Türkiye ve Dünyadaki Ziraat Fakültelerinin Araştırma Eğilimleri: 1996-2011 Yıllarının Bibliyometrik Analizi

TürkKütüphaneciliği 30,3 (2016), 471-500

Research

Trends

of

Agricultural

Faculties

in

Turkey

and

the

World:

Bibliometric

Analysis

of

Web

of

Science, 1996-2011*

* This article is derived from author's PhD dissertation (Besimoğlu, 2015) entitled Türkiye'deki ziraat

fakültelerinin tarımsal araştırma eğilimleri: 1996-2011yıllarınınbibliyometrik analizi.

Bu makale yazarın Türkiye'de ziraat fakültelerinin tarımsal araştırma eğilimleri: 1996-2011 yıllarının bibliyometrikanalizi başlıklıtezinden (Besimoğlu, 2015)türetilmiştir.

** Dr., Ankara University, Library ofAgricultural Faculty. e-mail: besimoglu@ankara.edu.tr

Dr. AnkaraÜniversitesiZiraatFakültesiKütüphanesi Received- Geliş Tarihi: 14.03.2016

Accepted-Kabul Tarihi:21.09.2016

Türkiye ve Dünyadaki Ziraat Fakültelerinin Araştırma Eğilimleri: 1996-2011

Yıllarının Bibliyometrik Analizi

Can Besimoğlu**

Abstract

In this research, agricultural information structure and emerging trends are visualised with social networkanalysisfrom 1996to 2011;similarities and differences between theresearches

of agricultural research institutions (universities) abroad and in Turkey are detected. Moreover, whether agricultural researchpoliciesdeterminedbytheseinstitutions, councils and

scholars had effects ontheresearchescarriedoutinagriculturalresearchesweredetermined. Comparingtheagriculturalpolicies in Turkeythroughthesubjectsofthepublications in Web of Science (WoS), some priorities in agricultural research policies have increased in time. Especially, the water resources (2-3% increase)out of natural resources, biotechnology (4% increase) and environmental sciences (4% increase) more often take place in agricultural policiesand alike, number of publications on these subjects has gradually increased. While

there is a significant percentage of publication on biochemistry, molecularbiology, genetics

and heredity, microbiology and cell biology in agricultural faculties in other countries, the percentageofthepublications in these fields is muchlower in Turkey. According to the subject

category, while the researches on agriculture, plant and food science in Turkey gradually

decreased, the ones on chemistry, environmental sciences, biochemistry, biotechnology and

molecular biology increased. This shows that more special and different subjects on

agriculturalresearchesstarted to becarried out.

Keywords:Bibliometrics;informetrics; social network analysis; agriculturalresearch policies;

keywordco-occurence;agriculturalresearchtrends. Öz

Bu araştırmada1996-2011 yılları arası tarımsal bilgi yapısı vegelişmekte olan eğilimler sosyal ağ analizi ile görselleştirilmiş ve Türkiyeveyurtdışı tarımsal araştırmakurumlarının araştırmaları

arasında benzerliklerve farklılıklar belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca çeşitli kurum, kurul ve akademisyenlerin

belirlediği araştırma politikaları konularının yürütülen araştırmalara etkisinin olup olmadığı

ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır. WoS'da yer alan Türkiye adresli yayınların konuları tarımsal

araştırma politikaları ile karşılaştırıldığında,belirli bazı öncelikli alanlarda yayın sayısıartmıştır. Özellikle araştırma politikalarında yer alan doğal kaynaklardan su kaynakları (%2-3 artış),

472Hakemli Makaleler /Refereed Papers_______________________________________________Besimoğlu

Yurt dışı ziraatfakültelerindebiyokimya, moleküler biyoloji, genetik ve kalıtım, mikrobiyoloji ve hücrebiyolojisikonularında önemli oranlarda yayın bulunmaktayken, Türkiye'deki kurumların bu

konularda yayın oranları daha düşüktür.Konu kategorisine göre Türkiye'deki ziraat fakülteleri

yayınlarında tarım, bitki, gıda bilimi ve teknolojisi konuları düşüş gösterirken; kimya, çevre

bilimleri, biyokimya, biyoteknoloji vemoleküler biyoloji konularındakiyayın sayısıartmaktadır. Bu da tarım disiplininde daha özel vedisiplinlerarası araştırmalarla farklı konularda çalışmaların

yapılmaya başlandığınıgöstermektedir.

Anahtar Sözcükler: Tarımsal araştırmalar; bibliyometri; enformetri; sosyal ağ analizi; tarımsalaraştırma politikaları; anahtar sözcük ortak-görülme; tarımsalaraştırma eğilimleri. Introduction

Information societydevelopment and approaches have pavedthewayfor fundamental change insociety, economyand industry. This new approach which is based on knowledge rather than in a more classic or coventional sense has been effective in all areas of life. Accessing informationand production of new knowledge have gained importance day byday.Individuals and societieshave developed new technologies by using information andbecomesuperior in economic field. Inthiscontext,information has ledto new approachesforthedevelopmentof agriculture and agro-basedindustry. Thus, producing new knowledge along with utilization of thatknowledge has become important nowadays. As is in all fields, producing new knowledge is realized through technological development and innovations and this applies to R&D activities in agricultureas well.

Examining therole ofagriculture in Turkey's economy will be useful prior to statingthe knowledge production and R&D activities. Agricultural sector'seconomic share in GrossDomestic Product (GDP) in 2013 is 7.1% (TUIK,2013). This is a proof that agriculture hasstill a significant share in Turkey's GDP. In National Agriculture Convention (Ulusal Tarım Kurultayı, 2006) agricultural sector was addressed as awholeand several solutions to theproblems were supplied. The importanceof introducing producers in knowledge and technology and advancingR&Dand technology for agriculturaldevelopment to solve the productivity problems were emphasized in solutions. Therefore, it can be said that knowledge/information productionand R&D activities in agriculture are the issues to beexamined in more detail. In 2012, the share allocated to R&D activities in all areas was 0.92% of GDP. If we look at it in a moredetailed way, we see that the spending of commercial business is 2,003 million $,and the public is 488 million$and the higher education institutionsis 1,950 million $ (TUIK,2013). Sothis shows that 43.9% of R&Dspending whichis a high ratio isallocated to higher education institutions. Therefore, theeffectiveness of R&D activities of universities isalso among the issuesto be investigated.

Thecharactheristics of researchin agriculture are different fromotherdisciplines. Most of theapplications and research in agriculture vary depending on human, nature and technical environment. Aras and Oren (2000, p. 5) stated thatagricultural researchgenerally dependson natural and ecological conditions vary from region to region and national and regional agricultural R&Dresearch are practiced becausethe material which is used isliving. Therefore, when comparedwith agriculturalresearch in different countries, great differences as well as similitariesmay be found. These differencesarerelated to variablesmentioned above.

Analyzing scientific publicationsqualitatively and quantitatively, evaluatingand comparing themwith theresearches abroad can be an important source of data for decisionmakers in this area. The studiesto be carried outcan make it possible toexamine the characteristics of scientific research studies publishedin agricultural disciplines, to present an outline of the specific case studies in this area and to allow us to make more accurateevaluationstowardsfuture.

Between the years of 1996-2011, agricultural research and targeted subjects were determined by State Planing Organization's (SPO) development plans, TUBITAK -The

ResearchTrends of AgriculturalFaculties in Turkey and the World: Bibliometric Analysis...

TürkiyeveDünyadakiZiraat Fakültelerinin Araştırma Eğilimleri: 1996-2011 Yıllarının Biblivometrik... 473 Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey - Supreme Council of Scientific and Technology's (TUBITAK-SCST)- suggestions-policies, Food, Agriculture and Livestock strategy documents, TUBITAK's commissions programs, scholars' views. These documents are prepared for directing agricultural research and R&D. However, how much of these determined policies wereperformedor what proportion of the work on specified topics was realized have not been investigated yet. Whetherwanted/suggestedagricultural researches that were determined by thesecommissions or authorized institutions were inline with theonesby agricultural facultieswasnot controlled.

In this research,structure ofagricultural information and emergingtrends are visualised with social networkanalysis; similarities and differences between the researches in foreign and Turkish agriculturalresearch institutions (universities) are detected. Moreover, whether agricultural research policies determined by these institutions, councils and scholars had effects on the researches carriedout in agricultural researches were determined. In this way, decision makers in agriculture can see current state of researchesandthey canevaluate theresearches more accurately.

RelatedStudies

There has been a lotof studies which coversonly one subject or special areas of agriculture discipline in the literature. But there have been few studies in the literature which analysed agriculturalpublications orusedbibliometric methods on agricultural researches as whole and broadly. So it is worth mentioning these studies, methods and findings in detail considering their contributiontoour research.

Lichtfouseet al. (2010) analysed subjecttrends inthe journal ofAgronomyfor Sustainable

Development in their study. The articles that were the most cited between 1999-2000 in the journal,themost searched subjects in the website of the journal and thearticles downloaded at most in 2009 wereexamined. Themost cited topics are soil carbon and climate changeonthe findings. Other highlycited topicsareagroindicators, alternative crop management,pest control, fertilization, biodiversity, pollutants, pesticides. However, emerging topics from 2007 are transgenic plants and biofuels. Inthis research, themostsearched queries inthe website ofthis journal were also compiled profiles of each subject drawn between 1999-2009. For example, “crop rotation” has constantly increased since 2003. “Organic farming” has showed a steep increase since 2004.On theotherhand,the topic of“genetically modified” which emerged after 2008 hasattractedattention. While agricultural forestry was decreasing from 1999to 2003, after that yearit became an increasing trend between 2003 and2009. However, the most emerging topics have been biofuels, genetically modified crops, conservation agriculture, sociology, organic farming, carbon sequestration,phytoremediation, biodiversity.

In additionto journal-based research, therehavealso been studieson the impact and the numbers of scientific publications. The researches on 33 European countries' agrifood publications in WoS database were examined and findings obtained were compared with differentcountries and continents.In thisstudy, it is emphasizedthat it is necessaryto evaluate the current situation of the researches onagriculture,agrifood and globalproblems. As a result, it is found that there is a correlation between economic power and agrifood landscape. Publication numbers and citation rates of the countries which allocate more resources for agricultural research are higher than other countries. 41%, 29% and 30% of the articles about agrifood research belong to Europe, USA and rest of the world respectively. United States' averagecitationper paper is about 30% higher than that EU-33 countries(Borsi ve Schubert, 2011). When an assessmentis done among European countries; itisunderstoond thatcountires such as UK, Germany, Spain, France and Holland have morecitations.Nevertheless,findings indicatedthat certain European countries have more impact onsome fields; forexample, France in plant breeding, biotechnology and animal health andwelfare,Spain inanimal production and

474Hakemli Makaleler /Refereed Papers_______________________________________________ Besimoğlu husbandry. The countries including Belguim, Croatia, Greece, Holland, Portugal, Spain and Turkey have high share in national S&Ton thefields of management of natural and biological resources,animal production and husbandry(European Agrifood Research Landscape,2008).

In another research, scientific publications indexed in AGRICOLA andScience Citation Index-Expanded (SCI-E) among 1991-2005 which have “agriculture” and “Africa” in their keywords were analysed. Data obtained from both databases were analysed according to theirkind of documents, year of publishing, subject categories, country, journal,language, collaboration of authors. The most researched domains in agriculture in Africa were environmental science, plant/cropproduction and[agriculture]economics(Ocholla ve Onyancha, 2006).

Hasan (2010) analysed bibliometric data such as the publication numbers, authors, institutions,the journals whichweremost publishedones and subjectdistribution of publications which were addressed by India and that were indexed in AGRICOLA, AGRIS, CAB ve FSTA

between1990and1999. Also a comparison ofbibliometric indicators was made with World and India's. According to results; plant diseases, plant breeding and genetics, plant production, fertilizers andother amendmentsare the forefront researchesin India (Hasan, 2010).

There are also researches which analyse the place of agriculture discipline within general literature by bibliometric methods and aimto demonstrate their differentfeatures and characteristics. Gazni, Sugimoto and Didegah (2011) investigated the cooperation between institutionsandcountries based on datafrom 2000-2009 in Essential ScienceIndicators (ESI)). In agricultural sciences, multiauthored publications rose from 79% in 2000 to 88% in 2009. Moreover,the ratio of researchescarriedoutinmulti-institutionalcollaborationsinagriculture increased from 35%in 2000 to 43% in 2009.

Besides, therehave beenseveralstudies usedsimilarmethodson social network analysis or mapping/visualization (Cheng and Wang, 2011; Lee and Su, 2010;Lv etal., 2011;Su, 2012; Su and Lee,2010; Yoon, Lee and Lee, 2010).

In a scientometric study, Turkey's relative citation1 impact in disciplines and contribution to the World were examined. As a result of the study, it is found that Turkey's relative citation impact is 0.72 in agriculture and it isunder the average ofworld (Al, 2009). Thisratethat is below 1meanslowrelative citation impact.

1 Relative citation impactisthevaluecalculatedby dividing theaveragecitationrateper paper toworld average citation rate inarelevantsubjectin a certaintime(Al,2009, p. 3).

2 See also http://homepage.univie.ac.at/juan.gorraiz/bibexcel/ 3 See also https://gephi.org/

Methodology

In this study, bibliometrics and social network analysis were used. Bibexcel was used for determining the subjects of publications of agricultural institutions. Bibexcel is a tool for bibliometric analysis and designed to calculate statistics.2 Gephi was used for social network analysis. Gephi is a visiualization andexploration software forvarious graph, network and data analysis.3 Information about methodis explained in detail -in the doctoral dissertation (Besimoğlu, 2015,pp.48-49).In thisresearch, data tables in the appendix of dissertation was used as well.

ResearchScope

The main objectives ofthe research are to analyse agricultural researches at theuniversitiesin 16 years toseewhetherthe results obtained areinline with the agricultural researchpolicies in Turkeyand to compare them with researches abroad:

■ Agricultural research policies that are given in SPO's developement plans, Food, Agriculture and Livestock Ministry's strategic documents, TUBITAK's research

ResearchTrends of AgriculturalFaculties in Turkey and the World: Bibliometric Analysis.

TürkiyeveDünyadakiZiraat Fakültelerinin Araştırma Eğilimleri: 1996-2011 Yıllarının Bibliyometrik... 475 programs, TUBITAK-SCST policies/decisions, scholars' opinions, articles etc. from 1996 to 2011 in Turkey(outlines of the major goals and priorities in the keydocuments onagricultural researchpoliciesinTurkey can be foundinthe section below),

■ Scientific agricultural publications addressed in agricultural faculties in Turkey and published injournalsabroadinWoS database from 1996 to 2011 (7,183),

■ Scientific publications (152,358) which are addressed inagriculturalfaculties, schools, colleges, universities in WoS database abroadfrom 1996 to2011 wereexamined and necessarycomparings and evaluations were made in the research scope.

Data Sets

The publicationsaddressed in Turkey's agricultural faculties in WoS arethe first data set and theones originatedfrom abroad agricultural faculties inWoS arethe second data set.The search queries used for thetwo data setsareas below:

The query for foreign agricultural faculties: Address=(Fac Agr OR Sch Agr OR Coll Agr OR Agr Univ*) Refined by: DOCUMENT TYPES: (ARTICLE OR PROCEEDINGS PAPER) [excluding]Countries/Territories=(TURKEY)

The query for the publications addressed in WoS (Turkey): ADDRESS (Fac Agr OR Ziraat Fak) AND ADDRESS: (Turkey OR Turkei OR Türkiye) Refined by: DOCUMENT TYPES: (ARTICLE OR PROCEEDINGS PAPER) AND [excluding] SOURCE TITLES: (TURKISH JOURNAL OF VETERINARY ANIMAL. etc.). Turkey-based journals (which are analysed as national data set indoctoralthesis) are excluded because theyare indexed in the nationaldatabase (Besimoglu,2015a;Besimoglu, 2015b).

Publicationsof agriculturefaculties adressed in Turkey and abroad are analysed in three different periodsas 1996-2001, 2002-2006 and 2007-2011.Thetables of subjectterms which are obtainedfromthebibliometricanalysis are placedin Appendix 1. Detailedtablesof subject terms can be seeninBesimoglu's (2015) doctoral thesis.

Analysed Data Fields

Fields that were analysed are given in Table 1. Keywords and WoS Subject Categories are examinedin both data sets. However, subject terms are searched fromCAB Direct database and then processed into data file for publicationsaddressed in Turkey. Publications whichdo not have keywords and subject termsaregiven in Table 1. Thereare no publicationsthathave not

WoSsubject category in both data sets.

Keywords_______ _____ Subject Terms___________Keywords

(Table 1): Analysed Data Fields

WoS World Agricultural Faculties WoS AgriculturalFaculties in Turkey Periods n Absent Absent % n Absent Absent % An* Abssent Absent%

1996-2001 39,085 13,192 33.75 404 60 14.85 344 178 44.04

2002-2006 43,744 11,424 26.11 2,272 274 12.05 1998 467 20.55

2007-2011 69,529 14,222 21.70 4,507 572 12.69 3935 565 12.53

*Analysednumber ofpublications

Social Network Analysis

Keyword co-occurrence networks are prepared by method of social network analysis for keywordsthataresub-level identifiers.

Network's most influential concepts and their relationship with each other can be visualized by the social network analysis. Concepts/actors are defined as nodes andrelationship between concepts as edges. Thus, the structural characteristics of the network,

476Hakemli Makaleler /Refereed Papers________________________________________________Besimoğlu efficient/influentialconcepts and relationships can be more clearly understood with network analysis. To detect most influential concepts, betweenness centrality measure is used. Betweenness centrality represents how often it appears on the shortest path between two randomnodes innetwork. In other words, it is the degree ofpresenceof each concept among other concepts in the network. For example, betweenness centrality measure of the word of genotype is found high in many network figures. It is because genotype is more presented among other conceptsinourstudy.In this context,the concepts whosebetweenness centrality is high aremoreinfluentialinthat network. There isn't any certain degree or acceptable value of betweennesscentrality score. Theinterpretations and comments are madeaccording to the comparison of value ofthenodes.In order to understandthe structure ofthenetwork, average path length and modularity class valuesareusedin this study.Average path lengthis ameasure of the average pathtaken to connect to any other ofthe two randomlyselected nodes (Newman, 2010; Paranyushkin, 2011). The lower number of average path length represents the more interconnectednetwork. Modularity class indicates thatit canbe usedin orderto detectdistinct communities within the network. Some nodes in the community can be allocated into modularity classes by having a more intense connection.Thus, while moreconnected concepts can be classified together, others which have less dense connections can be distincted from them (Paranyushkin, 2011). It indicatesthat there are nodes inthe network that aremoredensely connected betweeneachother than with therestof thenetwork.

Keywordco-occurence network valueswhichare formed from social network analysis can be seen in theAppendixes(See Appendix 2-7). Co-occurence file (.net) is prepared firstin

Bibexcel. Beforethe visualization of social networkanalysis is formed,keywords inthe data sets are standardized (Besimoglu, 2015, pp. 150-151). For example; words such as “rice”, “Oryza sativa L”,“Oryza sativa L.”aremergedas“rice”. Standardization ofkeywords aremade basedonthe CAB Thesaurus.

Limitations ofResearch

Thedata of the study include publications from 1996 to 2011 in WoS, but publicationswere included into the above-mentionedyears and indexeduntil 2012 (last datawasdownloaded in June 2012).

Subject Outline of Agricultural Research Policies in Turkey

Inthis part, outline of the agricultural research policies that were divided intothree periods of 1996-2001, 2002-2006 and 2007-2011aregiven.

For the starting, year 1996 and next five years, 1994 and next years are taken into consideration. For instance, consideringthat“Turkey's PublicAgriculture Research Program” (2005) that was issued in 2005 will be reflected in the research for 2006 and next years, comparisons were made. As a result of comparisons, percentage increase/decrease in the priority subjects was examined. Thereisnothreshold about how effective the stated policies are. For thisreason, evaluationsaremadeforpercentagechangesofthetopicsofpublications according to periods. Moreover, comments should be made by considering the unique characteristics of agriculturaldiscipline, Turkey's existing scientific knowledge on this field and socio-economic conditions.

AgriculturalResearch Policies: 1996-2001

Concrete policies were not determined in this period.The most important document thatgave direction to agriculturalresearch policies was 1995 Development Plan in this period.Seventh

Development Plan which is prepared by SPO emphasized concentrating on biotechnology research inagriculture (DPT, 1995).

ResearchTrends of AgriculturalFaculties in Turkey and the World: Bibliometric Analysis.

TürkiyeveDünyadakiZiraat Fakültelerinin Araştırma Eğilimleri: 1996-2011 Yıllarının Bibliyometrik. 477 SCTS's policies and decisionsshould also be taken into account. SCSThas set thepolicy on these subjectsby publishing “Turkey'sScience and Technology Policy: 1993-2003”on 3rd Febuary, 1993. With regard to agriculture, giving priority to biotechnology research has come into prominence in this document. (TUBITAK-BTYK, 1993).In the 2nd meetingof SCST, focusingon R&D activities in related to genetic engineering and biotechnology, environmental friendly technologies were proposed(TUBITAK-BTYK,1997).

In addition to SPO and SCST, authorities and scholars suggested views about agricultural researches inAgricultural Engineers TechnicalCongresses.Themajor policies of the1996-2001 periods are summarized as follows:

■ Researches forconservation and development ofsoiland water resources,

■ The impacts of water and soil pollution, biological and agricultural protection methods onplant and animalsabout environment and ecology,

■ Biotechnological researches for plant breeding, plant-soil-climate-water relations on plant production,

■ Animal productionand husbandary: livestock breeding and animal gene resources on livestock production,

■ Food processing and additives in related to food safety on agricultural products.

AgriculturalResearchPolicies:2002-2006

During this period, agricultural researchpolicies were examined inmore detail. Especially priorities and objectives on agriculture areexpressed more clearly inSPO EightDevelopment Plan,Ad-Hoc

Commitee Reports, TUBITAK (2003) Vision 2023 - Agriculture-Food Panel and SCST meetings. TUBITAK Vision 2023 Science and Technology Forecast Project is one of the most important documentsgiving direction to scienceand R&D activities. Inthis report, Turkey's situation, 2003-2023period and thebasictendencies and driving forces,strong and weak points, opportunities and threats, future vision, roadmap of Science-Technology-Innovation policies are identified. Prioritytechnologies and theroadmapareoutlined as below:

■ Developing new geneotypes: Molecular breeding techniques, in vitro and in vivo, embryo production, embryo transfer,tissue culture techniques,modern biotechnology;

■ Seed producing and breeding (Plant and animal): seed,seedling,sapling production;

■ Characterization and preservation ofgene resources: identification and registration of gene resources, establishmentofsecondgenebank;

■ Processed product diversity,food processing methods and procedures;

■ Food security and safety: Foodqualitymanagement, economy, processing, packaging, preservation,geneticallymodifiedorganisms(GMO) research;

■ Development of equipment and structures in agricultural, forest, food and fishery products,and domestic mechanization and structuresof production systems: in crops maintenance,harvest, preservation, processing;

■ Activation of protection, control and treatment techniques, and combat against and integrated control of disease-pests: 2013-2017 decreasing the use of pesticides, vaccine and hormoneproduction,applied and industrial on bio-pesticides;

■ Evaluation and developmentof natural resources andwild life:benefiting economically from rich plant variety, identification ofendangered varietiesinecosystem;

■ Development and disseminationofinformationtechnologieslikeremote sensoring and early warning system in agriculture and forestry:development of GIS, remote sensing, software and informationsystems.

478Hakemli Makaleler /Refereed Papers________________________________________________Besimoğlu Based on the review of other documents, the suggested general topics that should be emphasisedonagricultural research between 2002 and 2006 can besummarizedas below:

■ Using environmental friendly agricultural production systems and methods to protect ecological life,

■ Biotechnologicalmethodsin agriculture,

■ Seed production,

■ Animal and plant breeding (resistant to climateconditions,diseases and pests),

■ Yields ofanimal products,

■ Identification and preservation of natural (plant and animal) genetic resources.

AgriculturalResearchPolicies:2007-2011

The period between 2007-2011 is theonethat is determined in mostdetailed and most clearly way.Themacrotargetsin agricultural industry are stated asNinth Development Plan for2007­ 2013 (DPT, 2006) and Strategic Plan (Tarım veKöyişleri Bakanlığı - Ministry ofAgriculture and Rural Areas, 2010).

In this context, the research, conservation and evaluation of Turkey's biological diversity and geneticresources (fields about environment - p. 74article 459), R&D activities on biotechnology (R&D and innovation - p. 75 article 482), high value-added animal husbandry, animal breeding, combat with diseases and pests, fodder breeding, (Agricultural efficiency -p. 79 article 506) arethesubjects to come to fore (DPT, 2006).

Themostimportant document of this period which was prepared as a result of meetings with universities, ministry, private sector, TUBITAK's institutions and related stakeholders in 2005 is“TurkeyPublicAgriculture Program” (Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı, 2005).

The chapterA of this program containsthe primary topics of the researches that have priority. Inthe program, there will be a need for the researches ondeveloping animal breeds that are adaptable to environmental conditions and have high yields. In the field and horticulturalcrops, R&D studies ondevelopmentofspeciesthatare resistant to environmental conditions, stress, disease andpests ofexploringgenetic potential of plants;production of seed, seedling, sapling technology areemphasized.Combatwith pests via biological methodsare the other important researches underscored.Inthenatural resources,the subjects of identification, information gathering, conservationand sustainable utilizationof soil and water resources; and river basin water management researchesaresignificant. It is suggested to detectsoil pollution (heavy metals, pesticides, hormones, organic compounds, radioactive wastes, salinity, alkalinity) and develop methods for amendment. Researches on plant and animal genetic resources, identification, conservation and registering genetic resources are other suggested topics. It was stated that the researches on foodsafety and quality infood science should be developed. The researches on rural development, agricultural policies analysis, agricultural information systems, agricultural extension,agricultural cooperationsand organizationsarethe onesthat should be focused in agricultural economics.

Some policy differences and similarities are realized between three periods in overall picture. Biotechnology and animal and plant breedingtopics are constantlythe research priority in all three periods.After the first term(in2002-2006 and in2007-2011) to protect environment and ecosystemlow-input farming (pesticides,fertilizeretc.)policiesaremore common. Inthe last period, policies changedbymoving beyond theidentificationof naturalresources towards management and conservation. Also organic farming, transgenic plants, GMO, seed technology, biological control, plant resistance tovarious factors (disease, pests, climate etc.) becamemoreimportant in the last period.

ResearchTrends of AgriculturalFaculties in Turkey and the World: Bibliometric Analysis.

TürkiyeveDünyadakiZiraat Fakültelerinin Araştırma Eğilimleri: 1996-2011 Yıllarının Bibliyometrik. 479

Findings

Subject Analysis of Agricultural Faculties in Turkey

Publications of agriculturefacultiesin Turkey were analysed via social network analysis in the periods of1996-2001, 2002-2006 and 2007-2011.

Subject Analysis of Agricultural Faculties inTurkeybetween1996-2001

In Figure 1, keywords of publications in Turkey between1996 and 2001 are visualised. The keywords of this period have a scattered structure according to the figure. Fewerpublications with diverse subjects causedlessconnection.The networkof nodes and edgesare 177 and 325 respectively. It can be said that the 1996-2001 period has a dispersed structure due to the number of fewer publications that caused appointed keywords to be fewer.

(Figure 1):KeywordCo-occurence Network of WoS Agriculture Faculties inTurkey, 1996­ 2001(See Appendix 2for options)

Network average path lenght (APL) is 5,061. Thelowmeasurement of APL withinthe network indicatesthat keywords aremore connected to each other. However, in the period of 1996-2001, the average path lenght is high, and keywords' connection is lowwhen we compare with other periods. In SNA low connection means there arelow connection and edges in the graph. Asyou willseethe next graphs (Figure 2and3) there are more edges and connection. Therefore APL value of the Figures below are more connected when we compare with WoS Agricultural Facultiesof Turkey1996-2001 period (Figure1).

Inthe period of 1996-2001, the most prominent concepts inthekeywords' network are

480Hakemli Makaleler /Refereed Papers_______________________________________________ Besimoğlu

biomass, carcass composition, genotypes, olive oil are important terms in different communities. Network is comprised of 23modularity class due to fewnumbersofpublication and various researches.Stability,toxicity,inhibition,cotton,sugar beetandgreenhouseinplant researchesareconsidered to be differentimportant keywords.

Subject Analysis of Agricultural Faculties inTurkeybetween2002-2006

In the period of 2002-2006, there are 222 nodes and 803 edgesin the network. Onthe other hand, this period average path lenght is 2,918. This number is lessthanprevious period, and shows ustherearemore connections between nodes. Having morepublications and keywords than theprevious period hasanimpactonthe results (Figure2).

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hatchebility »Nirs&ıtıoıı meat quality . , carbonic anliydrase propolis "tat treatment fattyacids s oil ____ ‘ postharvest

Hyineitoptera sel«(i8lM,ou5e „ TOWthi root«b»,pholo$“e y

hone).bat><ifiMV^'ffll<lae oliwe 011 hazelmrtd storage parasitoids Coleoptera HPLC

seed

grapevine peroxlg^^ __ qualj,^ anthocyanins potato

Capsicum ai«lVMlrâtA^rPtwr\^c£8«Ml^a cPPH nArmiııAtîoî£,''"*r ... grafting cb.orcpbyn . ...

proflft€m illation ton»ataie)!Tiaize s"ess

Pseudomonas

Lyeopersijoj^gj^ûs^urott^ iabiw

.yAeiifltnher pMch

bean soybean s.|Jo||1#|on

compost

„ zinc defici4ia<evy metals Primus.per sica hunircadd iiRmftgiciencv_ „ nutrient r'lTr^WpBlV^agtaLftu-^age sludgy ______ inoculation content . mt growth tritieale solute tvciSBWWinlcity genetic diversity genetic resources AcfWftPlogeny minerals apricot wAW * la!,m Juglans regia micropropagation salt tolerance, disease re^^^jpce „ Arabidopsis uttrastructure ELI6A lentil genotypic 'TaBSİStl chfwtri9a,i°" waWSl^aPacld abscisic acid water , water^stres' sunflpvJöı ,,|tre/vn>> İI10C cadmium mushroom callus seed^ielrf'V rtB®eny»rfon row spacing transformation alfalfa hydraulic conductivity

(Figure2):KeywordCo-occurence Network of WoSAgricultural Faculties inTurkey, 2002­ 2006 (See Appendix3for options)

The keywords which have high betweenness centrality measure in the network are respectively; wheat, yield, essential oils and growth. Topics on plant and animal growth,

quality, essential oils areon the rise, and areresearched about certainproduct or living.

Ninemodularity classesare detected asa result ofnetwork analysis.Thestorage, fermentation

of products, lactic acid bacteria and postharvest activities are prominent issues about food science. (Turquoise community)

ResearchTrends of AgriculturalFaculties in Turkey and the World: Bibliometric Analysis...

TürkiyeveDünyadakiZiraat Fakültelerinin Araştırma Eğilimleri: 1996-2011 Yıllarının Biblivometrik... 481 In Figure 2, that communities are grouped as broiler, quail, sheep, cattle in purple community, and they indicatethe highest betweennesscentrality forliving beings.From the Figure 2, it isunderstood that growth,nutrition,performance, heritability, temperature,hatchabilityand feed efficiency are focused onfor these living beings. Blue edges with 17,49%ratio is thebiggest group. In this group, yield, quality, heavy metals, irrigation, evapotranspiration, water stress, organicacid,soil properties areinfluential concepts. Being one of theseconceptsonthe figure as bigger ones show that irrigation and soilresearches on plants are done.

Bright green group has the research subjects such as salinity, heat treatment, chemical properties,genotype variation, saltstress. Strawberry, potato, chickpea etc. are researched ascrops.

Thereare the researches on essentialoils,composition,regeneration,seed germination,

antioxidantactivity in theyellowcommunity which is distinct inthe network

Biological control, resistance, pesticides, herbicides areinfluentialterms in related to plant protection. Another community representedas green (Appendix 3:group no 7) has the concepts of strawberry, fatty acids,salinity, heat treatment,germination oil etc.

During this period, antioxidant, pollution, toxicity are concepts which gained relatively importance as compared to the previous period. Morphology, biodiversity, genetic resources, RAPD, rooting, germplasm (red community) are keywords that have not been seen in the previous period, butappeared in theperiod of2002-2006.

Subject Analysis of Agricultural Faculties inTurkeybetween2007-2011

Keywordsco-occurence network of publications of agriculturalfacultiesinTurkey from 2007 to 2011 is visualized in Figure 3. There are 285 nodesand 1995 edges in the network. This indicatorshows us therearemoreconnectionscompared to theprevious periods.

“Turkey” has the highest betweenness centrality value in the network. But it is excluded fromthenetwork visualization because it represents onlylocation names. Because evaluations are made through subject terms in the network and publications with Turkey address are already examined inthis part, extracting thekeyword of “Turkey” from the network does not affect the importance ofsubjecttermsbut increases the visibility of them in thenetwork.But “Turkey” word is not only alocation nameand is ananimal too. This situation is alimitationfor nationaldata sets. Themostinfluentialwordsinthe network are yield, growth,fatty acids, quality, maize and wheat. These words indicatethattheresearchesrelated to the yield, quality and growth of crops and animals have intensified. The collabortative works with cotton,tomato, seedyield,

maize, chickpea, sunflower aremore salient/prominent.

In this period, climate change, heavy metals, salinity, trace elements, toxicity,

biodiversity, genetic resources are the keywords that gained importance in comparison with previous period in the network. Moreover, in this period, the increase of importance of the words such as heavy metals, toxicity shows that the researches related to environmental pollution increased. The studies onbiologicalcontrol, antioxidants, antioxidant activitiy that areseeninthe previous periods continued in this period. Theresearchmethodssuch as remote

sensing, molecularmarkersPCR,AFLP,SSRwerethesubjectsthatemergedforthefirsttime in this period. Soil characteristics, nutrition, fertilizing, mineral composition related to soil science were salient/prominenttoo.

482HakemliMakaleler/Refereed Papers Besimoğlu

cropropagation regeneration

auxin rooting re mote «e using

GIS plant regeneriVftff^at'011 Seed gejinination .... 9 muogen»fertilizer l z\/ P-o<ah«« * —*Wl9 ize iin.^Ultflower İran luf ** »WHlŞ»tl cptrt»«i(H ivar S"''"^Xg$r*9e yield yield components seeckyield 1 iUSst * ^ 7 '“Soybe^pper boroneBtji -errolation Fertrliaatiöî safflewer rr, . ' water use-efficiency evapotrang^^atjon oil contenfcrea<l* :--irrigation schedulina, swoeteRUHV"0" heritability sugarbeet Water stress^ fruit set frujt quality

stability Biomass

cotton yH

Sesame . . ..

I

a d a ptatiö n" ‘9 31 ‘esista nee p o. n oty, Medichgo *

sanva n<My

Pl5t“ Apple changi

In vitro nn^litv

Virulence . e-ironuttoUey bee^^^.^quailty - - ’sing poYlen germination

rootstotWPCR 3 Ci Multivariate anai^ffif^ra grapevine fig P°** eBreeding germplasm /*——

Sus,attS®arion

diversity , ive%pment analysis fruWvn afWtWfleftists” efficiency

in alfalf^'ticale

hpsphorus Boron toxicity zinc

aiBurn plant grovflhCI d|y „atter micronutrients

i/heat salinity b®®A • M

Jlj Maize Antioxidam-enzymes soil pM»p

heavyan^talface elements silage

,urt"eP'e.m,t C*WWH“' ^utiltî^O'alt^'^ «^Wssion ITOW^ral|jMy»|ftS&jMaîıî

*Hi6^ rnPositjon ,

'itrus water quality fertilizer / lactic apyjr^^JŞ)l^(jUtlll|1y(|l spatial variability soil Pesticides

gas proditifiMling fennerMUtmii" C „ , .proteolysis inhibQlMprhynoHus inyKiss Soil texture ... A_{. . Capsicum annuum} Antaiptrotein , ... , , GrowH Tetra ııychuş^y^cae

Biodiversity storagfoxicity omun ’ _{irradiation minerals n^is#iWW|} nutrition aasawtawur.

selection modified atmospherdypMÜMMjn, . . ,

SSR AF4-P Genetic »esources .. aScdfbrc acid

Genetic <tiversitJ,°m®9,anate , 01 ♦omntwMHllLer,y içen NfXuna®rÖfogical control totaJ phenol’Js . ISS&Z.lnut _ .oApnrrtwflttegjgferr, aCI«S Phenoll&fUelingiiSaiesny Molecular marke«orpholB^ffl<W,*#,l,P’era ______ phylogeny Cluster analysii’CftxoBomy grape Agriculture Olive ’DiEtvyrHWtfjpttera , Apricot walnut Polym^RfsW3'^8 volatile compounds Vli^ater P *1 dryjııgCOk>KeatUS«Mrea'meı>t 'ProPertit»hana stress residue

phytase cp'np^ltegataaivinperformarfflaerrium essential Oilfepanese gualP 20 S 'k poultry Tocopheroiantioxldant activity blood paraibHtitererss vitamin E Almonh!’«’elantiwiflrobial eW"Cnds egg

FectH)4ip(.0tluct|0n PtflagtetSfijrlfitrfortnance GC_MS .intHerW»»-11 &hCTy »“■ttroldetyiwi Iren

growth curve Iam,) fertility e99 production

incubation shelf life hypericin, . pseudohypericin Longevity Wme„ Quail body weight Holstfcintie

somatic cell count milk"d

brown Swiss Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Steinernerna feltiae

carvacrol egg weight

(Figure3):KeywordCo-occurence Network ofWoSAgricultural Faculties inTurkey, 2007­ 2011 (See Appendix4for options)

The keywordsrelated to the animal sciencein network analysis are grouped as dark blue community. The researches on broilers, cattle, the growth of quail and sheep,performance, fatty acids,eggquality and reproduction in livestock production areprominent.

The wordsof in-vitro, selection, rootstock, RAPD,genetic diversity and breeding arein turquoisgroup (Appendix 4: Number7)asthe most influential ones.

Subject Analysis of Agricultural Faculties in the World

Thekeywordsofthepublicationsthatareaddressedinagriculturalfaculty,college, schooland university inWoSareexaminedbysocial network analysis method accordingto the indicated three periods.

Subject Analysis of Agricultural Faculties intheWorldbetween1996-2001

Thekeywords of the publications of variousagricultural facultiesin the world are visualised by social network analysis methodinFigure 4.

ResearchTrends of AgriculturalFaculties in Turkey and the World: Bibliometric Analysis...

TürkiyeveDünyadakiZiraat Fakültelerinin Araştırma Eğilimleri: 1996-2011 YıllarınınBiblivometrik... 483

spermatogenesis feline RT-PCR cat testosterone ovary mammary gland camel rabbit macrophage'nbOW tr0<^ mouse imn«wsMmatesftemis&v cytotoxicity

polymerase chain reaction apoptosjs

leo"n carp b,ain chickens e",brV° histology ' glycoprotein |nflHMjg)fl)|i^Ki^plo liver

ammo acid sequence fflWw muscle small intestine nucleotide seriueisdnurg electron microscopycryopreservation ratSortisol

lysozyme ELISA

baculovirus polymorphism collagen intestlneitamin A z*51f+|o Bomlweo^BNAdiriUHgaii ,ra"s"">"0" spermatozoa^.^ CaUie

synthesis'”" fi^Mfitoftiythm seir uicoirr^ahlul^i^.ow cytometry lipid peroxidation

differentiation m situ hyb^j^on bh"aXWhftxide development transgiycosyiatioii Escherichia cofi

inicrosatelliteBCR mitochondria aging microseteHite D^ocl

site-directed r^^^entdicaffon hpjxi.., Citrus oxidative stifeBergillus niger

chitiıfâ^eut,on heterosis pollen alpha amy/ase°/,omy dıstı»flWHto!l¥

phylogeny canine oocyt emice pregnancy pharmacokinetics superovulation calves RAPD . V isozyme ciassmcairem-r mitochondrial DNA peratiBi

molecular markers tissueculiute geneticMl hydrogenpeiS * » Solanmn^efflOr’r I IV Nicotian»tabacumBrassiö0na^y«opersicoıwculentum tomato low temperature sen edence Leguminosae kmww Glycine max water * salt stress "SiWWIf

cryopreservation fatSortisol goatSlactation

L,SA anrn.al wertare

spennatozoa"8^31"*'' A Cattle We,9"’lllnl^.ri bffl®tW»<"ichon

in vitro humans

H^EMfiWftiythm insulin reproduction milkyield Ascarissuum SHBCP

■meat quality

oxide development *' C0'XiSXL a 'eedl"“ dKt «airy cattie climate

ootn musctreslrpase ... HP-Ufetalactoglobulin se,ect'°^ nprfnriiLanc«.- fat

beta-car^cjdbacgWjnoac.ds fi ^transport ^aütlon graine adaptation energy teria copper — — ; . growth rate z,nftinetlcs environment phpUption dynamics . urea

protein biodiversity ’ pesticides degradation onagelignm NMRca mwl*3)emicaFcoinposition cellulose p^Buorescenciftodegradation BPmSitCi?!!1’X’ner^ ana^avy metals water

microbial biomass Norway sprncd>hosphat9o^rti||za)i0|1

xjualftyhosphorus adsorption modpllinq _ .nee straw

/ potassium nitrification ftftonxiiQxide denitrification

\ ; n,^r0g^rRHdtioHl(><l(:l

"f^browth

*

ud^gperiod fertility ftfleium iron biologi&U control resistance bioavailability buffalo calves miner amazing nutrients ■r rhizosphere

titrate competitio!ftag|^ftjC rnaflBRiçulture

nodiHMRfrtal chickpeaweed contMercaippMguit in fertifePHSS rlmillet decomposition coft.»rc<lv,el<l ""’Be grainuyield

(Figure4):KeywordCo-occurence Network of WoSWorldAgricultureFaculties1996-2001 (See Appendix5for options)

Keyword co-occurancefile is formed by the keywords whose threshold valueis28 andover in the socialnetwork analysis.There are 354nodes and4,993 edges in thisnetwork formed within this framework.The network is seperated into 7 communitiesby the value of 0.35. The most influential keywords inthe networkgenerally are rice, growth, wheat, temperature, pig andcattle.

Animalscience researches are roughlygrouped in greencluster. The researches such as

growth, gene expression, development,stress,amino acidsonthe animals such as cattle, sheep,

pigaremore visible/influential.

The studiessuch as germination,photosynthesis, resistance, modelling related to rice, wheat, soybean, maize are realized in the second big group, dark blue cluster.In this group, there are terms such as irrigation, biomass, disease resistenace, genetic variation that have relatively lowbetweenness centrality value.

When the Turquois group is examined, it has been seen that a subject network which compromises theterms that are much different from the subjects researched in Turkey is met.In this community thereare privateresearcheson the mice and ratsor some tissuesand enzyms. Apoptopis,

484HakemliMakaleler/Refereed Papers Besimoğlu The words that define various researches such as biological control, morphology,

phylogeny, PCR, RFLP, RAPD, geneticvariation, DNA, polymorphsim, genetic diversity are intensifiedinPurple Group.

The other communities have grouped the relatively less betweenness centralityvalue terms. For example, the publications that include soil, nitrogen, copper, zinc, ferrum, phosphorus,toxicity,heavymetalsarein yellow community.

Subject AnalysisofAgricultural Faculties intheWorldbetween2002-2006

Inthis period, the network of43,744publicationsthatagriculturalfaculties made and keyword co-occurance files(.net)that had the keywords between range of30 and over are visualised. There are 457 nodes and 8,052 edgesin this network.In this context, itcan be said that there are interdependent and dense relationship figures between keywords. Average path lenght (2.078) is less than thatof previous period. This shows thatthereis a network in which words aremore interdependent.

volatile compounds chitosan acids ‘^Hetinum xylostella ichus urticae lecular markers .tillage ■t^rtote sensing diagnosis cDNA lipid oxidakllH^^ ^^ el wffil SF 00 11 *11' brnma^tematal conductance Hftfpnyn nuoi escence

yield component buscularjnycorfriTza ftfi^emSp%St'S|,onFWW'-“s'’ira’i feflfiftRfroxi‘le ethyl er ^^^ertiliz atiorpa pregnancy ”/”? progesteronftısçl macropl^, _ U ■ t ir phylogenetic ana^VS^SffjTO phylogen^p VaCCine hictn nails _testo^^W*1!

bovrnl

.al autibojk DNA "'"'-9 nuclear transfer rainbow trout]

.> i,„±tlen,iol<’0y CaBİne porcine probiotics fat die(nilk Pro^^^'treanşaly<x>S»l collagSRhi™^Pe iact*l<'Hs“^^meowsi/' cptefiormanW c“"

L...

...

’

.a

chemical coınp«SİHffi«1> lability"’"'' immobilization sorption

milk NMfexture *^^„'c,,'"Ble’llal»“degiadBthHbnts

ligfifiS”". ^^«^»rmcarion chol«ter,Uat ^rX^Mrbic Gradation P" carot.n.hfteuS^S

degradation .. .. bioremediation eSiffllllhlV y heavy metals rjiidure st?ra9firea ir*8iigan®Wmllm»inpounasalpha.amylase «Xe.ac.ion SOİI

[oxiB>İ"star^‘M

toxicity water □wees ceXrâSte4Mtall|ati<|Ualİ1

1 H

Jftgtin 16SFDNA bacuteMj identification .

•®®®fefiB«ceesista n ce® b a cco »H species richness ^SSVaXUclena self-incom A lipopolysacJnandllp uterus Grrftt

animal weltare ult ,,odr*

T

*

f

u

(Figure5):KeywordCo-occurence Network ofWoSWorld Agricultural Faculties, 2002­ 2006 (See Appendix6for options)

The mostinfluential keywords weremaize, wheat, growth, gene expression, cattle and

pig in the period of 2002-2006.It canbe seen that there are details about network and other importantconceptswhentheexamination is basedon communities.

ResearchTrends of AgriculturalFaculties in Turkey and the World: Bibliometric Analysis...

TürkiyeveDünyadakiZiraat Fakültelerinin Araştırma Eğilimleri: 1996-2011 Yıllarının Biblivometrik... 485 The widest group is purple in the network. The studies that are directed to growth,

reproduction, protein, fatty acids, amino acids,nutrition,metabolism, stress and performance

on theanimalssuch as cattle,pig,sheep, and broiler inthisgroupare carried out.

Second biggestgroup (blue) is formed by crop researches beinglinked.Thereare(rice,

wheat, soybean, maize, barley, tomato arethe most influential keywords) cropresearches on

genetic, resistance, photosynthysis, salinity,germination,hereditaryin this community.

The studies on plant chemistrysuch as nitrogen, calcium, phosporus, pH, cadmium, ferrum are ingroup turquoise. These wordsaredirected to the plantnutritionrelating to soil sciences. Moreover, in this group, there are the concepts such as biological degradation,

irrigation, organic acids, heavy metals, toxicity. In this period, the concept of organic agriculture is moresalient/prominent inthenetwork.

The keywords that areingroupred include very special terms which have technics of researchesofbiochemistry, molecular biology, genetics etc.relatedto plantand animals. The words such as PCR, doning, expression ELISA, RAPD, flow cytometry in situ hybridization,

purification, identification, geneticdiversity, hybridization,cDNA cloning,DNAshowthemost researched subjects in this group.

Thereisa greengroupthat has tight linksin thenetwork. Inthis group, thetight linkingof the terms such astemperature, development, morphology, distribution,taxonomy, diversityetc.withthe geographical names of China and Japanpointsthat regional andstudy subjects are close to eachother.

Subject Analysis of Agricultural Faculties intheWorldbetween 2007-2011 Years

There are totally 69,529 publications in WoS between 2007 and 2011. This measurement reflected themselves into the network calculations. There are 447 nodes and 10,890 edges in the network. In examined periods based on these results, the period of 2007-2011 had the highest number of nodes and edges in networks of thepublicationsofWoS agricultural faculties. The most influential words in network are rice, pig, wheat, maize, growth, China,gene expression, cattle, antioxidants,oxidativestressand temperature. Determiningof these words with network analysis more clearly presents the structure ofagricultural researches and concepts that are related toeach other. The distribution ratiosof researcheson subjects shows whatis studiedmostly. Networkanalysispresentswhichwords have key role in network or relationships of the words to other researches. For example, nutrition, growth orgenetic researches are mostlyrelatedto animal researches. The networks are divided into 8 different modularity classes.

As the network details areexamined, it is seen thatthe biggest community is the group which stands forturquise color.Inthis community, the most influentialwordsarerice, soybean, tomato, citrus and cotton. In these crops, theresearcheson temperature,nitrogen, genotypes, quality, germination, phytosyenthesis, biomass, breeding, disease resistance, drought, QTL,

organicagriculture, remotecontrolare carried out.Inthe network,theterms such as organic

agriculture,biocontrolarerelativelyless(middle and lower ranks)salient/prominent.

The second biggest group in the network is yellow community. The terms whose betweeness centrality is the highest in this community arepig, cattle, broiler and sheep. In this context, it can be saidthat this community groupslivestockresearches. The subjects ofPCR,

performance, nutrition expression ELISA real-time PCR, milk, heat stress, polymorphism,

aminoacids and reproduction related to these animals are researched. Gene cloning, cDNA cloning arethe terms thatarein lower rank in terms of betweeness centrality in thisgroup.

The words such as gene identification, antioxidants, oxidative stress, apostosis, heat

stress, antioxidant enzymes, metabolism and flow cytometry are linked to the red group. Moreover, it is found inthisgroupthatthereare various researcheson mice, rats and rabbits

486HakemliMakaleler/RefereedPapers Besimoğlu Diagnosis Deg behavior molecul. Jh^rawr Pakistan nutrition rose Atherosclerosis land-use plant growth gqngtuLs Greqtjfcror genet ES management Aİ Bangladesh bjodj^^ inflammation cholesterol

arougnr srress ah^ricir arid ---T . \ „ Prollnlacidenescell<ft|ores(.e|,ce

,ansP*r®Sffir«tress 9tllRıTOf!İ}^l fluoresq»»f»ııic ac(di stomatai c.ndSeftrtflS'ninatl^gç^^^.y^^e

|egra®SUÎ.iseas>Jİ¥İA^

Bioavailabilü |VJV -. photoneriSn

/,nflfflnp,erature

.___

IlZfi /^a^ptionlronCOPP*fesentialWlilllPIPIG£MS Mien I İVV pH Zinc appfe do ta to _ ____texture Wi es cerevisiae iischitasan ampoifinds is oxidation Eplderwol&P'alel,ce |mBnd| sustainability , / , -cc₺ cluster analysis»" agriculture environment , . simulalövtton variability GB organic.farmi^glla^,aet^JalM|Ri breeding modelling Principal com^STWSssica na^« geostatistics mauinpjmbining ability _ . Productivity ________ _ If Structure; apopto Isolation r inuslvobin jtabollsm 9İ' ' ratty acids. vitamin E

/ i

/

SEM PCRWMj^JWioclonal amiiW’rod*'c,io" salmonella

>my PCR Detection. beet cattle fprt;iin/ ejes Association analysi|)prciii§n,ty

^o^pholo^c^fflP4-p^sm^^^* ₺ a‘ssjtu

VietWersithylogenetic aflgWsifty repr° ____ dairy cow^

“,u;f^!^W8XXo:xa,,w^eep ptgs=™^s

iliuarsiitwiHfe',nltlaclepri‘|SD^PAGE RuiRaai-time pcr " ■■ paHerJr^^bmebVguahty 'o*o®’®^^®ty^®&rverpa^armigft;ilıonfis^.

heritaBfi$StanFCu^ntitative trait ^m^^hea^^

biocontrol Bacteria B.^jH|is subtilis Rats ..11.Self-infompetibi'IlMethane DN£tress structure apoptosis predirM^”^ iejr-gU, « v

m'âss|^ pursue

ierOâiSîapf^jjliBUratograplıy cellulase

lÖ I OVtZ l l5K^’nliftRfir8ljmposition « . ^^iueralş. .^affun**

,oroT1^S^W««in£li«imultivariate analysis ■<a,e^B9‘...

soil organic caibon groundwat^tfl3^"!'

economicsfertilWl««WİWtÇîxideL I B'°^f^water sj?P?ofP °P6îatO

Soil nwmt*«>spiratioii Arsei1(«iytoremedlte™l^f^M^it^eadcripdo,lfe^rwro^a*[W »■gani^^nyieltftass.um^Saijn.ty °™e Kin.tic^X

arl>uCliljlckp,e^:<^f^^^0^l^1g*^d,t Wtoto*”',y abiotic stres^torg^ct TQl,aSSUyield droi»gntrti«i'zv,,l& •'■ahdfcdrgttoflene

drought stress

(Figure6):KeywordCo-occurenceNetwork of WoSWorld Agricultureal Faculties, 2007­ 2011 (See Appendix7for options)

The purple links show that there is mostly strong relationship between soil and plant nutrition researches.The words such as heavy metals,toxicity,copper, degradation, environment, residues, water, riskassessmentbiodegradation, fertilizers areforefront in this group. It can be saidthatthe researchesin thisgroup areconcentratedon soil-environment-pollution.

The words such as HPLC, essential oils, antioxidant activity, characterization, purification and phenolic areinterrelated/have relationship in light purple group (Group 1).

The green community shows thereis a link between the names such as China, Japan

and the words such as morpholgy, distribution, diversity and evolution. The darkbluewords,

genetic diversity, conservation, biodiversity, microsatellite, RAPDin small groupings are more influential. Even if thewords such asresistance, biological controlin dark green(Group 7) are notmostly chosen, they bringtheresearchesrelated to plant protectiontogether.

Comparisonof Data ofWoS SubjectCategoriesaccordingtoPeriods

When the subject termsof thepublication addressed inWoSagricultural facultiesof Turkey are examined, it is seen that the most researches carried out are on horticulture (Figure 7).

ResearchTrends of AgriculturalFaculties in Turkey and the World: Bibliometric Analysis.

TürkiyeveDünyadakiZiraat Fakültelerinin Araştırma Eğilimleri: 1996-2011 Yıllarının Bibliyometrik. 487 Especially, in the periods of 2002-2006 and 2007-2011 theresearches in this subject were over 30%. While theresearcheson field crops were 8%inthefirstperiod, they increased to 18% in the lastone.Thereare a largenumber of researches and an increasingtrendonplant breeding and genetic. While there was no research in the first period, the ratio of doing research in agricultural economics increased to 3%. As the researches on food increased to 18% in the period of 2002-2007, they decreased to 16.39% in the last one. The researches on plant physiology and genetics increased towards the last periods. The researches on molecular biology increased to 5.13% inthe last period (Figure 7). The researches on animal breeding and genetics decreasedtowardsthe last period (1%).Subjects wordsof publicationsof agricultural facultiesaddressedinTurkey are given inAppendix1 according to periods.

■WoS 1996-2001 «WoS 2002-2006 «WoS 2007-2011

(Figure 7):Comparison ofSubject Terms ofAgricultureFacultiesinTurkeyaccordingtothe periods (%)

Thedifferencesbetween the researchareas ofWoSpublications of agricultural faculties inTurkey and abroadaregivenin Figures 8 and 9,according to the periods.

According to these results, it can be said that most of the studies in Turkey are on agriculture.However, while as therateof agricultural publicationsinthe periods of 1996-2001 and 2002-2006 is 41%, it decreased to 32.33% in the last period. The decreased rate of agricultural publications (Agriculture, food science and technology and plant sciences) is distributed to other subjects (Biotechnology, chemistry etc.) inthe same period.Moreover, it must be considered that the changes in the WoS' indexing policiescause these differences.

Agricultural publications abroad are24-25%ineach period.

The important part of the resarches in Turkey is on food science and technology. However, the number of researches in this area decreased to 16.86% in the periods of 2007­ 2011. Therateofpublicationson these subjects is 10%abroad.

488Hakemli Makaleler /Refereed Papers_______________________________________________ Besimoğlu As the researches in plant science are considered, especially in the last period, this subjectis researched equally in agricultural faculties of Turkey and abroad.

Biotechnology and applied microbiology subjects addressed in Turkey are the ones whoseratesincrease highly. Whiletheresearch rate is 6% inthefirsttwo periods, itincreased to 10.18% inthe last period.An increaseon the subjects of environmental sciences and ecology occured alike. While the publication rate in this field is 2.48% in the period of 1996-2001, it increased to 6.21%in the period of 2007-2011. Moreover, it is found thatthere is an increasing trend on the field of chemistry towards the last period (1996-2001:6.19%, 2007-2011: 10.74%).

Themost increasing ratein agricultural faculty publications is in veterinarysciences. It is known that the publications that areincluded intothe field ofzootechnical departments are atthe same timeinthe scope oflivestockproduction.Theincreasingrateof these publications inthe last period reached to 9.56%.

However, therearedifferences on research subjects betweenthe publicationsoriginating fromabroadagricultural faculties and Turkey. Especiallythe researches onbiochemistry and molecular biology, microbiology, genetics and hereditary are more searched subjectsabroad basedonthe data obtained.

■ WoS Turkey 2007-2011

Microbiology

Life Sciences & Biomedicine

Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Genetics & Heredity

Environmental Sciences & Ecology

Veterinary Sciences

Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Chemistry

Plant Sciences

Food Science & Technology

Agriculture

■ WoS Turkey 2002-2006 «WoS Turkey 1996-2001

ResearchTrends of AgriculturalFaculties in Turkey and the World: Bibliometric Analysis.

TürkiyeveDünyadakiZiraat Fakültelerinin Araştırma Eğilimleri: 1996-2011 Yıllarının Bibliyometrik. 489

■ WoS 2007-2011 «WoS 2002-2006 «WoS 1996-2001

Cell Biology

Genetics & Heredity

Microbiology

Veterinary Sciences

Environmental Sciences & Ecology

Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Chemistry

Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Food Science & Technology

Plant Sciences

Agriculture

(Figure9):Comparison ofSubject CategoriesinWoSfortheWorld(%)

ComparisonofAgricultural Research Policies with the Research Findings

In this part of the study, the research findings obtained by bibliometric analysis of the publications addressed in Turkey will be compared to the agricultural research policies. Whether the determined and targeted agricultural policies are macthing with the scientific publications will be investigated.The subject terms inpublications,WoSsubjectcategories and keywords are evaluated, and the results are compared according to periods and subject distributions in policies. Thereis nocertain ratio or targetedpercentage in subjects and priorities in agricultural policies. Therefore,inferencesand comments are made by looking only at the increasing or decreasingratesinthe previous period and differences. When subjects compared inthree periods,it should be notedthat the increases are only smallrate on overall publications.

Natural resources arethe main subject that should be priorityand concentrated on. There arepoliciesinfirsttwoperiods towards theidentification, determinationand protecting natural resources, and management of them in the last period. The rate of publications for the data obtainedfrombibliometricanalysisfor three periods is given inFigure10.Therateof 0.29% on water resources inthe first period increased to 3.76% inthe last period. While there is no publicationson biological resources (general) in thefirstperiod, researches increased to 2.01% in the last period. While there is 2% increase in waterresources, the researches on plant and animal resources did not increase much (Figure 10).It is understood that determined policies

490Hakemli Makaleler /Refereed Papers_______________________________________________Besimoğlu have partly or less impact onpublications. Since the researches onsoil resources are fewer,they arenotrepresentedinthe figure.

■ Biological Resources (General) ■ BiologicalResources (Animal) ■ Biological Resources (Plant) ■ Water Resources

(Figure 10):NaturalResources Subject Terms (%)

One of the subjects that is in agricultural policies and whose publication number increased is the preserving of the genetic diversity. Especially in the last period, the data indicatesthatmore researches onthepreserving genetic diversity were done comparing to the previousperiods (Figure 11). Theresearcheson thissubject increased much more in theperiod of2007-2011. Evenso,the over all rate onthissubjectissmall (only%1) in all publications.

(Figure11):Genetic Diversity WoS Keywords According to theperiods (%)

Focusing onbiotechnological methodsinagriculture in every periodand concentrating on such researches are mainpolicies. In findings chapter, the researches onbiotechnology and applied microbiology increased towards thelast period.Biotechnologicalmethodsare used inthe most part of theresearchesonplant and animalsconsideringWoSsubject category(Figure12).