INFLAMMATION OF NASAL INFLAMMATION OF NASAL

(1)

(2)

Function of Respiratory SystemFunction of Respiratory System Gas exchange

Odor removal

Sound extraction

Air temperature, humidity and acid-base balance regulation

Phagocytosis of foreign particles Activation of the defense system Blood Reservoir

It adjusts the composition of the blood to the heart and circulation or metabolizes the other bioactive material.

(3)

Causes of bleeding from nasal Causes of bleeding from nasal

cavity and sinuses cavity and sinuses

Local trauma Local trauma

Diathesis Diathesis Parasites Parasites

Toxication Toxication

Acute and chronic inflammations Acute and chronic inflammations

Ulcer at mucosa Ulcer at mucosa

Recessive genetic factors Recessive genetic factors

Infectious agents (Mycotic, viral, bacterial) Infectious agents (Mycotic, viral, bacterial)

Progresive hematom Progresive hematom

(4)

INFLAMMATION OF NASAL INFLAMMATION OF NASAL

CAVITY AND SINUSES

(5)

Rhinitis

Rhinitis and and S S i i n n u u sitis sitis

RRhinitishinitis : : Inflammation of nasal mucosa Inflammation of nasal mucosa SSinusitisinusitis: : Inflammation of sinusesInflammation of sinuses

These two forms of inflammation usually occur together, These two forms of inflammation usually occur together,

but mild sinusitis can be overlooked.

The nasopharyngeal mucous membrane has a normal The nasopharyngeal mucous membrane has a normal

microbial flora.

These bacteria in the mucosa of the nose and pharynx These bacteria in the mucosa of the nose and pharynx hold onto the upper parts of the surface epithelial cells hold onto the upper parts of the surface epithelial cells

and prevent the virulent microorganisms, especially the and prevent the virulent microorganisms, especially the

Gram (-) bacteria, from settling and colonizing them.

That is, these factors protect the host through That is, these factors protect the host through

competitive inhibition and inhibit the entry of potential competitive inhibition and inhibit the entry of potential

pathogens or keep them harmless.

(6)

In the occurrence of infectious rhinitis, normal In the occurrence of infectious rhinitis, normal

microbial flora balance

microbial flora balance should be present in this should be present in this region.

region.

In the

In the injury of the mucosal surfaceinjury of the mucosal surface, some members , some members of the normal flora gain pathogenic activity or, more of the normal flora gain pathogenic activity or, more

importantly, they are affected by attachment sites and importantly, they are affected by attachment sites and

colonization and attachment of pathogenic colonization and attachment of pathogenic

microorganisms.

This

This protective barrier is often disrupted protective barrier is often disrupted in the in the presence of cytopathic virus, lesser pathogenic presence of cytopathic virus, lesser pathogenic

bacterial infections, irritant volatile gases, bacterial infections, irritant volatile gases,

environmental changes, allergens, systemic immune environmental changes, allergens, systemic immune deficiencies, or nonspecific stress conditions that are deficiencies, or nonspecific stress conditions that are

shaped by operations, local trauma, prolonged shaped by operations, local trauma, prolonged

antibiotic therapy, low relative humidity.

Allergens

Allergens are important in cattle, and in lesser dogs, are important in cattle, and in lesser dogs, cats.

cats.

(7)

Classification of Rhinitis Classification of Rhinitis - - Rhinitis according to courseRhinitis according to course

Acute Acute

Subacute Subacute Chronic Chronic

- Rhinitis according to exudate Rhinitis according to exudate - SSereroseose

Catarrhal Catarrhal Purulent Purulent

PseudomembranPseudomembranoseose Ulcerative

Ulcerative

HHemoremorrhagicrhagic

GGranulomatranulomatose (Special inflammation)ose (Special inflammation)

(8)

Classification of Rhinitis Classification of Rhinitis - - Rhinitis according to severeRhinitis according to severe

Light Light MildMild

Severe Severe

- Rhinitis according to etiologic agentRhinitis according to etiologic agent Viral

Viral

Bacterial Bacterial

Mycotic Mycotic

Toxic Toxic

Allergic Allergic

(9)

Most cases of significant

Most cases of significant acute rhinitis begin with acute rhinitis begin with serous exudation, which change

serous exudation, which change in the course of the in the course of the disease to catarrhal and then purulent inflammation.

disease to catarrhal and then purulent inflammation.

Pseudomembranous, ulcerative, or hemorrhagic Pseudomembranous, ulcerative, or hemorrhagic

rhinitis are

rhinitis are signs of severe damage. signs of severe damage.

Chronic rhinitis is most com

Chronic rhinitis is most commonly manifested monly manifested prolipherative changes on mucosa

prolipherative changes on mucosa

(10)

Rhinitis according to the thickness of the Rhinitis according to the thickness of the

mucosa:

In case of mucosal thickening and polyposis In case of mucosal thickening and polyposis

reproduction,

reproduction, rhinitis hypertrophicans rhinitis hypertrophicans and and atrophic mucosal

atrophic mucosal rhinitis atrophicansrhinitis atrophicans.. Chronic rhinitis

Chronic rhinitis may cause progressive may cause progressive fibrosis of the lamina

fibrosis of the lamina propria with atrophy propria with atrophy of the glands, and atrophy with focal

of the glands, and atrophy with focal squamous

squamous metaplasia of nasal epithelium. metaplasia of nasal epithelium.

Sometimes atrophic rhinitis is formed in Sometimes atrophic rhinitis is formed in

large dog breeds large dog breeds

(11)

SerSerousous rhinitis rhinitis (Rhinitis serosa) (Rhinitis serosa)

During the initial serous stages of rhinitis, regardless of During the initial serous stages of rhinitis, regardless of

the inciting

the inciting conditions, the mucosa is swollen and gray to conditions, the mucosa is swollen and gray to red depending on

red depending on the degree of hyperemia. the degree of hyperemia.

(12)

Histologically,

Histologically, the epithelial cells are normalthe epithelial cells are normal or or show hydropic degeneration and loss of cilia.

show hydropic degeneration and loss of cilia.

Goblet cells

Goblet cells and submucosal glands are and submucosal glands are hyperactive

hyperactive..

The secretion is a thin, clear

The secretion is a thin, clear seromucin, which seromucin, which contains a few leukocytes and epithelial cells.

contains a few leukocytes and epithelial cells.

TheThe underlying lamina propria is edematous and underlying lamina propria is edematous and sparsely infiltrated by

sparsely infiltrated by inflammatory cells.inflammatory cells.

The swelling of the mucous membrane tends to The swelling of the mucous membrane tends to

cause mild respiratory discomfort and the cause mild respiratory discomfort and the

familiar sneezing and

familiar sneezing and snuffling. snuffling.

(13)

Causes : Causes :

Irritative dust or matter Irritative dust or matter

Cold weather Cold weather

Initial stage of

Initial stage of viral viral infectionsinfections

(14)

Catarrhal

Catarrhal rhinitis rhinitis (Rhinitis catarrhalis) (Rhinitis catarrhalis)

It is a further form of inflammation.

Serous rhinitis occurs within a few hours Serous rhinitis occurs within a few hours

and days.

Catarrhal inflammations usually follow Catarrhal inflammations usually follow

bacterial infections.

In addition to serous secretion there is a In addition to serous secretion there is a

severe mucus formation, which is shaped severe mucus formation, which is shaped

by the increased activity of goblet cells by the increased activity of goblet cells

and mucous glands.

(15)

Macroscopically Macroscopically

• Severe hyperemia in the mucosaSevere hyperemia in the mucosa

• EdemaEdema

• Mucosal thickening (due to edema and Mucosal thickening (due to edema and hyperemia)

hyperemia)

• Mucous exudate is thick, opaque or semi-Mucous exudate is thick, opaque or semi- transparent due to epithelial cells with

transparent due to epithelial cells with leukocyte and desquame.

leukocyte and desquame.

• In fibrin and blood can sometimes be In fibrin and blood can sometimes be found.

found.

(16)

Microscopically Microscopically

• Severe hyperemiaSevere hyperemia

• EdemaEdema

• Mucous exudate, leukocyte and Mucous exudate, leukocyte and

desquame epithelial cells, sometimes desquame epithelial cells, sometimes

fibrin yarns and blood fibrin yarns and blood

• Regenerative hyperplasia in living Regenerative hyperplasia in living epithelium

epithelium

• Clear hyperplasia in chalice cells in Clear hyperplasia in chalice cells in chronic cases

chronic cases

(17)

Purulent rhinitis Purulent rhinitis (Rhinitis purulenta

(Rhinitis purulenta / / suppurativa) suppurativa)

It is a form of inflammation characterized by It is a form of inflammation characterized by

more severe deterioration of the nasal mucosa more severe deterioration of the nasal mucosa

and a large amount of neutrophilic exudate.

This inflammation is formed following various This inflammation is formed following various

bacterial infections in subacute and chronic bacterial infections in subacute and chronic

cases.

Usually there are severe injuries to the mucosa, Usually there are severe injuries to the mucosa,

necrosis and secondary bacterial infection.

(18)

Macroscopically Macroscopically

• A thick and opaque exudate is present on A thick and opaque exudate is present on the mucous membrane of the rhinitis.

the mucous membrane of the rhinitis.

• This exudate shows a color change This exudate shows a color change

between white, green, brown depending between white, green, brown depending

on the type of bacteria and the cells in on the type of bacteria and the cells in

the exudate.

(19)

• Epithelial cells have different degree of necrosisEpithelial cells have different degree of necrosis..

• There may be regeneration of living epithelial There may be regeneration of living epithelial cells.

cells.

• There is intense neutrophil infiltration in the There is intense neutrophil infiltration in the

submucosa and mucosa and there are exudate submucosa and mucosa and there are exudate

plaques on the mucosa plaques on the mucosa..

• Neutrophils are also found to migrate between Neutrophils are also found to migrate between epithelial cells.

epithelial cells.

• Components of this type of exudate may also Components of this type of exudate may also form abscesses and

form abscesses and rhinitisrhinitis apostematosa apostematosa occurs.

occurs.

(20)

Ps Ps eudo eudo membran membran ose ose rhinitis rhinitis ( ( Rhinitis pseudomembranecea) Rhinitis pseudomembranecea)

It is characterized by severe bacterial It is characterized by severe bacterial

infections in domestic animals.

Vascular permeability is also caused by Vascular permeability is also caused by injuries that cause significant impairment injuries that cause significant impairment..

This form of inflammation may be fibrinous This form of inflammation may be fibrinous ((croupous or pseudodyptericcroupous or pseudodypteric) or ) or

fibrinonecro

fibrinonecrotictic (diphtheria). (diphtheria).

(21)

These inflammations are characterized by These inflammations are characterized by

excessive exudation of plasma fibrinogen excessive exudation of plasma fibrinogen

and its coagulation into fibrin.

The fibrin accumulates on the surface and The fibrin accumulates on the surface and

forms a separate exudate layer forms a separate exudate layer

(pseudomembrane).

If this exudate is removed, it is fibrinous If this exudate is removed, it is fibrinous

rhinitis if there are some points of rhinitis if there are some points of

adhesion with the underlying mucosa.

(22)

If there is severe necrosis and the exudate If there is severe necrosis and the exudate is firmly adhered to the underlying tissue, if is firmly adhered to the underlying tissue, if

it breaks and ends with bleeding, it is it breaks and ends with bleeding, it is

called

called fibrinonecrotic rhinitis fibrinonecrotic rhinitis The Word

The Word of of Diphtheria comes from Diphtheria comes from human medicine, describing a severe human medicine, describing a severe destdestructiveructive inflammation caused by the inflammation caused by the

necros

necrosisis bacillus in the respiratory bacillus in the respiratory mucosa.

mucosa.

(23)

• Perivascular edema and fibrinPerivascular edema and fibrin

• Neutrophils infiltrating the mucosaNeutrophils infiltrating the mucosa

• Exudate plate composed of necrotic cell Exudate plate composed of necrotic cell debris, leukocyte and fibrin strands of

debris, leukocyte and fibrin strands of defective epithelium

defective epithelium

• F.necrophorum infections, which are F.necrophorum infections, which are

caused by severe bacterial infections that caused by severe bacterial infections that

cause fibrinonecro

cause fibrinonecrotictic rhinitis, form a dry rhinitis, form a dry yellowish membrane on the mucosa.

yellowish membrane on the mucosa.

(24)

In some cases, hemorrhagic or ulcerative In some cases, hemorrhagic or ulcerative inflammation (Rhinitis haemorrhagica -

inflammation (Rhinitis haemorrhagica - ulcer

ulcerosaosa) is characterized by bleeding and ) is characterized by bleeding and ulcers.

ulcers.

(25)

Granulomat

Granulomat ose ose rhinitis rhinitis (Rhinitis granulomatosa) (Rhinitis granulomatosa)

This reaction is characterized by infiltration This reaction is characterized by infiltration of macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma of macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma

cells in the mucosa and submucosa.

In some cases, inflammation creates In some cases, inflammation creates

polypoid nodules. In severe cases, they polypoid nodules. In severe cases, they

clog the nasal tracts.

Smaller ones are harder, larger ones are Smaller ones are harder, larger ones are

crisp or gelatinous.

(26)

Histological structures are specific for the Histological structures are specific for the

disease.

It is usually shaped against specific factors It is usually shaped against specific factors

and some cases of systemic mucosis, and some cases of systemic mucosis,

tuberculosis and foreign bodies can be tuberculosis and foreign bodies can be

counted.

Sometimes the etiology that causes Sometimes the etiology that causes

granulomatous rhinitis cannot be decided.

(27)

Allergic rhinitis Allergic rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis is Allergic rhinitis is

observed sporadically observed sporadically

in dogs, cats, and

in dogs, cats, and horses. horses.

The disease in

The disease in dogs dogs is diagnosed on the basis of is diagnosed on the basis of oculonasal

oculonasal discharge, sneezing, nose rubbing, discharge, sneezing, nose rubbing, head shaking, and perhaps epistaxis,

head shaking, and perhaps epistaxis, and the and the presence of

presence of eosinophils in nasal exudate.eosinophils in nasal exudate.

There

There is no definitiveis no definitive information on either the information on either the pathological or immunological basis

pathological or immunological basis of the of the condition.

condition.

(28)

Cattle

Cattle and occasionally and occasionally sheep sheep develop a seasonaldevelop a seasonal

rhinitis that in its clinicopathological features is consistent rhinitis that in its clinicopathological features is consistent

with anwith an allergic pathogenesis. allergic pathogenesis.

Some evidence has been Some evidence has been provided that affected

provided that affected

cattle are allergic to pollen antigens.

A familial predisposition has been

A familial predisposition has been reported. It occurs reported. It occurs chiefly in the summertime when the pastures are

chiefly in the summertime when the pastures are in bloom.in bloom.

Affected animals have nasal discharge, lacrimation, Affected animals have nasal discharge, lacrimation,

sneezing,and evidence of nasal itching.

(29)

The nasal mucosa is pale and

The nasal mucosa is pale and thick from edema fluid, thick from edema fluid, and mucosal erosions may be visible in the

and mucosal erosions may be visible in the rostral nares.rostral nares.

Eosinophils and mucus are a prominent component of Eosinophils and mucus are a prominent component of the exudate. the exudate.

Microscopically, the surviving nasal epithelium is the surviving nasal epithelium is hyperplastic

hyperplastic or eroded and is infiltrated by eosinophils.or eroded and is infiltrated by eosinophils.

The glandular epithelium can

The glandular epithelium can be hypertrophied and be hypertrophied and mucus is produced in excess.

mucus is produced in excess.

In more severe

In more severe cases, in which there is extensive cases, in which there is extensive superficial diphtheresis

superficial diphtheresis

(30)

At the end of

At the end of Rhinitis Rhinitis

GGenerally, enerally, healing is seen except ghealing is seen except granulomatranulomatoseose rhinitis

rhinitis..

BBronkopnronkopneumoniaeumonia oror lung apostematosalung apostematosa are are occurred r

occurred result of aspiration of exudate esult of aspiration of exudate If the If the inflammation is locally affected,

inflammation is locally affected, sinusitis, fasinusitis, faccialial osteomyelitis

osteomyelitis oror meningitismeningitis are occurredare occurred

(31)

Sinusitis Sinusitis

Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses

Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses often goes often goes undetected unless

undetected unless it has caused facial deformity or a it has caused facial deformity or a fistula in the overlying skin.

fistula in the overlying skin.

Sinusitis

Sinusitis is of most significance in the horse is of most significance in the horse because of because of the size and complexity

the size and complexity of its paranasal sinuses and the of its paranasal sinuses and the compounding effects of limited

compounding effects of limited drainage and tendency drainage and tendency for periodontitis to extend to sinusitis.

for periodontitis to extend to sinusitis.

Sinusitis

Sinusitis is very common in sheep as a response to is very common in sheep as a response to larvae of

larvae of Oestrus ovisOestrus ovis. .

ItIt also follows also follows penetration of infection in dehorning penetration of infection in dehorning wounds

wounds, fractures,and , fractures,and periodontitis. periodontitis.

(32)

(33)

Coexisting Diseases with Coexisting Diseases with

Rhinitis in Horses Rhinitis in Horses

Ruam (Malleus) Ruam (Malleus)

Pseudomalleus (Yalancı ruam) Pseudomalleus (Yalancı ruam)

Gourme Gourme

Streptococcal infections Streptococcal infections

Equine viral rhinopneumonitis Equine viral rhinopneumonitis

Equine influenza Equine influenza

(34)

RUAM

RUAM ( ( Malleus Malleus , , glanders glanders ) )

Etiology : Etiology :

Gram

Gram ((--), aerobic bacille), aerobic bacille

Burkholderia malleiBurkholderia mallei ( (Pseudomonas malleiPseudomonas mallei,, Malleomyces mallei, Leofferella mallei

Malleomyces mallei, Leofferella mallei))

(35)

Host Range :

•It is a disease of the equidae.

•Ruam can also be seen occasionally in humans

(zoonoses) and carnivores (lions, tigers, dogs, cats) eating horses.

•Goat and sheep contact is susceptible to infection, while cattle and pigs are insensitive.

(36)

But it still exists in some countries of But it still exists in some countries of

Eastern Europe and Asia.

In our country, although it was endemic In our country, although it was endemic

until l970's, it started to be almost not seen until l970's, it started to be almost not seen

with conscious eradication programs after with conscious eradication programs after

these years.

(37)

Pathogenesis:

• There is not enough information to fully explain the There is not enough information to fully explain the pathogenesis.

pathogenesis.

• As a rule, the nose and lungs always come from the As a rule, the nose and lungs always come from the sesecundarycundary way. way.

• The nasal The nasal ruamruam is usually shaped as secundary, ie is usually shaped as secundary, ie hematogenous, whether it is the causative agent, hematogenous, whether it is the causative agent,

whether by means of either an a

whether by means of either an alimentary or an aerogen.limentary or an aerogen.

• It is insignificant for the agent to enter the nasal mucosa It is insignificant for the agent to enter the nasal mucosa from wounds.

from wounds.

• The skin rThe skin ruamuam develops from the respiratory tract, develops from the respiratory tract, whereas the skin rash develops from the skin.

whereas the skin rash develops from the skin.

• Other organs are spread out here.Other organs are spread out here.

(38)

Lesions of chronic ruam at horses are seen 3 Lesions of chronic ruam at horses are seen 3

form : form :

Pneumonia malleosa

Pneumonia malleosa--- Exudative / Nodular--- Exudative / Nodular Rhinitis Malleosa ---

Rhinitis Malleosa --- Ulcerative / NodularUlcerative / Nodular Dermatitis malleosa---

Dermatitis malleosa--- Ulcerative / NodularUlcerative / Nodular

(39)

(40)

(41)

Ruama related laryngeal lesions:

• Lesions have lesions similar to those of Lesions have lesions similar to those of the nasal cavity.

the nasal cavity.

• They spread until cartilaginous, They spread until cartilaginous, causing focal necrosis.

causing focal necrosis.

• Swallowing and breathing difficulties Swallowing and breathing difficulties develop due to glottis edema.

develop due to glottis edema.

(42)

TrTracheaachea lesions related to Ruama: lesions related to Ruama:

• Tracheal lesions are usually ulcerative and Tracheal lesions are usually ulcerative and rarely occur as p

rarely occur as pyyogranulomatous nodulesogranulomatous nodules as as longitudinal in the mucosa.

longitudinal in the mucosa.

• These are usually caused by the opening of These are usually caused by the opening of the lung

the lung ruamruam into the bronchi and into the bronchi and bronchioles.

bronchioles.

• These lesions are characterized by granular These lesions are characterized by granular tissue consisting of epithelioid and giant cells.

tissue consisting of epithelioid and giant cells.

• Plasma cells in the field is also very Plasma cells in the field is also very noticeable.

noticeable.

(43)

Pneumonia malleosa Pneumonia malleosa

Pulmonary lesions are acute or chronic according to the Pulmonary lesions are acute or chronic according to the

virulence of the agent and the reaction of the organism virulence of the agent and the reaction of the organism

and occur with exudative or productive (granulomatous) and occur with exudative or productive (granulomatous)

inflammation inflammation..

The lympho-hematogenous pathway to the lungs is The lympho-hematogenous pathway to the lungs is

spread by lymphogen and, less, by bronchogen

spread by lymphogen and, less, by bronchogen route route.. In the lymphocyte spread, a r

In the lymphocyte spread, a ruuam node is formed where it am node is formed where it comes from, and then it is resorptive with the lymph nodes comes from, and then it is resorptive with the lymph nodes

(resorptive

(resorptive ruam node).ruam node).

In bronchogen proliferation, the progressi

In bronchogen proliferation, the progressive and enlarge ve and enlarge lesion

lesion is opened to the bronchi, and in this spread the is opened to the bronchi, and in this spread the lesions related to the bronchi, trachea and larynx are lesions related to the bronchi, trachea and larynx are

formed.

(44)

The benign lesions of the lungs are usually typical The benign lesions of the lungs are usually typical

malleus nodules.

These are seen as milier or larger nodes (2-l0 mm) on all These are seen as milier or larger nodes (2-l0 mm) on all

sides of the lung.

They may have spread to one or both lungs.

These foci become more prominent under pleura.

These lesions are exudative or productive according to These lesions are exudative or productive according to

their morphological structure.

Another aspect of the lung gland is the form of a lobular Another aspect of the lung gland is the form of a lobular

gland (pneumonia malleosa) characterized by diffuse gland (pneumonia malleosa) characterized by diffuse pneumonia or diffuse purulent bronchopneumonia in pneumonia or diffuse purulent bronchopneumonia in

some acute cases.

In this case, it covers part or all of a lobster. This may be In this case, it covers part or all of a lobster. This may be

exudative or productive.

(45)

(46)

(47)

Lesions of Lymph

Lesions of Lymph NodesNodes in Ruam in Ruam Macroscopically:

Macroscopically:

• In lymphatic vessels, there are changes related to exudative and productive

ruam in lymph nodes of the region, in addition to pus lymphangitis.

• Lymph node gets yellowish color.

• Nodular structures are selected.

(48)

Dif Dif f f eren eren tial tial D D iagno iagno sis at sis at Ruam Ruam

GGourmeourme ve ve cruppose cruppose rhinitisrhinitis LLymphangitis epizooticaymphangitis epizootica

Tumor , tuberculosis Tumor , tuberculosis

The diagnosis is made by microbiological The diagnosis is made by microbiological

and mallein testing, especially in chronic and mallein testing, especially in chronic

cases.

(49)

Pseudomallei

Pseudomallei (Melioidosis) (Melioidosis)

Melioidosis is mainly a disease of rodents.

Rats, especially guinea pigs, rabbits, as well as rodents, Rats, especially guinea pigs, rabbits, as well as rodents,

such as horse, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and dogs are such as horse, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and dogs are

seen in domestic animals.

She could be lethal to humans occasionally.

The virulence of the regional species is different and the The virulence of the regional species is different and the

racial difference plays a role in the susceptibility of sheep racial difference plays a role in the susceptibility of sheep

and goats.

The disease occurs in the form of small outbreaks in The disease occurs in the form of small outbreaks in

spontaneous or endemic areas.

The disease is common in tropical regions with southeast The disease is common in tropical regions with southeast

Asia. It has been seen in some western European Asia. It has been seen in some western European

countries and Australia.

(50)

Gourme Gourme

Gourme is an acute, contagious disease of Gourme is an acute, contagious disease of

horses characterized by suppurative horses characterized by suppurative

rhinitis, lymphadenitis (mandibular and rhinitis, lymphadenitis (mandibular and ratpharyngeal) and occasional internal ratpharyngeal) and occasional internal

emboli.

The disease is caused by Str.equi.

(51)

In pathogenesis, adherence of the agent In pathogenesis, adherence of the agent to epithelial cells plays a role.

to epithelial cells plays a role.

The upper airway enters the epithelial The upper airway enters the epithelial

cells, especially in the soft palate and the cells, especially in the soft palate and the

pharynx.

(52)

The incubation time in

The incubation time in ggourm is 3-4 days. ourm is 3-4 days.

However it can be as short as 2 days or as long However it can be as short as 2 days or as long

as 15 days. Clinically, fever, mild cough and as 15 days. Clinically, fever, mild cough and

nasal discharge

nasal discharge are seenare seen..

Nasal discharge is bilateral and its structure Nasal discharge is bilateral and its structure

changes from serous to catarrhal within a few changes from serous to catarrhal within a few

days and then to purulent.

Typical cases of inflammatory swelling of the Typical cases of inflammatory swelling of the

head and neck lymph nodes also have absolute head and neck lymph nodes also have absolute

catarrhal conjunctivitis.

Submandibular and retropharyngeal lymph Submandibular and retropharyngeal lymph

nodes are the first affected and usually the most nodes are the first affected and usually the most

fevered organs.

(53)

Typical and prominent signs of lymphadenitis are Typical and prominent signs of lymphadenitis are

the rupture of abscesses after 1-3 weeks after the the rupture of abscesses after 1-3 weeks after the

onset of infection.

Before the ruptur

Before the ruptur, serum is removed and the hairs , serum is removed and the hairs stick.

stick.

The p

The pusus is sticky, cream-like and yellow-white in is sticky, cream-like and yellow-white in color

color

AAbscessesbscesses on l on lymph node are unchanging signs of ymph node are unchanging signs of gourm, but diagnosis can rarely be made in their gourm, but diagnosis can rarely be made in their

absence.

(54)

Equine viral rhinopneumonitis Equine viral rhinopneumonitis

Equine herpesvirus (EVH) causes abortus Equine herpesvirus (EVH) causes abortus in newborn foals and race horses (EHV-4) in newborn foals and race horses (EHV-4)

with mild respiratory infection or mares with mild respiratory infection or mares

(EHV-l).

Infections with EHV-4 are seen in autumn Infections with EHV-4 are seen in autumn

in newborn foals.

(55)

Equine influenza Equine influenza

This is the most common upper respiratory tract disease This is the most common upper respiratory tract disease

of horses and is usually seen in 2-3 elderly race horses.

Influenza type A (A / equi-l and 2) is responsible for its Influenza type A (A / equi-l and 2) is responsible for its

etiology. Type B role was not detected in infection.

Influenza in horses, as in Influenza in horses, as in

human influenza, is also a mild disease.

However, it may cause severe bronchoint

However, it may cause severe bronchointerstitiel erstitiel pneumonia, including occasional pulmonary edema.

pneumonia, including occasional pulmonary edema.

Sometimes it is complicated by subclinical bacterial Sometimes it is complicated by subclinical bacterial

bronchopnemonia formed by opportunistic organisms bronchopnemonia formed by opportunistic organisms

found in the normal flora of the upper airway.