From Spain and North Africa through the central lands of Egypt, Syria and Iraq, to Iran and India in the East, and over a period of roughly twelve centuries, Islamic medicine has shown great variation and diversity. As cosmopolitan Islamic culture developed, shared traditions spanned vast areas and crossed many centuries. Yet local conditions and innumerable other factors produced considerable diversity. Communications over such a vast area during the course of several centuries were, as would be expected, neither uniform nor very swift, and the dispersion of ideas and texts from one region to another was uneven. The general health of the Islamic community was influenced by many factors: the climatic conditions of the desert, marsh, mountain and littoral
communities; the different living conditions of nomadic, rural, and urban populations; local economic factors and agricultural successes or failures; population migration as well as travel undertaken for commerce, for attendance at courts, or as a pilgrimage; the injuries and diseases attendant upon army camps and battles; and the incidence of plague and other epidemics as well as the occurrence of endemic conditions such as trachoma and other eye diseases.
1- From the passage it's clear that Islamic medicine ... .
A) started to be practised first in Spain and North Africa in the 8th century
B) was not respected by European physicians due to its out-of-date nature
C) spread over quite a wide region in a few centuries’ time
D) gained its popularity partly because of the European methods it adopted
E) was not so common a practice in European countries as it was in the East
2- If asked the reason of the diversity of Islamic medicine, having read this passage, one would answer that ... .
A) people had been looking forward to such modern medicinal techniques for ages
B) there was a shortage of physicians who were skilled at curing once deadly diseases
C) new methods were communicated fast with a short time thanks to new technology
D) healing traditions shared by many people spread over a vast area over centuries
E) same healing techniques which proved to be efficient and effective were practised
3- Among the factors by which the general health of the Islamic community was influenced, one not mentioned in the passage is that ... .
A) lifestyles of diverse groups were also different B) financial conditions of local people were bad C) physicians used to travel a lot to help the ill D) armies were affected by injuries and diseases E) epidemics and endemic conditions were common
President Clinton was born William Jefferson Blythe IV on August 19, 1946, in Hope, Arkansas, three months after his father died in a traffic accident. When he was four years old, his mother wed Roger Clinton. He excelled as a student and as a saxophone player. As a delegate to Boys Nation while in high school, he met President Kennedy in the White House Rose Garden. The encounter inspired him to enter a life of public service. Clinton attended Georgetown University and in 1968 received a bachelor's degree in foreign service. He received a law degree from Yale University in 1973, then returned to Arkansas to teach law at the University of Arkansas and to prepare to enter politics. He was defeated in his campaign for Congress in Arkansas' Third District in 1974. The next year he married Hillary Rodham, a Wellesley College graduate. Clinton was elected Arkansas attorney general in 1976, then went on to win the governorship in 1978. He lost in his try for a second term, but he regained the office four years later and served as governor until 1992. That year Clinton defeated George Bush and third-party candidate Ross Perot for the Presidency.
4- According to the passage, Bill Clinton ...
A) was originally trained as a musician B) was in politics when he was at school C) is an admirer of President Kennedy
D) had been encouraged to politics by his father E) was a successful student at school
5- It can be understood from the passage that ...
A) Bill Clinton’s life has always been successful from the point of politics
B) Bill Clinton was a professor at university before entering politics
C) Roger Clinton , Bill Clinton’s father, didn't want him to be a lawyer
D) being a lawyer was Bill Clinton’s first ambition, which he never fulfilled
E) Hillary Clinton was Bill Clinton’s childhood love, with whom he married at 28
6- It is pointed out in the passage that ... .
A) Bill Clinton’s first attempt in politics was not a successful one
B) before being elected for the Presidency, Bill Clinton was appearing as a lawyer at courts C) Hillary Rodham inspired Bill Clinton to be a
successful politician
D) Bill Clinton has taken deceased President Kennedy as an example in politics
E) one must have a few degrees in order to run for the presidency
Finding a solution for Central Europe is no easy task. All over the region there are many “ethnic pockets”. Also, Europe is very much characterised by nationalism, wars, and ethnic tensions, which make it more difficult for true peace. There have been suggested solutions to the ethnic conflict problem, though. One author mentions that “ ... the key to reduction of ethnic conflict requires structural change...”. Although it's not possible to completely change the structure, some attention must be brought to it. The structure should be made into a new, democratic one. Conflicting groups should sincerely try to find compromise between their conflicts and resolve them peacefully. It is also important to bring honest, peace seeking governmental leaders to the countries; because no matter how one tries to change the structure, the ones leading the country must be sincere and try to convince others to do so. Only through peace is there a true possible solution.
7- It is stated in the passage that Europe ... .
A) has a structure which has been shaped by ethnic tensions, nationalism, and wars
B) is disadvantageous in solving it problems only due to its location and physical features
C) has leaders whose primary concerns are to resolve the long-lasting ethnic problems
D) should change its current governmental leaders as they get benefits from the conflicts
E) must learn how to live with diverse ethnic groups in harmony
8- The problem with the current leaders in Europe is that ... .
A) they don't know what future will bring unless the conflicts are solved
B) can't change the structure of their countries despite their efforts
C) they lack sincerity and honesty which they must have to be able to solve the conflicts
D) are hard to be convinced about how important resolving the problems is
E) are worried about losing their positions if they are not successful
9- From the passage, it's clear that structural change in Europe ... .
A) will be achieved sooner or later by just leaders B) will aggravate the current problems and conflicts C) seems the only means to resolve the conflicts D) is, currently, something unfeasible to carry out E) will, according to the author, never be achieved
Some experts think that labour by children is not productive. According to Jean Maurie Derrien, an expert at ILO (International Labour Organisation), children work power is a vicious circle and does not make nations rich, but only causes poverty. The reason is because if children work, the level of education, qualified work power or profession, and the rate of earning will get lower. The lack of healthy food, poor housing and lack of
immunisation from diseases brings low working capabilities and, thus, have many impacts on children for the rest of their lives. In order to solve these problems, ILO started a program called IPEC in such developing countries as Turkey, Brazil, India, which includes serial conferences, seminars, and other activities, The program is still continuing, therefore the results are yet to come.
10- The author of the passage seems to suggest that ... .
A) unless immediate measures are taken, most parts of the world will turn poor
B) in a country where children work, poverty of the general public is inevitable
C) children labour generally happens in rich countries D) children shouldn't work as it doesn't provide any
benefit
E) when the education level of the working children improves, most countries will be richer
11- According to the passage, one of the direct results of making children work is ... .
A) an increase in the number of the wealthy B) less food and accommodation for them C) a huge deficit in the budget of the country D) a general decline in the level of learning E) a recession in the sectors where they work
12- From the passage, it's understood that IPEC will not implemented in most European countries because ... .
A) the program is especially designed for developing countries
B) they've already solved their problems using different programs
C) they are members of European Union, where children labour is strictly restricted
D) the program is not suitable for their current problems
E) with regard to poverty, they are not as lucky as developed countries
Once the leaders of the rebellion were executed or dispersed, the British Government admitted its previous errors — tacitly, of course — and sought to rectify old wrongs. King George III, who had complained that he would go mad if his American colonies were lost, regained his spirits and proved surprisingly forgiving. No more than a third of the colonists had supported the insurrection, in any event, and six years of bloodshed and hardship that followed were quickly forgotten in the era of good feeling after the war. The colonies were placed under a unified government for the first time, and a new capital was established across the East River from Manhattan, in the fertile fields of the Brooklyn.
13- The passage states that the British government ... .
A) was punished by the leaders of the rebellion B) in a way, apologised for its former mistakes after
the rebellion was over
C) agreed to release the rebels from the prison D) was supported by the majority of the colonies E) threatened the people in the colonies and this led
to the rebellion
14- It's clear from the passage that ... .
A) King George was put in a mental hospital when the American colonies rebelled
B) one third of the colonists were killed in the attempted rebellion
C) after the revolt, the king was not as angry as people had expected
D) the rebels were successful in their attempt to gain power
E) the colonist rebels became more popular with their supporters
15- After the war, ... .
A) a single government was formed to unite the colonies
B) the clan fighting and rations continued for yet another six years
C) most colonists were still not happy about their position
D) the colonies were full of hatred because of the previous years of death and misery
E) many colonists moved to Brooklyn and became farmers
Joseph Rudyard Kipling was born in Bombay India, on December 30 ,1865. There he passed an idyllic early childhood in the company of Hindustani– speaking nurses who imbued him with their language and lore .This ended abruptly when ,at the age of six, he was billeted in the home of Captain and Mrs Halloway in Southsea England. Five miserable years of Mrs Halloway's
browbeating and humiliating punishments drove Kipling to a nervous breakdown at age eleven. From the ages of twelve through sixteen ,Kipling attended United Services College ,Wetward Ho!, Devon ,the setting for Stalky and Co(1899).At seventeen, he returned to India where he worked as an assistant editor on The Lahore Civil and Military Gazette and later as an editor for The Pioneer in Allahbad. Kipling's seven years as a journalist in India would provide him with a wealth of experience which he transformed into stories of enduring value.
16- The reason Rudyard Kipling experienced a nervous breakdown was that ... .
A) he lived in miserable conditions
B) Mrs Halloway made him work hard regardless of his age.
C) Mrs Halloway behaved cruelly for more than a few years
D) he was deprived form learning a language E) he was forced to move to England reluctantly
17- As a result of working for seven years as a journalist in India, J.R.Kipling ... .
A) made plenty of money that would be sufficient during his lifetime
B) returned England to set up his own newspaper using his experience
C) wrote lots of stories reflecting his hard years in India
D) became the editor of The Pioneer in Allahbad E) collected a great deal of experience to make his
works long-lived ones
18- According to the passage, Rudyard Kipling ... .
A) spent his childhood in India where he was born in the second half of 18th century
B) was assimilated by his Hindustani speaking babysitters to get him to accept their culture C) was a member of a poor family with whom he
spent only his childhood
D) worked for a company teaching nurses and medical people how to speak his language E) was under the duress of Hindustani speaking
Eliminating poverty is largely a matter of helping children born into poverty to rise out of it. Once families escape from poverty, they do not fall back into it. Middle-class children rarely end up poor. The primary reason poor children do not escape from poverty is that they do not acquire basic mental skills . They cannot read, write, calculate or articulate. Lacking these skills, they cannot get or keep a well-paid job. The best mechanism for breaking these vicious circle is to provide the poor with better educational opportunities. Since children born into poor homes do not acquire the skills they need from their parents, they must be taught these skills in school.
19- The writer makes the point that, once people have overcome poverty, ... .
A) the skills of reading and writing cease to be important for them
B) they cease to mix socially with the poor C) they soon learn to adopt middle-class manners
and ways
D) it is most unlikely that they will ever become poor again
E) they become eligible for well-paid employment in industry
20- According to writer, if poverty is to be overcome, ... .
A) the only effective means for this would be to provide better education
B) more well-paid jobs should be offered to the poor. C) all children, regardless of their class should
receive the same formal education
D) middle-class children should be given better educational opportunities
E) the education of children should be based on mental skills
21- The main argument of the passage is that ... .
A) the children of the poor must learn basic mental skills at school so that they can escape from poverty.
B) middle class children do not need to learn basic mental skills at school ,since they learn them at home
C) the elimination of poverty can only be achieved if he poor and the rich attend the same school D) since basic mental skills are not being taught
efficiently at schools, educational reform is essential
E) a child born into a poor family will inevitably stay poor all through his life
It is an obvious fact that people of different nations tend to use different languages. Along with physical appearance and cultural characteristics, language differences are part of what distinguishes one nation from another. Of course it is not only across national boundaries that people speak different languages. In Canada, inhabitants of the same cities and rural areas have spoken different languages for centuries. In Quebec province, ethnic French-Canadians maintain a strong allegiance to the French language, while ethnic Anglos maintain a loyalty to English. In India, literally dozens of languages are spoken, some confined to small areas, others spoken regionally or nationally. In some parts of India, two or more languages are spoken by different ethnic groups.
22- We learn from the passage that ... .
A) in a country where different races live, it is quite normal for people to speak different languages B) nations can be differentiated from each other only
by their physical characteristics
C) no matter where you are, you can hear a different language spoken by minorities
D) one can use not only visible and cultural but also communication features to differentiate countries from one another
E) there might be more than two ethnic groups speaking the same tongue
23- From the passage , we can understand that ... .
A) no two ethnic groups use the same tongue B) urban and suburban people have been expressing
themselves using different languages for hundreds of years
C) dozens of languages are spoken by millions of people in Canada
D) geographically and phonetically speaking, Canada lies between America and England E) having accepted French the formal language of
Quebec, the government of Canada has opened the country to the effects of French
24- It is implied in the passage that, one of the functions of a language is to ... .
A) help us decide where our listener comes from B) help us find a suitable friend who may help us
when we are abroad
C) separate countries from each other D) allow us to make friends wherever we are E) provide easier methods to make financial contacts
It was said that the bottom of the lake was so cold that the bodies of drowned people never
decomposed. An aged man who had suffered a heart attack while swimming and Indian virgins who had been thrown into the lake after having been killed in sacrificial rites many years ago were all floating around the bottom with their last look of terror on their faces. On still days, when the surface of the water was like glass, one could occasionally see them. Thus the dim outline of a face which one glimpsed over the side of a boat was not necessarily one’s own .
25- The passage tells us that the lake ... .
A) had special water which helped people stay young B) was very popular with swimmers
C) was a dangerous place where many people lost their lives
D) contained preserved dead bodies E) was so cold that people often drowned in it
26- The writer states that the Indian maidens ... .
A) found the lake too frightening to swim in it B) used to be killed before they were tossed into the
lake
C) were forced to put an end to their lives when they became too old
D) had drowned alongside the old men E) were terrified of being killed in the lake as a
sacrifice
27- According to the passage, at times, the lake ... .
A) distorted the reflection of a person’s face B) was perfectly clear during the cold winter months C) revealed the bodies in its depths
D) was quite calm and still enabling you to see your reflection in water
E) was so dirty that it was impossible to see the bottom
There really is no such thing as “Art”. There are only artists. Once these were men who took coloured earth and roughed out the forms of animals on the walls of caves. Today they are men who buy their paints and design advertisements or paint pictures which they hope to sell. There is no harm in calling all these activities art as long as we keep in mind that such a word may mean very different things in different times and places.
28- The writer points out that we cannot ... .
A) give a simple single definition of the term “Art” B) imitate the works of primitive artists
C) regard advertisements as works of art D) see any relation between art and trade E) separate art from the routine activities of life
29- One of the main points the writer makes in the passage is that ... .
A) cave paintings are more meaningful than a lot of modern pictures
B) the designing of advertisements has become a major art activity today
C) the meaning of art changes according to time and place
D) the practice of art in our times has become increasingly costly
E) animals have, in all ages, been a popular subject for artists
30- The writer wants us to accept the idea that primitive cave pictures ... .
A) always represent animals in a single colour B) are of a poor colour owing to the use of coloured
earth
C) have little artistic value for us, but we still feel we ought to preserve them
D) are no less works of art than modern paintings and advertisement designs
E) were made in a style very similar to that of modern painting
In The Call of the Wild, Jack London tells the story of a dog named Buck, which is kidnapped from the safety of his California home and turned by the brutality of humans into a leader in a sled dog in the Klondike, and finally into a leader of the wolves. Powerfully written and deeply disturbing, the book calls attention to the hidden forces – in both human beings and beasts – that come to the surface in a struggle for survival. London unconsciously shows his sense of identification with nature of the wolf, both as a lone animal and, through strength and cunning, as the leader of the pack.
31- We can infer from the passage that Buck ... .
A) was a pet dog before he was kidnapped B) abandoned his home in California to join his own
species
C) originally came from wolf parents
D) escaped from California because of humans’ brutality
E) used to be a sled dog before his escape
32- The writer of the passage believes that The Call of the Wild ... .
A) is Jack London’s most powerfully-written book B) also reflects the characteristics London attributes
to the wolf
C) disturbed all those who read it
D) basically deals with the brutality of human towards animals
E) shows how human beings destroyed wolves
33- According to the passage, the main idea of London’s story is that ... .
A) wild animals will, at all costs, try to return to their own environment
B) hidden powers in humans and animals are revealed when they struggle to survive C) human being have treated animals throughout
their history
D) not only humans but also animals can be kidnapped
E) a wolf has to be strong and cunning in order to be the leader of the pack
Many early adventurers and settlers in the New World withstood the rigors of a long, dangerous Atlantic crossing in the hope of finding treasure in America. But there were no mountains of gold – only a vast, silent land covered with unbroken forests, and penetrated from the Atlantic seaboard by a series of short rivers. North America offered millions of acres of virgin soil and luxuriant forests, huge mineral deposits, fur of many animals, and fish and game in abundance. Its position within the temperate zone, while guaranteeing a variety of climate, freed it from the extremes of arctic cold and tropical heat. Rainfall varied but was sufficient for raising a large variety of crops.
34- The writer implies that the treasure in America ... .
A) was found in the mountainous areas
B) disappointed those who had made the Atlantic crossing
C) was the riches the land offered
D) caused many to lose their lives while crossing the Atlantic
E) was large quantities of gold
35- The writer states that North America’s being within the temperate zone ... .
A) made it subject to both arctic cold and tropical heat
B) was what attracted the settlers in the first place C) meant there was barely enough rain to raise crops D) made millions of acres of soil impossible to
cultivate
E) meant it was neither too hot nor too cold.
36- According to the passage, it was not easy ... .
A) to raise crops due to the rainfall levels B) to penetrate the huge forests
C) for people to settle in North America once they had arrived
D) for the settlers to reach America E) to find gold in the American mountains
When there has been a serious disaster such as an earthquake of flooding, various relief efforts are rapidly put into effect. However experience has shown that it is usually impractical to attempt mass immunisation immediately following a disaster and that, when attempted, it detracts from the overall relief effort without producing a discernible benefit. Effective immunisation requires prior planning, good systems of communication and transport, and access to the population at risk. These requirements cannot be met in the immediate post-disaster period. Efforts to achieve mass
vaccination in the relief phase also drain whatever limited manpower, communication facilities, and transportation exist.
37- It is pointed out in the passage that as part of the relief work following a disaster ... .
A) the most difficult to organise is the fair distribution of the supplies
B) mass immunisation is not generally to be recommended
C) communication facilities are among the most urgent measures to be taken
D) it is important to plan comprehensively the evacuation of the badly wounded
E) on of the priorities must be there is the settlement of the displaced population
38- We can understand from the passage that in the main, in the aftermath of a disaster ...
A) it is not often possible to have access to adequate communication facilities
B) the transport of relief workers to the area should be carefully planned
C) untold benefits are to be derived from mass immunisation
D) the distribution of food and medicine is the main activity of the relief phase
E) conditions are not favourable for the implementation of an efficient immunisation programme
39- We can gather from the passage that if transport and communication facilities are adequate ... .
A) the relief efforts will be adversely affected B) the population at risk has to be moved to a safer
place
C) the problems facing relief workers will not be so obvious
D) relief efforts have to be doubled to improve the situation
E) the amount of man power has to be increased by every means available
Alcohol, nicotine and caffeine are psychoactive drugs that are freely available in our society. Their widespread use shows that they provide a common solution to the problems of vast numbers of individuals. The extend and nature of their use is not, however, uniform but varies with the particular sub-culture involved. To take alcohol, for example, there are wide differences between the drinking habits and rituals of merchant seamen and businessmen, between Italians and Jews. Each sub-group in society will have a conception of what is the appropriate situation for a drink; what the permissible and desirable effects of alcohol are; how much it is necessary to drink to achieve this desired state; what is normal and what drinking deviant behaviour.
40- It is pointed out in the passage that
psychoactive drugs such as alcohol, nicotine and caffeine are widely used because ...
A) sub-groups in society identify themselves with them
B) people with problems find them helpful C) their affects have been proved to be harmless D) they are much cheaper than many other drugs
and legally obtainable
E) society at large regards them as harmful
41- According to the author, consumption of alcohol in the world ... .
A) is particularly widespread among members of sub-cultures
B) is directly related to the economic prosperity of each sub-group
C) varies from race to race, culture to culture and class to class
D) is closely linked with the increase of deviant drinking behaviour
E) has made the practices and behaviour of sub-cultures in society more uniform
42- The writer points out that there is little agreement among sub-groups ... .
A) as to how much alcohol can be properly consumed
B) about the extent to which psychoactive drugs should be produced
C) about the benefits of psychoactive drugs D) as regards why businessmen drink so much E) as to why Italians and Jews have different
Psychologists have long sought ways to define and measure human intelligence. And the theories of intelligence have grown more sophisticated since the 1800s when some believed mental abilities were determined by the size of a person’s head. However, researchers still do not agree about certain fundamental principles of human thought. They therefore continue to discuss such basic debates as whether heredity or the environment is more effective in forming intelligence.
43- As we can understand from the passage, the basic controversy about whether intelligence depends upon heredity or the environment ... .
A) was hopefully discussed in the 1800s
B) is now being avoided as it is seen to be fruitless C) does not seem to have ended yet
D) has only recently become a solemn affair for serious researchers
E) was much more significant in the 19th century than it is today
44- According to the passage, in the early 19th
century, some people were in the opinion that a person’s mental capacity ... .
A) depended on the size of her/his head B) could never be improved
C) was completely changed by the environment D) was purely genetic
E) was fundamental to his personality
45- One may conclude from the text that a full understanding of the nature and the capacity of human intelligence ... .
A) can only be received by exceptionally sophisticated minds
B) has finally been obtained by modern scientists C) can be achieved within the next few years D) is unlikely to be achieved in the near future E) will emerge via the practical rather than
experimental studies
A child will always tire of a toy when he no longer has any difficulty using it. He is like the boy with a bicycle; as long as he finds it difficult to avoid trees and to turn corners, so long will he spend all his spare time on it. But once he has thoroughly mastered it, he will only use it as a means of getting about, and not for its own sake. It is an unhealthy child who has no creative interest. Keep a child busy and he'll be happy, and conversely, a happy child will always be busy.
46- The writer states that a child’s happiness ... .
A) is linked whether he is occupied or not B) can be increased by giving him more toys C) is directly related to its health
D) is dependent on his being made to work hard E) is at its greatest when he has a bicycle
47- According to the writer, it is the challenge of using a toy that ... .
A) makes a child tire of it B) causes a child’s unhappiness C) attracts a child to it
D) makes it difficult for a child to find the toy interesting
E) lessens the child’s creativity
48- The passage tells us that, while a boy is learning how to use a new bicycle ... .
A) he may crash into quite a few trees B) he won’t develop any creative interests C) it will be impossible for him to turn corners D) it will absorb all his available time
How many people can the earth hold? Will birth and death rates continue to bend downward ? Can food production keep pace with population growth? Can technology supplement or replace today’s resources? What are the long-term effects of population on well-being, climate, and farm production? Debate over such issues has spawned many volumes, as scholars look to the future with varying degrees of optimism and gloom. In the oration called “ The Terror of Change” , Patricia Gulas Strauch cited three aspects of our future about which there is still disagreement: The speed of change will accelerate, the world will be
increasingly intricate, and nations and world issues will be increasingly interrelated. Today’s problems, facing Third World megacities in particular ,cannot be ignored by developed countries. We cannot look to the past for resolutions, there is no precedent for such growth. We are in uncharted, challenging waters.
49- The points put forward in the lecture “ The Terror of Change” ... .
A) are, for the most part, accepted
B) have changed scholars from a sense of optimism to one of gloom
C) hadn’t been considered by scholars previously D) caused much debate and disagreement E) filled several volumes
50- According to the writer, having no equivalents in the past, ... .
A) analyses formulated by experts are open to discussion
B) books on the world’s problems cause a great deal of debate
C) Their World megacities are not sufficiently aided D) Modern technological developments do not meet
the needs of the people
E) today’s problems require new solutions
51- The outlook for the world’s future ... .
A) arouses optimism in some experts, yet pessimism in others
B) is a repetition of events which occurred in the past C) depends entirely on technological advances made
today
D) is one of overpopulation, pollution and reduced farm production
E) shows that the population will soon exceed the earth’s capacity
Iron has been known since prehistoric times. Although how humans first learned to extract the element from its ores is still debated, it is fairly certain that earliest, highly prized samples of iron were obtained from meteors. Several references to “the metal of heaven “ –most probably iron –have been found in ancient writings. By about 1200 BC. Iron was being obtained from its ores; this achievement marked the beginning of the Iron Age. Even with the development of other elements, iron and its alloys remain important in the economies of modern countries.
52- According to the passage, iron ... .
A) is a very recent discovery
B) was discovered at the beginning of the Iron Age C) was first obtained from a source other than iron
ore
D) was the most important discovery in humans history
E) was not known until 1200 BC
53- The author is almost certain that ... .
A) iron ore was the only known source of iron until 1200 BC
B) the best examples of iron work were produced during the Iron Age
C) the statement “the metal of heaven” in ancient writings refers to iron
D) modern industry couldn’t have developed without iron
E) how humans discovered iron ore will still be debated in the future
54- It is pointed out in the passage that ... .
A) the method first used by man to extract iron from its ore is well known today
B) other materials have not completely replaced iron in modern times
C) meteors are still the primary source of iron D) iron alloys are much less important in industry
than pure iron
E) at no time has iron been considered as valuable as it is today
The question has often been asked why the Wright brothers were able to succeed in an effort in which so many others had failed. Many explanations have been offered but three reasons are most often cited. First, they were a team. Both men worked well together, read the same book, located and shared information, talked incessantly about the possibility of manned flight, and served as a consistent source of inspiration and
encouragement to each others. They were also glider pilots. Unlike some other engineers who experimented with the theories of flight, Orville and Wilbur Wright experienced the practical side of their work by building and flying in kites and gliders. In addition, the Wright brothers had designed more effective wings for the aeroplane than had been previously engineered.
55- The experience distinguishing the Wright brothers from their competitors was that ... .
A) they were much cleverer than their contemporaries
B) their backgrounds were full of aviation successes C) they had the chance to try their work ,being
aviators
D) they were inspired by their masters who made experiments before
E) their erstwhile efforts were praised, which encouraged them to go ahead
56- The author’s main point in this passage is ... .
A) the advantage of the internal combustion engine in the Wright brothers
B) the Wright brothers’ experience as pilots C) the importance of knowing how to build and fly in
kites and gliders
D) the reasons why the Wright brothers succeeded in manned flight
E) the Wright brothers’ using different tools and techniques
57- One of the things that the Wright brothers didn’t do is that ... .
A) they searched and obtained information from the same sources
B) they encouraged and inspired each other C) they discussed ceaselessly about the probability
of floating on air
D) they couldn’t find explanations why those having tried to fly before failed
E) they worked harmoniously for many years
Addis Ababa is the capital of Ethiopia and the centre of Shiva city. Being the biggest city of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa stands on a marshy plateau which is surrounded by hills and mountains in the middle of the country. It became the capital of the country at the end of the 19th century. Entoto ,
which was the erstwhile capital of the country and was on a high plain as well, was inadequate as a capital, being a cold city and not having enough combustibles. Taitu, who was the empress of the country, persuaded his husband Menelik II, who reigned over the country between 1889-1913, to have a mansion built near the hot water sources down the plain and to give out the soils around to the nobles. Founded in 1987, the city was named by the empress as Addis Ababa, which means “New Flower”.
58- From the passage, it is clear that ... .
A) there are large plains in the middle of the country, most of which are marshy
B) Entoto was the first capital of Ethiopia C) in winters, one cannot live happily in Ethiopia D) the emperor of Ethiopia is not so authoritarian E) it is quite difficult for Ethiopians to find something
to burn for heating
59- It is referred obliquely in the passage that ... .
A) a city should be warm enough to live in B) the emperor of Ethiopia could have had a
mansion built even if his wife had not insisted that much
C) for the people governing Ethiopia, it might be better to have a capital on a high place D) Addis Ababa takes its name from the vast flower
gardens surrounding the city
E) so far ,Ethiopia has only had two capitals.
60- It is stated in the passage that nobles in Ethiopia ... .
A) are in sincere relationships with the emperor B) always get what they want without having to try
too much
C) were used to being humiliated by the empress D) were granted lands that were close to the hot
springs
The first universities developed in Europe in the 12th century. By 1600 Western Europe boasted 108
institutions of higher learning, many of which had obtained special privileges from existing regimes because of their close association with the Church. In most European countries, universities were designed primarily for the sons of nobility and gentry. Scholarly standards were low, and scholarship was irrelevant for most professions, Education for earning a livelihood in, say, medicine or law could be acquired after college by serving as an apprentice.
61- According to the passage, in the early years of the universities, ... .
A) most students wanted to train for a profession B) the church disapproved of much of their teaching C) Western European governments were not at all
interested in education
D) medicine was the most popular subject for study E) the majority of students came from upper class
families
62- It is pointed out in the passage that, since most of the early universities enjoyed the support of the Church, ... .
A) state universities granted them various rights B) the number of students they admitted increased
rapidly
C) the academic level of the education they offered was extremely high
D) law naturally became one of the major subjects offered
E) the education offered was free of charge
63- As explained in the passage, the real professional skills ... .
A) were taught during the university years B) were normally acquired through a period of
apprenticeship
C) gained importance in the universities only after 1600
D) were acquired by nearly all university students E) were taught only to the children of nobility.
Paper has been known in one form or another from very early times. The papyrus reeds of the Nile swamps served the ancient Egyptians for sheets upon which to inscribe their records. The Chinese and Japanese, centuries later, were using something more akin to modern paper. In
substance, an Asiatic paper mulberry, yielding a smooth fibrous material, was being utilised. With the spread of learning in Western Europe, the necessity of a readier medium made itself felt, and paper began to be manufactured from pulped rags and other substances. Other papermaking staples were later introduced , such as linen cotton and wood pulp. The chief raw material in the world paper industry now is wood pulp, the main exporters being the timber growing countries of Canada, Sweden and Finland.
64- We can understand from the passage that, throughout the history, paper ... .
A) has played a vital role in the advancement of learning
B) has been a major expert item for Asian countries, and for China in particular
C) has been produced a wide range from materials D) has been valued as a means of communication
more in the West than in the East
E) has largely been used for documentation rather than for learning
65- It is obvious from the passage that today the wood pulp needed for the manufacture of paper ... .
A) is largely provided by the countries which produce a great deal of timber
B) is produced from a variety of substances other than timber
C) can only be produced economically with the aid of sophisticated technology
D) is normally made from raw materials locally available
E) can most readily be prepared form timber with a high fibrous content
66- The main concern of the passage is to ...
A) explain why there has been so little change in the development of paper making
B) describe how the West learned the techniques of papermaking
C) account for the economic implications of paper industry
D) give a historical account of papermaking with emphasis on the main raw materials used E) alert the reader to the fact that very large amounts
Since early times is has been assumed that the actions of animals are unconscious. Behaviour, in this view, stems almost exclusively from instinct. If animals behave in ways that seem pretty clever, they do so without thinking about it. Animals may know things, the argument goes, but –they don’t know that they know. Or do they know? Recent research reports suggest a startling depth of intelligence among animals. Although no one can yet prove the existence of animal consciousness, the data offered make a compelling case of at least considering it.
67- It is pointed out in the passage that
traditionally, animals are believed to ... .
A) behave not instinctively but logically B) have an intelligence comparable with man’s C) imitate man in many ways
D) act on instinct
E) know exactly what they are doing
68- It is pointed out in the passage that modern research forces one to consider ... .
A) why animals behave differently under different circumstances
B) the possibility of intelligence in animals C) the means by which animal behaviour can be
improved
D) how animals can be made to acquire new skills E) animals to be the equal of man in intelligence
69- The passage makes it quite clear that, in the light of modern research, our traditional assumptions about animal behaviour ...
A) have been totally disproved B) have been confirmed C) have to be reconsidered
D) were indeed based on scientific facts E) should never have been questioned
Alfred Bernhard Nobel, a Swedish inventor and philanthropist, bequeathed most of his vast fortune in trust as a fund from which annual prizes could be awarded to individuals and organisations who had achieved the greatest benefit to humanity in a particular year. Originally, there were six
classifications for outstanding contributions designated in Nobel’s will including, chemistry, physics, physiology or medicine, literature, and international peace. The prizes are administered by the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm. In 1969, a prize for economics endowed by the Central Bank of Sweden was added. Candidates for prizes must be nominated in writing by a qualified authority in the field of competition. Recipients in physics, chemistry, and economics are selected by the Royal Swedish Academy of sciences; in physiology or medicine by the Caroline Institute; in literature by the Swedish Academy; in peace by the Norwegian Nobel Committee appointed by Norway’s parliament. The prizes are all presented in Stocholm on December, 10, with the King of Sweden officiating, an appropriate tribute to Alfred Nobel on the anniversary of his death. Each one includes a gold medal, a diploma, and a cash award of about one million dollars.
70- From the passage, it's understood that a person who has composed a symphony ... .
A) is regarded as a great contributor to mankind B) used to take Nobel prizes before Alfred Nobel died C) doesn't have the same possibility to get Nobel as
a writer
D) might be awarded with a Nobel prize should the Nobel Foundation accept
E) doesn't have the right to be awarded with Nobel
71- According to the passage, December, 10th is
significant from the point that ... .
A) it coincides the delivery date of the Nobel prizes with its namesake’s demise date
B) Alfred Nobel had chosen the date in his will before his death
C) it is the date of the establishment of Nobel Foundation
D) it's the earliest possible date for the Norwegian parliament who distributes Nobel prizes E) the works of the candidates are able to be
examined until that date
72- In order to be nominated to one of the Nobel prizes, ... .
A) one should reside in Sweden and be a graduate of Royal Swedish academy
B) someone authority in the related branch should show his written approval of it
C) a scientist must find someone who will talk in favour of him before the Nobel committee D) one should be experienced and have many
Serving as a stage for medical equipment manufacturers, Hospitalar 98 will be held at Expo Center Norte, San Paulo, Brazil in June. It provides a modern and convenient setting for this large trade show. The organisers expect over 50.000 visitors, including doctors, nurses and other health care organisations, and representatives, manufacturing and services companies. The 1997 event attracted 475 exhibitors and this number is likely to increase in 1998. Hospitalar 98 will, no doubt, be a crucial trade event for those involved in the provision of health care in Brazil and South America.
73- From the description of Hospitalar, we can deduce that ... .
A) it is a show for doctors wishing to exhibit their services to medical manufacturers
B) the show would interest every business sector in Brazil
C) the show would be of interest to professionals doctors merely
D) the show is a vital trade event for those indulged in health care in South America
E) this South American medical exhibition is the most important event in this sector world wide
74- According to passage , ... .
A) Hospitalar 97 was immaculate when visited by 475 people
B) more than 50.000 people expected to visit this large show
C) participation to this year’s show may not be as big as last year’s
D) the show has been organised by 50.000 exhibitors E) the exhibition is organised by doctors and health
care professionals
75- The exhibition centre is ... .
A) relatively obsolete but easily accessible B) suitable for this large trade event C) well located and conventional
D) not spacious enough to hold more than 475 exhibitors
E) a building specially made for Hospitalar
My husband and I were in a restaurant we used to dine in giving our orders as we, all at once, heard a tremendous voice in the kitchen. As the sound of the breakage of glass died away, I timidly quizzed a waiter about what it was.“ That, ma’am,” replied the unperturbed waiter quite dispassionately, “was the sound of a job suddenly opening up.” .
76- Depending on the evidence revealed in the passage, we know that the crash in the kitchen ... .
A) was brought about by broken glass B) resulted from the sound of broken glass C) was due to carelessness
D) precipitated the deferment of the order of the assiduous couple
E) was induced by a question asked by a petrified lady
77- The waiter’s respond to the woman’s question suggests that whoever was responsible for the crash ... .
A) was likely to be made the head waiter B) was to be kicked out from work
C) would never be allowed into the kitchen any longer D) was subject to apologising to customers
E) was bound to be encumbered by extra work
78- The word ‘timidly’ in line 5 most probably means ... . A) timely B) tamely C) bashfully D) highly E) clamorous
The Middle East faces a difficult environmental problem. Until the 1960s, many countries in the region had economies based totally on recyclable materials. No harmful waste existed. Everything was usable and anything that was thrown away was reused by nature. Since then the region has wholly embraced the pre-packaged, thrown-away life style. Unfortunately, the modern man-made waste continues to be treated as though it were organic, and is thrown away carelessly, so now there is litter everywhere, including plastic, which was one of the worst things that could have happened to the region.
79- The passage claims that ... .
A) pollution used to be a greater menace to the environment in the past
B) modern technology has created environmental challenges for the Middle East
C) most of the man-made waste is organic
D) being technologically advanced is an advantage for the Middle East
E) pre-packaging has enhanced people’s lives
80- The author thinks there is so much litter in the region because people ... .
A) don’t realise that man-made materials are not reused by nature
B) are concentrating more on their profits than on the environment
C) already know that litter is a world wide problem with no solution
D) believe creating a modern economy is more important than environmental concerns
E) do not treat their waste in a special way before they discard them
81- One can infer from the passage that plastic ... .
A) should be used in the region instead of other materials
B) has always been an indispensable feature of life in the Middle East
C) wasn’t common in the region until recently D) has enhanced the standard of living in the region E) is part of the traditional economy of many Middle
East countries
It was death, of course, that prompted the construction of the Egyptian pyramids but the incredible amount of resources, effort and time that went into them was indicative of many aspects of life in those days. The tombs served a lot of purposes, alongside their fundamental purpose to provide the final resting places of the owners and their material possessions. Obviously, the size and grandeur of the tombs were designed to enhance the owners’ glory in the eyes of their subjects during the owners’ lifetimes, but their tombs also became places of worship for their subjects after their deaths.
82- According to the passage, the pyramids were built ... .
A) after their owners died
B) to provide places for people to rest C) before the owners passed away D) when the owners reached a ripe old age
E) to show future generations how the Egyptians lived
83- It is stated in the passage that the owners were buried in the pyramids ... .
A) after being treated with special substances B) after a long funeral
C) together with people important to them D) along with their belongings
E) because they were thought to be gods
84- The author states that the magnificence of the tombs ... .
A) was due to the owners’ many possessions B) caused the owners to be worshipped during their
lives
C) was due to the fact that they were owned by gods D) was increased after the owners’ deaths
E) increased an owner’s prominence while he was alive
Though he was a fearless explorer and is often recognised today as the discoverer of the Americas, Christopher Columbus turned out to be a poor geographer. He ended up in a debtor’s prison. He never realised that he had discovered unknown western continents, and to his dying day in 1506 he never admitted to locating any place but the Indies. Geographers overlooked his
contribution and named the Western continents after another mariner, Amerigo Vespucci, a merchant from Florence who participated in a Portuguese expedition to South Americas in 1501. In a widely reprinted letter, Vespucci contended that a “new world” had been found, and it was his name that caught on.
85- It is clear from the passage that ... .
A) the New World was named after the sailor having claimed to have found it
B) Columbus never wanted to believe that he had discovered the New World
C) Amerigo Vespucci had financed the exhibition himself
D) the majority of geographers have disdained Columbus’s contribution
E) Columbus was afraid to declare the newly-found land to be a new continent
86- The author feels that ... .
A) it was unfair for Columbus to die in debtor’s dungeon
B) Amerigo Vespucci did not show consideration for Columbus’s success
C) Columbus’s knowledge of geography was inadequate
D) Vespucci was not as popular with geographers as Columbus was
E) Columbus could not persuade people that he had found a new continent
87- It can be deduced that ... .
A) Vespucci and Columbus had never sailed together B) Columbus had wished the new continent to be
called ‘Indies’
C) Vespucci was the mariner whose name really deserved to be given to America
D) the lifetime of Columbus and Vespucci did not coincide with each other
E) Amerigo Vespucci was a better geographer than Columbus was
The movement of people from the countryside into the cities naturally causes many problems there. The obvious one is overcrowding, which becomes a heavy burden on schools, hospitals and transport systems. The countryside is also negatively affected . As it is usually the young and healthy who leave the countryside , this creates a shortage in the workforce for farming and other rural activities. The best solution would clearly be to ensure that rural life has more to offer to the young.
88- It is implicitly mentioned in the passage that , inasmuch as large numbers of people residing in the countryside flock to the towns, ... .
A) it brings more problems to the former B) there aren’t drawbacks for everybody C) new hospitals will have to be mounted
D) the quality of public transport should be enhanced better to meet the demand
E) rural life enjoys more things to lay at people’s feet indeed
89- The writer straightforwardly states that , as a result of migration, those left behind ... .
A) are the ones who genuinely enjoy peace and quiet B) are no longer concerned with rural activities C) are mostly those preoccupied with farming D) often feel having been forsaken by the young who
fled in the hope of a new life
E) incorporate mostly the elderly and those too frail to take care of themselves
90- It wouldn’t be wrong to reason that ... .
A) opening new job markets for the new-comers would alleviate the trouble in cities
B) migration seems to have slowed down a lot C) migration from rural areas is a much needed
factor for the increase in the urban workforce D) moving from the country is likely to be averted
through making the life there a bit more enticing to the dwellers
E) losing its people to more congested areas may not pose a real menace to the life in rural areas if everyone has a job there
Skiing is a popular sport enjoyed by people of all ages. The best skiers, that is, the professionals have until recently been Europeans. The Austrians, the French, the Italians have generally been the fastest in international competitions. Recently, however, skiers from other countries have also come to the fore and demonstrated their skills. As a result, interest in the sport has become world-wide, and this has led to a highly competitive ski industry.
91- It is clear from the passage that European countries ... .
A) are determined to improve their skiing skills B) are momentarily witnessing dwindle in their
supremacy in skiing over others
C) have all but lost domination in the ski industry in the world
D) are prone to regard skiing as the world’s most popular sport
E) has a great deal to do in the ski industry so as to regain the once lost reign
92- The writer can be understood to favour the notion that the development of the ski industry in the world ... .
A) owes a little to the growing international interest in this sport
B) is faster in countries outside Europe
C) has been the result of the efforts made by the European professionals
D) has been to the benefit of other countries, to the detriment of the European countries
E) is attributable to the growing international idolisation of skiing as a sport
93- As cited in the passage, as a sport, skiing ... .
A) shakes up little enthusiasm outside Europe B) is merely under the care of professionals C) isn’t confined to any special age group or gender D) ordinarily came into being in Austria
E) has proved too expensive a sport to take up
Edith Wharton is, perhaps, the greatest women novelist America has yet produced. Her novels are skilfully constructed, and her style is smooth and elegant. Her richest gifts, however, are the result of her fearless search for truth in human
relationships. She is largely interested in the emotions we all experience. Her novels record timeless truths; ant it is this fact that continues to make them meaningful and important.
94- All of the following statements are verifiable in the passage except that ... .
A) no other author has been acclaimed as much as Wharton so far
B) Wharton is masterful in the setting of her novels C) Wharton was concerned with the basis for
human relations
D) what the author talks about in her novels are substantiated in terms of being lasting truths E) Wharton’s novels are permanently significant
95- A novice novelist who wants to succeed Edith Wharton and gain reputation close to that of hers would be best advised to ... .
A) talk about human relationships in his novels B) write with elegance
C) to employ a way of writing that is particularly easy to understand
D) be interested in the emotions of people E) touch on the facts that are perpetual
96- One characteristics of Wharton’s that the writer is clearly understood to admire as most Americans would do is that ... .
A) she wasn’t afraid of anyone in her life
B) she persevered a lot and was daring when looking into facts about man
C) she was a very emotional person D) she always looked an intrepid novelist E) she was a versatile novelist
If you ask ten deer hunters about their sure fire method to bag a deer, you will get ten different recipes for a successful deer hunt. But there is one thing most deer hunters can agree on; the
effectiveness of hunter orange clothing. The fluorescent blaze of hunter orange is a bright unnatural colour against the natural background. Because of this quality, it is the colour chosen by conservation agencies to be worn by big game hunters nation-wide to help prevent hunting accidents, which are not rare in such conditions as thick forest or dense fog.
97- According to the writer, deer hunters ... .
A) are mostly agreed on how to successfully hunting B) have discovered a new method of hunting which
is called bagging deer
C) have varied opinions about which hunting methods are successful
D) have been collecting recipes for successful hunting methods
E) are not of the opinion that bagging deer
98- The passage explains that hunter orange has the desired effect of ... .
A) blending into the landscape B) directing deer to traps
C) standing out against the natural landscape D) protecting hunters against attacks from wild
animals
E) providing an attraction for deer
99- It’s clear from the passage that it is quite common for big game hunters ... .
A) to shoot each other
B) to become concerned with hunting dear C) to have bad weather in thick forests D) to miss the animals in dense fog E) to talk about their hunting experiences
The music of Louisiana, the USA, is as hot as its cuisine, and equally as varied, Jazz music was born in New Orleans, and there is still no city that is as strong as a magnet for jazz talent. Besides jazz, there is a strong tradition of blues music, which grew out of the cane and cotton fields of the Mississippi Delta, inspiring generations of musicians throughout the world and begetting the strong rhythm and blues traditions that are celebrated throughout the state. The Crossroads region of the state offers its own form, the ‘River Levee Blues’ alongside gospel and bluegrass music.
100- The passage tells us that , in Louisiana, ... .
A) jazz music is more popular than other kinds of music
B) all forms of traditional music stem from jazz music C) jazz music was developed from blues music D) there is a wide selection of music styles E) one can find every one of the music styles
available in the USA
101- As it is stated in the passage that, musicians world wide ... .
A) have contributed to the varied music styles in Louisiana
B) have been affected by the blues music from Louisiana
C) accept that Louisianan musicians are more talented
D) recognise the superiority of blues music over other styles
E) have influenced the traditional music of the area
102- We learn from the passage that the crossroads region of the state ... .
A) has more fertile soil
B) is the birthplace of blues music C) is most suitable for cane and cotton D) lacks very prolific musicians
Disease was common among early Celtic communities. Poor sanitation and ignorance resulted in a hospital of ailments, ranging from intestinal worms and eye complaints to dental disease and poorly- healed injuries. Nonetheless, there wasn’t a total lack of medicine. Herbal remedies were doubtless widely used, and people certainly resorted to supernatural powers. Surgery was also conducted. Whether medicine was a speciality of, say, priests or local wise women is oblivious. There was a mix of herbal remedies, magic, religion, and limited surgery for those who could afford it and were prepared to risk its hazards and pains.
103- The passage mainly describes ... .
A) forms of medicine and treatment available to the early Celts
B) the total lack of medicine in early Celtic society C) the details of a surgical operation carried out by
wise women
D) how early Celtics solely relied on supernatural powers to cure their illnesses
E) the doubt as to whether surgery was carried out at this time
104- The passage implies that ... .
A) supernatural powers were more respected than medical surgeons
B) surgery at this time could be precarious and menacing
C) only the affluent could afford to get a complete recovery
D) ignorance and poor hygiene were the direct results of ceaseless wars
E) the total lack of medicine cost the lives of many people
105- The passage doesn’t make it clear-cut whether or not ... .
A) the Celts suffered from many and varied ailments B) herbal medicine was commonly applied
C) priests or local wise women were the medical specialists
D) Celtic people held belief in supernatural power E) the Celts had ever been affected by dental
disease
Ecologists have recently discovered dozens of infectious wildlife diseases that pose a significant threat to the conservation of global biodiversity and the health of an expanding human population. For example, a newly discovered fungal disease has been linked to the drastic decline and possible extinction of amphibians in the rain forests of Central America and Australia. Other diseases have led to the extinction of African wild dog
populations and blindness of kangaroos in Australia. Since wildlife can act as a natural reservoir for diseases that are extremely virulent among humans, such as influenza and West Nile virus, as the human population expands into wildlife habitat, the conditions ripen for a new disease to emerge. Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife are caused by the spillover of pathogens from domestic animals to wildlife populations, the transport of domestic and wildlife species around the globe, and even climate change in pristine wilderness areas.
106- Among the reasons of the emergence of infectious diseases, one not mentioned in the passage is ... .
A) the distribution of animals all over the world B) passing of micro-organisms from the tamed
animals to the wild ones
C) simplicity of the curing methods of contagious illnesses
D) the expansion of the human populations to the wilderness
E) changing of the climates in the habitats of the wild animals
107- The extinction of amphibians in the rain forests of Central America and Australia could have been caused by ... .
A) some infectious diseases that are still unknown B) the expansion of mankind to new fertile regions C) a fungal disease which has been detected lately D) the fact that ancient people were ignorant of
health-care
E) unsanitary living conditions ancient tribes were in
108- As a result of the expansion of human populations into wildlife habitats, ... .
A) the possibility of the occurrence of new diseases increases
B) people get more and more stalwart against such infectious diseases as influenza
C) they are affected by the different climate conditions positively
D) people find more food resources to live on E) new residence areas are found where there is
