A summary of archaeological research in Turkey in 1950

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M E R Y E M

A R L E T T E

C E N A N İ

A Summary of Archaeological Research

in Turkey in 1950

T H E T O U R I N G A N D A U T O M O B I L E

C L U B

O F

T U R K E Y

121 sayılı Belleteninde neşrolunan yazının

ayrı tabıdır.

A Summary of Archaeological Research

in Turkey in 1950

A rc h a e o lo g ic a l a c tiv ity in T u r k e y in ­ c r e a s e s y e a rly . T h r o u g h e x c a v a tio n s a n d ex­ p lo r a tio n s , th e h is to r ic a l, a rc h a e o lo g ic a l a n d a r t i s t i c i n t e r e s t o f th is c o u n tr y is e n la r g e d a c c o rd in g ly . N u m e r o u s m u s e u m s , a s w e ll a s th e s ite s th e m s e lv e s , r a n g in g f r o m p r e h is to r ic to M o sle m tim e s , p ro v e t h a t A n a to lia o f f e r s th e m o s t f a s c i n a ti n g v a r ie ty o f m o n u m e n ts to s c h o la r s a n d to u r is ts . W e s h a ll e n d e a v o u r to d r a w a v e r y s h o r t h is to r ic a l o u tlin e o f th e s ite s b e s id e s th e b r ie f s u m m a r y o f e x c a v a tio n s c a r r i e d o u t, in 1950, b y A m e ric a n , B r itis h , F r e n c h , S w e d is h a n d T u r k is h a rc h a e o lo g is ts .

K Ü L T E P E . K iiltep e is a city -m o u n d o n th e site o f th e a n c ie n t K a n e s, b e tw e e n K a y se r i (C a esa rea o f Cap­ p a d o cia ) a n d th e K izil Irm a k (H a ly s r iv e r ). I n v e s tig a ­ tio n s m ad e by P r o fe sso r II. H ro zn y in 1925 d isc lo se d th e «K arum », a tr a d in g -c en ter o f A ssy r ia n o rig in , o f th e ea rly se c o n d m ille n n iu m B . C. T h is lo w d eta c h e d te rr a ce a t th e fo o t o f th e m o u n d y ield e d c o m m ercia l ta b le ts in c u n e ifo rm w r itin g , a n d th e e x is te n c e in C en tral A n a to lia o f a co lo n y o f A ssy r ia n tr a d e rs w a s th u s e sta b lish ed .

I n 1948 a n d 1949, th e T u rk ish H is to r ic a l S o c iety (T iirk T a rili K u ru m u ) u n d erto o k e x c a v a tio n s d irected b y P r o fe sso r T a h sin O zgüç o f th e U n iv e r sity o f A n k ara.

T h e «K arum » «is a c o m p lete a n d s e lf-co n ta in ed little co lo n y w ith in th e la r g e A n a to lia n c ity o f K a n es, w ith m a r k e tp la c e s , sto r a g e b u ild in g s, d w ellin g s e tc. a s w e ll a s th e B it-K a r im o r to w n -h a ll w h ic h fo rm ed th e c en ter o f tlie colon y.

T h ree a r e a s o f th e m o u n d w e re ex ca v a te d , a n d th e d ig g in g y ield ed n u m ero u s b u ild in g s, sm a ll o b jects, a n d — probab ly m o st im p o r ta n t — o v er 1500 cla y ta b le ts a n d en v elo p p es w ith c y lin d er -se a l im p ression s.» (T h e A m eri­ ca n J o u r n a l o f A rch a eo lo g y , V ol. I J V , N o . I, J a n . 1950, p a g e 61).

T h e se a r c h iv e s c o n ta in e d a co rresp o n d en ce b e tw e en A ssu r a n d K a n es, a s w e ll a s lite ra r y te x ts a n d ex er cise s. M o st o f th em , h o w ev er, w ere co m m ercia l d o cu m en ts.

A t th e b eg in n in g o f A u g u s t 1950, d ig g in g in th e «K aru m » w a s resu m ed a n d a n e w e x ca v a tio n sta r ted o n th e m o u n d itse lf.

In th e «K arum », 6 h o u se s w ere u n co v ered a s w ell a s la r g e sto r a g e b u ild in g s. G reat q u a n titie s o f b e a u tifu l C ap p ad ocian p o ttery , 1500 ta b le ts a n d fu rn itu re «in situ », a ll in p e r fe c t co n d itio n , en a b le th e rec o n str u c tio n , on pap er, o f a to w n q u arter d ated 2000-1900 B.C. T h e dead h a d b een b u ried u n d er th e h o u se s in th e A n a to lia n tr a d itio n a n d w h ee l-m a r k s ap p ear o n th e s tr e e t p a v em en ts. T h e in h a b ita n ts m u s t h a v e ru sh ed a w a y , le a v in g a ll th e ir b e lo n g in g s, d u rin g a g r ea t co n fla g ra tio n .

A lth o u g h t h e p eop le w e re A ssy r ia n s, t h e a r ch ite c ­ tu r e a n d d eco ra tio n a r e A n a to lia n . O nly th e te x ts a n d so m e tim e s th e s e a ls a r e A ssy ria n . T h e r efo r e t h e so- ca lle d H ittite c iv iliz a tio n m u s t h a v e e x is te d in A n a to lia

b efo re th e a rriv a l a ro u n d 2000 B.C. o f th e In d o -E u ro p ea n H it t it e s w h o a d o p ted it. T w o P h r y g ia n le v e ls w ere fo u n d a t th e su m m it o f th e m oun d, b e n e a th th e r u in s o f a v e ry s m a ll R o m a n to w n a n d sc a n ty H e lle n is tic r em a in s. T h e la te r P h r y g ia n le v e l b e lo n g s to th e V H th a n d p a rticu la rly t h e V lt h an d V th c en tu r ie s B.C. T h e old er lev e l d a te s b a ck to th e V H Ith , I X th a n d X th c en tu r ie s B.C. T h e H it t it e le v e l h a s b een r ea ch ed b u t n o t th o ro u g h ly ex ca v a te d . S ig n s o f a g r e a t c o n fla g r a tio n a p p ea r on t h e top layer. T h e P h r y g ia n s m u s t h a v e se ttle d o n (h e r u in s o f th e H ittite b u ild in gs.

D o m u ztep ed e h arab eler

T h e l u in s on D o m u z te p e

K A R A T E P E . «In th e fe w y e a rs sin c e th e w ar, K a ra tep e, o n e o f C ilicia ’s «black h ills» in t h e T a u ru s m o u n ta in ra n g e, h a s r is e n t o fa m e a n d b eco m e a c en ter o f in te r e s t . . . . K a ra tep e a n d D o m u ztep e a r e tw o fo r ­ tifie d h illto p s o n e ith e r sid e o f th e C eyh an riv er, th e a n c ie n t P y ra m o s, w h ic h flo w s fro m th e h e ig h ts o f th e A n tita u ru s in C ap pad ocia th r o u g h th e lo w e r m o u n ta in r a n g e s o f th e T au ru s, w in d in g it s w a y th r o u g h fo r e st- cla d in h o sp ita b le h ills to th e w id e C ilician p lain . T h ere

D o m u ztep ed e ç ifte b o ğ a ta sv ir li h ey k el k a id esi D om u ztep e — P a ir o f b u lls carved on a p ed esta l

i t ... c o m es w ith in 30 k m s. o f A d a n a , th e n tu r n s e a s t to its o w n e stu a r y a w a y fro m A d a n a ’s r iv e r th e S ey h a n -S y ru s.

. . . . T h e n a tu ra l c o m m u n ic a tio n s o f K a ra tep e a r e w ith th e C ilicia n p la in , a n d th e fo o th ills o f th e T a u ru s to th e N o r t h ___ T h e d isc o v e ry o f fo r tifie d s e ttle m e n ts in th e se C ilicia n h ills is n o t u n ex p ec te d to a n y o n e a c q u a in te d w ith th e s to r ie s o f C ilicia n r e s is ta n c e to A s sy r ia n m ili­ ta r y ex p a n s io n [ a t th e b e g in n in g o f th e fir s t m ille n n iu m B .C .], b u t th e n a tu re o f o n e o f th e s e m o u n ta in n e s ts c o m e s a s a m o st p le a s a n t su rp rise. N o t o n ly d id th e lo c a l k in g d e c o ra te h is c ita d e l w ith sc u lp tu re d o rth o s­ t a t e s a n d s ta tu e s In N e o -H ittite fa sh io n , b u t h e a lso g a v e u s tile sto r y o f h is a c t iv it ie s in lo n g b u ild in g -in scrip tio n s, r ep ea te d in p a r a lle l P h o e n ic ia n a n d H ittite h ie ro g ly p h ic v ersio n s.» (K a ra tep e, M ore lig h t o n th e D a rk A g es, by M a ch teld J . M ellin k , B ib lio th e c a O rien ta lis, J a a r g a n g V I I N o . 5, S ep t. 1950).

T h e b ilin g u a l in sc r ip tio n is o f c a p ita l im p o r ta n c e fo r d e c ip h e rin g th e h ith e r to p r a c tic a lly u n rea d h iero g ly p h ic H it t it e la n g u a g e . T h e s ty le o f th e V I H th c en tu r y B . C. sc u lp tu re s is a m ix tu r e o f A n a to lia n (N e o -H ittite ), A s­ sy r ia n a n d P h o e n icia n -im p o r te d E g y p tia n e le m en ts.

A fte r p r e lim in a r y ex p lo ra tio n s, e x c a v a tio n s b e g a n in 1947 a n d c o n tin u e e a c h y e a r u n d er th e d ir ec to rsh ip o f P r o fe s s o r Til. II. B o s s e r t a n d D r. U. B a h a d ır A lk ım , a s s is te d b y D r. H a le t Ç am b el a n d se v e ra l o th er a r ch a e ­ o lo g is ts fro m tlie U n iv e r sity o f Ista n b u l.

T h e in sc r ip tio n s r e v e a le d th a t K a ra te p e h a d b een b u ilt b y A s ita v a n d a s , k in g o f th e D a n u n ia n s or «P eo p le o f tlie Sea», a m y ste r io u s s e a -fa r in g trib e a b o u t w h o m v e r y little is k n o w n y et.

T h e f if t h se a so n a t K a ra tep e to o k p la ce in Sep tem b er a n d O ctob er İ950 u n d er th e a u s p ic e s o f th e T u rk ish H is to r ic a l S o c iety a n d th e D e p a r tm en t o f M u seu m s a n d A n tiq u ities. I t w a s d irected b y P r o fe s s o r T h. H . B o s s e r t a n d D r. U. B a lla d ır A lk ım , a s s is te d by D r. II. Ç am bel, D r. F . S te in h e r r a n d D r. M. D a rg a , w itii th e co lla b o ra ­ tio n o f Mr. a n d M rs. M. G ou gh o f th e B r itish I n s titu te o f A rch a eo lo g y a t A n k ara.

A p r elim in a ry e x p lo ra tio n w a s m a d e o f th e r eg io n a d jo in in g th e m o u th o f th e C eyh an r iv er a n d a su rv ey

K a ra te p e v e D om u ztep e y a k ın ın d a C eyh an (P y ra ıııo s) neh ri

T h e C e y h a n ( P y r a m o s ) r i v e r n e a r K a r a te p e a n d D o m u z te p e

m a d e o f M a g a rso s (n e a r K a r a ta s ), a n im p o rta n t C ilicia n sea -p o rt s in c e t h e b e g in n in g o f th e fir s t m ille n n iu m B .C .

E x c a v a tio n s a t D o m u ztep e te n d to p ro v e th a t th is c ita d e l w a s in h a b ited b e fo r e th e D a n u n ia n s s e ttle d in K a ra tep e. I t s e e m s lik e ly th a t D o m u ztep e w a s o n e o f th e fo r tr e s s e s b u ilt b y ea rlier S am 'al (Z in cirli) ru lers a n d a fte r w a r d s reb u ilt b y th e D a n u n ia n s fr o m old m a ­ te ria ls.

A t K a ra tep e, th e e x c a v a tio n s d isc lo se d s e v e ra l c is ­ te rn s, c u t in th e rock, w h ic h p o in t to a n e a rlier b u il­ d in g -lev el. T h e fu s io n o f A n a to lia n a n d N o r th -W e ste rn M eso p o ta m ia n in flu e n c e is s u g g e s te d b y th e a r ch ite ctu re o f th e m a in b u ild in g (p a la c e o f B it H iia n i ty p e) p a rtly u n co v ered in 1918 a n d co m p lete ly e x c a v a te d in 1950.

H A K R A N . H a rra n (C arrh ae in R o m a n tim e s ) is n o w o n ly a v illa g e n e a r th e T u rk ish -S y ria n border, S o u th -E a s t o f U r fa (E d e s s a ).

E sta b lis h e d u p o n th e tra d e-ro a d lea d in g fr o m th e M eso p o ta m ia n p la in s o f th e M id dle T ig ris (D icle, in T u rk ish ) to th e M ed iterra n ea n sea , it w a s a flo u r is h in g co m m e r cia l c ity , a n d its m ilita r y im p o rta n ce a s a cita d el- to w n r a n k e d se c o n d to A s su r o n ly a t th e b eg in n in g o f th e fir s t m ille n n iu m B.C. I t rem a in ed im p o r ta n t d u rin g th e R o m a n a n d B y z a n tin e p erio d s a n d w a s con q u ered by th e A rab s in 639 A .D .

H a rr a n is fr eq u e n tly n a m ed in A s sy r ia n ta b le ts an d n u m ero u s r e fe r e n c e s to it a r e to b e fo u n d in th e B ib le a s w e ll a s R o m a n , B y z a n tin e a n d Is la m ic litera tu re. F r o m th e s e so u rces, it ap p ea rs th a t H a rr a n w a s th e c en ter o f th e m o o n -cu lt a n d fa m o u s fo r it s r elig io u s sh rin e s sin c e th e seco n d m illen n iu m B.C. A ta b le t from M ari (3000 B . C.) m e n tio n s it fo r th e fir s t tim e.

T h e S a b ia n s (a N e a r -E a s te r n s e c t su p p o sed ly d es­ cen d ed fro m A b rah am ) p r a c tic ed t h is m o o n -cu lt e v en a fte r th e A rab co n q u est: «F o r th e n e x t fo u r cen tu r ie s a t le a s t, th e S a b ia n s c o n tin u e d to p r a c tis e in H a rra n th e ir str a n g e , e c le c tic , p a g a n religion , a b len d o f N e o ­ p la to n ism w ith th e old B a b y lo n ia n a str o lo g y , th e m oon - god co n tin u in g to h o ld a h ig h p la ce in th e p an th eon .» (S e to n L loyd a n d W illia m B r ic e: H arran . A n a to lia n S tu ­ d ies, V ol. I, 1951, p a g e 90.) T h e A rab s w a tc h e d w ith in ­ te r e s t a n d Is la m ic a u th o r s fr eq u e n tly d escrib e th e Sa- b ia u s’ q u eer rites.

A cco rd in g to th e B ib le, th e P a tr ia r c h A b rah am liv ed in H a rra n w h e n c e h e m o v ed to th e la n d o f C an aan. «One c o n sp ic u o u s p air o f d oor-p osts . . . is k n o w n a s A ran's h o u se, fr o m w h ic h th e y s a y A b rah am to o k h is w ife Sa­ rah» (op. cit. p a g e 87). «T he so le so u rce o f d rin k in g w a ter, n o t o n ly fo r H a rra n , b u t fo r v illa g e s a s fa r a s 5 m ile s d ista n t, is Jacob 's w e ll (B i'r Y a ’qub) a b o u t a m ile w e s t o f th e c ity w a l l s ... T h e w a te r o f th e w e ll n ear H a rra n is s till ap p roach ed by th e in c lin e d s h a ft w h ic h R eb ek a li w e n t d ow n to d raw w a te r fo r A b ra h a m ’s s e r ­ v a n t (G en. 24, 45) a n d fro m w h ic h J acob rolled th e sto n e fo r R a c h e l (G en. 29, 10)» (op. cit. p a g e 83 a n d fo o tn o te ). A rabic m e d iev a l lite r a tu r e m e n tio n s «a te m p le or prayer h o u se o n a h ill, in so m e w a y a ss o c ia te d w ith t h e P a tr i­ a rch A b rah am . . . .» (op. c it. p a g e 79).

F e w a r c h a e o lo g ists h a d v isite d th e r u in s o f H arran u n til Mr. S e to n L loyd, d irecto r o f th e B r itish In stitu te o f A rch a eo lo g y a t A n k a ra , org a n ized a n e w su rv e y o f th e

5

s ite in 1950. I t s ta r te d o n th e 9th J u ly a n d la ste d o v er 3 w e ek s.

«T h e w h o le to w n is e n c lo s ed b y a sto n e c ity -w a ll w h ic h su rv iv e s in a ru in o u s s ta te , w ith its p rin cip a l g a te- w a y s till reco g n iza b le. B e y o n d it, to th e N o r th , E a s t a n d W est, th e r e a re th e r em a in s o f co n sid era b le su bu rb s. T h e e a r lie s t o c cu p a tio n o f th e s ite is cle a rly r ep resen ted b y t h e g r e a t m o u n d w h ic h is lo c a te d a p p ro x im a tely in th e c e n te r o f th e c ity a n d r is e s a n o th e r 30 m e te r s a b o v e it.» (op. cit. p a g e 78). G reek a n d A s sy r ia n p o tsh erd s, n o t fo u n d e ls e w h e r e th a n o n th is m ou n d , p rove its g r ea te r a n tiq u ity . T h e v isib le r u in s a r e g e n e ra lly Is la ­ m ic w ith ea rlier a r c h ite c tu r a l fr a g m e n ts o fte n re-u sed . «T h e c a stle, w h ic h h a d h ith e r to n e v e r b een record ed , m u s t b e reg a rd ed a s on e o f th e m a jo r fo r tific a tio n s o f th e I s la m ic period . I t s ru in s w ere c o m p letely p la n n ed a n d stu d ied , fo u r p rin cip a l b u ild in g p erio d s b e in g clea rly d istin g u ish ed .» (op. cit. p a g e 79). T h e o rig in a l fo u n d a ­ tio n s a re v e ry ea rly , p o ssib ly I lit t it e . «T h ree fu r th e r b u ild in g p erio d s a p p ea r to b e d a ta b le to th e e le v e n th a n d tw e lv e th c en tu r ie s A.D .» (op. cit. p a g e 79.)

In th e ir sea rch fo r th e r em a in s o f th e A ssy ria n te m p le o f th e M oon-G od Sin, th e a r c h a e o lo g ists fou n d th a t « . . . . A n o th er o u tly in g v illa g e h a v in g sim ila r a s­ so c ia tio n s w ith th e m oon -cu lt, p ro v ed o f e v e n g r ea te r in te r e s t [th a n o th e r sh r in e s in th e n eig h b o rh o o d o f H a r­ r a n ]. T h is w a s A ş a ğ ı Y a rım ca , a m o d e m v illa g e b esid e a h ig h m o u n d a n d a n o p en pool o f w a ter, s itu a te d a b o u t 4 m ile s from H a rra n , o n w h a t m a y h a v e b een th e road to E d e ssa . I t w o u ld th u s corresp on d to th e situ a tio n o f th e m o o n -tem p le v is ite d b y th e E m p ero r C aracalla sh o rtly b efo re h is a s s a s s in a tio n [b y M ocrin u s in 217 A .D .]; a n d in d eed it w a s h ere th a t in 1949, th e d isco v ery o f a ste le, b e a r in g th e em b lem o f th e g o d S in a n d a c u n e ifo rm in scrip tio n , led to th e r ec o g n itio n o f a v ery la r g e sto n e b u ild in g , a p p a ren tly o f th e A s sy r ia n period , j u s t b e n e a th th e su rfa ce. A so u n d in g w a s su b seq u en tly m a d e a t th is site b y B a y N u ri G ökçe, D ir ec to r o f th e H ittite M u seu m in A n k ara, a n d a p la n fo r c o lla b o ra tio n w ith th is sc h o la r in a fu r th e r e x c a v a tio n o f th is s ite is con tem p lated .» (op. cit. p a g e 80.)

G O B D IO N . A city -m o u n d a n d b u ria l g ro u n d o n th e S a k a ry a (S a n g a rio s) riv er, W e st o f A n k ara, G ord ion is k n o w n in G reek m y th o lo g y a n d h isto r y a s th e P h r y g ia n c a p ita l fo u n d ed by th e fa r m e r G ordios w h o se son , le g e n ­ d a ry K in g M id as, co u ld tu rn to gold a n y th in g h e tou ch ed . J u p ite r on e d a y s e n t to G ord ios a n e a g le , w h ic h a lig h te d o n h is p lou gh. K in g o f P h r y g ia so m e y e a r s la ter, G ordios d ed ica ted th is c h a r io t to th e god. I t w a s b ou n d b y a m ira c u lo u s k n o t w h ic h A lex a n d er th e G reat, p a s sin g th r o u g h G ordion in th e fo u r th c en tu r y B.C., c u t w ith h is sw ord , th u s fu lfillin g a n o r a cle ’s p red ictio n th a t th e E m p ire o f A s ia w ou ld b elo n g to th e m o rta l sk ilfu l e n o u g h to u n d o th e G ord ian k n ot.

A t th e b e g in n in g o f th e fir s t m ille n n iu m B.C., th e P h r y g ia n sta te , w ith it s ca p ita l G ordion, su cc e ed ed th e H ittite E m p ire in th a t p a rt o f th e la tte r ’s territo ry w h ic h w a s co m p rised b e tw e en th e m id d le c o u r se o f th e H a ly s (K ız ıl Irm a k ) to th e E a s t a n d th e so u rc e s o f th e S a n g a rio s (S a k a ry a ) a n d M ean d er (B ü y ü k M en d eres) r iv e rs to th e S ou th -W est. I t fe ll u n d er L y d ia n a n d a f­

te rw a r d s P e r sia n d o m in a tio n a t th e e n d o f t h e V H tli a n d th e b e g in n in g o f t h e V lt h c en tu r y B.C.

G ood m u s ic ia n s, t h e P h r y g ia n s, w h o h a d c o m e fr o m T h ra ce, w e re k n o w n fo r t h e b a rb a ric r ite s o f th e ir r elig io n . T h e y ca rv ed to m b s a n d m o n u m en ts in th e r o ck s a ll o v er th e ir co u n try , a n d o ften b u ried th e d ea d in tu m u li, o r fu n e r a l m ou n d s.

T h e f ir s t e x c a v a tio n s o f t h e tu m u li n e a r G ord ion w ere ca rried o u t in 1900 by tw o G erm an a r ch a eo lo g ists, A. a n d G. K o rte. On M arch 27, 1950, t h e P e n n s y lv a n ia U n iv e r sity ’s M u seu m ’s E x c a v a tio n s , d ir ec ted b y D r. R o d n ey Y o u n g , s ta r te d a n e x te n s iv e ca m p a ig n , to b e fo llo w ed by o th ers, w h ic h la s te d 18 w eek s.

S ix tu m u li w ere e x c a v a te d n e a r t h e v illa g e . T h e y c o v er ed P h r y g ia n b u ria ls o f th e la te e ig h th , th e se v e n th a n d th e s ix th c en tu r ie s B.C. S k ele to n s o f m en , w o m en a n d c h ild ren w e re fo u n d in t h e fu n e r a l ch a m b ers. H o r­ se s, c o w s a n d c a m e ls w e re a lso b u ried in t h e tu m u li a n d th e r em a in s o f so m e h o u se s d isco v ered th e r e too. Ob­ je c ts o f bron ze a n d iro n a s w e ll a s v a se s, c a rv ed iv o r ie s a n d g o ld a n d silv e r je w elr y h a d b een p la ced b e sid e th e p its or th e w o o d en c o ffin s. A p a rt fro m lo c a lly m a d e ob­ je c ts , th e s e o ffe r in g s h a d probab ly b een im p o rted fro m d iffe r e n t p a r ts o f t h e M ed iterra n ea n w orld : E g y p t, C yprus a n d E a s t G reece.

F o u r la r g e tr e n c h e s w e re m a d e o n th e «lıü yük » or m o u n d it s e lf a n d t h e o ccu p a tio n le v e ls fo u n d a r e a s fo llo w s: E a r ly B ro n ze A g e (th ir d m ille n n iu m B .C .). L a te H ittite (en d o f th e se c o n d m ille n n iu m B .C .), E a r ly P h r y g ia n (p erh ap s n in th c en tu r y B .C .) P h r y g ia n (se ­ v e n th c en tu r y B .C .) , P e r sia n (fifth c e n tu r y B . C .), H e lle n is tic (c o v er in g th e fo u r th to th e fir s t c en tu r ie s B . C .), R o m a n , B y z a n tin e a n d Isla m ic.

F ro m th e s e r es u lts w e ca n fo r ese e h o w m u ch m ore o f th e h isto r y o f G ordion a n d P h r y g ia w ill b e k n o w n w h en th e e x c a v a tio n s h a v e y ield e d a ll th e ir m a teria l.

Y A Z IL IK A Y A . E x c a v a tio n s o f th e «M idas C ity» a t Y a zilik a y a , a m o d ern v illa g e b e tw e en E s k iş e h ir a n d A f- y o n k a ra h isa r, sta r te d in 1936 u n d er th e a u s p ic e s o f th e F r e n c h A rch a eo lo g ica l I n s titu te a t Ista n b u l. MM. J u s­ tin , D ev a m b ez, B o d in a n d M iss E . H a sp e ls colla b o ra ted . M rs. H a le t Ç am bel, o f th e U n iv e r sity o f Ista n b u l, jo in ed th e d ig in 1938. S h e w a s t h e o n ly m em b er to r esu m e in 1948 th e e x c a v a tio n s in terru p ted b y th e w ar. H e r a s­ s is ta n ts w ere M iss M. E y u b o ğ lu , a r ch ite ct, M iss S. Can- sev er, B a y A. P ek m a n a n d B a y A. K an su .

T h e P h r y g ia n to w n o n th e a cro p o lis a b o v e th e v illa g e b e lo n g s to th e I V th c en tu r y B.C. I t m a y a lre a d y h a v e e x is te d d u rin g th e se c o n d h a lf o f t h e V th , la s te d u n til th e IH r d c en tu r y B.C a n d w a s b u ilt o v er a n old er P h r y g ia n c ity o f th e V H th cen tu ry. D e se r te d in t h e V lt h cen tu ry B.C., th is old er c ity h a d b een p ro sp ero u s u n d er th e ru le o f K in g M idas. T o i t a r e rela ted m o n u m en ts ca rv e d in th e ro ck b elo w th e acro p o lis, a s w e ll a s a lta r s , su b ter­ ra n e a n in sta lla tio n s a n d s ta ir c a s e s le a d in g to a grotto. T h e se m ig h t a ll h a v e b e e n co n n e c ted to t h e m e ta l-c u lt o f t h e old P h r y g ia n relig io n , a s a n iro n -fo u n d ry w a s d isco v ered c lo s e to th e M id as m o n u m en t, a h ig h , im p res­ siv e fa ç a d e c a rv ed in t h e ro ck a n d b ea rin g P h rygian in sc r ip tio n s m e n tio n in g th e n a m e o f M id as.

N o th in g w a s b u ilt o v er t h e r u in s o f th e la te r city . H o w ev er, g recorom an o b je c ts w e r e fo u n d o n t h e so u th

-w e s te r n p a r t o f th e a c ro p o lis in th e sa n c tu a r y o f A g d istis, a P h r y g ia n d e ity o f th e sa m e c h a r a c te r a s A t y s .( l) I n 1949-50, t h e p r e h isto r ic c e m e te r y in th e p la in e a s t o f t h e a c ro p o lis w a s e x c a v a te d a n d th e p o tte ry fo u n d in t h e to m b s d a te s it to th e th ir d m ille n n iu m B.C. B A Y R A K L I. B a y r a k ii is a m o u n d n o r th -w est o f Izm ir. T h e e a r lie s t s e ttle m e n ts o f th is to w n h a v in g b een fo u n d th e r e, it is a lso k n o w n a s Old S m y rn a (E s k i Iz m ir).

E x c a v a tio n s s ta r te d in 1947. T h e y w ere c o n d u cted jo in tly b y th e B r itis h S ch ool a t A th en s a n d th e U n iv er­ s it y o f A n k a ra , a n d d ir ec ted by Mr. J o h n C ook a n d P r o fe s s o r E k r e m A k u rg a l.

T h e fir s t s e ttle m e n t b elo n g s to th e th ird m illen n iu m B.C. a n d it s c iv iliz a tio n is co n tem p o ra ry to T ro y I a n d II. I n v e s tig a tio n s in a n o th e r tr e n c h rev e a le d l a t e B ro n ze A g e le v e ls a n d t h e p o tte ry p ro v es t h e c lo s e r e la tio n s w h ic h e x is te d b e tw e en in h a b ita n ts o f th is s ite a n d th e O ld H it t it e E m p ire in th e se c o n d m illen n iu m B.C. I t is su p p o sed th a t th e c it y ’s n a m e w a s th e n S am orn ia.

T h e m a in e x c a v a tio n s , h o w ev e r, w e re co n c er n e d w ith th e IV th , V th , V lth , a n d V l l t h c en tu r y lev e ls. A m o n g o th e r tilin g s , th e y y ield e d m a g n ific e n t p o tte ry b e lo n g in g to a ll th e d iffe r e n t s ty le s c u r r e n t in t h e G reek w orld du r­ in g th e s e c en tu r ie s.

A lth o u g h n u m ero u s e x a m p les o f G eom etric, L a te G eo m etric a n d S u li-G eo m etric p o tte ry w e r e fou n d , th e p erio d a ro u n d t h e X th c en tu r y B.C. s till b elo n g s to th e « D a rk A ges» a n d little is y e t k n o w n a b o u t th e b eg in n in g o f t h e G reek period a t B a y ra k ii.

T h e se v e n th c en tu r y fin d s p r o v e th a t th e site 's p r o sp er ity w a s a t its p ea k b e tw e e n 650 a n d 610 B.C. A c ­ co rd in g to tra d itio n , H o m er liv e d a n d w r o te th e Ilia d th e r e. T h e c ity w a s th e n o ccu p ied a n d d estro y ed by A ly a ttes , k in g o f L ydia. D e se r te d fo r 30 y ea rs, it w a s in h a b ited a g a in a ro u n d 570 B.C. a n d a b an d on ed a ro u n d 545/540 B.C. w h en I la r p a g o s, lie u te n a n t o f C yrus, k in g o f P er sia , ru in ed th e to w n s o f W e ster n A n a to lia .

T h e m ou n d rem a in ed em p ty u n til th e e n d o f th e 6tli cen tu r y a n d a n e w s e ttle m e n t b e lo n g s to th e seco n d q u a rter o f th e 5th c en tu r y B.C. S ig n s o f a d e n s e popu­ la tio n , h o w ev er, do n o t ap p ear b e fo r e th e 4th cen tu ry lev e l. T h e p o v e r ty -stric k e n to w n s ta r te d to flo u rish a g a in a t th e en d o f t h e fo u rth o r th e b e g in n in g o f th e th ir d c en tu r y B.C. a n d m ig ra te d to Mt. I ’a g o s (K a d lfe K a le ), th e h ill r isin g b eh in d th e a c tu a l Izm ir, w h ere it b e c a m e th e m o st b e a u tifu l c ity o f th e fir s t c en tu r y B.C., a c c o r d in g to th e h isto r ia n Strabo.

E x c a v a tio n s in 1950 u n co v ered a G reek tem p le, th e m o st a n c ie n t o f th a t ty p e y e t fo u n d in A n a to lia . B e g u n In 670, it w a s p artly reco n stru cted in 620 B.C., b u t en tire ­ ly d estro y ed , b efo re co m p letio n , d u rin g a b a ttle. N u m e­ ro u s a rro w h ea d s a n d sp ea rh ea d s, p ro o fs o f t h e fig h t, w e re d isc o v e re d a m o n g th e ru in s, a s w e ll a s so m e fin e Ivory c a r v in g s o f o rien ta l sty le , c u lt o b jects, m u ch o r ie n ta lizin g p o ttery a n d a n ea rly life -size , r ic h ly a d orn ed te r r a c o tta s ta tu e o f a h alf-G reek , h a lf-A n a to lia n A rtem is. T h is Is o n e o f th e e a r lie st e x a m p les o f G reek relig io u s scu lp tu re a n d c a n be d a ted 650 B.C.

(1) C yb ele’s lo v er a n d h ig h -p rie st o f h er cu lt. H e died a n d ca m e to life again .

T h e d w ellin g s, w h ic h w ere fin a lly clea red , b e lo n g to th e s ix th a n d s e v e n th c e n tu r ie s B.C. T h e y a r e th e e a r lie s t G reek h o u se s e x c a v a te d to d a te a n d t h e s e c tio n o f th e V l l t h c en tu r y B .C . c ity -w a ll, a lre a d y ex p lo red h i 1949, y ield e d th e o ld e st k n o w n -ex a m p le o f G reek a r ch ite ctu re in A n a to lia .

P a in tin g s d e p ic tin g a n im a ls, ch a r io t-sce n e s, rid ers, e tc. w e re s t ill v isib le o n th e sa r c o p h a g i o f la t e A rch a ic b u ria ls fo u n d in th e c e m e te r y a n d a rem a rk a b le L y d ia n b u ria l w a s d isc o v e re d In a tu m u lu s.

A la r g e a m o u n t o f f in e o rie n ta lizin g , su b -g eo m etric a n d la te -g e o m e tr ic p o tte ry w a s co llected .

M o st o f th e fin d s a r e e x h ib ite d in th e sp ec ia l p avil- lio n o f t h e M u seu m a t th e K ü ltü r P a r k in Izm ir. A p art fr o m th e a r tis tic v a lu e o f th e s e o b jects, th e m a in in te r e st o f B a y r a k lı lie s in th e f a c t th a t s e v e ra l e x a m p les o f G reek a n d Io n ia n a r ch ite ctu re , sc u lp tu re, c a r v in g a n d p o tte ry d isc o v e re d th e r e a r e a m o n g th e e a r lie s t k n o w n to d a te in G reece or A n a to lia .

C L A R O S. A r tem is E p lie s ia a n d h e r b roth er A pollo C larios w e re th e m a in o b je c ts o f r e lig io u s w o rsh ip in Ion ia. A w a y le d fro m th e te m p le o f A rtem is a t E p h esu s, on e o f th e S e v e n W o n d ers o f th e W orld , to th e sa n ctu a ry o f A p ollo a t C laros, a d ép en d a n ce o f C oloph on (I)eğ ir- m e n d e r e), N o r th -W e st o f E p h esu s.

D e le g a tio n s from c o u n tr ies a s fa r a w a y a s E n g la n d , A fr ica a n d th e A n a to lia n p la te a u c a m e to c o n su lt A pol­ lo 's fa m ed o ra cle, s in g h y m n s a n d ta k e p art in th e cul- tu a l m y ste r ie s a n d fe stiv a ls .

T h e fir s t sa n ctu a ry a t C laros d a te s b a ck to H o m eric T roy (seco n d h a lf o f th e seco n d m ille n n iu m B .C .). S ev e­ ral le g e n d s a re co n n e c ted w ith it a n d m a in ly concern « . . M op sos or M oxos, a s h e is c a lle d in L y d ia n a n d H it­ tite s o u r c e s ... [a fig u r e ] . . . k n o w n to A n a to lia n a n d G reek m y th o lo g y a n d p seu d o h isto ry . H e is a d ivin er, so n o f M an to a n d th e C retan R h a k io s (K in g o f K la ro s). H e a n d h is m o th er a re fir s t se e n d riv in g o u t th e C arians

K la ro s — A p ollon m a b ed in in u m u m î görü n ü şü C laros — G en eral v ie w o f th e tem p le o f A pollo

7

fr o m K la ro s, n e x t w e s e e h im in c o n ta c t w ith K a lc h a s [th e d iv in e r] a fte r th e fa ll o f T roy. K a lc h a s a n d h is c o m p a n io n s m a k e th e ir w a y th r o u g h A n a to lia o n fo o t K a lc h a s is o u tw itte d by h is c o lle a g u e M opsos a n d d ies o f g r ie f o v er th e d e fe a t, in K o lo p h o n or M yrina a s m o st le g e n d s h a v e it. H is c o m p a n io n s n o w join M op sos a n d cro ss th e T a u ru s m o u n ta in s to P a m p h y lia , on to C ilicia [ s e e th e « B u lletin O ffio iel du T o u rin g e t A u to m o b ile Club d e T u rq u ie N o . 92, Sept. 1949, p a g e 23], e v e n S y ria a n d P h o en icia .

A H ittite t e x t r efe rs to M u k su s . . . . w e a re in a n e x c e p tio n a lly fo r tu n a te situ a tio n , it seem s, w h ic h g iv es u s G reek an d H ittite sto r ie s a b o u t th is G reek M opsos w h o m a d e h is w a y th ro u g h A n a to lia a b o u t tire tim e o f th e fa ll o f T ro y a n d th e en d o f th e H ittite N e w E m p ire [c a . 1200 B .C .]. T h e e v e n ts ta k e p la ce on th e v e rg e o f th e d a rk a g e s a n d se e m to sh o w u s p a rt o f t h e A ch a ea n m ig ra tio n a n d th e h isto r y o f th e E a r ly Iro n A g e . . . . A s ita v a n d a s [th e fo u n d er o f K a ra tep e] c a lls h im s e lf a m em b er o f th e h o u se o f M op sos a b o u t fiv e c en tu r ie s a fte r th e o rig in a l h ero ca m e to C i l i c i a ...» (M ach teld J. M ellin k , op. cit. p a g e 118-149).

K la ro s — P ro p ile a ’m n u m u n ii g5runii§u

C la ro s — V iew o f th e P ro p y le a

«A round E p h es u s a n d Claros, th e sa m e A ttic in flu e n ­ c e s p e n e tr a te a C reto-C arian back grou n d » (Ch. P icard , E p h e s e e t Claros. R e ch er c h e s su r le s sa n ctu a ir e s e t les c u ltes de l'fo n ie du N ord. P a r is 1922). T h e n ea r-rela tio n - sh ip o f th e tw o s a n c tu a r ie s c o n tin u e d u n d er L y d ian an d P e r sia n d om in a tio n , up to R o m a n tim es, a n d orien tal tr a d itio n s p red o m in a ted so str o n g ly th a t « . . . . u n til th eir d eca d en ce th e y rem a in ed m ore or le s s im p en etra b le to th e c u rren ts o f H ellen iz a tio n . . . » (Ch. P ica rd , op. cit.)

S in ce th e V H th c en tu r y B.C., C olophon, E p h esu s an d S m y rn a (a t th a t tim e a co lo n y o f C olophon) fo rm ed a g ro u p in N o r th e rn Io n ia , «. . . . th e cu ltu ra l c en ter of

K la ro s — P ro p ilea 'm n u n iu m i go riin iisu

C la ro s — T h e P ro p y le a

H ellen iz ed A n a to lia . . . In fa c t, th e se s a n ctu a rie s [E p h e ­ su s a n d C laros] h a v e had, in th e g en era l h is to r y o f re­ lig io n , a role o f p rim ary im p o rta n ce, an d fir s t o f a il by th e ir r ela tio n s w ith th e p ow ers w h o s u c c e ssiv e ly be­ ca m e th e m a ste r s o f Io n ia ; a lso o w in g to th e a r t is t s ’ w o rk th e y su sc ita te d , by a ll th e ir le a s ts , fin a lly a ll th e o r g a n iza tio n s . . . . ora cles, a sy lu m s, b a n k s, c o n n e c ted w ith th e ir develop m en t.» (Ch. P ica rd , op. cit. p a g e X IV -X V .)

T h e y sh o n e w ith e x ce p tio n a l b r illia n c e o v er th e G reek , H e lle n is tic a n d e v en R o m a n w orld s an d , in th e H lr d cen tu r y A.D., A p ollo C larios w a s co n sid ered th e d efe n d e r o f th e in te r e s ts o f p agan ism .

L o st fo r a lo n g tim e, th e s ite o f C laros w a s lo ca te d in 1907 by M acrid y B ey , o f th e M useum o f A n tiq u ities a t Ista n b u l. T h e A ca d em ie d e s In sc rip tio n s e t B e lle s-L e ttr e s fin a n c e d a F r e n c h e x p ed itio n in 1913-14, b u t th e e x c a v a ­ tio n s w ere in terru p ted by W orld W ar I.

In 1950, P r o fe sso r L ou is R o b ert o f th e C ollege de F r a n ce , a s s is te d b y M adam e R ob ert an d M. R o la n d M artin, p ro fesso r o f A rch a eo lo g y a t th e U n iv e r sity o f D ijon , b e g a n a n e w ca m p a ig n a t C laros, c o n tin u ed in 1951 an d , it is hop ed , in 1952.

D u rin g th e fir s t sea so n , th e y c o m p letely c le a re d th e p ro p y lea w h ic h lia d b ecom e re-b uried sin c e 1913, a n d fo u n d co lu m n -d ru m s, a r ch ite ctu ra l fr a g m e n ts a n d in scrip tio n s, in c lu d in g th e lis te d n a m es o f d e leg a tio n s fr o m T h ra ce a n d A s ia M inor w h o h ad v is ite d th e oracle.

T h e te m p le o f A p ollo w a s lo ca te d a n d a p o rtio n o f th e p e r is ty le u n covered , a s w e ll a s ea rlier D o r ic fr a g ­ m en ts.

I n th e cou rse o f th e ir fiftii c a m p a ig n in A n a to lia , P r o fe sso r a n d M m e R o b ert con tin u ed , in J u ly 1950, w ith M. R . M artin, th e sy s te m a tic ex p lo ra tio n o f C aria. In A u g u st, th e y retu rn ed to A m yzon (M azm k ale, a b o u t h a lf­

w a y b e tw e e n M ila s a n d A y d in ), w h er e th e y d isc o v e re d a f in e c o lle c tio n o f a r c h a ic te r r a c o tta fig u r in e s b e n e a th th e «cella» o f th e te m p le o f A rtem is th e y h a d e x c a v a te d in 1949.

T h e y v is ite d th e r u in s o f A lin d a (D e m ir c id er e), a fo r tifie d c ity B a s t o f A m yzon , a n d m a d e r e v isio n s o f t h e C orpus o f In sc rip tio n s a n d In sc rib e d R e lie fs in th e M u seu m a t Izm ir. M. M artin a ss em b le d m a te r ia l fo r a h isto r y o f t h e Io n ic c a p ita l, a n d , in Ista n b u l, a f ir s t re­ v ie w w a s m a d e o f fu n er a l in sc r ip tio n s fr o m th e B e y a z it N e cr o p o lis, fo r p u b lica tio n in co lla b o ra tio n w it h B a y N e z ih F ir a th o f th e M u seu m o f A n tiq u ities.

B A B R A N D A . T h e g r ea t d e ity o f th e C aria n s w a s Z eu s I.ab rad eu s, so ca lled b e c a u se h e ca rried in h is h a n d th e «labrys», or d ou b le-axe, a v e ry a n c ie n t r elig io u s sy m ­ bol. T h e te m p le o f Z eu s a t B ab ran d a, a s it e 25 k m s. n o r th o f M ilas (M y la s sa ), in C aria, u s e d to bo o n e o f th e m a in sa n c tu a r ie s d e d ic a ted to th is god. In 1950, th e S w ed is h B x p e d itio n , d ir ec ted b y D r. A x e l P e r s s o n o f B un d, reo p en ed e x c a v a tio n s b e g u n a t B abrand a in 1948 a n d 1949. T h e R o m a n te m p le o f Z eus, u n co v e r ed in 1948, is d ir ec tly c o n n e c ted to t h e o n e ere cte d in 351 a n d 344 B .C . by th e C arian k in g Id ra eu s. I t is in te r e s tin g to n o te h o w o fte n th e «labrys» a d o rn s m arb le a n d te r r a c o tta o b je c ts fo u n d in th e s e b u ild in g s.

T h ree sto r eh o u ses, so u th o f th e tem p le, y ield e d m a n y fr a g m e n ts o f fin e ly p a in ted p o ttery , e a rlier in d a te th a n th e V th c en tu r y B.C., p ro v in g t h a t old er le v e ls h a v e y e t to b e in v e stig a ted .

In 1950 w e re e x c a v a te d th e «and ron es», o r b a n q u etln g - h a lls, o f th e G rea t P a la c e b u ilt in t h e IV th c en tu r y B.C. b y K in g M a u so iu s a n d h is b roth er a n d s u c c e sso r Id raeu s. T w o «stoas» (o p en -a ir g a lle r ie s su rro u n d ed by co lu m n s w h e r e p eo p le m e t a n d d isc u s se d ), a n op en sq u a re a n d a fo u n ta in ad o rn ed w ith co lu m n s w ere a lso u n co v ered , a n d th e course, o f th e «V ia S acra» le a d in g to th e tem p le w a s exp lored . T h e so u th ern p rop ylaeu m , b est-p reserv ed b u ild in g a t B ab ran d a co u ld be e n tir e ly r ec o n str u c te d on paper.

I n te r e s tin g fin d s in clu d ed th ree sto n e a x e s, p a r t o f a C arian ta b le t a n d a n a lta r upon w h ic h h o r se s h a d b e e n c a rv ed in r e lie f a b o v e a h o llo w fo r liq u id o ffe r in g s sh a p ed a s a dou ble-axe.

X A N T IIO S . T h e B y c ia n s w ere a p eop le o f a n c ie n t orig in , m e n tio n n e d in th e Ilia d a s t h e a llie s o f T roy. T h ey occu p ied , in S o u th -W e ste rn A n a to lia , a m o u n ta in o u s te rr ito r y b e tw e en C aria a n d P a m p h y lia a n d b eca m e fa m o u s fo r th e ir c o u ra g e in d e fe n d in g it a g a in s t en n e- m ies.

T h e X a n th o s riv er (K o ea C ay) flo w s th r o u g h a w id e v a lle y to w a r d s t ile M ed iterra n ea n sea . I t h a s n o w fo rm ed a m a r sh y p la in a t it s e stu a r y w h er e th e r e h a d b een a d eep gu lf.

T h e B y cia n c o a stlin e is ru g g ed a n d p ictu resq u e, w ith fjo rd -lik e v e ry deep h a y s p r o te ctin g fish e r m e n ’s v illa g e s a n d a r ch a ic a n tiq u itie s. T h e h ig h W estern ra n g e s o f th e T a u ru s m o u n ta in s p lu n g e a lm o s t v e r tic a lly in to th e se a a n d lo o k d a rk ly r em o te a n d m y ste r io u s w h e n se e n fr o m th e p lea sa n t, sa n d y b e a c h e s o f P a m p h y lia .

T h e B y c ia n s h a d th e ir o w n c iv iliz a tio n a n d h ith e r to u n d ecip h ered la n g u a g e a n d w r itin g , b u t m a n y G reek w o rk m en , m e r c h a n ts a n d a r tis ts se ttle d in B y cla , g r ea tly

in flu e n c in g th e a r t o f th e co u n try s in c e th e V lt h c e n ­ tu r y B . C. H o w ev er, t h e im p o rta n ce g iv e n to fu n er a l m o­ n u m en ts sh o w s t h e s u rv iv a l o f e a s te r n tr a d itio n s, a l­ th o u g h th e sc u lp tu re s w h ic h d e c o ra te th e m a r e G reek in sty le.

T h e c ity o f X a n th o s ru led o v er t h e riv er’s lo w e r v a l­ ley , w h ile P in a ra a n d T lo s o v erlo o k ed its m id d le co u rse a n d P y d n a i a n d P a ta r a w ere p o rts o n e ith e r sid e o f th e n o w fille d -in gu lf.

A F r e n c h m issio n c o n s is tin g o f MM. Ile m a rg n e, P r o fe s s o r o f A rch a eo lo g y a t th e U n iv e r sity o f S tra s­ b ou rg, a n d D ev a m b ez, C u rator o f th e B o u v re M u seu m , s ta r te d a t X a n th o s a fir s t sa m p a ig n w h ic h la s te d fr o m S ep tem b er 19 u n til N o v em b er 2, 1950.

1) A g e n e r a l su rv e y o f th e s ite w a s m ad e, m o re pre­ c is e th a n th e p la n p rev io u sly e sta b lish e d by a n A u str ia n m issio n .

T h e y s y s te m a tic a lly exp lored th e r eg io n w h er e fu n e ­ ral m o n u m en ts a re to be fou n d , in th e N o r th -E a s ter n p a rt o f th e to w n a n d o u t o f th e c ity -w a lls.

A la rg e sa r c o p h a g u s, o n w h ic h a re d e p icted h u n tin g a n d b a ttle sc e n e s, w a s e sp e c ia lly stu d ied .

2) T h e IH r d -IV th c en tu r y B.C. «agora» (m a rk et) w a s e x ca v a te d : it h a d b een su rrou n d ed by p o rtico es w ith a m o n u m en ta l e n tr a n c e. T h e a r ch a e o lo g ists h op e to reach its ea rlier le v e ls o f th e V th c en tu r y B.C.

A ty p ic a l B y c ia n fu n er a l m o n u m en t o n a h ig h p illa r w a s r ec o n str u c te d N o r th o f th e A gora. I t s d eco ra tio n de­ p ic ts in G reco-O rien tal sty le th e fig h t o f a B y cia n p rin ce a g a in s t th e G reek s a t th e en d o f th e f if t h c en tu ry B .C . T h is is b orn e o u t b y t h e t e x t ca rv ed o n th e stela .

A cem etery , c o n s is tin g o f to m b s c u t in th e rock , y ield e d ra th er poor fin d s.

3) T h e o ld e st a n d m o st fa m o u s B y c ia n fu n er a l m o ­ n u m e n ts a re th e H a rp ie s’ a n d th e N e r e id s’ tom b s w h ich b o th d a te fro m th e V lt h c en tu r y B.C. T h e B r itish a r c h a e o lo g ist F e llo w s r eco n stru cted th e m in t h e B r itish M u seu m a t th e en d o f th e n in e te e n th c en tu r y w ith th e sc u lp tu res a n d a r ch ite ctu ra l p a rts h e h a d ca rried a w a y fr o m X a n th o s. H o w ev er, th e fo u n d a tio n s o f th e N e r e id s’ m o n u m en t rem a in ed in situ a n d a so u n d in g m a d e th e r e in 1950 y ield e d a r ch ite ctu ra l fr a g m e n ts b e lo n g in g e ith er to it or n ea rb y to m b s, m in u te fr a g m e n ts o f a fr ie ze and

Side — U m u m î görü n ü ş

9

a fe m in in e h e a d w h ic h m ig h t b e lo n g to on e o f t h e N e ­ reid s. A m o n g th e n u m ero u s p o tsh erd s c o llected , so m e w ere im p o rted V th cen tu r y A ttic w are, b u t m o st tu rn ed o u t to b e lo ca l p o ttery .

4) S o u n d in g s m a d e in se v e ra l p a rts o f th e to w n pre­ p a red fu tu r e r esea rch : w a lls w ere tr a ce d a n d m o n u ­ m e n ts m ap p ed o n w h a t m u s t h a v e b een th e a n c ie n t L y c ia n acro p o lis. A R o m a n b u rial a n d a V th cen tu r y to m b w ere e x c a v a te d a lo n g th e m od ern road N o rth - W e st o f th e tow n .

S iD E . A w id e, c o tto n -g ro w in g plain in S o u th ern A n a to lia , b e tw e en th e T a u ru s m o u n ta in s a n d th e Me­ d ite rr a n e a n sea, P a m p h y lia bord ers u p on P is id ia , on th e N o r th , L y cia , on th e W est, a n d C ilicia, on th e E a st. I ts p o rt is n o w A n ta ly a (A tta leia ) but, in a n tiq u ity , Side (E s k i A n ta ly a ) w a s th e ca p ita l a n d m a in h arb ou r o f th e d istrict.

T h e G reek s se ttle d in P a m p h y lia a fte r th e T rojan w ar, a ro u n d 1200 B.C. (V id e tile leg e n d o f M opsos.) A cco rd ­ in g to P r o fe sso r A. Goetz,e, it h a d fo rm ed p art o f th e A rza w a C ou n tries, H ittite te rr ito r y in th e se c o n d m il­ len n iu m B.C. a n d , th erefo re, th e b a ck g ro u n d is A n a to ­ lia n . In p rin cip le, t h e A ssy r ia n s ru led o v er th e co u n try d u rin g tile e ig h th a n d se v e n th c en tu r ie s B.C.

S id e — D e n iz su rları Side — T he sea -w a lls

O rig in a lly a co lo n y o f K y m e, a n E o lia n c ity o f th e V I I lth cen tu r y B.C., th e h isto r y o f Sid e's d ev elo p m en t is ob scu re to us. A lex a n d er th e G reat occu p ied th is flo u r ish ­ in g p ort in th e IV th c en tu ry B.C. an d , 700 y e a rs later, u n d er th e B y z a n tin e E m p ire, it h a d b ecom e tile m etrop o­ lis o f P a m p h y lia .

A tta leia -A n ta ly a , P erg e, S illyon , A sp en d o s-B elk is a n d S id e-E sk i A n ta ly a , th e m a in c itie s o f P a m p h y lia , w ere exp lored by sev era l sch o la rs. In 1884, a n A u stria n m is­ s io n co n d u cted by C ou nt F . L a n ck o ro n sk y m a d e a su rv ey o f th e m a n d p u b lish ed th e im p o rta n t w ork , «S ta ed te P a m p h y lien s u n d P is id ie n s - V illes de P a m p h y lie e t de P isid ie » , w h ic h is th e b a s is o f a ll la ter stu d ies.

S itu a te d on a p rom on tory 90 k m s. W e st o f A n talya, b etw een th e e stu a r ie s o f th e M elas (M a n a v g a t) a n d E u - ry m ed o n (K öp rü sü ) rivers, th e v isib le ru in s o f S id e a re R o m a n a n d b elo n g to th e seco n d a n d th ird c en tu r ie s A. D. T h ey s tr e tc h o v er a b e a u tifu l e x p a n se o f c o a st an d a r e p a rtly co v ered w ith sa n d a n d overg ro w n by

laurel-m

Sid e'd e b ir m abed

A tem p le a t Side (2nd C entu ry A .D .)

b u sh es. A la rg e a m p h ith ea tr e d o m in a te s (lie c ity w h ere r em a in s o f tem p les, colon n ad ed s tr e e ts, a g o ra s, fo u n ­ ta in s, b a th s, h o u se s, b a silica s a n d m an y o th e r pu blic a n d p r iv a te b u ild in g s a r e still sta n d in g , p r o te cte d by- to w e r s a n d fo r tifie d w a lls b eyon d w h ic h sp rea d s th e e x te n s iv e n ecrop olis.

A fte r a p r elim in a ry ex p lo ra tio n o f P a m p liy lia in 1943, P r o fe s s o r A r if M iiflt M ansel, o f th e U n iv e r sity o f I s ta n ­ bul, b eg a n , in 1947, m eth o d ica l e x c a v a tio n s a t Sid e, sp on sored by th e T u rk ish H is to ric a l S o c ie ty a n d th e U n iv e r sity o f Istan b u l.

N e a r th e h arb ou r a n d o v e rlo o k in g th e sea , w ere u n ­ co v ered tw o se c o n d c en tu r y A.D. te m p les o f C orin th ian sty le , o n e o f w h ic h w a s d eco ra ted hy a frieze o f vivid M ed u sa h ead s.

A ra re ex a m p le o f a sem i-circu la r tem p le on a h ig h p od iu m , w ith a rich ly -d eco ra ted E a s t portico, w a s e x ­ ca v a ted E a s t o f tlie tw o tem p les, a n d p a r t o f th e lo n g c o lo n n a d ed str e e t p a s sin g th e th e a tre w a s explored.

In 1948, th e M issio n stu d ied th e th e a tr e ’s a rea , co m ­ p le tin g a n d co rr ec tin g L a n ck o ro n sk i’s p lan . W h ile e x ca ­ v a tin g th e A g o ra b eh in d th e th ea tre's sce n a e , a b e a u ti­ fu l, sm a ll rou n d b u ild in g w a s u n co v ered a n d id e n tifie d w ith th e tem p le o f T y ch e d ep icted on Side co in s o f th e

Side — E r k e k h ası

M ale h ead fou n d a t Side (R o m a n copy o f V th C entu ry B.C. G reek o rigin al)

Sid«-, — K ad ın h ey k e li

S id e —* D r a p e d w o m a n (R o m a n )

I l l r d c en tu r y A. I). Su rrou n d ed by 12 c o lu m n s on a p od iu m , it is g r a c e fu lly d eco ra ted by a fr ie z e o f a c a n th u s le a v e s a n d p o m e g r a n a te flo w e rs. Tim sta tu e o f T y c h e ( l) sto o d o n a p e d e sta l in th e c e n te r o f th e c e lla u n d e r th e 12 s ig n s o f th e Z odiac c a rv ed o n th e c a se m e n te d m arb le c eilin g , a n d th e c o n ica l roof w a s cro w n ed by a p o m e­ g r a n a te , em b lem o f Side.

T w o h o u se s w ith p eristy le, R o m a n o r ig in a lly b u t re­ b u ilt a t a la te r d a te, w ere e x ca v a te d N o r th o f t h e A gora, o n t h e c o lo n n a d ed str ee t. On t h e seco n d co lo n n a d ed str ee t, a n E a rly -C h ristia n b a s ilic a w a s ex ca v a te d , a n d a n o th er fo u n d e a s t o f th e tem p les, n ea r th e sea.

In 1949, th e e x c a v a to r s co n c en tra te d on th e w id e co­ lo n n a d ed s tr e e t le a d in g from t h e A g o ra to a la r g e b u il­ d in g H a st o f it. T h is b u ild in g w a s co m p o sed o f a la rg e

S id e — llc r a k le s

S id e — H e r a c le s ( R o m a n co p y o f G r e e k o r ig in a l) (1) F o r tu n e .

r e c ta n g u la r c o u r t su rrou n d ed by Io n ia n co lu m n s a n d o f a w id e «hali». A rich , tw o -sto re y ed a r c h ite c tu r a l d ecora­ tio n c o v er ed t h e w a lls o f th e la tte r , w ith m o re th a n life -siz e s ta tu e s in m a rb le n ic h e s. T h e s ta tu e o f a n em ­ peror, prob ab ly G ord ian I I I (238-244 A .D .), w a s fo u n d in t h e c en tra l o n e an d , o n b o th sid e s, b e a u tifu lly pre­ se r v ed g o d s a n d g o d d es se s sto o d b e tw e en colu m n s.

E x c a v a tio n o f th e m a in c ity -g a te sh o w e d th a t it h a d b een fla n k e d o n e ith e r sid e by to w e rs s lig h tly rou n d ed on th e ex terio r, a n d h a d a w id e sem i-circu la r in te rio r cou rt. T h e in te rio r w a lls o f th is cou rt w ere e n tir e ly co v ered by a tw o -sto re y ed m arb le d eco ra tio n . S ev era l q u ite w ell-p re­ se r v ed m a le a n d fe m a le s ta tu e s a n d h ea d s ly in g in th e deb ris h a d fo r m e d p a r t o f th e orn a m en ta tio n .

D u rin g th e c a m p a ig n s o f 1947, 1948 a n d 1949, a p a rt fr o m th e n u m ero u s s ta tu e s , co in s, r eliefs, in scrib ed p illa rs (c ip p i), a n d sa rco p h a g i, o v er a h u n d red in sc r ip tio n s w e r e d isco v ered . A H e lle n is tic in sc r ip tio n p a ra llel to o n e in n a tiv e w r itin g m ig h t e n a b le sc h o la r s to d ecip h er th e la n g u a g e, probab ly u sed in Sid e on ly, w h ic h d iffe r s fro m th e lo ca l d ia lec t o f P a m p h y lia .

In 1950, P r o fe sso r A r if M ü fit M a n sel w a s a s s is te d by P r o fe sso r E . B o sch , B a y S em a v i E y ic e , a s s is ta n t in B y z a n tin e A rch a eo lo g y , B a y D em i M erey, a r ch ite ct, a n d fiv e a r ch a eo lo g ica l stu d en ts.

A p a rt fro m v a lu a b le R o m a n a r ch ite c tu r a l fr a g m e n ts , 19 s ta tu e s o f draped w o m e n a n d n a k ed m en , m o stly d e itie s, w ere fo u n d in th e la rg e b u ild in g e x ca v a te d E a s t o f th e A gora in 1949.

T h e m a sc u lin e sta tu e s , o f rem a rk a b le w o rk m a n sh ip , se e m to be co p ies o f V th a n d IV th c en tu r y B.C. G reek o rig in a ls.

A p e r fec tly p reserv ed m arb le sa r c o p h a g u s w a s d is­ co v ered in th e N ecro p o lis. D a tin g fr o m t h e se c o n d cen ­ tu r y A .D ., it w a s probab ly im p o rted fr o m A ttica . In ­ to x ic a te d E r o te s d a n ce w ild ly on it s th r e e sid es, w h ile a n a n tith e tic grou p o f G riffin s, on e ith er sid e o f a ca n ­ delabrum , is d e p icted on th e fo u r th a n d a fig u r e is re­ c u m b en t o n th e lid.

E x c a v a tio n s a t Sid e co n tin u e e a ch y e a r a n d w e fo llo w w ith th e g r e a te s t in te r e st th e slo w a w a k e n in g o f t h is a n c ie n t c ity b u ried o n th e sea-sh ore.

C LA SSIC A L A N D P O ST -C L A SSIC A L CILICIA. Mr. M ich ael G ou gh o f t h e B r itis h A r ch a eo lo g ica l I n s titu te a t A n k ara, r esu m ed in 1950, a s s is te d b y M rs. G ough, h is resea r ch es, b e g u n in 1949, a t A n avarza, a R o m a n to w n in th e E a ste r n C ilicia n p lain .

T h e to p o g ra p h ica l su rv ey o f th e s ite a n d its su r­ ro u n d in g s w a s com p leted . Mr. a n d M rs. G ough rep la n n ed th e M ed iev a l c a stle r is in g a b o v e th e c ity , m a d e a r c h i­ te c tu r a l reco rd in g s o f th e T riu m p h al A rch , th e C h urch o f th e H o ly A p o stles (IH rd c en tu ry A .D .) a n d th r e e o th e r ch u rch es, a n d c o lle cte d ep ig ra p h ic m a te r ia l b o th in A n a v a rza a n d in o th e r C ilician to w n s a n d v illa g es.

S ÎL A H T A R A Ğ A . W h ile la y in g th e fo u n d a tio n s o f a sh op on th e E y ü p -A lib ey road in 1949, R o m a n s ta tu e s w e re d isco v ered W e st o f th e ju n ctio n o f th e A lib ey (K y - d aros) a n d K â ğ ıth a n e (B a r b y se s) riv ers, 3 k m s. N o r th o f E y ü p , a su bu rb o f Ista n b u l, o n th e G old en H o rn

(H a liç ).

T h e M u sn u n o f A n tiq u itie s a t I s ta n b u l u n d erto o k t h e e x ca v a tio n o f t h e s ite , u n d er t h e d irectio n o f M rs. Z ek

i-11

S ila h ta r a ğ a — K a d ın b ası

S i l a h t a r a ğ a — W o m a n ’s h e a d

( E n d o f th e 2 n d o r b e g in n in g o f th e 3 rd C e n tu r y A .D .)

y e Ç oruh B a şa k , A s s is ta n t C urator. A b u ild in g o f th e Bom an. p eriod w a s d isco v ered a t th e fo o t o f a h ill on w h ic h co u ld b e se e n th e r em a in s o f a w a te r -s y ste m con ­ n e c te d to t h e b u ild in g. S ev era l m a rb le s ta tu e s o f god s, g o d d es se s a n d h e r o es w ere foun d, a s w e ll a s a rem a rk a b le G ig a n to m a ch y c a rv ed In fu ll r e lie f o u t o f b lu e-b la ck lim e sto n e.

A n c ie n t a u th o rs c o n n e c t th is r eg io n w it h B y za s, leg e n ­ dary fo u n d er o f B y za n tiu m . T h ey a lso m e n tio n tw o te m p les o n th e h ill S em y stra , b e tw een th e tw o rivers, ju s t op p osite S ila h ta ra ğ a . T h e se te m p les w ere d ed ica ted to th e n y m p h S e m e stra a n d to th e D io scu ri, C astor a n d P o llu x , sp ecia l p r o te cto r s o f s h ip s a n d sa ilo rs. C lose by, w a s a n aq u e­ d u ct, o r ig in a lly b u ilt by th e E m p ero r H a d ria n in th e se c o n d c en tu ry A .D ., w h ic h th e B y z a n tin e s u s e d fo r a lo n g tim e.

S ila h ta r a ğ a — N y m p h v e y a N ik e h e y k e li Silahtarağa — N y m p h or N ik e (V icto ry )

In 1950, e x c a v a tio n s w e re r esu m ed a t S ila h ta r a g a in ord er to a s c e r ta in th e n a tu re o f t h e b u ild in g d isco v ered in 1949. P a r t o f its p la n c o u ld b e r ec o n s tr u c te d a s co n ­ s is t in g o f a la r g e room w ith s ix n ic h e s in t h e w a lls, a n d tw o sm a ller room s. N u m er o u s p ip es a n d a d ra in a g e- s y s te m d e fin ite ly a s s o c ia te it to a w a te r-in s ta lla tio n , b u t w h e th e r a s a b ath , a fo u n ta in o r a sa c r ed m o n u m en t c a n ­ n o t b e d eterm in ed , t h e c o n str u c tio n o f th e e le c tr ic - p la n t o n th e op p o site sid e o f th e road h a v in g d e str o y ed a ll fu r th e r a r c h a eo lo g ica l e v id en ce. I t is, h o w ev e r, c er ta in th a t it b e lo n g s to th e la t e R o m a n p eriod a n d w a s lo n g in u s e b y th e B y z a n tin e s. S e v e ra l s ta tu e s a n d fr a g m e n ts w ere e x c a v a te d in 1950. T h e se a n d th e on es fo u n d in 1949 can a ll b e d a ted to th e en d o f th e se c o n d a n d th e b e g in n in g o f t h e th ird c en tu r y A .D . T h e y a re w e ll ca rv e d o u t o f f in e isla n d m a rb le a n d lo c a l lim e sto n e a n d a fe w a r e c o p ies o f G reek o rig in a ls. U n fo rtu n a te ly , th e G ig a n to m a ch y cou ld n ot be reco n stru cted .

A ll th e a b o v e-m en tio n ed fin d s a r e e x h ib ited in a sp ec ia l room o f th e M u seu m o f A n tiq u itie s a t Ista n b u l.

T H E H IP P O D R O M E (S U L T A N A H M E T O R A T M E Y D A N I) E X C A V A T IO N S A T IS T A N B U L .

S itu a te d clo se to th e M esa o r M id dle S treet, to St. S o p h ia a n d to th e E m p ero rs’ G reat P a la c e , th e H ip po­ drom e w a s n o t o n ly th e m e etin g -p la c e o f c h a r io t-r a cin g e n th u sia sts , b u t a lso th e sta r tin g -p o in t o f n u m ero u s po­ litic a l r io ts a n d r e v o lu tio n s .lt th u s p la y ed a n a c tiv e a n d v ery im p o r ta n t p a r t in th e h isto r y o f B y z a n tiu m sin c e th e IV th c en tu r y A .D .

I t s a x is, th e «Spina», w a s d eco ra ted w ith ra re w o r k s o f a r t a n d m o n u m en ts, so m e o f w h ic h rem a in ed in situ to th is d a y a n d c a n b e se e n o n t h e S u lta n a h m e t M eyd am in Ista n b u l. T h e s e a ts w e re b u ilt a ro u n d th e ra ce-tra ck , w ith t h e Im p er ia l b ox in th e p lace o f hon our.

N o r th -W e st o f th e G reat P a la c e a n d th e H ip po­ drom e, w e r e th e r es id en ce s o f h ig h d ig n ita r ie s o f th e E m p ire an d , a m o n g th e se , th e b e a u tifu l p a la c es o f L a u so s, p a tr icia n a n d g o v ern o r u n d er t h e E m p ero r Ar- c a d iu s (395/408 A .D .) a n d o f A n tio c h o s w h o w a s c o u n ­ c illo r to y o u n g T h eo d o siu s I I (408/450 A .D .). H e la ter a tta in e d th e h ig h e s t h o n o u rs b u t d ied a p riest. H is n a m e w a s g iv e n to th e q u a rter o f B y z a n tiu m w h ere he