Ali ate apples such large numbers that he became ill.
5: Benzerlik
SIMILARLY, LIKEWISE, IN THE SAME WAY, EQUALLY (Aynı şekilde, bunun gibi) 6: Aciklama
That is, in other words, that is to say, I mean: (diyeceğim o ki, yani, başka bir deyişle) 6: Amac (purpose)
So that (...sin diye , mak için, amacıyla) In order that
For the purpose that genelde present durumlarda Can – past durumlarda Could gelir In order to
So as to + V1 ( icin) devamli fiillerle kullanilir. To
Lest - Korkusuyla - endisesiyle – devamli Should ile kullanilir. For fear that - Korkusuyla Endisesiyle.
With the intention that - Niyetiyle With the hope that umidiyle In the hope that
7: Zitlik bildiren baglaclar
While (e karşın, iken, halde) Whereas Ozneler farkli olmasi gerekir. Whilts
Although
Even though … e ragmen Though
Much as Cumle gelir
In spite of the fact that genelde ozneler ayni olur. Despite the fact that
In spite of (e ragmen) isim gelir. Cumle gelmez Despite
However + adjectives / adverbs gelir No matter + WH questions ile calisir.
He attended the courses; however, he couldn't enter the university.(yine de)
It was rainy. However, the children were playing out. (buna rağmen; yine de) Nevertheless,
Nonetheless,
Still, the children were playing out. (ama yine de) but /yet the children were still playing out.
In contrast to Unlike
Contrasting to + Noun (isim) --- aksine – tersine - zittina Contrary to
As opposed to In contrast By contrast
On the contrary + cumle gelir. Tersine - aksine To the contrary
Conversely
ON THE ONE HAND, .... ON THE OTHER HAND 8: Ayni fikri devam ettirme
I want to buy that house. It has four rooms and big balconies. Moreover, it has a beautiful garden. Furthermore, ek olarak In addition, bunun yaninda Besides, + , cumle What’s more,
Don't buy an old car. It often needs repairing; moreover, besides / in addition / furthermore it uses much petrol.
In adition to
Besides + isim gelir. Bunun yaninda – ek olarak As well as
During - + isim (surec bildirir.) during the flight – during the trip… Such as – gibi , ornek vermek
Appear
Act 1: iki cumleyi baglamaz. Fiilden sonra gelir. Cogunlukla Look kendisinden once gelen fiilin bir derece pastini alir. Treat As though … mis gibi
Behave + As if Speak
Seem
Whereby - onunla – onun vasitasiyla – Eş anlamlısı: by means of which – through which. A system, a method, a scheme gibi isimleri izleyen bir bağlaçtır.
Apart from: Olumlu cumlede And (ve) – Olumsuz cumelede Except (haric) anlamina gelir. As far as / so far as : genelde I know – I remember – i am concerned gibi yapilar ile calisir. As far as I know – Bildigim kadariyla / As far as the interest rates are concerned .. JUST AS
1: just as + past cont. = while. Just as I was leaving, the phone rang.
Onemli Kelimeler Distinct from Suffer from Refrain from Indulge in Interfere with Consist of Talk about/to/with Afraid of Aware of Capable of Vote for Wait fro Watch for Focus on Depend on/upon Rely on/upon Insist on Persist in Cooperation with Related to Accompanied by Threaten with Thank for Tired of Think about/of Exposure to Range from Regardless off Emerge from
Agree with S.O on STH Cope with
Comply with Deal with Parity with
Take into consideration Scattered across Extinct for Marked in Responsible for
