Yer Dalgası Yayılımının Spektral Hızlandırılmış Moment Metodu (mom) Ve Adım Adım Parabolik Denklem Yöntemleriyle (sspe) Modellenmesi

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(9)

& + $ @ _;0+2 # # 9; & + $ @ :;;J . = 9: & + $ @ ! :;;J . = 9: & + $ A @ $ @ # # +;; # # 9/ & + $ @ @ :;;J . ) 1 = 9/ & + $ @ ! :;;J . ) 1 = 93 & + $ K @ $ @ # # +;; # # 97 & + $ @ ! . = 97 & + $ L @ $ @ $ ) . # # ,9; ,7; # # 97 & + $ @ ! 1 ) = 98 & + $ @ 1 :;;J 98 & + $ @ :;;J # = # 0 @ 1 . ' @ .2 :; & + $ @ $ @ $ ) . # :, & + $ A @ $ +1# ) = ,; !>= 0' @ ' ? . #@ '' . #1 @ ' ? 1 . 2 :, & + $ @ @ ! 1 # 1 1 # # # 4;; :+ & + $ @ $ # = : !>= :+ & + $ K @ $ # = : !>= :4 & + $ @ ' # 1 # 0 : + # : + # 2 6 0 2 @ # ,;!>= & ' ? 0&2 & @ # ,:!>= & ' ? 0 2 - # @ # ,;!>= & < & $ < 0 2 - # & @ # ,;!>= & < & $ < :9

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(11)

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V V V V & W V & X &

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# & X & X V & Z

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& '' & 1&

0 6 (> & 2 & 1 # & # # \ # = ! ! & # & # # ! ! & 6 & # 6 $# 6 & ! ! # 6 # 6 0 2 6 0! 2 $# 6 # # & ! ! # 6 & $# & # = # 6 & & 6 & = & = $# # & = # # $# 1? ! # # & # # 1 # # # # # & # # # & & $# # B ?! # # # & # > # # # # & # & " # " # $# # 6 # # A0"2 $ & # 1& # # # )

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(19)

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(20)

/ # # 1 1 6 # # # # # # & ,8,7 ) " < & # # # # # # # # & $# # # # # ? # < % # & # # # & # # # & & # # # # # # $ / , ! %, <# # # # # # 6 0' ` 2 a/b # # = # # @ = = # # # # # = = = # # # = $# & & # P # # # # # # $# & + ε ε ε ₌ ₋ _{$ "} # # = # # # # & # K # \ # # σλ ε _/; + = $ "

(21)

. # & # # = <# # # = = a/b 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 + + + + + + θ ε ε θ ε ε θ ε ε θ ε ε − − + − − − − − = Γ $ " # = 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 + + + + θ ε ε θ θ ε ε θ − − + − − − = Γ $A" # f # $ ; / , J " , $# +1 # + , # & & # #

# & # a3b $# # & &

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(22)

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& # & $# & 6 0 2

# 6 # #

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# # & & & #

& $ # & & # 1 #

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(24)

,; # $ # # # # # $# 6 $ ; 2 , 0 + ₊ _;+ + + ; + + = − + ∂ ∂ + ∂ ∂ + ∂ ∂ $ # $ $ # $ $ " $# & ; 2 , 0 2 , 0 _; ; =       ₊ ₊ ∂ ∂       ₊ ₋ ∂ ∂ $ & # $ & # $ $ " # & # 1 # # & 2 0 , + + + + ; # & + ∂ ∂ = _$ _" 1 # & $# 6 & 6 0+ ,+2 # 1 6 − + + =$ $ $ $ A" + + ₌₋ ₋ ∂ ∂ $ & # $ 2 , 0 ; $ @" − − =− + ∂ ∂ $ & # $ 2 , 0 ; $ " 6 0+ ,:2 0+ ,/2 & # & # 6 0+ ,:2 0+ ,/2 # & 6 $# & 6 & 1 $ # 6

(25)

; 2 , 0 + _; _;+ + + + = − + ∂ ∂ + ∂ ∂ $ # $ # $ $ K" 6 0+ ,32 & # # # $ # $ ∂ ∂ << ∂ ∂ ; + + $ " # # ∂+$ ∂ + 6 0+ ,,2 $# # & 6 0+ ,/2 # d # = e <#

( )

[

]

_∫

∞

( )

∞ − − = = ' $ $ % # $h0 2 # $ L" 6 0+ ,32 & ; h 2 , 0 h + h + + ; ; + + − = ∂ ∂ + −_# _$ _# $ _# _$ _$ _" $# # 6

(

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[

; ;

]

+ + + ; ; 2 0 ,2 + 0 h 2 0 h _# _$ _# _# _# _# $ = − − + − $ " A # & =C=; =;H =C= & 6 0+ +;2 # & # # # # &

# & # & &

( $ # # & # = = = # & # d #e # # = & & # = '' 6 &

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)

{

}

_            ₋ ∆     ₋ _∆ = − _' _$ # # ' # $ 0 + 2 , 0 + 2 0 _; ; + , + ; _$ _"

(26)

,+ $# 6 & $ # # & $ ) & 0 2 0 $2 # ' & & 0=; 2 _ # # # & # $ )* 2 # & ? 6 # # $ $ & # $ $ %) # ! $# # '' # a7b@ ,2 # # _ # '' # , & # 0 2 $ ₎ ₊ # 0 C, "2 # # # # & # # $# # # # # # +2 $# ) )*I 0+ ++2 $# # # # # 42 B # # # # # # '' # # # # # )* I $# # # # # , 92 '' 6 & # # # # ' # = 0 $2 # i-_. i#_. $# = I I # # # D \ & 6 A -_. #_. # " 6 -. j #. /k & # =

(27)

:2 ? '' # # & 0?.2 # 0

& 2 # # # = =

# " ?. #

# & & 0 .2 & $# ?. & #

& # a)0-_. b a0-_. -_. b 0

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& & &

# & # #

(28)

,9 $ $ $ 1 8 , $# # # # = # + 4 A # # # # # # & # <# # # # # # # = $# # + 4 # + +40 2 # 6 # =HR= @ • # # = ', # # & '+ $# # # # # & • $ # & = '+ $# # # # # # # # # + +40&2 # 6 @ • # # = ', # # & '+^ # & # ^ • # & = '+ & + $ # 0 2 0&2 # # & 6 # # 1 & ' + 4 , # #

(29)

& $ $ $ % P ( 1 8 , ? # # 6 # + 9 > # # # # & & 2 0 − = = ζ ξ $ " # #0=2 # # # # # 0+ +/2 # # l =,m= m =+ & & 2 0 2 0 _, ₋ ₋ _, − = = α ζ ξ $ A"

# # & & & 6 # #

# & 22 0 0 2 0 2 0 ζ ξ ϑ ζ ξ $ ₌ $ @" # & 6 0+ +,2 ; + + 2 , 0 + + + + + ; ; + + ; ; ; + + =               ∂ ∂ − ∂ ∂ + ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ − ∂ ∂ − − + ∂ ∂ + ∂ ∂       ∂ ∂ + ∂ ∂ + ∂ ∂ # # # # # ξ ϑ ξϑ ζ ξ ξ ϑ ζ ϑ ζ ξ ζξ ξ ϑ ξ $ " & & $# # 6 &

(

)

(

0 2 , + 0 2

)

0 2 ; 2 0 + 2 0 + + ; ; + + = ′′ − − + + ∂ ∂ + ∂ ∂ ξ ζ ν ξ ζ ξ ζ ζξ ζ ξζ ξ # # $ K" #

(30)

,/           _′ ₊ _′ − = _ξ _ζ

∫

_β _β ξ ζ ; ; _;ζ 0 2 + 4 2 0 2 0 2 0 $ # # $ " # # # & # # ϑ > ′0ζ2 ′′0n2 # # # # n # # # '' # # # ? & ^ # # # & $# # # # # & & < # # # # & 6 & + $A! # # # # & 0 + :2 # # # 6 0 + 32

(31)

& + $@$# & $ $A %) #,+ ! + / '' # ' + + + # # # 0 # 6 # # 2 # & 1 $

& & & & $

$ $ # # # # # # # # ? $ $@ * , # , # &_ # a+,b ' # 1 + 3 & # 1 # # ,: & # $ ,: /; ? # '' # $# # & # # &

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,7 & + $ # '' # & + $K $ @ . 1 ? @ $# # # ! " " ! " "

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& + $ ! # # & # & # 6 : ,: 4;!>= $# 1 # # + 7 4;; :;; # & ,+; '' $# # 0: ,: 4; !>=2 6 # # # 6 0> 2 & $# # 1₂ # . . # 12 '' # . # . # # # # # & $# # # # 6 # #

(34)

+; $ /# 8:<#9) %/:%#;#18:* #*#(4 8 )17: :& : )*1 : " :(518:* $ 1! ! , $# & 6 6 # # 6 & # 6 $# & # a8b ! ! & & # 6

( )

2 ₌ $ " # # # & 1 # 2 # & $# .% 2 . .% 0!A!2 6 04 ,2 $# # # & # # # # & > a,;b $# # # & > a,, ,+b $# # # # # a' 9 / ,4b $# # # & & # 6 $# !A! ! # & # - # ,8/: > a,9b ,8/3 $# # # & ! & # # 1 & # # & # # & " a,4b $# ! !

# & # & & # & & # & a,:b

(35)

0,2 # 6 0+2 0 = 2 # 6 6 & 0 2 # 0 2 042 # 092 # 6 & # 2 $3$ $45 # $ 2 ₌

∑

α $ " # 6 $ & 6 04 +2 # $ & 6 04 +2 ' & 04 +2 04 ,2 # #

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α _{$ "}

# & 7$ 8 # & # &

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α _$A" & > , & ./3 4 5 $# 6 &

[ ][ ] [ ]

,. α = . $@" #

[ ]

          = K K K K K + + , + + , , , 2 9 2 9 2 9 2 9 ,_. $ "

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++

[ ]

          =           = M M 9 9 + , + , α α α α _$K" # a b $# 6 # &

[ ]

,.

[ ]

. , − = α _{$ "} 2 & 6 04 +2 # #

[ ] [

K

]

4 + , h _$ _$ _$ $ ₌ $L"

[ ][ ] [ ]

$ $

[ ]

,.

[ ]

. 2 h h −, = = α $ " & $# & # # # $ 9 # a,b & $# # & # # # # # $ 9 #

& & # a,; ?b

A # & # # # $ 9 $# $ # & # # 04 +2 2 & $# 9 # & # # # 9 ' # # # # $ 9 , $# # + $# # 4 $# = # # & 9 $# = 1 a,b

(37)

% ! + $# & & 6 # 6 04 42 & $# : + . + .% ; # # 6 $ ; < % + , + ) 1 & & = +1 > # # ! &

# # 4 , & & &

< r = r

<

r

×

= p

$ " = = r× p r $ " > r r ' # # 6 04 ,,2 04 ,+2 # & 0 ?.2 #

2

0 p

2

0

2

0

2

0 ρ

η

ρ

<

ρ

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⋅

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r

$ " # η # # # # p # # & 1 & # 0$!2 0$ 2 $# $! # $ # " 1 # $! # $ # $ $! &

(38)

+9 & + $ & $ $ 9 , % , B 1)" $ # # # & & <# # # = & #

2

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0

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0 ρ

ρ

η

ρ

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ρ

η

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∫

′ ′ ′ ∂ ∂ ′ − ′ ′ ′ ′ + = − > > + " < < < ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ η ωε ρ ρ 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 $ " # P O # & # & # # ) # 1 ) ` ∂∂′ ′p # # # ρ′ ) %

(39)

2 0 9 , 2 0ρ ρ′ = _;0+2 # $ K" # _;0+2 # > #

[

] [

+

]

+ 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0ρ − ρ′ + ρ − ρ′ = $ " 4 , 6 04 ,72 # # & # ' # # & # $# < ? 1 # $# 6 & # # = & # # 0! !2 ' # & # # = # @ ? & #

& & &

∑

=

′

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0

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$ L" # :_.0ρ′2 # 1& # . # A. $# & & #

∑ ∫

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= ∆ ∆ = ′ ′ ∂ ∂ − ′ + = − . . . . . . . + " A A A , , 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ η ωε ρ $ " # ? # & # # # # ?. # # . # & # 6

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



















=













−

+ " + " + "

A

B

M

L

M

L

M

L

M

+ , + , + ++ +, , ,+ ,, + ,

2

0

2

0

2

0 ρ

ρ

$ "

[ ] [ ][ ]

C = B . A. $ " $# # ! ! 04 +,2 & ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ωεη  ′      ∂ ∂ − =

_∫

∆ B _. . . . . 0 2 0 2 $ " # # 1 # & J\,; # # & . . . . . .

#

B

ωεη

ρ

0 ρ

ρ

2 p

ρ

p

9

2

0

9

2 + 0 , 2 + 0 ;

−

+

∆

−

∆

≅

$ A" # D #

E

. # # ! # 6 # # 0+2 , 2 + 0 ; # 1 > # # F_. # # ?. ρF _. # # ?. # ? ' # > ? /?. # & ^























 ∆

−

∆

+

≅

%

#

B

_.. .

9 +

,

9 +

,

γ

π

ωεη

$ @" > G & # # 6 , 37,;3+9,7 % 6 + 3,7+7,7+7 ! ! × = # # & & # =

(41)

A & C ₌B _⋅A # & A. ! ! # 4 # ! ! # 1& # 0 ?!2 & $# # C # ^ , <# #









_<

=

−

=

− −

% 9+ %

+2

%

C

# + "

;

,

2

0

2 0 ; θ θ

η

ρ

$ " + <# # & # # + " % C − − = − = ; ; 2 0 η ρ $ K" ; # # # # 1 /; ; = $ "

[

₀ ₂

] [

+ ₀ ₂ ₂

]

+ $ % $ % + − − = ρ ρ $ L" # = # # # # & # # # & # 4 <# # & # + "

%

C

θ

η

ρ 2

0

; ; −

−

=

−

=

$ " $ % − = 0ρ 2 θ $ " 9 <# # &

(42)

+7

2

0

9

+ ;

#

C

₌

₋

ρ

$ " # _;0+2 # > # $ $ 7 B , % , B 1 " # ! 4 , , & & # = = = " & #

2

0

2

0

2

0

2

0

2

0

2

0 ρ

_"

ρ

η

ρ

η

ρ

<

_"

ρ

=

$ " # 6 #

2

0

2

0

2

0 ρ

η

_"

ρ

_"

ρ

+ "

=

<

+

−

$ A" # <" # ' & # # # 1 ) %

∫

′

∂

′

+

′

−

=

−

> " > " + "

<

ρ

η

ρ

ωµ

ρ

η

ρ

2

0

2

0

2

0

2

0

2

0

2

0

2

0

2

0

$ @" # H # & # & # # ) # 1 ) ` _∂∂_′ ′p # # # ρ′ ' # & # # = # @ ?

& # & &

&

∑

=

′

≅

′

. . . "

A

:

<

,

2

0

2

0 ρ

ρ

$ "

(43)

# :_.0ρ′2 # 1& . # A. $# & & #

∑ ∫

∫

∑

= ∆ ∆ =

′

∂

+

′

−

=

−

. . . . . . . + "

A

, ,

2

0

2

0

2

0

2

0

2

0 ρ

ρ

η

ρ

ωµ

ρ

η

ρ

$ K" # ? # & # # # # ?. # # . # $# # ! ! $! # 6 04 +,2 04 ++2 ρ ρ ρ η ρ ρ ωµ  ′      ∂ ∂ + =

∫

∆ B _. . . . . 0 2 0 2 $ " # # 1 # & J\,; # # & . . . . . .

#

B

ωµ

ρ

η

0 ρ

ρ

2 p

ρ

p

9

2

0

9

2 + 0 , 2 + 0 ;

−

∆

−

∆

−

≅

$ L" $ $ , + 8 6 # # # 6 # & 6 # & 2 p 0 p p r r × × = × η 0 #% 2 $A " # p # # & η # # + \ , ; + \ , ; ; ,         + +         + = B ωε σ ωε ωε σ ωε η $A "

(44)

4; = > B₎/3 )I # 1 # # $ $A % #,+ ! 4 + ! ! # # # & & 1? # $# # 6 # # ? # $ & # # # # q \ ;q q>\>;q # # # = = ? # # & ! $ ? $# 6 a!>=b a b # # a b ? # # # q \ ;q q>\>;q & & # =

= A& # # & # # # &

# # # # & # # & #

# & $# a>\ b & a \ b

a'\ b # & 1 . # # $ $@ # , % #,+ ! # & ! ! # # # ! ! +1 4 4 /;λ . & & = A 6 4;; !>= # # ! ! # # +1 # & # # : # # # # 4; 4 9 1 - 3: ,;14 4 : #1 A& # # ! ! +1

(45)

& + $ # ! ! & ! ! # & + $ /;J . = 0$ # # 4; & # # : 2 ! # $ % % " ! # $ % % "

(46)

4+ & + $A /;J 1 . = 0ε C 3: KC; ;;, # # 1 # # 4; # & # # : 2 & + $@ /;J 1 . = 0ε C : KC,;14 # # #1 # # 4; # & # # : 2 4 / & & +;J . 6 4;; !>= # ,; $# & # # : 4 3 # # A& # # # #

(47)

& + $ +; J . = & + $K # # +; J . = $ & P J6 .P ! &6 " $# 1? ! # 0 ?!2 # 6 6 # & 6 # " # & # = # 4 7 6 6

(48)

49 A B C ₌ _⋅ $A " a b # & $ 1& # & # J 2 A A A = + $A " J 2 _B _B B B = + + $AA" # A2 # & # # AJ # & # # & 6 04 942 B 2 B BJ # # 0 2 # B & + $ = B 6 04 942 04 992 6 04 9+2 & 1 & 1 6 @

(

2 J

)

2 2

A

B

C

A

B

⋅

=

−

⋅

+

$A@"

(

2 J

)

2 J

A

B

A

B

⋅

=

−

⋅

+

$A " . # # 0 # 2 # # # # 1# 04 9:2 # & # 0 # = r = 2 # # # # 4 , ' # # ρρρρ & ρρρρ ε µ σ ∆& % % ρρρρ

p

f

ρρρρ & ρρρρ ε µ σ ∆& % % ρρρρ

p

f

(49)

# 1# 04 9/2 # & & #

0 # = s = 2 #

# # & & 4 8 $# 04 9:2

04 9/2 # & & & # &

$# # # # & 1 6 04 9:2 04 9/2 & # # + # # #

(

A 2 0+2 AJ0+2

)

&

(

₊

2

)

_⋅

2 0+2

₌

₋

2

_⋅

J0+₋,2

A

B

C

A

B

$AK"

(

J

)

J 0+2 J 2 0+2

A

B

A

B

+

⋅

=

−

⋅

$A " $# # # = AJ )/ ) $# # & = & B +B 2 J B B + 04 932 04 972 & A 2 0+2 2 0+ J

A & & &

# # $# # & # & # 6 # & + $L & # # # # 04 932 04 972 # # & # & # # B & #

(50)

4/ # # 1 $# # & # # 1 & # 1 1 = a,/b <# # & # & & & = . . . . . . . . . " A # # # A η ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ωε ρ 0 2p p 9 2 0 9 2 0 , 2 + 0 , , 2 + 0 ;

∑

= = − ∆ + − ∆ ≅ $AL" # = = . . . . . . . . . " A # # # A ρ ρ η ρ ρ ρ ωµ ρ 0 2p p 9 2 0 9 2 0 , 2 + 0 , , 2 + 0 ;

∑

= = − ∆ + − ∆ − ≅ $@ " $ & + " " " = + $@ " = + " " " = + $@ " # = = $# ?! # & & # # # ! # ! 0! !2 & 6 = # # & # $# ) =

1? ! # 0) ?!2 # # # & # & &

# ?! # ! ! # $A ,, # , & P N 6 .P ! # 04 932 04 972 # # & # & # # S & # # # 1 $# # & # # 1 & # 1 1 =

(51)

& + $ ' $# 1& & 4 , , 4 , + 6 # 1

∑

− = ≅ , , 2 0 . . . 2 ρ A B $@ "

∑

+ = ≅ . . . J A B , 2 0ρ $@A" # = = # # # & & # # > 6 $# # # # 2 & & 9 # # # # #

#& # & &

4 ,; # # # # # # # # # A # # # 9 # # # # & # # = & ' ( & ' ( ) % ' ( & ' ( ) %

(52)

47 04 :42 04 :92 &

∑

− − = − − =

+

≅

, , ,

2

0

. . . . . . 2

ρ

A

B

A

B

$@@ "

2

0

2

0

2

0

2 92 2

ρ

≅

ρ

+

ρ

$@@ "

∑

+ + = + + =

+

≅

, ,

2

0

. . . . . . J

ρ

A

B

A

B

$@ "

2

0

2

0

2

0

J J9 J

ρ

≅

ρ

+

ρ

$@ " # " C \R= # & # #

# # # $# 04 ::&2 04 :/&2 & #

& # & 9 # & # & 04 , ,2 04 , +2 - 9 & # > 2 + 0 ; ( ) ( ) [ ]

_φ

π

ρ

φ φ φ

%

#

> # . . .

∫

− + −

=

−

2 + 0 ;

,

2

0

$@K" # >_φ # # φ # 4 9 = & 6 &

∑

− = ≅ , , 2 0 . . . 2 ρ A B $@ "

∑

+ = ≅ . . . J A B , 2 0ρ $@L" $# #& # # # & # # 04 :72 04 :82 &

(53)

∑

− − = − − =

+

≅

, , ,

2

0

. . . . . . 2

ρ

A

B

A

B

$ "

2

0

2

0

2

0

₂ 9₂ 2

ρ

≅

ρ

+

ρ

$ "

∑

+ + = + + =

+

≅

, ,

2

0

. . . . . . J

ρ

A

B

A

B

$ "

2

0

2

0

2

0

_J _J9 J

ρ

≅

ρ

+

ρ

$ " $A$ 8 + ' # > # # & # 0' 2 # # 0 ./) # ' # & # 4 ,, # # & # ' # # # # ' φ # ' #

6 04 :32 # # & & & $# #

& # & # # # # # #>_φ 6 # & # ' & # .0 K) # #       − − = − . . , φ $ " # $# φ # # # # & # # # # # & φ & # # $# # # # # #

(54)

9; & # # # 4 ,, # # # 0)A2 # aB$ b a,3b & + $ _;0+2 # # # # # # # $# . & # # # ? # # 4 ,, ' & & # & # 6 ' # # # # & & # # # # ? & # # # $# # . 4 ,, # & # # # # ' 0φ2 = # # # & $ # & # # & 0 2 # # 0&2 # φ > >δ # # # & >_φ # ' # 4 ,, >_φ & # # t # # . # t C k\9 & # # &

(55)

# #

. A # >δ # #

# # &

A t & & & # #

# # +a,/b $# 6 # # t C 1,0,\&2 #         − = ,, +; # J φ $ " # # # # ' # & & t # & # 04 /+2

(

)

+ + + − = $ "

(

)

      − = −, φ $ A" # # # & # #

& & # # & #

$# # L # .t # # 6 04 +82 # ' & 04 :32 04 :/ 2 # #

φ

π

ωµ

ρ

δ

'

> 9

=

−

∫

0

2

9

2 0 v

$ @" # ( ) ( ) [ ]

∑

− − = − + −

=

, ,

2

0

. . . # .

%

A

'

φ

φ φ $ " # = = # # !! a,7b

# # & ? & & # #

# 1

2 0φ '

(56)

9+ # & & 04 :32 04 :/ 2 # # 6 04 /:2 & & # ( ) ( ) [ ]

∑

+ + = − + −

=

,

2

0

. . . # .

%

A

'

φ

φ φ _{$ K"} > # a,8b # # # 0 2 0 & 2 # 2 0φ ' # # & ( ) ( ) [ ]

[

]

[( ) φ ( ) φ] φ φ φ θ φ θ η η φ φ = = _ " , " , ; " , = = _ , , , , = 2 0 2 0 − + − − − − − − − − + − −       + − ∆ + = − − $ " # ' 0φ2 C ; m " H , # " # ' 0φ2 # # 6 04 /72 # # ' 0φ2 # # # $# 04 /:2 φ & = & * 3 # δ φ φ → ∆ %− _{$ L"} δ φ φ φ : : % − ∆ = → _{$K "} u &       ∆ = φ φ + & $K " #



# # # $ # # # #

(

)

9 − ≥ $K "

(57)

a+;b $# & # # 04 :32 # ' # # 6 ∆φ # # & 0 # # 99 6 # & ++ \ : # = ∆φ $K " $A$ % #&6 #,+ ! . A-$- " # # 6 A-$- " ' ? # $# & & # # # # # # # # ' ? # $ & 4 , A 6 a!>=b # = 0R=2 # B J\,; & # R= J\:

& & $# & &

= J\: & & 6 !

a b

$ # # a b

& # # # & # a b &

^ & = # k\+; k\+ ? # # = = & & ' =

(

+ ₊

)

₊ # = = ' =

(

+ ₊

)

₊ = > # # = #

(58)

99

1 , $ . ' ? A-$- "

$A$ * , # ,

$# & ' ? # #

& '' # # A& &

# # & '' # = = " & # & . . # # '' 9; $ = # # 9;8/ .# # # # 9; # # & & . = ' ?! $# ' ? '' & # '' # ) > # # # 6 # & # '' ' ? # # # ' ? # # # # # 6 & '' ' ? # # $# # & ' ? # '' $# # 6 & '' # & # #

(59)

4 ,+ A 6 : !>= # # 1 & 6 0'' 2 # # # 1& # 0' ?2 A& # # +, 83 ,;; # 4 ,4 # & + $ :;;J . = & 8 3/ # # & # 4; # # & + $ ! = 8 3/ & # # # ,;; # # .

(60)

9/ & + $ A$ @ # # +;; # # 4 ,: & # # 4 ,9 ' # ' ? #1 # '' # ,;; # # # # 6 # : !>= A& +, 83 # # & $# # # # & ' ? '' & + $ @ :;;J . ) 1 = 0' @ ' ? #1 @ '' 2 4 ,/ # # # # & # 4 ,9 ' ? '' # & ' ?! # .

(61)

& + $ ! :;;J . ) 1 = 0' @ ' ? #@ '' @ ' ?2 4 ,3 +;; # # # & ,+ $# ) 4 ,9 $ # 1 # # ) # # # # 4 ,7 # >1 # . # 4 ,3 6 : !>= # 0=C; C4; 2 = # # & '' ' ? # # 4 ,8 # # # # ) 1 # _ # ,9; ,7; # # 4 +; ? # & # # 8 3 & # ' ' ? # # # '' # #1 # #

(62)

97 & + $ K$ @ # # +;; # # & + $ ! . = & + $ L$ @ $ ) . # # ,9; ,7; # #

(63)

& + $ ! 1 # =

# & # #

& & & ''

' ? # # & # # & & + $ 1 :;;J 4 +, # 4; # 4 ++ & ' ? # # 4 +, > 6 # ,; !>= # 4; # # & # # & . # #

(64)

:; & 1 . " . # : a \ b ; ;, a'\ b # # # & + $ :;;J # = # 0 @ 1 . ' @ .2 4 +4 # ,: # ) > # 4;; # /;; 4 +9 = ,; !>= $ ,; & # # : # # & . ' ? # # # & . '' # #1 # & 1 . ' ? # # # ' ? '' . " . # : a \ b ; ;, a'\ b <# #

(65)

& + $ $ @ $ ) . # & + $ A $ +1# ) = ,; !>= 0' @ ' ? . #@ '' . #1 @ ' ? 1 . 2 4 +: 1 1 # # # 4;; ) # -εC: a \ b KC; ;, a'\ b # # # E/9/ 3H_9, 7 E C; 4 +/ 1 # = : !>= ' # # # 1 . # # # # . $ &

(66)

:+ & + $ @! 1 # 1 1 # # # 4;; & + $ $ # = : !>= 4 +3 1 # = : !>= ' # & # 1 . ' ? # # & # 1 . ' ?

(67)

& + $ K$ # = : !>= 4 +7 # 1 # 0 : + # : + # 2 6 # # # & ' ? 6 ,; !>=^ & # # & ' ? ,: !>= # # # # # # ' #

& < & # 6 # & $ < 0$

< 2 $ < < & # - a.# + 9 7b ! 1 # # # 1 # 1# # & ! & # > # # # # & # # # 0 2 > # # # ' ? 1 1

(68)

:9

& + $ ' # 1 # 0

: + # : + # 2 6 0 2 @

# ,;!>= & ' ? 0&2 & @ #

,:!>= & ' ? 0 2 - # @ # ,;!>= &

< & $ < 0 2 - # & @ # ,;!>= &

(69)

A$ :* (5 8:* #* 8 5 8:*

# # # & 1 #%

# # # # # & & # ! ! &

' ? ! # 0' ?!2 ' ' & 6 0'' 2 $# & # 6 # $# # & @ • _'' _& _1& 0 6 (> & 2 & 1 # & # # \ # = '' & # # # & # 1 '' # & # & • _{! !} ₁ ₆ _# _a++b ! ! & # & 1 $#

# # & # & $# &

# = # 6 ' # J\,; & # & # J\: & # # ! ! & & # # # • _# _# _{# # #} & & # ) % A& # ! !

(70)

:/ # & # # " # # 6 4 # 1& 0 ?' 2 # # # & # # ?' # # # # & 1 & A # # # # # & # # # • $# ' # # # ?! $# # 6 # 6 # # ' 1? ! # 0 ?' 2 & 1 6 1

# & # # ! ! & ' ? # &

& # & '' # # 1 & # # & ' ?! # # # & & # # ! & & # a+4b • _# _# _& _{# 6} & • _< ₁ _# _# _{& #} _# _# _# # • _. _# _{# #} _& # & ' ? # # 1& # & # &

(71)

/)&)/)* ) Q R . $($I,87, - # > Q R ( I $ +;;; & 6 ! # Q R 1 - $#$I +;;4 1& # $# ' ? B !' $#

QAR % $ /$I 6 .! , /$ $I : ,, &$ L +;;+ '

$# ) = 1? ! # $ ( :; 37:1383 Q@R < I $/$I ,887 $# ! > ! ) 1< A + M % 1 : + N + % A 31+9 Q R 7 ,, $%$ $I 6 , ($<$I 7 P $1$I ,88/ -$# QKR / I 1$ $I,88/ < . > " L Q R #., +;;+ $ 6 " ! ) 1< 1 O % + & $ # B A ' $ # & QLR . I ! P *$:I ,884 " # 6 .-. ?

-Q R /$&$ 7 + I ,8/7 . & ! ! # ( ! & @

Q R 6$ $ I,87; # ! # !

(72)

:7 Q R /$&$ 7 + ,88+ dA # # e ! > .:$ + , ,% . % + ( " [ @ 94593 Q R /$&$ 7 + I,8/3 d! # & e 1 ( A :: + ,4/5,98 Q AR $ $ * I ,87: d! # & e $ ! $# $ # !$$144 ,; 83+587; Q @R #$1$ # I ,839 d # # e ' B %: MO> $-1341+,3 , Q R ! 7$ 1$ ! $ 1$ ,887 # # # # 1& # -' ( 44 ,+335,+73 Q KR ' 3 /$;$I % ! . %$7$I ,839 # /+0,,2 ,97,1,9/, Q R 6 .! , I /$ $I $J7$ 'P I ,88/ > #1 6 # # - ' :,0:2 ,,881,;+/

Q LR % $ /$I ( ($I / + B $ ($I : ,, &$I,888 $# =

1& # = # 1 # v $ 93 8/,18/8 Q R ! 7$J1$ ! $ 1$ +;;; 1? ! # B " ' $# ! A ' - # ' v $ ) - ' 47 /;:1/;3 Q R 6 I #$)$I ,889 & 6 # # A + M % 1 : + 9+ 8;1 87 Q R + I ( I ,888 & ' V [X ? [ V V V &

(73)

Q R + I ( I +;;4 . & w " ' # 1 L # < ' . " L Q AR ! 7$J1 +;;; 1& # # & v ' ' 9 +44/1+448 Q @R $ 6 )$ < , $ ,888 A 3 #

(74)

/; 68:;/#%74

? U " *?Ax B & & $ ,87, '# # V&

' # ,88+ ]= Z W > # ' # ,88/ #

]= Z W ' ' # ,888 '# # ?' $

. [V V=