Gram-Positive and Other Bacteria Proteobacteria Prokaryotic Diversity Bacteria

(1)

Prokaryotic Diversity Bacteria

Proteobacteria

1. Phototrophic, chemolithotrophic, methanotrophic 2. Aerobic, facultative, chemoorganotrophic

3. Morphologically different proteobacteria 4. Delta and epsilon proteobacteria

Gram-Positive and Other

Bacteria

(2)

Proteobacteria

1. Phototrophic, chemolithotrophic, methanotrophic

 Purple Phototrophic Bacteria

 Nitrifying Bacteria

 Sulfur and Iron Oxidizing Bacteria

 Hydrogen Oxidizing Bacteria

 Methanotrophs and Methylotrophs

(3)

Proteobacteria

1. Phototrophic, chemolithotrophic, methanotrophic Purple Phototrophic Bacteria

 Chromatium spp., Rhodobacter spp.

 Anoxigenic photosynthesis,

 Bacteriochlorophyll,

 Photophosphorylation

 Intracellular membrane folding

(4)

Proteobacteria

1. Phototrophic, chemolithotrophic, methanotrophic

Purple Phototrophic Bacteria

Aerobic anoxogenic phototrophs

Erythrobacter, Roseobacter, Citromicrobium spp.

Oxygenic photosynthesis, Bacteriochlorophyll a, Photophosphorylation

They use organic carbon (heterotroph) in

seas, oligotrophic lakes

(5)

Proteobacteria

1. Phototrophic, chemolithotrophic, methanotrophic Nitrifying Bacteria

 Nitrosomonas spp. Nitrobacter spp.

 Chemolithotroph, aerobic

 Ammonia (NH3)  Nitrosomonas  Nitrite(NO2-)

 Nitrite (NO2-)  Nitrobacter  Nitrate (NO3-)

(6)

Proteobacteria

2. Aerobic, facultative, chemoorganotrophic

Pseudomonas and Pseudomonads

Acetic Acid Bacteria

Free Living Aerobic Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria (Azotobacter spp.)

Neisseria, Chromobacterium and Relative Groups

Enteric Bacteria (Escherichia coli)

Vibrio, Aliivibrio and Photobacterium

Rickettsia

(7)

Proteobacteria

2. Aerobic, facultative, chemoorganotrophic

Enteric Bacteria

 Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Proteus, Enterobacter spp.

 Patojen species exists (E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae).

 Facultative

 There are mixed acid fermentation and

butanediol fermentation species.

(8)

Proteobacteria

2. Aerobic, facultative,

chemoorganotrophic Vibrio, Aliivibrio and Photobacterium

 Vibrio choleraVibrio cholera

 Bioluminescence, light emittingBioluminescence, light emitting

 Facultative, scattering in oxygenFacultative, scattering in oxygen

 A long chain aliphatic aldehyde (RCHO) + O2 + A long chain aliphatic aldehyde (RCHO) + O2 + Flavin mononucleotide (FMNH2

Flavin mononucleotide (FMNH2) )  Luciferase Luciferase  FMN + RCOOH + H2O + light

FMN + RCOOH + H2O + light

(9)

Proteobacteria

3. Morphologically different proteobacteria

 Spirilla

 Sheathed Proteobacteria: Sphaerotilus and Leptothrix

 Bacteria and Prostate / Stem Bacteria

(10)

Proteobacteria

4. Delta and epsilon proteobacteria

 Sliming Myxobacteria

 Sulfate and Sulfur Reducing Proteobacteria

 Epsilonproteobacteria

(11)

Gram-Positive and Other Bacteria

1. Gram-Positive Bacteria and Actinobacteria 2. Cyanobacteria and Prochlorophytes

3. Chlamydia

4. Planctomyces / Pirellula 5. Verrucomicrobia

6. Flavobacteria 7. Cytophaga

8. Green Sulfur Bacteria 9. Spirochetes

10. Deinococci

11. Green Sulfur-free bacteria 12. Hyperthermophilic Bacteria 13. Nitrospira and Deferribacter

(12)

Gram-Positive and Other Bacteria

Gram-Positive Bacteria and Actinobacteria

a. Gram-positive bacteria without sports (Staphylococcus, Lactobacillus spp.)

b. Spore Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus, Clostridium spp.)

c. Gram-positive bacteria without cell wall (Mycoplasma spp.)

D. Actinobacteria: Coryneform and propionic acid bacteria

to. Actinobacteria: Mycobacterium

f. Filamentous Actinobacteria: Streptomyces

2. Cyanobacteria and Prochlorophytes

(13)

 5 pylums:

 Crenarchaeota,

 Euryarchaeota,

 Nanoarchaeota,

 Korarchaeota,

 Thaumarchaeota

Prokaryotic Diversity Archaea

(14)

Prokaryotic Diversity Archaea

Euryarchaeota

Methanogens (anaerob) Methanopyrus

Halofils (aerob)

Thermococcus, Pyrococcus

(hyperthermophil)

Thermoplasma (does not contain cell wall)

Crenarchaeota

Hyperthermophil (most of them chemolithotrophic

autotrophs)

Clustered in short

branches in the tree of life, slowly evolved, the first

arches

They have fast-evolving cold relatives who settle on long branches in the tree.

(15)

Eukaryotic

Microorganisms

 Protists

 1. Diplomonad and Parabasalid (Giardia, Trichomonas spp.)

 2. Euglenozoan (Trypanosoma, Euglena spp.)

 3. Alveolates (Plasmodium, Paramecium spp.)

 4. Stramenopiles (Phytophthora spp.)

 5. Cercozoans and Radiolarians

 6. Amoebozoa (Amoeba, Dictyostelium spp.)

 Fungi

 Single Cell Red and Green Algae

(16)

Eukaryotic

Microorganisms

 Protists

 Fungi

 Chytridiomycetes

 Zygomycetes (Rhizopus spp.)

 Glomeromycetes

 Ascomycetes (Saccharomyces, Candida spp.)

 Basidiomycetes (Agaricus spp.)

 Single Cell Red and Green Algae

(17)

Eukaryotic Microorganisms

 Protists

 Fungi

 Single Cell Red and Green Algae

 1. Single Cell Red Algae (Rhodophytes) (Cyanidioschyzon spp.)

 2. Single Cell Green Algae (Chlorophytes)

 (Chlamydomonas, Volvox spp.)