Spor organizasyonları

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Spor organizasyonları

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Sporun çevreye etkileri

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Some Common Ways in which Sport Affects the Environment

Facilities:

• Development of fragile or scarce land types

• Soil erosion during construction

• Construction waste sent to landfill or incinerator

• Pollution from liquid spills (fuels, cleaners, solvents, etc.)

• Noise and light pollution

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Facilities

• Air and noise pollution from increased vehicle traffic

• Consumption of non-renewable resources (fuel, metals, etc.)

• Consumption of natural resources (water, wood, paper, etc.)

• Creation of greenhouse gases (electrical, fuel consumption)

• Ozone layer depletion (from refrigerants)

• Soil and water pollution from pesticide use

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Events

• Impacts from facility construction/ operation

• Consumption of non-renewable resources (fuel, metals, etc.)

• Consumption of natural resources (water, wood, etc)

• Creation of greenhouse gases (electrical, transportation)

• Air and noise pollution from movement of

people/goods

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Events

• Soil erosion and compaction by spectators

• Spectator waste sent to landfill, incinerator and sewage plant

• Paper consumption by media

• Waste generated from signs, banners,

temporary booths, etc.

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Spor organizasyonları nasıl bir gelecekle karşı karşıyadır.

• Bütçe açısından

• Çevreye etkisi

• İstihdam yaratması bakımından

• Diğer sektörleri hareketlendirmesi bakımından

• Katma değer yaratması bakımından

• İzleyici ve katılımcı açısından

• Tekrarlama açısından

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The ecological footprint

• Measurement of the environmental impact of the event as an ‘‘ecological footprint’’ (Cardiff Council, 2005). This match was measured for its ecological footprint by quantifying

elements such as food and beverage

consumption, energy utilization, travel impact, waste production, and waste reduction

through ‘reduce, re-use, and recycle’

strategies.

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Büyük organizasyonların çevre etkileri üzerine

7 tane örnek verilebilir;

1. First, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) developed the Olympic Games Global Impact (OGGI) study in 2003 ‘‘to measure the overall impact of the Olympic Games...to identify potential legacies …and to create a comparable benchmark across all future Games’’ (IOC Olympic Review, 2006, p. 1). The Beijing (2008), Vancouver (2010), London (2012) and Sochi (2014) Games joined the OGGI study and are required to meet a code of ethics that stipulates an ‘‘[Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games]

undertake to uphold generally accepted standards for

environmental protection’’ (IOC, 2004, p. 44). As part of the OGGI

program, each Games must monitor and report on their

environmental 100 C. Mallenet al.

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The ecological footprint

• The ecological footprint process involved converting the quantitative measurements to a calculation of how much land area was required for what the event consumed (the resources/products) and produced

(emissions/waste) (Cardiff Council, 2005).

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• 2. The second example involves the rugby 2004 FA Cup

Final and the measurement of the environmental impact

of the event as an ‘‘ecological footprint’’ (Cardiff Council,

2005). This calculation was expressed ‘‘in global hectares

(gha) of ‘‘earthshare’’ (Cardiff Council, 2005, p. 4) and

resulted in an ecological footprint of over 3,000 football

pitches or an ‘‘earthshare’’ of over 3,000 gha (Collinset al.,

2007). This ‘‘earthshare’’ conclusion indicated that the FA

Cup event utilized a larger share of the resources from the

natural environment than can be sustained in our world

with finite resources (Cardiff Council, 2005).

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• 3 . The third example involves the Fe´de´ration Internationale du Football

• Association’s (FIFA) signed agreement with the United Nations

Environmental Programme (UNEP) in 2005 that set the stage for working to monitor and reduce the environmental impact of staging the 2006 FIFA

World Cup (UN, 2005; UN, 2006). FIFA agreed to ‘‘incorporate environmental considerations in the preparation and staging of its games [because of] an increasing realization by organizers of major sport events that they must seriously integrate the impact of their events on the environment’’ (Toepfer, 2005, p. 1). This event incorporated a voluntary program to responsibly use water and energy, develop a waste disposal strategy, and reduce the

spectator impact by encouraging public transit use with free transportation to and from the event with each ticket (World Cup, 2006). This marked ‘‘the first climate-neutral World Cup’’ with investments in projects to offset

unavoidable event carbon emissions (World Cup, 2006, p. 30).

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• The fourth example involves the Fe´de´ration Internationale de

motocyclism (FIM) that adopted an environmental code in 1994 and then partnered with the UNEP in 2006 to advance the code (FIM, 2008). This code focuses on noise (sound levels), fuel (use of

unleaded, biofuels, hydrogen or electricity), ground protection (an

environmental mat is required to catch garbage or oil), and cleaning

issues (a designated cleaning area is required and only water and

detergent are allowed) (FIM, 2008). Each event catering contract is

required to include the utilization of items that are recyclable, re-

usable, or compostable (FIM, 2008). Finally, the event is required to

encourage environmental behavior by spectators (FIM, 2008). The FIM

code represents a concentrated effort to protect the environment as it

is a mandatory requirement for all sanctioned events.

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The fifth example is the 2005 International Amateur Athletics Federation (IAAF) World Championships in Helsinki. This event was the first major athletics

event to run a program called ‘‘Ecomass,’’ which concentrated on

environmental life cycle thinking, managing carbon emissions, the effects of materials and crosscutting environmental effects (Ecomass Programme,

2005). A post-event manual on the environmental program was distributed to IAAF membership organizations to improve the transferability and

comparability of ES when hosting the event (Ecomass Programme, 2005).

This represents an effort in transferability and comparability of ES actions

for a specific transient (geçici) sport event.

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The sixth example is the 2008 Winter X Games(Aspen, Colorado, USA) that included a variety of environmental activities, such as recycling and composting programs that included kitchen grease being converted into biofuel for the event’s motorized equipment (Winter X Games, 2008). In addition, the superpipe*

(event competition equipment) was designed with a dirt base instead of snow, saving over $10,000 and over four million gallons of water (Winter X Games, 2008). Also, the event planted 500 trees and created a program to limit the event’s carbon emissions (Winter X Games, 2008).

*

A superpipe is a large halfpipe structure used in extreme sports such as snowboarding, freestyle skiing, skateboarding, freestyleBMX and Vert Skating.