Ankara Temple (Monumentum Ancyranum/Temple of Augustus and Rome) restoration

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Case

Study

Ankara

Temple

(Monumentum

Ancyranum/Temple

of

Augustus

and

Rome)

restoration

Ahmet

Go¨kdemir

a

,

Can

Demirel

b,

*

,

Yavuz

Yeg˘in

c

,

Zeynel

S¸

ims¸

ek

d

a_Gazi_University,_Faculty_of_Technology,_Civil_Engineering_Department,₀₆₅₀₀_Ankara,_Turkey b

KırklareliUniversity,PınarhisarVocationalHighSchool,39300Kırklareli,Turkey

c

ArdahanUniversity,FacultyofHumanSciencesandHumanities,75000Ardahan,Turkey

d

GaziUniversity,FacultyofArts,DepartmentofArchaeology,06500Bes¸evler-Ankara,Turkey

1. Introduction

ThetempleofAugustusandRomeinAnkaraislocatedawalkingdistanceawayfromthefirstGrandNationalAssemblyof Turkeybuilding(MuseumofIndependenceWar)thatthefounderoftheTurkishRepublic,MustafaKemalAtaturk,andhis companionshasestablished;thetempleisinthemiddleofthetriangleofAnafartalarAvenue,ÇankiriAvenueandBent deresi.TheHaciBayram-iVeli Mosque,which wasconstructedbyIslam Sufiandprofessor HaciBayram Veliand his followersin15thcentury,liesjustnearthetemple.On23April1920,beforetheinaugurationofthefirstGrandNational AssemblyofTurkey,MustafaKemalAtaturkandtheattendantsprayedinHaciBayram-iVeliMosque.Thehillwherethe

ARTICLE INFO Articlehistory:

Received18October2014 Accepted10February2015 Availableonline11March2015 Keywords:

MonumentumAncyranum HaciBayramMosque Climaticparameters Petrographicanalysis Restoration

ABSTRACT

Temple of Augustus and Rome, also referred as Monumentum Ancyranum (Ankara Temple),islocatednearHaciBayramMosqueinUlus,Ankara.Thetemplewhichwasbuilt onbehalfofPhrygianGod‘Men’in2ndcenturyBChasbeendestroyed.Thetemplewhose remainsarepresent,ontheotherhand,wasbuiltforRomanEmperor‘Augustus’(Gaius Octavius)in25BCinthenameofacommitmentsignbyKingPilamenes,thesonofKing Amintos,ofGalatia.Thepositionsofthe4columnsinthedoorwaysand2columnsinthe rearsidesarerecognizable.Currently,onlythesidewallsandornamenteddoorpartare remaining.TheoriginaltestamentofAugustusinTempleofRome,whichiswrittenin LatinandGreekandistellingtheachievementsofAugustus,isimitatedinthemosquethat isneighboringthewallofMonumentumAncyranum.Somepartsofthepatinaarespilled becauseoftheclimaticparameters(wind,heat,precipitation,andfrost).Asaresultofthe petrographicanalysismadeonthespilledpartsofpatina,itisconcludedthatthetemple, whichhasagreatimportanceintheworldhistory,hastoberestorated.Asaresultofthe analyses(scanningelectronmicroscope(SEM)analysis,EDS,andX-raydiffraction(XRD) analysis),innerandoutersidesofNaosarebeingconstructedwithoutmortar.Intheparts, whichare broken from the main body, calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and magnesium

carbonate(MgCO3)aredetected.Besides,itisobservedthatthemainbodyofthetempleis

mainlyconsistingofcalciummineral.Ifthistemplewillberestoredinthefuture,itis importanttowatchoutforthecalciummineralpropertyofthebuilding.

ß2015PublishedbyElsevierLtd.ThisisanopenaccessarticleundertheCCBY-NC-ND license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

* Correspondingauthor.Tel.:+905062361105. E-mailaddress:[email protected](C.Demirel).

ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirect

Case

Studies

in

Construction

Materials

j our na lh ome p a ge : w ww . e l se v i e r. co m/ l oc a te / c scm

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2015.02.002

2214-5095/ß2015PublishedbyElsevierLtd.ThisisanopenaccessarticleundertheCCBY-NC-NDlicense(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/ 4.0/).

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peoplemadetheirvowsinhistoryiscrowdedbyhundredsoflocalandforeignvisitorseverydaybecauseofitsspiritual energy(Fig.1).

ThetempleofAugustusandRomewasbuiltasatempleinthenewadministrativecenter,Ankara(Ancyra),afterthe RomaninvasioninGalatiaRegionin25BC.ThetemplewasdedicatedtoEmperorAugustusandthelocalgoddessofthecity, ‘Roma‘.AfterthedeathofAugustus,RomansinscribedamemorialonthewallsofthetemplebothinLatinandGreekwithred coloredletters.Thememorial,‘‘ResGestaediviAugisti’’,isknownas‘AnkaraMemorial’inTurkish.Theinscriptionisan imitationoftheoriginal copywhich waswrittenby Augustushimselfand wasinscribedon2 bronze columnsinhis mausoleuminthecityofRome.Thementionedoriginalcopywasdestroyedcenturiesago.ThecopyinAnkaraAugustus Templewaspreserveduntilnow.TheinscriptionisoneofthemostimportantdocumentsofRomanperiodanditdoesnot onlypresenttheachievementsandaccomplishmentsofAugustus,butalsodescribestheinstitutionalchange,respublica,in theempire(Fig.2).

TempleofAugustusinAnkarawasdesignedinCorinthorder,itsdimensionsare36m54.82m,ithasapseudo-dipteral plananditwasplacedonaplatformwhichis2mhigh.Inthebeginningsof6thcentury,TempleofRomewasconvertedtoa church.Inthemiddleof15thcentury,beforethedeathofHaciBayram-iVeli,HaciBayramMosquewasconstructed,oneside ofwhichisleaningagainstthetemple.Havingundergonechangesovertime,themosqueandtomblocatedrightnexttoit arestillthecapital’smostimportantplacesofworship.

TheTempleofAugustus,whichisinthefocusofinterestofthewholeworld,wasfirstintroducedtotheacademicsociety byBusbeck.BusbeckwasinthepeacecommitteethatEmperorI.FerdinandsenttoKanuniSultanSuleymanin1553–1555. Anotherattendantinthesamecommittee,Dernchwan,describedthetempleasatheaterandpalaceinhisjournal.In1670,in thetimeofLaisne,whowassentbytheFrenchgovernmenttopurchaseGreekmanuscript,thetemplewasdefinedasDervish convent.Tournefort,whoarrivedinAnkarain1701,drewtheplanofthebuildingandhethoughtthatthebuildingwasa residence.PoulLucaswasthefirsttravelerwhorealizedthattheTempleofAugustuswasatempleinclassicalorderin 1705.In1735,aBritish,Pococke,tookmeasurementsofthetempleandheidentifiedthatthisplacewastheTempleof Augustus.In1835,Texier,drewthetemplewiththemosqueandtheresidencesnearby.In1836,duringhisvisittoAnkara, Hamiltonagreedwiththelandownersandcopiedthewholebuilding.In1861,Guillaumemadethebuildingsurveyofthe

Fig.2.TheTempleinAnkara(DerTempelinAnkara),(Schede,1936).

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temple. In 1865, historian and philologist Mommsen published the transcript of ‘‘Res Gestae Divi Augusti’’. In 1882, manuscriptswerestudiedagainundertheleadershipofHumann.Kranker-Schedemadetheﬁrstarcheologicalexcavations inandaroundthetemplein1926–1928.

After thefoundationof theTurkish Republic,at ﬁrstarcheologistsof theyoungRepublicstartedtomakescientiﬁc researchesonthisuniquetempleintheheartofAnkara.Betweentheyears1936–1938,allarchitecturaldesignationsofthe templewereintroducedbytheresearchesundertheleadershipofDr.HamitZubeyirKosay.Theelevationofthetempleis lowerthantoday’spavementlevelbecauseofthemodernformationofthearea.Thecolumnsofthetemplewhichare surroundingthecourtyardareslightlyvisible.Afterthearcheologicalandrestorationstudiesof1930,theworkwasstopped intheareaforalongtimeperiod.

ConsideringtheimportanceoftheTempleofAugustus,WorldMonumentsWatchdeclaredthetempleintheworld’s heritagelist.InOctober2001,itwaslistedasoneofthehundredmonumentswhichhadtoberescued.Theareaandthe surroundingsoftheTempleofAugustusinAnkara,whichhasahistoryof2700years,havebeenconservedbythedirectorate ofKu¨ltu¨rveTurizmBakanlıg˘ıKu¨ltu¨rVarlıklarıveMu¨zelerGenelMu¨du¨rlu¨g˘u¨ withoutharmingitsestheticalproperties.

Itisnecessarytoworkonconservationexcavations,landscapingarrangements,restorationandconservationstudiesto determinetheurgentactionstopreservetheTempleofAugustus.BythefundprovidedbyDOSIMDirectorate,archeological excavationstudieswereexecutedbetween15September2008and24December2008.Thepurposeoftheseexcavations wascleaninganddisplayingtheareaswhichwereexcavatedin1930,interpretingtheolddatawiththenewlydiscovered archeologicaldata,analyzingthestaticstructureofthesoilthatwallsofthetemplesit,detectingproblemsofwallbinding propertiesandproblemswithcheckingofarcheologicalstratigraphyandradiographicscanninginthehighlyelevatedareaof Ulus.Ontheotherhand,fortheﬁrsttimeinTurkishmuseologyhistoryMuseumofAnatolianCivilizationsbrokegrounds withTempleof Augustusexcavations. Thestudies inand aroundthetemple werepublisheddailyin theMuseumof AnatolianCivilizationswebpage.Thus,thedataweresharedwiththepublicandthescientiﬁcworld(Yurttagu¨l,2008;Dog˘an, 2004).

TheTempleofAugustusandRomeisoneofthemostimportantandprioritizedhistoricalmonumentsofTurkeywhich hastheurgentneedforrestoration.Thedetailscanbeseeninthepicturesbelow(Figs.3–9)(Aslan,2013).

2. Previousstudies

2.1. StudiesrelatedtotheTempleofAugustusandRome

Withintheprojectnamed,ConservationProjectofTempleofAugustusinAnkara,O¨ zenandZararsız(2009)madeanalysis researches.Intheﬁrstphase,elementanalysisoftwodifferentdeteriorationproducts(blackandyellowskin)wereanalyzed withportablenondestructiveXRFmachine.Inthesecondphase,thesameanalysishasbeenmadeforthemanuscriptpaint whichwasunderseriousdangerofdisintegration.Thecomparisonbetweenthespectrumofpaintedandunpaintedparts indicatedthatthemaindifferencebetweenthetwodifferentpartswasthatthepaintedpartwasmoreferrous.Thisresult indicatedthattheredcoloredpaintwascomposedofironoxide.Besidesthepaintanalysis,thesamemachinewasusedto comparethespectrumsofyellowlayeredpartsandthewhitelayeredparts.Thecalciumamountsforyellowedlayeredparts seemedtobelowerwhereastheferrousandleadamountswerehigher.Inaddition,intheyellowlayeredparts,itisobserved thatcalciumamountisdoubletheblacklayeredpart.Thusitisconcludedthatyellowdeteriorationproductisaprotective layeragainsttheatmosphericdeteriorations(O¨ zenandZararsiz,2009).

Kadıog˘lu and his colleagues (2009) used GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) method to investigate thepresence of archeologicalremainsinandaroundthetemple.Theyalsostudiedonthereasonsofangulardeﬂectionofthenorthsidewall of the temple. Theyalso researched thepresence of theremaining ferrousbinding instrumentswhich combines the

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structuralunits.Forthatpurpose,theycollectedgroundpenetratingradardatainandaroundthetempleandtheycollected proﬁledataalongsidethenorthernwallwhichisneighboringHaciBayramMosque.Accordingtothecollecteddata,they startedexcavationactivitiesintheplacecalled,TempleEast2,andtheyrealizedthattheexcavationsresultsandGPRresults matcheachother(Kadıog˘luetal.,2009).

Sırt (2011) studied various techniques to evaluatethe deterioration on the historical stone buildings by various microorganismspecies.Forthatpurpose,shestudiedonmarbleandandesitesamplesonTempleofAugustus.Tomeasure theenzymaticactivity,sheusedFluoresceinDiacetate(FDA)hydrolysismethodwhichwasusedtodeterminemicrobial activityon soil.Sherealizedthat darkstainswerewidelyseenintheTempleofAugustus.Herstudyprovedthat FDA hydrolysis,microﬂoraandMPNmethodsareeffectivemethodstoevaluatebiologicaldeteriorationsonthehistoricalstones (Sırt,2011).

In1997, Botteriand Fangi(2002) startedtheir researchon surveying andconservationactivities inMonumentum AncyranumundertheprojectnamedTriesteUniversityAncyraProject.Thatstudyincludesthereportsofinterdisciplinary (history,archeology,photogrammetry,andarchitecture)researchesonTempleofAugustuswhichisthemostimportant RomantemplestandinginAnkara.UndertheleadershipofP.Botteri,agroupofexpertsfromdifferentuniversitiesofItaly

Fig.5.TempleofAugustusandRoma.

Fig.6.Poolwithfountain. Fig.4.TempleofAugustusandRoma.

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conductedainterdisciplinarystudy.Thedatawhichwereobtainedfromthesurveyingstudieswereexplainedbrieﬂy.The tachometricandphotogrammetricresearchesweredoneintwophases.Theﬁrstphasewasdoneuntil1997anditwas restrictedonlytotheepigraphs.Thesecondphasewasdonein2000anditcoveredthewholetemple(BotteriandFangi, 2002).

Wallace(2000),inhisstudy,presentedthemanuscriptwhichwascarvedwiththepaintedcolorsonthewallofTempleof AugustusinAnkara.Theauthoraddedanintroduction,comments,grammarnotesandkeywordsinhisstudy.Thetext includes RomanEmperor Augustus’achievements,his activities,and hisattempts toreach power. TheLatintextwas translatedintoEnglishbytheauthor(Wallace,2000).

Fig.9.DeteriorationsandWrecksonthenorthernsidewalls. Fig.7.Deteriorations(externalwalls).

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Intheirstudy,CanerandBo¨ke(1989),observedcalciumoxalateontheoriginalmarblesurfacesofTempleofAugustus whichislocatedinapollutedareainAnkara.Aftertheouterlayerhadbeenexfoliated,calciumoxalatewasfoundonthenew layer(CanerandBo¨ke,1989).

Canerandcolleagues(1989a)investigatedtheeffectsofairpollutiononthemarblesoftheRomanTempleofAugustusin Ankara.TheyexaminedsamplestakenfromtheexfoliationsbyX-raypowderdiffraction,opticalmicroscopy,scanning electron microscopy, microscopy coupled to an edax system and limited chemical analysis. They described gypsum formationasaresultofthestudy.TheydiscusseddeteriorationinrelationtoTempleofAugustus.Atmosphericparameters andpollutiondatawereevaluated.Thebuildingofarooftoprotectagainstrainandsnowwassuggestedasanimmediate precaution(Caneretal.,1989).

3. Materialsandmethods 3.1. Material

SomepartsofthepatinaweresplitfromtheinteriorandexteriorsurfaceofNaosbecauseoftheclimaticparameters (wind,heat,precipitation,andfrost).Thesewereusedassampleintheexperiment.

3.1.1. Thepreparationofsampleswhichareusedintheresearch(Maden,2013)

AllkindsofsamplepreparationprocessesaredonewithmodernequipmentinTurkishRepublicMinistryofEnergyand NaturalResources,MTAMineralogyandPetrographyAnalysisLaboratoryUnit.

Theproductionofthinsectionandpolishedsectionforopticmicroscopic(petrographicanalysis)analysis. Theproductionofpolishedthinsectionforﬂuidinclusionanalysis.

GranulationofsampleforXRDanalysis.

Elementmicroscopy,hotrunnerandpolishingfororganicpetrographyanalysis. TheproductionofpolishedthinsectionforSEM,goldandcarboncoating.

Note:TheaboveprocessandgrindingprocessarecarriedoutbyTurkeydirectorategeneral ofmineralresearchand explorationsamples(MTA).SamplesizeschangeaccordingtothecharacteristicsoftheequipmentinMTA(Fig.10). 3.2. Method

Under the command of theadministrator of Turkish Republic Ministry of Energyand Natural Resources, General DirectorateofMineralResearchandExploration,MineralogicalResearchesDivision,scanningelectronmicroscope(SEM) andEDS,andX-raydiffraction(XRD)analysishavebeenmademeticulously.

3.2.1. Experimentalstudies

TurkishRepublicMinistryofEnergyandNaturalResources,MTAMineralogyandPetrographyAnalysisLaboratoryis accreditedaccordingtoTSENISOIEC17025standards.TheexperimentswhichweredoneaccordingtoASTMstandardsin thestudyareexplainedstepbystepbelow.

3.2.1.1. Scanningelectronmicroscopeanalysis(SEM). Scanningelectronmicroscopeisatechniquewhichenablestoproduce highdeﬁnitionimagewitha focused beamof electrons.By thehelp of this technique,morphological,elemental and structuralinformationcanbegatheredfromlowfocustohighfocus(300,000ormore)(Maden,2013).

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Underhighvacuumconditions,secondaryelectron(SE),back-scatteredelectrons(BSE)ormixed(SE+BSE)signalvisions are gathered and photographed. In addition, nonstandard qualitative elemental analysis (SEM–EDS) is made on the inspectedsamplewithX-raymapping.

3.2.1.2. X-ray diffraction (XRD analysis). XRD is a technique which is used to introduce small particle sized minerals accordingtotheircrystalstructuralpropertiesifitisimpossibletodothatwithopticalmicroscopes.Inthistechnique,the sample which willbeanalyzed, is grindedand is turnedintopowder formand it is analyzedwiththeXRD analysis instruments.XRDanalysiswhichismadeinthedivision,isdonewiththeinstrumentsBrukerD8Advance,PanalyticalX’Pert PowderandPhilipsPW1830(Maden,2013).

Instandard,qualitativeXRDanalysis,samplesareanalyzedwithNiﬁltered,X-raytubedinstrumentsunder2–708C.The producedX-raydiffractogramsareevaluatedaccordingtoASTM-295standards.

Withstandard XRDanalysis,enrichment processis appliedforundefined claytypedmineralsand qualitative XRD detailedclayanalysisismade.Inthismethod,afterstandardanalysisprocess,theenrichedsamplesareanalyzedwithNi filteredCuX-raytubedinstrumentsbetween2and408Casnormal,withethyleneglycol,oven-dried(5508C).Theobtained X-raydiffractogramsareevaluatedaccordingtoASTM295standards.Thequantitativeratesofminerals(quantitativeXRD analysis) arecalculated byusingRietveldmethod. Withtheappliedmethod, thenecessarycorrections ofpeakvalues (RietveldRefinement)onthediffractogramswhichareobtainedfromhighdefinitionPixelbaseddetectors,aremadeby usingthedatabaseofcrystallinestructurefiles.Thepercentagevaluesofmineralsaregivenwiththeratesofstandard deviations.

3.2.2. ClimaticparametersbelongingtoAnkara

StatisticaldatabelongingtoAnkarabetweentheyears1960and2012isobtainedfromTurkishStateMeteorological Service(Table1)(http,2013).

AccordingtotheinformationfromtheGeneralDirectorateofMeteorology,RepublicofTurkeyMinistryofForestryand WaterAffairs,theaveragelowesttemperatureinAnkarabetweentheyears1960and2012is 21.58Candthehighestis +41.08C;theaveragemonthlytotalrainfallis51.2kg/m2_(Table_1)._In_addition,_the_highest_daily_rainfall_total_is_88.9_kg/m2_on

11.06.1997,thefastestwindis115.6km/hon12.01.1968,andthehighestdailysnowis30.0cmon05.01.2002(Table2). Therefore,Naos’swallsareundertheinﬂuenceoftheseclimateparameters(temperature,wind,precipitation,andfrost)for centuries.Thissituationcausesfreeze-thawonthepatinalayer,andasaresult,thesurfaceiserodedbyspalling.Plus,wind, temperaturedifferenceandrainfallacceleratespillagesfromthelayerofpatina.Buildingmaterialsandchemicalstobeused intherestorationofthishistoricsanctuaryshouldbeselectedtakingintoaccountclimaticparametersofthecapitalAnkara. 4. Findingsanddiscussion

4.1. Scanningelectronmicroscopeanalysis(SEM)andEDSﬁndings

AsseeninFig.1,SEManalysiswasperformedandEnergyDispersiveX-raySpectroscopy(EDS)analysiswasperformedfor thepoints1and2.TheresultsareshowninFigs.12and13.

ThephotographsofscanningelectronmicroscopeSEMweretakenwiththescale1cmfor2

m

m.Itistakenwith300,000 lensandmorezooming(Fig.11).Thetechniqueisusedfortakinghighdeﬁnitionimagewithafocusedbeamofelectrons.By thehelpofthistechnique,morphological,elementalandstructuralinformationcanbegatheredfromlowfocustohighfocus. Underhighvacuumconditions,secondaryelectron(SE),back-scatteredelectrons(BSE)ormixed(SE+BSE)signalvisionsare gatheredandphotographed.

Table1

ThedataofclimaticparametersbelongingtoAnkara(1960–2012).

ANKARA January February March April May June July August September October November December Averagetemperature(8C) 0.3 1.8 6.1 11.3 16.1 20.2 23.5 23.3 18.7 13.1 7.1 2.7 Averagehighesttemperature(8C) 4.3 6.4 11.7 17.2 22.2 26.6 30.2 30.2 26.0 19.9 12.8 6.6 Averagelowesttemperature(8C) 3.0 2.2 1.0 5.7 9.7 13.0 16.0 16.0 11.9 7.4 2.5 0.6

Averagesuntaking(h) 2.5 3.5 5.2 6.3 8.4 10.2 11.3 10.6 9.2 6.4 4.4 2.3

Averagerainydays 11.7 11.0 10.9 12.0 12.5 8.6 3.8 2.8 3.8 7.1 8.6 11.8

Monthlytotalrainydays(kg/m2

) 41.8 36.9 38.7 49.0 51.2 35.4 14.5 10.9 18.5 30.2 33.9 46.9 Highesttemperature(8C) 16.6 19.9 26.4 30.6 33.0 37.0 41.0 40.4 36.0 32.2 24.4 19.8

Lowesttemperature(8C) 21.2 21.5 19.2 6.7 1.6 4.7 6.8 6.3 2.5 3.4 10.5 17.2

Table2

ThehighestvaluesoftheclimateparametersofAnkaraProvince(1960–2012). Dailytotalmaximum

rainamount

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Fig.12.EDSanalysisgraphic. Fig.11.SEManalysis(1,2)photograph.

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Intheregionswhichincludethatstructure,theparticlesaremostlyarrangedhomogeneously,theshapesofthemare corneredand fracturedand thedimensionsarein micrometers.The distancesbetween theseparticlesare seentobe narrowed.Thedimensionsarearound0.35–0.91

m

m.Inaddition,sphericalandclosedspacingparticlesareseenalongwith geometricalshapedparticles.

AnotherpropertywhichisseenintheSEMphotographsisthattheparticles,whichhavedifferentsizesandshapes,have similarcolortones.Althoughsomeparticlesaredarkgrayincolor,insomeregionslightgrayandwhiteparticlesarealso seen.Thissituationisobviousinallsuccessiveanalysis.Theimagewhich isseenintheSEMphotographsisa typical cytsallinestructuralshapewhichisalsodeﬁnedintheliterature.Ahomogenousstructureisobserved,theparticlesare observedtobeinatightform,largecavitiesandlargeparticlesarenotobserved.

Inaddition,nonstandardqualitativeelementalanalysis(SEM–EDS)ismadeontheinspectedsamplewithX-raymapping (Figs.12and13).

EDSanalysiswasappliedbyfocusingonapointof2

m

manditisappliedbysearchinganareaof(50

m

m50

m

m).This procedureisappliedinadepthof2.5

m

m.Inthisanalysis,thepurestructureoftheexperimentsampleisobserved.In Tables3and4,atomicpercentageswhichwereobtainedfromEDSanalysisaregiven.

Table3

EDSatomicpercentages.

Elements Atomicpercentage

C 29.86 O 40.37 Mg 12.80 Ca 16.96 Total 100.00 Table4

EDSandatomicpercentages.

Elements Atomicpercentage

C 24.47 O 52.27 Sr 0.67 P 1.73 S 4.08 Ca 14.00 Ba 2.79 Total 100.00

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Moreover,EDSanalysisindicatethatvariousdissolutionswerenotformed,thusmainlyapurestructureisobserved duringtheanalysis.

4.2. X-raydiffraction(XRDanalysis)ﬁndings

AccordingtotheresultsofXRDanalysisinFig.14,theexteriorandinteriorofmainbodyofNaosarecomposedofcalcite mineral.

Whiledefiningthemicrostructureoftheexperimentsampleandwhileexaminingthecrystalstructure,X-rayanalysis providedimportantfindings.Intheprocess,applyingsinteringwithheat,theexperimentsamplesaremonitoredfromthe nucleationphase tothelast crystallization phasefor crystallization duration and structuralchanges withXRD.These analysis have lots of benefits for observing different crystalline structures and for defining the appropriate heating conditionsaswell.Becauseofthesamereason,thesimilaritybetween peakpointsindicatesthatthestructure,which constitutesthesample,isinapurephase,meaningthatitismainlycomposedofcalcitemineral.

ThissituationisobservedclearlyinSEMphotographsanditiscompatiblewithXRDresults.

5. Resultsandsuggestions

AccordingtothedataobtainedfromTurkishStateMeteorologicalService,theaveragetemperatureinAnkaraislowestat 21.58Candhighestat+41.08C.Averageofmonthlytotalrateamountis51.2kg/m2(Table1).Inaddition,thedailytotal maximumrainamountis88.9kg/m2_on_11.06.1997._Daily_fastest_wind_is_115.6_km/h_on_12.01.1968._Daily_highest_snow

amountis30.0cmin05.01.2002(Table2).Therefore,thewallsofNaosareundertheseclimaticparameters(wind,heat, precipitation,andfrost)forhundredsofyears.Thisconditionleadstofreezingandthawinginthepatinalayeranditcauses spillinginthesurface.Moreover,wind,temperaturedifferencesandrainsacceleratethebreakingofpiecesfrompatinalayer. Theconstructionmaterialsandconstructionchemicalswhichwillbeusedforrestorationofthishistoricaltemplehavetobe chosenwithrespecttotheclimaticparametersofAnkara.

TurkishRepublicMinistryofEnergyandNaturalResources,MTAMineralogyandPetrographyAnalysisLaboratoryUnit hasmadeScanningElectronMicroscope(SEM)andEDS(Figs.11–13),andX-raydiffraction(XRD)analysis(Fig.14).With respecttotheanalysis,themaincomponentofthetempleisdeterminedtobestonewithcalcitemineral.Accordingtothis determination,thematerialsandchemicalswhichwillbeusedintherestorationprocess,havetohavecalcitemineral originsortheyhavetobecompatiblewithcalcitemineral.

Thepoolwithfountain(Fig.6),on thesouthsideofthehistoricaltemple, isincreasingthemoisturerateandit is acceleratingthe deteriorationof theGreekmanuscript on thesouth sidewallof thetemple. The originalcopy ofthe manuscriptwasinRomeanditwasdestroyedcenturiesago.Thereforeitisveryimportanttokeeptheonlyremainingcopy. Theinformationgivenin themanuscriptdonot onlybelongtoRoman EmperorAugustus,but alsoincludeimportant informationaboutRomanhistory.Therefore,ratherthanafountain,aclassicalhydrophore(pressurizedrecirculationpump) wherethewaterispouringstepbystepcanbeused.Apoolsystemwherethewaterisrecirculatingbymachinescanbe considered.

Asolutionforrooﬁng,whichiscompatiblewiththerooﬁngsystemintheoriginalbuilding(Fig.2),canpreservethe structureagainstclimaticparametersanditcanprovidesustainabilityforthestaticequilibriumofthebuilding.Sucha precautionhastobetakenurgently.

Thetemple,whoseimportancefor worldheritageis unquestionable,hastoberestoratedfaithfultoitsoriginality. Formationofthetemplehastobeinaccordancewiththesurroundingstructuresandtheenvironmentalparameters.The historicalstructurehastobeaccessibletohumanityasamuseum,andthusthehonor,itdeservesinthehistory,willbegiven backtoit.

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